Pre-oxygenation is: safe, simple, cheap, effective, well-tolerated. This article provides a compelling argument in favour of pre-oxygenation prior to all general anaesthesia.
Pre-oxygenation is: safe, simple, cheap, effective, well-tolerated. This article provides a compelling argument in favour of pre-oxygenation prior to all general anaesthesia.
Presentation of Dr. Dean Hess at 10th Pulmonary Medicine Update Course, Cairo, Egypt. Pulmonary Medicine Update Course is organized by Scribe : www.scribeofegypt.com
Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is the use of breathing support administered through a face mask or nasal mask. Learn more about NIV in this presentation by Dr Somnath Longani, consultant Anaesthesiologist & Intensivist, Midland Healthcare & Research Center, lucknow
https://midlandhealthcare.org/
This topic is so important in airway management that #NoDesat has become a trending meme on Twitter. You can be an average intubator, but a master oxygenator and you and your patient will likely be fine. On the other hand, if you’re a great intubator but poor at oxygenation you will face tough times when encountering an unexpected difficulty during intubation.
Presentation of Dr. Dean Hess at 10th Pulmonary Medicine Update Course, Cairo, Egypt. Pulmonary Medicine Update Course is organized by Scribe : www.scribeofegypt.com
Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is the use of breathing support administered through a face mask or nasal mask. Learn more about NIV in this presentation by Dr Somnath Longani, consultant Anaesthesiologist & Intensivist, Midland Healthcare & Research Center, lucknow
https://midlandhealthcare.org/
This topic is so important in airway management that #NoDesat has become a trending meme on Twitter. You can be an average intubator, but a master oxygenator and you and your patient will likely be fine. On the other hand, if you’re a great intubator but poor at oxygenation you will face tough times when encountering an unexpected difficulty during intubation.
Surfactant is a surface acting material or agent that is responsible for lowering the surface tension of a fluid. Surfactant that lines the epithelium of the alveoli in lung is known as pulmonary surfactant & is decreases the surface tension on the alveolar membrane.
Presented by Dr. Samad
This is the airway tips and tricks lecture I gave at the 2015 Eastern Or conference. Its a grab bag of simple tips and tricks for the EMT or medic onthe airway.
"Ten tips - to use before, during, and after resuscitation episodes - that will help clinicians maximise their chances of saving their sickest patients."
An overview of the principles of antidote use in resuscitation, with a focus on three essential agents: naloxone, sodium bicarbonate, and high-dose insulin euglycaemic therapy.
Slides for a talk by Professor David Pilcher about Lung Transplantation. The talk is aimed at the general intensivist and intensive care trainees and focuses on general and post-operative management. It is available as an episode of The INTENSIVE Podcast here:
Slides for a talk on Severe Burnes by Associate Professor Andrew Udy. The talk provides an overview of severe burns from the perspective of intensive care management. The target audience is intensive care registrars. The talk is episode 3 of The INTENSIVE podcast, which is available at: http://intensiveblog.com/severe-burns-andrew-udy/
Slides for a talk by Chris Nickson on how acute stressors affect performance and the techniques we can use to maintain performance despite them. Targeted at critical care trainees. Show notes available at: http://intensiveblog.com/training-for-stress
Mechanical ventilation pitfalls in asthma managementprecordialthump
Professor David Tuxen talks about mechanical ventilation pitfalls in asthma management. Topics include appropriate mechanical ventilation settings and their pathophysiological basis, as well as important complications such as dynamic hyperinflation and pneumothorax. The target audience is intensive care registrars.
Slides for a talk by Vincent Pellegrino (ECMO Director at The Alfred ICU) on ECPR. For videocast and audio only versions of this talk go to the RAGE podcast (http://ragepodcast.com/ecpr-vincent-pellegrino/) or The Alfred ICU's INTENSIVE blog (http://intensiveblog.com/ecpr-vin-pellegrino/).
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
4. 3 Steps to Own the Oxygen!
① Preoxygenation
• Why, how, and for how long?
② Apneic oxygenation
• Why and how?
• Positioning, ventilations and maneuvers
• Paralytic agents
③ Putting it into practice
• Risk stratification and logistics
31. Preoxygenation period
• Head up positioning
• Ear-to-sternal notch position
• Place nasal cannula
• High flow oxygen: 15 L/min via NRB
• Preoxygenate for 3 minutes with tidal breaths, or
8 maximal inspirations/ expirations
• If hypoxic, consider:
– CPAP (e.g. 5-15 cmH20 to achieve SO2 >98%)
– BVM with PEEP valve
32. Apneic period
• Push sedative and roc
• Commence 15 L/min oxygen via nasal cannula
• Remove face mask
• Maintain airway with jaw thrust
• If hypoxic, consider:
– CPAP
– BVM (6 breaths/ min) with PEEP valve
Aim is to intubate avoid desats and aspirationSO2 <70% -> dysrhytmia, hemodynamic compromise, brain injury, deathSafe apnea time is time to 90% sats…Why do we have an apnoea time?RSI is modification of the anesthetic RS induction approach to patients presumed to be at risk of aspiration… same in ED: full stomachs, body habitus, SICK
Once sats drop into the low 90s you’re on the slippery slide.. And its steep!Critical desats can occur witihin moments<1 minute in a well patient breathing room air!
450 mL O2 in lungs at room air, 3L at FiO2 100% - + about 1L in the bloodstreamOxygen consumption 3mL/min or 250-300 mL/imn in an adult
Anesthesia circuit delivering 100% oxygen would be ideal!
Standard NRBs are loose fitting face masks without 1-way valves covering all of the ports – Fi)2 60-70% max at 15 L/minNot sufficient for complete denitrogenationIncrease to ~90% with 30+L – keep opening the valve (only calibrated to 15)BVM only useful if giving +ve pressure ventilations or good inspirations with tight seal (use 2 hands) to open the 1-way valvesMost are close to room air only if lacking ideal 1-way valves
Ideal is 90% end tidal oxygen level (rarely performed in ED, widely performed in OT)Ask patient to exhale fully first!8 breaths = 60 seconds in cooperative patientsMost critically ill patients cannot take vital capacity breathsTimes assume FiO2 >90%
Use CPAP or BVM with PEEP valve if unable to adequately preoxygenate without PPVIf unable to preox >95% then shunt physiology exists = alveoli perfused but not ventilated e.g. collapse, pneumona, APOMay be overcome by postive pressure ->recruits alveoliEvidence from 6 small RCTsNo gastric distention or CV compromise – likely negligible effects <25 cmH2O)
Supine is not ideal – posterior lungs more prone to collapse, difficult to take full breaths
Repeated studies show that head up prolongs safe apnea times by about 90 seconds – about 50 seconds in the obeseUse reverse Trendelenbergifcan’t bend at the waist e.g. spinal immobilisation(head elevation also gives a betterr view of the cords duriglaryngoscopy)
1 min at room air vs 8 mni if high fio220 seconds to 85% if critically ill – metabolic demand, anemia, low CO, volume depletion
Benumof et al – physiological modellingAssumes completedenitrogenation and 80% o2 content of lungsIgnores pulse ox lag – petip 30-60 sec behind centralSudy by Mort et al – preox less effective in the critically ill – less than 20% have >50 mmHg rise
250 mL/min O2 uptake - <20 mL/min CO2 released (buffering + solubility + Hb affinityNet flow of gas from nasopharynx to alveoliIn optimal conditon PaO2 100 can be maintained for 100 mintues! (hypercapnia leads to acidosis and death eventually)Used routinely for brain death exams in ICUNASAL PRONGSNear FiO2 100% achieved when apneic – 15L/min, air not entrained, nasoharynx acts as a reservoirMain limitiation of high flow is discomfort and dessication – not so impt in apneicpatietns!Mouth opening does seem to matter experiemntallyFacemaks tend to vent air and get in the way – BVM only useful if PPV providedNasal prongs can be applied in advance and left on during intubation attemptsIn practice extends safe apnea time by about 1-2 minCan continue CPAP until moment of intubation – improves apneic oxygenation, prevents absorption atelectasis and prevents recurrence of factors that lead to shunt physiologySome people like to insert an LMA (Braude)
Need to avoid laryngoscopy until adequate realtion - good views and obtunded gag reflexBenefits – ventilation + oxygenationApnea PCO@ increases 8-16 mmHg in first min then 3/min – only impt if metabolic acidosis, tox (NCB, salicylate) or raised ICPAvoid >25 cmH20 – slow 6-8/min or >>> gastric distention and dynamic hyperinflation
Apneic oxygenation requires airway patency to be maintainedUse adjuncts – esp if OSA etcEAM at same level as sternal notch = best view of cords for DLMay need to build rampCan’t do it if c-spine precuationsCP – shown in some studies to decrease gas entry into stomach but…No reall evidence of efficacy in preventing meaningful harmMRI shows oftn pushes esophagus to side, laryngotracheal compression results, worsens DL view, people get in the way, impairs BVM and increase pressuresAlways performed incorrectly
Rocuronium appears to have longer safe apnoea times than suxamethonium. For instance, in ASA grade 1 or 2 patients with BMIs of 25 to 30 receiving general anesthetic, patients who were given rocuronium took 40 seconds longer to fall to an SO2 of 93% when apneic than those who received suxamethonium. This might be a result of increased oxygen consumption from the fasciculations caused by depolarising neuromuscular blockade.