Ovarian cancer starts in the ovaries and can spread to other pelvic organs and abdominal cavity. The document discusses the definition, types, staging, grades, signs and symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ovarian cancer. It also outlines several nursing interventions for patients with ovarian cancer including education, symptom management, preventing complications, addressing body image issues, and psychotherapy.
Endometrial cancer is a type of uterine cancer that starts in the inner lining of the uterus. This lining is called the endometrium.
According to the National Cancer Institute, approximately 3 in 100 women will be diagnosed with uterine cancer at some point in their lives. More than 80 percent of people with uterine cancer survive for five years or longer after receiving the diagnosis.
If you have endometrial cancer, early diagnosis and treatment increases your chances of remission.
Ovarian cancer is when abnormal cells in the ovary begin to multiply out of control and form a tumor. If left untreated, the tumor can spread to other parts of the body. This is called metastatic ovarian cancer.
The ovaries are two female reproductive glands that produce ova, or eggs. They also produce the female hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Ovarian cancer often goes undetected until it has spread within the pelvis and stomach. At this late stage, ovarian cancer is more difficult to treat and can be fatal.
Ovarian cancer often has no symptoms in the early stages. Later stages are associated with symptoms, but they can be non-specific, such as loss of appetite and weight loss.
Blood test to measure cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) levels. This is a biomarker that is used to assess treatment response for ovarian cancer and other reproductive organ cancers. However, menstruation, uterine fibroids, and uterine cancer can also affect levels of CA-125 in the blood.
Biopsy. This involves removing a small sample of tissue from the ovary and analyzing the sample under a microscope. A biopsy is the only way your doctor can confirm whether you have ovarian cancer.
Surgery and chemotherapy are generally used to treat ovarian cancer.
Breast cancer is cancer that forms in the cells of the breasts. After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women in the United States. Breast cancer can occur in both men and women, but it's far more common in women.
Endometrial cancer is a type of uterine cancer that starts in the inner lining of the uterus. This lining is called the endometrium.
According to the National Cancer Institute, approximately 3 in 100 women will be diagnosed with uterine cancer at some point in their lives. More than 80 percent of people with uterine cancer survive for five years or longer after receiving the diagnosis.
If you have endometrial cancer, early diagnosis and treatment increases your chances of remission.
Ovarian cancer is when abnormal cells in the ovary begin to multiply out of control and form a tumor. If left untreated, the tumor can spread to other parts of the body. This is called metastatic ovarian cancer.
The ovaries are two female reproductive glands that produce ova, or eggs. They also produce the female hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Ovarian cancer often goes undetected until it has spread within the pelvis and stomach. At this late stage, ovarian cancer is more difficult to treat and can be fatal.
Ovarian cancer often has no symptoms in the early stages. Later stages are associated with symptoms, but they can be non-specific, such as loss of appetite and weight loss.
Blood test to measure cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) levels. This is a biomarker that is used to assess treatment response for ovarian cancer and other reproductive organ cancers. However, menstruation, uterine fibroids, and uterine cancer can also affect levels of CA-125 in the blood.
Biopsy. This involves removing a small sample of tissue from the ovary and analyzing the sample under a microscope. A biopsy is the only way your doctor can confirm whether you have ovarian cancer.
Surgery and chemotherapy are generally used to treat ovarian cancer.
Breast cancer is cancer that forms in the cells of the breasts. After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women in the United States. Breast cancer can occur in both men and women, but it's far more common in women.
Modified Sweat gland
Lies in the deep pectoral
fascia
Boundaries:
clavicle superiorly,
the lateral border of the latissimus muscle laterally,
the sternum medially
inframammary fold inferiorly
OutlineI. Introduction A. Uterine cancer is caused by th.docxalfred4lewis58146
Outline
I. Introduction
A. Uterine cancer is caused by the abnormal cells growing the internal uterus lining
B. The disease is the most prevalent form of gynecologic cancer in the US affecting at least 35,000 women annually.
C. Thesis: When diagnosed early, uterine cancer is curable when found during its earliest phase before spreading to other parts of the uterus. In addition, women should refrain from the identified risk factors associated with the disease.
II. Causes and Risk Factors of Uterine Cancer
A. The endometrium overgrowing abnormally
B. Obesity
C. Menstrual and reproductive history
D. Estrogen intake history
E. Tamoxifen intake history
F. Radiation therapy
G. Family health history.
III. Signs and Symptoms of Uterine Cancer
A. Abnormal vaginal discharge or spotting
B. Experiencing pain during sexual intercourse
C. Experiencing difficulty or pain when emptying the urinary bladder
D. Frequent pains experienced in the pelvic area.
IV. Diagnosis of Uterine Cancer
A. Pelvic examination,
B. Ultrasound
C. Biopsy
V. Treatment of Uterine Cancer
A. Hormone therapy
B. Chemotherapy
C. Radiation therapy
D. Surgery
VI. Conclusion
VII. References
Uterine Cancer
Introduction
Uterine cancer, sometimes referred to as endometrial cancer, is the most prevalent form of gynecologic cancer in the US. Uterine cancer is caused by the abnormal cells growing the internal uterus lining (endometrium). Bősze (100) points out that uterine cancer occurs usually after menopause, although there are some instances where uterine cancer has been diagnosed prior to menopause. In the United States, at least 35,000 women are diagnosed with uterine cancer annually. According to MedicineNet, uterine cancer is more common among women who are aged over 50 years. When diagnosed early, uterine cancer is curable when found during its earliest phase before spreading to other parts of the uterus. This paper provides an overview of uterine cancer with a special focus on its causes and risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.
Causes and Risk Factors of Uterine Cancer
Several studies have pointed out a number of risk factors that increase the chances of a woman to develop uterine cancer. Diaz-Montes (156) defines a risk factor as “something that increases the likelihood of getting a given disease”. In this regard, Diaz-Montes (157) identifies 7 risk factors of developing uterine cancer, which include the endometrium overgrowing abnormally, obesity, menstrual and reproductive history, estrogen intake history, tamoxifen intake history, radiation therapy, and family health history. With respect to the endometrium overgrowing abnormally (a condition referred to as endometrial hyperplasia), Diaz-Montes (158) points out that any unusual increase in the cell numbers found in the uterus lining is a potential risk factor for the development of uterine cancer. Diaz-Montes (158) notes that hyperplasia is not considered a form of .
Modified Sweat gland
Lies in the deep pectoral
fascia
Boundaries:
clavicle superiorly,
the lateral border of the latissimus muscle laterally,
the sternum medially
inframammary fold inferiorly
OutlineI. Introduction A. Uterine cancer is caused by th.docxalfred4lewis58146
Outline
I. Introduction
A. Uterine cancer is caused by the abnormal cells growing the internal uterus lining
B. The disease is the most prevalent form of gynecologic cancer in the US affecting at least 35,000 women annually.
C. Thesis: When diagnosed early, uterine cancer is curable when found during its earliest phase before spreading to other parts of the uterus. In addition, women should refrain from the identified risk factors associated with the disease.
II. Causes and Risk Factors of Uterine Cancer
A. The endometrium overgrowing abnormally
B. Obesity
C. Menstrual and reproductive history
D. Estrogen intake history
E. Tamoxifen intake history
F. Radiation therapy
G. Family health history.
III. Signs and Symptoms of Uterine Cancer
A. Abnormal vaginal discharge or spotting
B. Experiencing pain during sexual intercourse
C. Experiencing difficulty or pain when emptying the urinary bladder
D. Frequent pains experienced in the pelvic area.
IV. Diagnosis of Uterine Cancer
A. Pelvic examination,
B. Ultrasound
C. Biopsy
V. Treatment of Uterine Cancer
A. Hormone therapy
B. Chemotherapy
C. Radiation therapy
D. Surgery
VI. Conclusion
VII. References
Uterine Cancer
Introduction
Uterine cancer, sometimes referred to as endometrial cancer, is the most prevalent form of gynecologic cancer in the US. Uterine cancer is caused by the abnormal cells growing the internal uterus lining (endometrium). Bősze (100) points out that uterine cancer occurs usually after menopause, although there are some instances where uterine cancer has been diagnosed prior to menopause. In the United States, at least 35,000 women are diagnosed with uterine cancer annually. According to MedicineNet, uterine cancer is more common among women who are aged over 50 years. When diagnosed early, uterine cancer is curable when found during its earliest phase before spreading to other parts of the uterus. This paper provides an overview of uterine cancer with a special focus on its causes and risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.
Causes and Risk Factors of Uterine Cancer
Several studies have pointed out a number of risk factors that increase the chances of a woman to develop uterine cancer. Diaz-Montes (156) defines a risk factor as “something that increases the likelihood of getting a given disease”. In this regard, Diaz-Montes (157) identifies 7 risk factors of developing uterine cancer, which include the endometrium overgrowing abnormally, obesity, menstrual and reproductive history, estrogen intake history, tamoxifen intake history, radiation therapy, and family health history. With respect to the endometrium overgrowing abnormally (a condition referred to as endometrial hyperplasia), Diaz-Montes (158) points out that any unusual increase in the cell numbers found in the uterus lining is a potential risk factor for the development of uterine cancer. Diaz-Montes (158) notes that hyperplasia is not considered a form of .
Oncology Nursing:-An oncology nurse is a specialized nurse who cares for cancer patients. These nurses require advanced certifications and clinical experiences in oncology further than the typical baccalaureate nursing program provides. Oncology nursing care can be defined as meeting the various needs of oncology patients during the time of their disease including appropriate screenings and other preventive practices, symptom management, care to retain as much normal functioning as possible, and supportive measures upon the end of life.
What is oncology?
Oncology is the branch of medicine that researches, identifies, and treats cancer. A physician who works in the field of oncology is an oncologist.
Oncologists must first diagnose cancer, which is usually carried out via biopsy, endoscopy, X-ray, CT scanning, MRI, PET scanning, ultrasound, or other radiological methods. Nuclear medicine can also be used to diagnose cancer, as can blood tests or tumor markers. Oncology is often linked with hematology, which is the branch of medicine that deals with blood and blood-related disorders.
Treatment
Once a diagnosis is made, the oncologist discusses the disease stage with the patient. Staging will dictate the treatment of cancer. Chemotherapy — which is defined as the destruction of cancer cells — may be used, as well as radiation therapy. Surgery is used to remove tumors. Hormone therapy is used to treat certain types of cancers, and monoclonal antibody treatments are gaining popularity. Research into cancer vaccines and immunotherapies is ongoing. Palliative care in oncology treats pain and other symptoms of cancer.
Treatment team
Cancer is often treated in a team effort, with at least two or three types of oncologists, including medical, surgical, or radiation. The oncology treatment team may also include a pathologist, a diagnostic radiologist, or an oncology nurse. In the event of a new or a difficult-to-treat case of cancer, the oncology care team may consult a tumor board, made up of various medical experts from all relevant disciplines. The tumor board reviews the case and recommends the best course of cancer treatment for the patient.
Oncology nurse
The oncology nurse has many roles, from helping with cancer screening, detection, and prevention, to the intensive care focus of bone marrow transplantation. Work settings for oncology nurses also vary and include acute care hospitals, ambulatory care clinics, private offices, radiation therapy facilities, and home care agencies. Oncology nurses work with adult and pediatric patients with cancer.
Pediatric Oncology
Pediatric oncology is a medical specialty that focuses on cancer care for children.
The National Cancer Institute estimates that 10,270 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed in children in 2017. Of these, 1,190 children will die from the disease.
Pediatric oncology is an important medical field that treats all pediatric cancer types, including acute lymphocytic leukemia,
Breast cancer is the type of cancer that starts in the breast. It can start in one or both breasts. Cancer starts when cells begin to grow out of control. It is important to understand that most breast lumps are benign and not cancer.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
2. Content
Definition of ovarian cancer
Types of ovarian cancer
Stage of ovarian cancer
Grade of ovarian cancer
Signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer
Risk factor of ovarian cancer
Diagnosis of ovarian cancer
Treatment of ovarian cancer
Prevention of ovarian cancer
Nursing intervention of ovarian cancer
3. Definition
Ovarian cancer is a disease in which, depending on the
type and stage of the disease, malignant (cancerous) cells
are found inside, near, or on the outer layer of the
ovaries. An ovary is one of two small, almond-shaped
organs located on each side of the uterus that store eggs,
or germ cells, and produce female hormones estrogen
and progesterone.
4.
5. Types of ovarian cancer
Epithelial tumors start from the cells that cover the
outer surface of the ovary. Most ovarian tumors are
epithelial cell tumors.
Germ cell tumors start from the cells that produce
the eggs (ova) occur in young woman.
Stromal tumors start from structural tissue cells that
hold the ovary together and produce the female
hormones estrogen and progesterone.
6.
7. Staging ovarian cancer
Stage I. Cancer is found in one or both ovaries.
Stage II. Cancer has spread to other parts of the
pelvis.
Stage III. Cancer has spread to the abdomen.
Stage IV. Cancer is found outside the abdomen.
8.
9. Signs and symptoms
Abdominal bloating, pressure, and pain
Abnormal fullness after eating
Difficulty eating
An increased urge to urinate
Other symptoms, such as:
Fatigue
Indigestion
heartburn
constipation
back pain
Menstrual irregularities
Painful intercourse
10. Grades of ovarian cancer
GX: The grade cannot be evaluated.
GB: The tissue is considered borderline cancerous. This is commonly
called low malignant potential (LMP).
G1: The tissue is well-differentiated (contains many healthy looking
cells).
G2: The tissue is moderately differentiated (more cells appear
abnormal than healthy).
G3 to G4: The tissue is poorly differentiated or undifferentiated
(more cells appear abnormal, and lack normal tissue structures).
11. Risk factors
Age (<12 Years and ≥50 years).
Inherited gene mutation(BRCA1 and BRCA2).
Estrogen hormone replacement therapy.
Age when menstruation started and ended.
Never being pregnant(nulliparity).
16. Treatment
Surgery
o Oophorectomy the surgical removal of one or both ovaries. Women
who have only one ovary removed may still become pregnant.
oIf both the ovaries and fallopian tubes are removed, it is called
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.
o Hysterectomy(the surgical removal of the uterus and cervix) and
removal of other tumor that may have spread outside the ovary, is
done in more advanced ovarian cancer. Once the uterus is removed, a
woman is no longer able to become pregnant.
17. Cont….
Chemotherapy
oItis recommended for women with ovarian cancer after surgery.
o It is a drug treatment that uses chemicals to kill fast-growing
cells in the body,These drugs can be injected into a vein or
taken by mouth.
o The drugs can be injected directly into the abdomen
(intraperitoneal chemotherapy).
o It can also be used before surgery for advanced cancer to
enable the removal of as much of the ovarian cancer cells as
possible.
18.
19. Prevention
Avoiding certain risk factors.
Using Oral contraceptive.
Gynecologic surgery (tubal ligation and
hysterectomy,bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy).
Breast feeding.
Pregnancy.
20.
21.
22. Nursing Interventions
Teach women about;
o The importance of having routine screenings for
cancer of the reproductive system. (pap smear, and
pelvic exam).
oThe risk factors of the reproductive system.
oMenopause signs and symptoms after bilateral
oophorectomy.
oHormone replacement therapy and the side effects.
o Manage client's pain related to chemotherapy .
o Monitor for infection .
23. CONT…
o Teach client how to prevent DVTs after surgery, i.e. frequent
changes in positions, leg exercises to promote circulation.
Explain the need for increased intake of fruits, vegetables, and
whole grains. Also, a decreased fat intake of <30% of calories.
Administer anti nausea (antiemetic) medications as needed.
Assess patient for body image changes as a result of disfiguring
treatment.
Psychotherapy.
