This study examined the attitude and academic performance of public single-sex (Boys’ and Girls’ only) high school students in the teaching and learning of Agricultural Science in the aspect of practical knowledge of Agriculture. We investigated whether there were significant differences in the mean achievement test scores of students in practical Agriculture in the selected schools. We also examined the relationship between their academic performance in practical agriculture and their attitude to the subject. The study was a descriptive survey design carried out at Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria. Six public single-sex (Boys’ and Girls’ only) schools were randomly selected from three Local Government Areas (LGAs) within Ibadan Zone comprising eleven LGAs in 2018.
Sixty-nine Senior Secondary School (SSS III) students were randomly selected in Boys’ only (3) schools while ninety-seven students were randomly selected in Girls’ only (3) schools giving a total of 166 students that participated in this study. Practical Agricultural Science Students’ Achievement Test (PASSAT) and Students’ Attitude towards Practical Agriculture Questionnaire (SATPAGQ) were used for data collection. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Oneway Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Multiple Comparison techniques and t-test for equality of means. The ANOVA test was significant (p = .00). Post Hoc (Tukey HSD) test, a multiple comparison technique on the ANOVA showed that PASSAT mean scores obtained by one Girls’ only school was significantly different from one Boys’ only schools another two Girls’ only schools’ mean scores at 5% significant level. It was found that availability of school farm, use of instructional materials were not enough to bring about significant boost in academic success in PASSAT especially in three of the schools with less than average mean scores of 34.51, 40.23 and 44.07. The study therefore recommended that government and relevant stakeholders (Parents- Teachers Association, Old Boys’ and Girls’ Association among others) should provide human resources and needed infrastructural facilities for effective teaching and learning of Agricultural Science in both single-sex and Co-educational schools for better academic performance.
Challenges, Attitudes and Academic Performance of Agricultural Science Studen...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
This document reports on a study that examined challenges facing the teaching and learning of agricultural science in secondary schools in Ibadan North, Nigeria. It assessed students' attitudes toward agricultural science and their academic performance in the subject. The study found major challenges confronting agricultural science education and identified solutions. It also found significant differences in achievement test scores between some pairs of schools. Additionally, a significant relationship was found between students' test scores and their sustained interest in agricultural science. The study recommends more innovative teaching techniques to improve students' interest and performance in the subject.
Influence of Agricultural Education Programme in Revamping Young Farmers Club...AI Publications
This study focused on the Influence of Agricultural Education Programme in Revamping Young Farmers Club for Food Security in Rivers State. A descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The population of this study comprised eleven (11) and thirteen (13) Agricultural Educators in Rivers State University and Ignatius Ajuru University of Education respectively. Due to the fact that the population was manageable, the entire population was adopted for this study, hence, there was no sampling technique adopted for this study. The instrument used in collecting data was a survey questionnaire titled "Influence of Agricultural Education Programme in Revamping Young Farmers Club" which was structured in four-point rating scale of agreement. This instrument was subjected to face validity by two experts in the Department of Agricultural Education in Rivers State University. Thereafter, Cronbach Alpha was used to establish the reliability of the instrument. The reliability coefficient achieved was 0.82. Mean and Standard Deviation were used to answer the research questions while t-test statistical tool was used to test the hypotheses. This study found that Agricultural Education Programme could revamp young farmers club through conducting orientation programs for new students on young farmers club, organizing symposium on importance of young farmers club, organizing conferences on young farmers club, organizing seminars on young farmers club and advertorial on young farmers club. Provision of educational support by: conducting practical for members, equipping future farmers susceptible to new ideas and modern practice, extension training on entrepreneurship, providing vital information to boost the interest of potential farmers, extension training on leadership, introducing potential farmers to farmers cooperative, creating and coordinating communication of agricultural potentials, by motivating members through allotment of time for young farmers club meetings, regular visit of agricultural educators to young farmers club meetings, supervision among others. It was recommended that there should be orientation programme for every year one student in the Department of Agricultural Education so that they could be abreast with the benefits of becoming member of young farmers club. If this is done, it will help to increase the number of students in the club.
Teachers’ perceptions on inclusion of agricultural indigenous knowledge syste...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on teachers' perceptions of including agricultural indigenous knowledge systems (AIKS) in the crop production section of Zimbabwe's Ordinary Level Agriculture syllabus. The study found that while teachers were aware of AIKS practices, the syllabus currently focuses only on Western agricultural practices. Teachers felt that including AIKS could help foster sustainable development and cultural identity. However, integrating AIKS faces challenges due to its oral tradition and perceived inferiority to Western practices. The study recommends harmonizing AIKS with Western practices in the curriculum and further researching AIKS.
High Education and Sustainable Agriculture in LaosSIANI
Presented as part of the SIANI Hesa Expert Group meeting in Chulalongkorn University School of Agricultural Resources (CUSAR) in Bangkok. More at: http://bit.ly/1NwBkbp
Roles of Higher Education in Transition towards Sustainable Agriculture Devel...SIANI
Presented as part of the SIANI Hesa Expert Group meeting in Chulalongkorn University School of Agricultural Resources (CUSAR) in Bangkok. More at: http://bit.ly/1NwBkbp
This document provides information on trends in area production and productivity of fruits and vegetables in India and the state of Kerala. Some key points:
- India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally, accounting for about 16% of global vegetable production and 10% of world fruit production.
- Kerala produces a variety of fruits like jackfruit, mango, banana, pineapple, and papaya. The total area under fruit cultivation in 2015-16 was 3,30,644 hectares.
- Major vegetables grown in Kerala include drumstick, bitter gourd, ladies finger, brinjal, green chilies, and cucumber. The total area under vegetable cultivation in 2016-17 was 46
Adoption of banana tissue culture in Uganda still remains low despite the availability of policies geared to enhancing agriculture. A survey was carried out on 115 smallholder farmers in Central Uganda to establish the influence of agro-related policies in tissue culture banana adoption between January and July 2018. Results from the study indicated that 83.8% of the respondents were aware about the Plan for Modernization of Agriculture policy as compared to National Agricultural Policy (5.5%), National Development Plan (13.12%) and Agricultural Sector Development Strategy and Investment Plan (3.3%). Age, gender and education level all exhibited weak correlations in relation to policy awareness while generally, the study found out that awareness of the of the policies did not significantly influence farmer’s adoption of tissue culture banana in central Uganda (P>0.05). We conclude that most of the agro-related polices were on paper and minimal efforts were in place to enhance their awareness amongst small holder farmers. We therefore recommend that increased awareness of agro-related policies to the farmers as well as integration of farmer interests in policy formulation are paramount in order to achieve wide uptake of agro-technologies like banana tissue culture.
Nutrition and Academic Achievement of Filipino Learners: A Literature Reviewijtsrd
Nutrition has always been significant in the lives of all. It refers to the needed amount of vitamins and minerals the body receives to allow proper functioning. Undernourished and malnutrition are no longer new issues in the Filipino learners. It has been reported to have a total of 1,836,793 undernourished pupils from kindergarten to Grade 6 pupils as reported by DepEd on FY 2019. On the latest news, the Programme for International Student Assessment PISA results showed that the Philippines ranked dead last in reading among 79 participating countries or economies, and ranked second to the last in both mathematics and science. The Philippines sees a strong relationship between the socio economic status of students and their school performance, according to the full report. With this, the researchers aimed to see if in the past researches, there was a reported significant association between nutrition and academic achievement of the students. Of the twenty reviewed studies, ten research articles were utilized. From these, six out of ten researches confirmed the association. Furthermore, the researchers concluded that students who were of proper nutrition were more likely to perform better in school as reported in their academic performance. Mariepet A. Cristuta | Joanne E. Berongan | Manuelito D. Radam | Maureen S. Saladaga | Dr. Marilyn Miranda "Nutrition and Academic Achievement of Filipino Learners: A Literature Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29733.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/29733/nutrition-and-academic-achievement-of-filipino-learners-a-literature-review/mariepet-a-cristuta
Challenges, Attitudes and Academic Performance of Agricultural Science Studen...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
This document reports on a study that examined challenges facing the teaching and learning of agricultural science in secondary schools in Ibadan North, Nigeria. It assessed students' attitudes toward agricultural science and their academic performance in the subject. The study found major challenges confronting agricultural science education and identified solutions. It also found significant differences in achievement test scores between some pairs of schools. Additionally, a significant relationship was found between students' test scores and their sustained interest in agricultural science. The study recommends more innovative teaching techniques to improve students' interest and performance in the subject.
Influence of Agricultural Education Programme in Revamping Young Farmers Club...AI Publications
This study focused on the Influence of Agricultural Education Programme in Revamping Young Farmers Club for Food Security in Rivers State. A descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The population of this study comprised eleven (11) and thirteen (13) Agricultural Educators in Rivers State University and Ignatius Ajuru University of Education respectively. Due to the fact that the population was manageable, the entire population was adopted for this study, hence, there was no sampling technique adopted for this study. The instrument used in collecting data was a survey questionnaire titled "Influence of Agricultural Education Programme in Revamping Young Farmers Club" which was structured in four-point rating scale of agreement. This instrument was subjected to face validity by two experts in the Department of Agricultural Education in Rivers State University. Thereafter, Cronbach Alpha was used to establish the reliability of the instrument. The reliability coefficient achieved was 0.82. Mean and Standard Deviation were used to answer the research questions while t-test statistical tool was used to test the hypotheses. This study found that Agricultural Education Programme could revamp young farmers club through conducting orientation programs for new students on young farmers club, organizing symposium on importance of young farmers club, organizing conferences on young farmers club, organizing seminars on young farmers club and advertorial on young farmers club. Provision of educational support by: conducting practical for members, equipping future farmers susceptible to new ideas and modern practice, extension training on entrepreneurship, providing vital information to boost the interest of potential farmers, extension training on leadership, introducing potential farmers to farmers cooperative, creating and coordinating communication of agricultural potentials, by motivating members through allotment of time for young farmers club meetings, regular visit of agricultural educators to young farmers club meetings, supervision among others. It was recommended that there should be orientation programme for every year one student in the Department of Agricultural Education so that they could be abreast with the benefits of becoming member of young farmers club. If this is done, it will help to increase the number of students in the club.
Teachers’ perceptions on inclusion of agricultural indigenous knowledge syste...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on teachers' perceptions of including agricultural indigenous knowledge systems (AIKS) in the crop production section of Zimbabwe's Ordinary Level Agriculture syllabus. The study found that while teachers were aware of AIKS practices, the syllabus currently focuses only on Western agricultural practices. Teachers felt that including AIKS could help foster sustainable development and cultural identity. However, integrating AIKS faces challenges due to its oral tradition and perceived inferiority to Western practices. The study recommends harmonizing AIKS with Western practices in the curriculum and further researching AIKS.
High Education and Sustainable Agriculture in LaosSIANI
Presented as part of the SIANI Hesa Expert Group meeting in Chulalongkorn University School of Agricultural Resources (CUSAR) in Bangkok. More at: http://bit.ly/1NwBkbp
Roles of Higher Education in Transition towards Sustainable Agriculture Devel...SIANI
Presented as part of the SIANI Hesa Expert Group meeting in Chulalongkorn University School of Agricultural Resources (CUSAR) in Bangkok. More at: http://bit.ly/1NwBkbp
This document provides information on trends in area production and productivity of fruits and vegetables in India and the state of Kerala. Some key points:
- India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally, accounting for about 16% of global vegetable production and 10% of world fruit production.
- Kerala produces a variety of fruits like jackfruit, mango, banana, pineapple, and papaya. The total area under fruit cultivation in 2015-16 was 3,30,644 hectares.
- Major vegetables grown in Kerala include drumstick, bitter gourd, ladies finger, brinjal, green chilies, and cucumber. The total area under vegetable cultivation in 2016-17 was 46
Adoption of banana tissue culture in Uganda still remains low despite the availability of policies geared to enhancing agriculture. A survey was carried out on 115 smallholder farmers in Central Uganda to establish the influence of agro-related policies in tissue culture banana adoption between January and July 2018. Results from the study indicated that 83.8% of the respondents were aware about the Plan for Modernization of Agriculture policy as compared to National Agricultural Policy (5.5%), National Development Plan (13.12%) and Agricultural Sector Development Strategy and Investment Plan (3.3%). Age, gender and education level all exhibited weak correlations in relation to policy awareness while generally, the study found out that awareness of the of the policies did not significantly influence farmer’s adoption of tissue culture banana in central Uganda (P>0.05). We conclude that most of the agro-related polices were on paper and minimal efforts were in place to enhance their awareness amongst small holder farmers. We therefore recommend that increased awareness of agro-related policies to the farmers as well as integration of farmer interests in policy formulation are paramount in order to achieve wide uptake of agro-technologies like banana tissue culture.
Nutrition and Academic Achievement of Filipino Learners: A Literature Reviewijtsrd
Nutrition has always been significant in the lives of all. It refers to the needed amount of vitamins and minerals the body receives to allow proper functioning. Undernourished and malnutrition are no longer new issues in the Filipino learners. It has been reported to have a total of 1,836,793 undernourished pupils from kindergarten to Grade 6 pupils as reported by DepEd on FY 2019. On the latest news, the Programme for International Student Assessment PISA results showed that the Philippines ranked dead last in reading among 79 participating countries or economies, and ranked second to the last in both mathematics and science. The Philippines sees a strong relationship between the socio economic status of students and their school performance, according to the full report. With this, the researchers aimed to see if in the past researches, there was a reported significant association between nutrition and academic achievement of the students. Of the twenty reviewed studies, ten research articles were utilized. From these, six out of ten researches confirmed the association. Furthermore, the researchers concluded that students who were of proper nutrition were more likely to perform better in school as reported in their academic performance. Mariepet A. Cristuta | Joanne E. Berongan | Manuelito D. Radam | Maureen S. Saladaga | Dr. Marilyn Miranda "Nutrition and Academic Achievement of Filipino Learners: A Literature Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29733.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/29733/nutrition-and-academic-achievement-of-filipino-learners-a-literature-review/mariepet-a-cristuta
A meta-regression analysis of frontier efficiency estimates from AfricaKeuler Hissa
by Kolawole OGUNDARI
Selected Paper prepared for presentation at the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association’s 2014 AAEA Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 27-29 June 2014
Measuring the cost of production and returns of hyv boro rice farmers :A stud...Kanok Chowdhury
This study is on the measurement of the cost and return of HYV boro rice farmers in comilla district. This study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that influence financial and economic profitability of HYV boro rice. In addition, this study highlights how cost of labor and commodities used in agriculture affect profitability and production of HYV boro rice crop in comilla district.
Adoption of Sustainable Agricultural Practices among Farmers in Ohaukwu Local...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study was conducted with the broad objective of determining the level of adoption of sustainable
agricultural practices (SAPs) among farmers in Ohaukwu Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
Multistage, random, and systematic sampling procedures were employed to select 160 respondents for
the study. The collected data were analyzed using relevant descriptive and inferential statistics suitable
for each objective. The result showed that majority of the respondents were females who were married,
having a mean age of 43 years and mean number of years of experience of 17. Majority of them acquired
secondary school education while practicing Christianity and were engaged in the production of both crops
and animals (mixed farming), having mean farm size of 0.8 ha in scattered plots and mean annual income
of N71,400 which was regarded as low income. Most of the farmers were not members to any farmers’
cooperative society. The predominant SAPs adopted included crop rotation, compost manure, and use of
tolerant varieties. Furthermore, socioeconomic characteristics of the rural farmers were observed to have
strong influence on adoption of SAPs by the farmers. The constraints to the adoption of SAPs among farmers
were socioeconomic, political, and institutional. The null hypothesis tested using F-test was rejected at 5%
level of significance. Consequently, it was concluded that socioeconomic characteristics of farmers actually
influenced adoption of SAPs, though there were identified constraints that limited the level of adoption
of such SAPs which if mitigated will improve adoption of the SAPs. Based on the study findings, the
policy recommendations were that relevant agencies should ensure vigorous dissemination of information
to farmers on available windows to low interest rate agricultural credit facilities by the government; reform
in land tenure system should be facilitated to support adoption of SAPs; Nigerian agricultural extension
program should be restructured to reflect sustainable agricultural context and emphasis; and farmers should
be encouraged to seek meteorological information to minimize risks from adverse weather conditions. This
will encourage adoption of SAPs and ensure that maximum result is achieved.
Study of The Public Distribution System in Karnataka vlPratik Shetty
A study was conducted of the Public Distribution System in Bangalore Urban District, Karnataka. The study found that 80% of beneficiaries face serious issues with the current system, including 6% being wrongly denied BPL/APL cards, 38% only being eligible for partial rations due to Aadhar issues, and 36% facing problems with biometric verification. The opportunity cost of collecting rations was estimated to be Rs. 557 per month per family. Additionally, biometrics failed a high 62% of the time, ration quality and quantity were inconsistent, and ration shops were found to be corrupt and unprofessionally run. Recommendations included moving towards a universal PDS, abandoning biometric verification and cou
This research work examines the impact of technology adoption on agricultural productivity. It considers the south-west region of Bangladesh as the study area. Since most of the farmers in the study area are engaged in rice production, this study surveys randomly selected 60 rice farmers in the IRRI season of year 2015 through using a questionnaire. This study finds sufficient variation in frequency and degree of technology adoption in agricultural practices among the surveyed farmers. The analysis results indicate that farmers are adopting high level of technology in seed variety and irrigation phases, medium level of technology in land preparation, pest management and fertilizer application phases and low level of technology in weeding and harvesting phases. There is a statistically significant difference in productivity between high and low degree technology adopters. Education and land holdings are the statistically significant variables in determining technology adoption level. According to the study findings, a one percent increase in technology adoption leads to increase in productivity by 0.22 percent, holding other factors constant, and this influence is statistically significant at one percent level. Therefore, this study concludes that there is a scope for further increase in productivity through planned manipulation of technology adoption level in different phases of agricultural production.
Agricultural Education as a Tool to Acquiring Entrepreneurial Skills and Self...Premier Publishers
The purpose of this paper was to explore Agricultural Education as a tool towards entrepreneurial skills to provide employment and self-reliance for Nigerian Universities Students in agriculture; to examine the relevance of entrepreneurial skills and prospects/occupations in agriculture to universities graduates employment and self-reliance in Nigeria. Over the years and presently, Nigeria has been facing the serious challenge of youth unemployment. Both the public and private sectors of the nation’s economy seem to be filled with manpower and are no longer willing to absorb the large number of teeming unemployed youths in the society. Most of these youths are graduates from higher institutions like, colleges, polytechnics and universities. The introduction of entrepreneurship studies at all levels of education is a bid to proffer solution to the problem of unemployment in Nigeria. Agriculture as a vocation, has many occupations from which youths can acquire skills in schools, colleges and universities as well as short-term out of school programmes at grass roots levels. The acquisition of these skills is expected to equip them for gainful enterprises in agriculture for self -reliance with the application of entrepreneurial skills acquired through programmes. Some agricultural programmes introduced by the government of Nigeria to promote entrepreneurship in agriculture were highlighted. Constraints to entrepreneurial skills development were also highlighted. The paper concluded that the entrepreneurial skills programmes established by government over the years to this effect have yielded little positive results and more efforts are needed for their better implementation. Suggestions were made to this effect.
Analysis of Rural Households Food Security Status in Dibatie District, Wester...Premier Publishers
This study examines the rural household’s food security status and its determinants in the Dibatie district of Bebishangul Gumuz region. The simple random sampling technique was used to select respondents with proportionate sample size based on the number of households that exists in sampled kebele administrations. The data were collected using structured questionnaires and key informants interviews. Both descriptive statistics and econometric model (binary logit model) were used to analyze this data at household levels. Food Security Index is used to measure the food security status of sample households based on average kcal/day/adult equivalent. The results of this study revealed that households of 59.4% were found food secure and 46.6% food insecure. The mean calorie intake of all sampled households was 2431.68kcal/day/equivalent. Furthermore, estimated a binary logit model results show that the variables such as education level of household head, utilization of formal credit, cultivated land size, access to training, farm experience, household size and distance to nearest market were found significant influence on households’ food security status in the study area. However, the remaining variables were not found significant effect on households’ food security status. Finally, the study suggests that any interventions designed to promote farmers to increase food security status at household level in the study area are welcome.
The law of demand expresses the functional relationship between price and quantity demanded.
Assumption of ‘ Ceteris Paribus’. A hypothetical assumption
If price of a commodity falls, the quantity demanded of it will rise and vice versa.
Inverse relationship between price and quantity
Other factors also play an important role.
Real world variables.
The indifference curve analysis has also been used to explain producer’s equilibrium, the problems of exchange, rationing, taxation, supply of labour, welfare economics and a host of other problems. Some of the important problems are explained below with the help of this technique.
(1) The Problem of Exchange:
With the help of indifference curve technique the problem of exchange between two individuals can be discussed. We take two consumers A and В who possess two goods X and Y in fixed quantities respectively. The problem is how can they exchange the goods possessed by each other. This can be solved by constructing an Edgeworth-Bowley box diagram on the basis of their preference maps and the given supplies of goods.
Nutritional Knowledge of Students on Consumption of Vegetables and Fruits and...Premier Publishers
Among Primary School of SDN 192 located in Singengu Village Kotanopan District, is a school that has a low student will in consumption of vegetables and fruit. This study aims to know the direct and indirect relationship of students' nutritional knowledge with micronutrient intake through vegetable and fruit consumption at primary school students SDN 192 Kotanopan District. The type of research use with cross sectional design. The sample in this study is determine by take the entire population to be the subject of research, as many as 93 students. This research was conducted at Singengu Village in March to April 2018. The results show that the students' nutritional knowledge does not have a direct relationship with the consumption of vegetables and fruit of students. Students' nutritional knowledge has a direct relationship with vitamin A intake of t count = 1.89. Consumption of vegetables and fruits do not have a direct relationship with the intake of micronutrients. The researcher's suggestion in this research are to create nutritional awareness among of students about the content of vitamins and minerals in vegetables and fruits. Conducting counseling in schools about the benefits, content, and importance of vegetable and fruit consumption and provide healthy canteen that sell cooked vegetables and fruits.
Coping Strategies of Diabetic Yam Farming Households in Benue State, NigeriaIJEAB
This study engaged the Multinomial Logistic Model (MLN) to determine factors influencing te choice of coping strategies of diabetic yam farming households in Benue State, Nigeria. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 340 yam farming households with emphasis on 2015 farming season. Primary data were obtained using a well structured and pretested questionnaire. The results of analysis shows that the most frequently used coping strategies were special diets such as millet, cocoyam, locust bean, groundnut, fruits and vegetables accounting for 39%, constant intake of drugs like metformin, biguarnide, sulphorylureas and insulin 25%, hired labour, 23.2%, routine exercise, 12.6%, while hawking was 0.3%. The choice of constant drug was -0.012, while the choice of hawking was significantly (p < 0.05) and negatively affected by education as a coping strategy. The marginal effect of education on constant drug was -0.012, while the choice of hawking was significantly (p < 0.05) and positively affected by the age as a coping strategy. The marginal effect of age on hawking was 0.04. It is recommended that government at Federal, State and Local levels with partners in progress should consider critical ways of managing diabetes by emphasizing healthy lifestyles such as ceasation of smoking, moderate alcohol intake, regular medical check-up and improvement of the socio-economic status of the diabetic farm households through good road network, steady supply of electricity which will better the quality of life of the farm households.
Attitude of Secondary School Teachers towards Equitable Education in Coimbato...ijtsrd
Equitable Education System was proposed in the state of Tamil Nadu. It was felt that by following this education system we could afford impartial education to all school children irrespective of region such as rural and urban, upper and lower caste, and religion etc. This new system of education came into existence after a lot of oppositions, obstacles and confusions. Determining attitude and efforts to advance a new system of education is very much essential. Attitude of teachers, students and parents about a new educational system influences the choices and national development. Teachers and parents have a supreme responsibility in the mental and physical growth of the students. Their attitude is one of the most important variables in the education of children. Successful and effective implementation of a new system of education depends upon the knowledge of teachers and their positive attitudes towards it. Thus, the study of teachers' attitude towards Equitable Education becomes indispensable to the implementation plans. These observations initiated the investigator to undertake the present study, “Attitude of Secondary School Teachers towards Equitable Education in Coimbatore District†G. Jayanthi | Dr. K. Eagavalli ""Attitude of Secondary School Teachers towards Equitable Education in Coimbatore District"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25133.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/25133/attitude-of-secondary-school-teachers-towards-equitable-education-in-coimbatore-district/g-jayanthi
This document summarizes a study on the public distribution system (PDS) in India and its implications for poverty and food security. It provides background on the PDS and outlines the study's data sources and methodology. The study finds that over time, access to the PDS expanded significantly across India as the ratio of market to PDS prices increased. The PDS was also found to be generally inclusive of disadvantaged groups. The study estimates the PDS contributed to reductions in poverty and calorie deficiency, particularly for vulnerable groups. Participation in the PDS was determined by various demographic and socioeconomic factors.
Impact of Training Program on Rice Production: A Study in Bangladeshfaijan_nabil
The document provides an introduction to a study on the impact of training programs on rice production in Bangladesh. It discusses how agriculture is the backbone of Bangladesh's economy but faces challenges from population growth, limited water, and resource degradation. Training programs aim to help farmers improve productivity by teaching them modern techniques and sustainable input use. However, there is a lack of research specifically on the effect of training on rice production in Bangladesh. The study aims to investigate this impact and fill existing knowledge gaps. It will analyze data on topics like yield, income, sources of training, and evaluate the effectiveness of different training received by farmers.
Investigating Academic Performance in Practical Agriculture: Evidence from Si...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
This study investigated the attitudes of students to practical agriculture and examined whether there were significant differences in the mean scores in Practical Agriculture Achievement Test (PAAT) among the three categories of schools used for this study. This study was a descriptive survey design carried out in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria. Nine (9) public secondary schools were randomly selected from three different Local Government Areas (LGAs) out of eleven (11) present in Ibadan zone comprising three (3) Boys’ only, three (3) Girls’ only and three (3) Co-educational schools. A total of two hundred and fifty-five (255) Senior Secondary Schools (SSSIII) students from three selected categories of schools participated in this study. PAAT and AtPAQ were the research instruments used for data collection. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test of independence, ANOVA and multiple comparison techniques. The ANOVA test was significant (p = .00). Boys’ only schools had the highest mean scores of 48.14 followed by Girls’ only schools with 42.72 while Co-educational schools had 34.92. Least Significant Difference (LSD), a multiple comparison technique, on the ANOVA showed that there existed significant differences in the mean scores of PAAT for all pairs of the three categories of schools. There was no association between students' mean scores and selected attitudinal variables. The study recommended awareness campaign on the importance of agricultural science education and training as a vocational subject which can make them self-employed after leaving school and also boost agricultural productivity in the nation.
Investigating Academic Performance in Practical Agriculture: Evidence from Si...Premier Publishers
This study investigated the attitudes of students to practical agriculture and examined whether there were significant differences in the mean scores in Practical Agriculture Achievement Test (PAAT) among the three categories of schools used for this study. This study was a descriptive survey design carried out in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria. Nine (9) public secondary schools were randomly selected from three different Local Government Areas (LGAs) out of eleven (11) present in Ibadan zone comprising three (3) Boys’ only, three (3) Girls’ only and three (3) Co-educational schools. A total of two hundred and fifty-five (255) Senior Secondary Schools (SSSIII) students from three selected categories of schools participated in this study. PAAT and AtPAQ were the research instruments used for data collection. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test of independence, ANOVA and multiple comparison techniques. The ANOVA test was significant (p = .00). Boys’ only schools had the highest mean scores of 48.14 followed by Girls’ only schools with 42.72 while Co-educational schools had 34.92. Least Significant Difference (LSD), a multiple comparison technique, on the ANOVA showed that there existed significant differences in the mean scores of PAAT for all pairs of the three categories of schools. There was no association between students' mean scores and selected attitudinal variables. The study recommended awareness campaign on the importance of agricultural science education and training as a vocational subject which can make them self-employed after leaving school and also boost agricultural productivity in the nation.
Implementation of agricultural science curriculum in taraba state school syst...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the implementation of agricultural science curriculum in secondary schools in Taraba State, Nigeria. It finds that teacher qualities like commitment, teaching styles, and use of modular teaching methods are necessary for effective curriculum implementation. It also recommends establishing good school-community relationships and using both performance and written tests to better help students acquire occupational skills. The study was based on a questionnaire completed by 200 agricultural teachers across Taraba State who agreed that resources in the community could be better utilized, like involving successful farmers, for improved skills acquisition by students.
This document discusses the All India Entrance Examination (AIEEA) for admission to bachelor's and master's degree programs in agriculture and allied sciences in India. It provides an overview of trends in the 2012 UG and PG examinations, including a progressive increase in rural candidates taking the UG exam and some state universities having low representation or performance. The document aims to analyze exam trends to help strengthen higher agricultural education, attract more and better students nationwide, and improve performance across universities.
Issues and strategic approaches in strengthening agricultural educationAlexander Decker
This document discusses issues facing agricultural education at the University of Eastern Philippines and strategic approaches to strengthen it. Enrollment in agricultural programs had been declining but has increased dramatically in recent years, especially in agricultural education. Key issues include a mismatch between skills taught and industry demands, and challenges from curriculum changes. Strategic approaches to address issues include regular curriculum updates, expanding program offerings to include fisheries and natural resources, international student exchanges, entrepreneurship opportunities for students, and ensuring education is practical and community-focused. The goal is to produce graduates equipped to meet industry needs and improve lives in the community through agriculture.
ENHANCING EXTENSION WORKER’S COMPETENCIES OF THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRIC...indexPub
The study sought to examine the development of extension worker’s competencies in the BSA program of Universidade Nacional de Timor Leste. It was conducted among 112 graduate students and selected faculty members. Data from the survey were processed and analyzed using descriptive statistic such as frequency counts and percentage computation. Interview excerpts that could be used to substantiate the research findings were highlighted and added to the discussions. Result showed that some research respondents and participants noted aspects for improvement in terms of the curriculum, the facilities, and the teaching strategies employed in the program. Moreover, the comparison results showed the gaps between the compared data. Accordingly, recommendations were forwarded to improve the extension workers’ competencies of the university’s graduates. Curriculum development is needed to fully optimize the learning environment for their current and incoming students, as well as the teaching practices of their faculties in the department.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Potential Availability Waste of Food Cropas Feed in Majene West Sulawesi, Ind...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study on the potential availability of food crop waste as animal feed in Majene, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study found that Majene Regency has abundant production of agricultural waste from crops like rice, corn, peanuts, green beans, cassava and sweet potatoes. The total production of food crop waste was calculated to be 159,383.6 tons of dry matter, 89,313.7 tons of crude protein, and 53,859.9 tons of total digestible nutrients. The study concluded that Majene has significant potential to utilize local food crop waste as a feed source for livestock.
The document outlines the Agri-Pinoy Gulayan sa Paaralan Program (GPP), a joint initiative between the Department of Agriculture (DA) and Department of Education (DepEd) to establish school gardens in public schools. The goals are to promote food security, nutrition, and an appreciation for agriculture among students. Key elements include establishing vegetable gardens; providing seeds, tools and training; using harvests for school feeding; and monitoring implementation through record keeping and reporting. Responsibilities are delineated for national, regional, and local stakeholders to coordinate the program.
A meta-regression analysis of frontier efficiency estimates from AfricaKeuler Hissa
by Kolawole OGUNDARI
Selected Paper prepared for presentation at the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association’s 2014 AAEA Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 27-29 June 2014
Measuring the cost of production and returns of hyv boro rice farmers :A stud...Kanok Chowdhury
This study is on the measurement of the cost and return of HYV boro rice farmers in comilla district. This study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that influence financial and economic profitability of HYV boro rice. In addition, this study highlights how cost of labor and commodities used in agriculture affect profitability and production of HYV boro rice crop in comilla district.
Adoption of Sustainable Agricultural Practices among Farmers in Ohaukwu Local...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study was conducted with the broad objective of determining the level of adoption of sustainable
agricultural practices (SAPs) among farmers in Ohaukwu Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
Multistage, random, and systematic sampling procedures were employed to select 160 respondents for
the study. The collected data were analyzed using relevant descriptive and inferential statistics suitable
for each objective. The result showed that majority of the respondents were females who were married,
having a mean age of 43 years and mean number of years of experience of 17. Majority of them acquired
secondary school education while practicing Christianity and were engaged in the production of both crops
and animals (mixed farming), having mean farm size of 0.8 ha in scattered plots and mean annual income
of N71,400 which was regarded as low income. Most of the farmers were not members to any farmers’
cooperative society. The predominant SAPs adopted included crop rotation, compost manure, and use of
tolerant varieties. Furthermore, socioeconomic characteristics of the rural farmers were observed to have
strong influence on adoption of SAPs by the farmers. The constraints to the adoption of SAPs among farmers
were socioeconomic, political, and institutional. The null hypothesis tested using F-test was rejected at 5%
level of significance. Consequently, it was concluded that socioeconomic characteristics of farmers actually
influenced adoption of SAPs, though there were identified constraints that limited the level of adoption
of such SAPs which if mitigated will improve adoption of the SAPs. Based on the study findings, the
policy recommendations were that relevant agencies should ensure vigorous dissemination of information
to farmers on available windows to low interest rate agricultural credit facilities by the government; reform
in land tenure system should be facilitated to support adoption of SAPs; Nigerian agricultural extension
program should be restructured to reflect sustainable agricultural context and emphasis; and farmers should
be encouraged to seek meteorological information to minimize risks from adverse weather conditions. This
will encourage adoption of SAPs and ensure that maximum result is achieved.
Study of The Public Distribution System in Karnataka vlPratik Shetty
A study was conducted of the Public Distribution System in Bangalore Urban District, Karnataka. The study found that 80% of beneficiaries face serious issues with the current system, including 6% being wrongly denied BPL/APL cards, 38% only being eligible for partial rations due to Aadhar issues, and 36% facing problems with biometric verification. The opportunity cost of collecting rations was estimated to be Rs. 557 per month per family. Additionally, biometrics failed a high 62% of the time, ration quality and quantity were inconsistent, and ration shops were found to be corrupt and unprofessionally run. Recommendations included moving towards a universal PDS, abandoning biometric verification and cou
This research work examines the impact of technology adoption on agricultural productivity. It considers the south-west region of Bangladesh as the study area. Since most of the farmers in the study area are engaged in rice production, this study surveys randomly selected 60 rice farmers in the IRRI season of year 2015 through using a questionnaire. This study finds sufficient variation in frequency and degree of technology adoption in agricultural practices among the surveyed farmers. The analysis results indicate that farmers are adopting high level of technology in seed variety and irrigation phases, medium level of technology in land preparation, pest management and fertilizer application phases and low level of technology in weeding and harvesting phases. There is a statistically significant difference in productivity between high and low degree technology adopters. Education and land holdings are the statistically significant variables in determining technology adoption level. According to the study findings, a one percent increase in technology adoption leads to increase in productivity by 0.22 percent, holding other factors constant, and this influence is statistically significant at one percent level. Therefore, this study concludes that there is a scope for further increase in productivity through planned manipulation of technology adoption level in different phases of agricultural production.
Agricultural Education as a Tool to Acquiring Entrepreneurial Skills and Self...Premier Publishers
The purpose of this paper was to explore Agricultural Education as a tool towards entrepreneurial skills to provide employment and self-reliance for Nigerian Universities Students in agriculture; to examine the relevance of entrepreneurial skills and prospects/occupations in agriculture to universities graduates employment and self-reliance in Nigeria. Over the years and presently, Nigeria has been facing the serious challenge of youth unemployment. Both the public and private sectors of the nation’s economy seem to be filled with manpower and are no longer willing to absorb the large number of teeming unemployed youths in the society. Most of these youths are graduates from higher institutions like, colleges, polytechnics and universities. The introduction of entrepreneurship studies at all levels of education is a bid to proffer solution to the problem of unemployment in Nigeria. Agriculture as a vocation, has many occupations from which youths can acquire skills in schools, colleges and universities as well as short-term out of school programmes at grass roots levels. The acquisition of these skills is expected to equip them for gainful enterprises in agriculture for self -reliance with the application of entrepreneurial skills acquired through programmes. Some agricultural programmes introduced by the government of Nigeria to promote entrepreneurship in agriculture were highlighted. Constraints to entrepreneurial skills development were also highlighted. The paper concluded that the entrepreneurial skills programmes established by government over the years to this effect have yielded little positive results and more efforts are needed for their better implementation. Suggestions were made to this effect.
Analysis of Rural Households Food Security Status in Dibatie District, Wester...Premier Publishers
This study examines the rural household’s food security status and its determinants in the Dibatie district of Bebishangul Gumuz region. The simple random sampling technique was used to select respondents with proportionate sample size based on the number of households that exists in sampled kebele administrations. The data were collected using structured questionnaires and key informants interviews. Both descriptive statistics and econometric model (binary logit model) were used to analyze this data at household levels. Food Security Index is used to measure the food security status of sample households based on average kcal/day/adult equivalent. The results of this study revealed that households of 59.4% were found food secure and 46.6% food insecure. The mean calorie intake of all sampled households was 2431.68kcal/day/equivalent. Furthermore, estimated a binary logit model results show that the variables such as education level of household head, utilization of formal credit, cultivated land size, access to training, farm experience, household size and distance to nearest market were found significant influence on households’ food security status in the study area. However, the remaining variables were not found significant effect on households’ food security status. Finally, the study suggests that any interventions designed to promote farmers to increase food security status at household level in the study area are welcome.
The law of demand expresses the functional relationship between price and quantity demanded.
Assumption of ‘ Ceteris Paribus’. A hypothetical assumption
If price of a commodity falls, the quantity demanded of it will rise and vice versa.
Inverse relationship between price and quantity
Other factors also play an important role.
Real world variables.
The indifference curve analysis has also been used to explain producer’s equilibrium, the problems of exchange, rationing, taxation, supply of labour, welfare economics and a host of other problems. Some of the important problems are explained below with the help of this technique.
(1) The Problem of Exchange:
With the help of indifference curve technique the problem of exchange between two individuals can be discussed. We take two consumers A and В who possess two goods X and Y in fixed quantities respectively. The problem is how can they exchange the goods possessed by each other. This can be solved by constructing an Edgeworth-Bowley box diagram on the basis of their preference maps and the given supplies of goods.
Nutritional Knowledge of Students on Consumption of Vegetables and Fruits and...Premier Publishers
Among Primary School of SDN 192 located in Singengu Village Kotanopan District, is a school that has a low student will in consumption of vegetables and fruit. This study aims to know the direct and indirect relationship of students' nutritional knowledge with micronutrient intake through vegetable and fruit consumption at primary school students SDN 192 Kotanopan District. The type of research use with cross sectional design. The sample in this study is determine by take the entire population to be the subject of research, as many as 93 students. This research was conducted at Singengu Village in March to April 2018. The results show that the students' nutritional knowledge does not have a direct relationship with the consumption of vegetables and fruit of students. Students' nutritional knowledge has a direct relationship with vitamin A intake of t count = 1.89. Consumption of vegetables and fruits do not have a direct relationship with the intake of micronutrients. The researcher's suggestion in this research are to create nutritional awareness among of students about the content of vitamins and minerals in vegetables and fruits. Conducting counseling in schools about the benefits, content, and importance of vegetable and fruit consumption and provide healthy canteen that sell cooked vegetables and fruits.
Coping Strategies of Diabetic Yam Farming Households in Benue State, NigeriaIJEAB
This study engaged the Multinomial Logistic Model (MLN) to determine factors influencing te choice of coping strategies of diabetic yam farming households in Benue State, Nigeria. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 340 yam farming households with emphasis on 2015 farming season. Primary data were obtained using a well structured and pretested questionnaire. The results of analysis shows that the most frequently used coping strategies were special diets such as millet, cocoyam, locust bean, groundnut, fruits and vegetables accounting for 39%, constant intake of drugs like metformin, biguarnide, sulphorylureas and insulin 25%, hired labour, 23.2%, routine exercise, 12.6%, while hawking was 0.3%. The choice of constant drug was -0.012, while the choice of hawking was significantly (p < 0.05) and negatively affected by education as a coping strategy. The marginal effect of education on constant drug was -0.012, while the choice of hawking was significantly (p < 0.05) and positively affected by the age as a coping strategy. The marginal effect of age on hawking was 0.04. It is recommended that government at Federal, State and Local levels with partners in progress should consider critical ways of managing diabetes by emphasizing healthy lifestyles such as ceasation of smoking, moderate alcohol intake, regular medical check-up and improvement of the socio-economic status of the diabetic farm households through good road network, steady supply of electricity which will better the quality of life of the farm households.
Attitude of Secondary School Teachers towards Equitable Education in Coimbato...ijtsrd
Equitable Education System was proposed in the state of Tamil Nadu. It was felt that by following this education system we could afford impartial education to all school children irrespective of region such as rural and urban, upper and lower caste, and religion etc. This new system of education came into existence after a lot of oppositions, obstacles and confusions. Determining attitude and efforts to advance a new system of education is very much essential. Attitude of teachers, students and parents about a new educational system influences the choices and national development. Teachers and parents have a supreme responsibility in the mental and physical growth of the students. Their attitude is one of the most important variables in the education of children. Successful and effective implementation of a new system of education depends upon the knowledge of teachers and their positive attitudes towards it. Thus, the study of teachers' attitude towards Equitable Education becomes indispensable to the implementation plans. These observations initiated the investigator to undertake the present study, “Attitude of Secondary School Teachers towards Equitable Education in Coimbatore District†G. Jayanthi | Dr. K. Eagavalli ""Attitude of Secondary School Teachers towards Equitable Education in Coimbatore District"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25133.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/25133/attitude-of-secondary-school-teachers-towards-equitable-education-in-coimbatore-district/g-jayanthi
This document summarizes a study on the public distribution system (PDS) in India and its implications for poverty and food security. It provides background on the PDS and outlines the study's data sources and methodology. The study finds that over time, access to the PDS expanded significantly across India as the ratio of market to PDS prices increased. The PDS was also found to be generally inclusive of disadvantaged groups. The study estimates the PDS contributed to reductions in poverty and calorie deficiency, particularly for vulnerable groups. Participation in the PDS was determined by various demographic and socioeconomic factors.
Impact of Training Program on Rice Production: A Study in Bangladeshfaijan_nabil
The document provides an introduction to a study on the impact of training programs on rice production in Bangladesh. It discusses how agriculture is the backbone of Bangladesh's economy but faces challenges from population growth, limited water, and resource degradation. Training programs aim to help farmers improve productivity by teaching them modern techniques and sustainable input use. However, there is a lack of research specifically on the effect of training on rice production in Bangladesh. The study aims to investigate this impact and fill existing knowledge gaps. It will analyze data on topics like yield, income, sources of training, and evaluate the effectiveness of different training received by farmers.
Investigating Academic Performance in Practical Agriculture: Evidence from Si...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
This study investigated the attitudes of students to practical agriculture and examined whether there were significant differences in the mean scores in Practical Agriculture Achievement Test (PAAT) among the three categories of schools used for this study. This study was a descriptive survey design carried out in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria. Nine (9) public secondary schools were randomly selected from three different Local Government Areas (LGAs) out of eleven (11) present in Ibadan zone comprising three (3) Boys’ only, three (3) Girls’ only and three (3) Co-educational schools. A total of two hundred and fifty-five (255) Senior Secondary Schools (SSSIII) students from three selected categories of schools participated in this study. PAAT and AtPAQ were the research instruments used for data collection. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test of independence, ANOVA and multiple comparison techniques. The ANOVA test was significant (p = .00). Boys’ only schools had the highest mean scores of 48.14 followed by Girls’ only schools with 42.72 while Co-educational schools had 34.92. Least Significant Difference (LSD), a multiple comparison technique, on the ANOVA showed that there existed significant differences in the mean scores of PAAT for all pairs of the three categories of schools. There was no association between students' mean scores and selected attitudinal variables. The study recommended awareness campaign on the importance of agricultural science education and training as a vocational subject which can make them self-employed after leaving school and also boost agricultural productivity in the nation.
Investigating Academic Performance in Practical Agriculture: Evidence from Si...Premier Publishers
This study investigated the attitudes of students to practical agriculture and examined whether there were significant differences in the mean scores in Practical Agriculture Achievement Test (PAAT) among the three categories of schools used for this study. This study was a descriptive survey design carried out in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria. Nine (9) public secondary schools were randomly selected from three different Local Government Areas (LGAs) out of eleven (11) present in Ibadan zone comprising three (3) Boys’ only, three (3) Girls’ only and three (3) Co-educational schools. A total of two hundred and fifty-five (255) Senior Secondary Schools (SSSIII) students from three selected categories of schools participated in this study. PAAT and AtPAQ were the research instruments used for data collection. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test of independence, ANOVA and multiple comparison techniques. The ANOVA test was significant (p = .00). Boys’ only schools had the highest mean scores of 48.14 followed by Girls’ only schools with 42.72 while Co-educational schools had 34.92. Least Significant Difference (LSD), a multiple comparison technique, on the ANOVA showed that there existed significant differences in the mean scores of PAAT for all pairs of the three categories of schools. There was no association between students' mean scores and selected attitudinal variables. The study recommended awareness campaign on the importance of agricultural science education and training as a vocational subject which can make them self-employed after leaving school and also boost agricultural productivity in the nation.
Implementation of agricultural science curriculum in taraba state school syst...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the implementation of agricultural science curriculum in secondary schools in Taraba State, Nigeria. It finds that teacher qualities like commitment, teaching styles, and use of modular teaching methods are necessary for effective curriculum implementation. It also recommends establishing good school-community relationships and using both performance and written tests to better help students acquire occupational skills. The study was based on a questionnaire completed by 200 agricultural teachers across Taraba State who agreed that resources in the community could be better utilized, like involving successful farmers, for improved skills acquisition by students.
This document discusses the All India Entrance Examination (AIEEA) for admission to bachelor's and master's degree programs in agriculture and allied sciences in India. It provides an overview of trends in the 2012 UG and PG examinations, including a progressive increase in rural candidates taking the UG exam and some state universities having low representation or performance. The document aims to analyze exam trends to help strengthen higher agricultural education, attract more and better students nationwide, and improve performance across universities.
Issues and strategic approaches in strengthening agricultural educationAlexander Decker
This document discusses issues facing agricultural education at the University of Eastern Philippines and strategic approaches to strengthen it. Enrollment in agricultural programs had been declining but has increased dramatically in recent years, especially in agricultural education. Key issues include a mismatch between skills taught and industry demands, and challenges from curriculum changes. Strategic approaches to address issues include regular curriculum updates, expanding program offerings to include fisheries and natural resources, international student exchanges, entrepreneurship opportunities for students, and ensuring education is practical and community-focused. The goal is to produce graduates equipped to meet industry needs and improve lives in the community through agriculture.
ENHANCING EXTENSION WORKER’S COMPETENCIES OF THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRIC...indexPub
The study sought to examine the development of extension worker’s competencies in the BSA program of Universidade Nacional de Timor Leste. It was conducted among 112 graduate students and selected faculty members. Data from the survey were processed and analyzed using descriptive statistic such as frequency counts and percentage computation. Interview excerpts that could be used to substantiate the research findings were highlighted and added to the discussions. Result showed that some research respondents and participants noted aspects for improvement in terms of the curriculum, the facilities, and the teaching strategies employed in the program. Moreover, the comparison results showed the gaps between the compared data. Accordingly, recommendations were forwarded to improve the extension workers’ competencies of the university’s graduates. Curriculum development is needed to fully optimize the learning environment for their current and incoming students, as well as the teaching practices of their faculties in the department.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Potential Availability Waste of Food Cropas Feed in Majene West Sulawesi, Ind...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study on the potential availability of food crop waste as animal feed in Majene, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study found that Majene Regency has abundant production of agricultural waste from crops like rice, corn, peanuts, green beans, cassava and sweet potatoes. The total production of food crop waste was calculated to be 159,383.6 tons of dry matter, 89,313.7 tons of crude protein, and 53,859.9 tons of total digestible nutrients. The study concluded that Majene has significant potential to utilize local food crop waste as a feed source for livestock.
The document outlines the Agri-Pinoy Gulayan sa Paaralan Program (GPP), a joint initiative between the Department of Agriculture (DA) and Department of Education (DepEd) to establish school gardens in public schools. The goals are to promote food security, nutrition, and an appreciation for agriculture among students. Key elements include establishing vegetable gardens; providing seeds, tools and training; using harvests for school feeding; and monitoring implementation through record keeping and reporting. Responsibilities are delineated for national, regional, and local stakeholders to coordinate the program.
STUDENTS’ ATTITUDE AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE: A CASE S...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
In this study, we investigated challenges facing the effective teaching and learning of Agricultural Science in public secondary schools of Ibadan North local government area of Oyo state and ways of handling such challenges. We also examined students’ attitudes to Agricultural Science as a subject finding out whether students’ attitudes to the subject had any relationship with their performance in the subject. The population for this study was made up of all Agricultural Science teachers, Vice Principals, Principals and SSS II students offering Agricultural Science in all public secondary schools in Ibadan North local government area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Furthermore, simple random sampling technique was used to select three schools from all the public secondary schools in the area. A total of thirty Agricultural Science teachers, Vice Principals, Principals and one hundred SSS II students in the selected schools constituted the sample size. Two different structured questionnaire were administered. The first one was for the teachers. It addressed challenges facing Agricultural Science as a subject with suggested ways of managing the challenges. The other questionnaire was for the students. It addressed their attitudes to the subject.
The two instruments used a four-point likert assessment scale. Reliability index value was obtained for the research instruments using Cronbach’s Alpha. Agricultural Science Achievement Test was conducted for the students. The questions were selected using item analysis technique. The performance of the students in the Achievement Test was categorized using the standard values of the Students’ Result Format (SRF). Chi-square test of independence was used to ascertain if there was any
relationship between the students’ academic achievement in Agricultural Science and
their attitudes to the study of Agricultural Science as a subject.
The major challenges confronting effective teaching and learning of Agricultural Science in public schools in the area are the use of traditional methods of teaching, irregular practice by students on school farms, inadequate farmlands for practical lessons and inadequate fund to manage practical oriented Agricultural Science.
Re-engineering agricultural education for sustainable development in NigeriaPremier Publishers
Re-engineering agricultural education is the re-thinking and radical redesign/ renovation of agricultural education concepts, policies, structures and strategies aimed at achieving dramatic improvements in the performance of agriculture; and reflecting current changes in human and society development. This work reviews the present structure of agricultural education and practice in Nigeria; identifies the needed changes in the understanding of agriculture such as school agricultural science curriculum and delivery, gender disparity in school enrolment and extension work, agricultural policy and infrastructures. Recommendations for a holistic and integrated agriculture policy and policy consistency, planning of the educational process, teacher education, improvement of school enrolment and extension services, utilization of information communication technology and strategic partnership were made for national development.
This document outlines the vision, mission, and activities of the In-service Training Center and State Agricultural Institute Division in Myanmar. The vision is for an inclusive and sustainable agricultural system that improves farmers' livelihoods and contributes to the national economy. The mission is to enable rural populations and businesses to profit from diverse and safe food production using innovative technologies. The division aims to train mid-level agricultural technicians through a 3-year diploma program. Students participate in fieldwork, practical exams, and upon completion receive a Diploma in Agriculture. The conclusion recommends updates to the curriculum, training, and increased collaboration and opportunities.
Science education is believed to be a vital tool for individual and societal development at large. The persistent low levels of students’ achievement in sciences at the various public examinations in Nigeria have continued to draw the attention of major stakeholders in education. This study examined academic achievement of Senior Secondary School students in biology and gender difference in students’ achievement was examined. Ex-post facto design of descriptive research was adopted for the study. A proforma was used to collect data from a sample of two hundred (200) students, selected using stratified random sampling procedure from the Science secondary schools in Kano state Nigeria. The data collected were the students’ performances in biology achievement tests. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and independent-sample t-test. Overall results showed that the test internal consistency reliability is low and unsatisfactory; the students performed below average (M=47.02, SD=16.493 (47%). Similarly, gender difference exists in biology performance with another significant difference between performance of urban and rural school students. The study concludes that, biology test used in Kano state qualifying examinations to assess students potential ability in biology is not a reliable measurement tool and that, academic performance of students in biology is unsatisfactory and evidence of differential performance between gender and schools locations. The implication for measurements and evaluation of learning as well as recommendations has been discussed.
Role of Knowledge among Yemeni Agricultural Specialists in Applying the Proce...ijtsrd
This study seeks to explore the role of knowledge among Yemeni agricultural specialists in applying the procedures to be followed to benefit from agricultural residues. Through the primary data collected for a sample of 120 respondents from agricultural specialists. The study concluded that there is an effect of knowledge in the application of procedures, but the effect of knowledge increases greater there is the possibility of transferring knowledge to the competent authorities and farmers to implement these procedures on the ground. Moreover, the more there is an equal ratio of male and female agricultural specialists, the greater the impact will be, because the process of transferring knowledge will include male and female farmers, thus facilitating the better application of procedures, and the role of knowledge in implementing procedures is greater. The study recommends that females should be encouraged to enroll in agricultural education, as well as employment in government institutions that work in the agricultural sector, to contribute to the transfer of knowledge, experiences and everything new about agriculture, including recycling agricultural waste to female farmers. Ismail Mohammed Al-Obre | Khalid Nasser Al-Haj | Mohammed Mostafa Alshapi "Role of Knowledge among Yemeni Agricultural Specialists in Applying the Procedures to be followed to Benefit from Agricultural Waste" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57482.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/economics/development-economics/57482/role-of-knowledge-among-yemeni-agricultural-specialists-in-applying-the-procedures-to-be-followed-to-benefit-from-agricultural-waste/ismail-mohammed-alobre
The research objectives achieved in this study were estimating the level of income
and feasibility of pulut uri organic farming in the District of Muting in Merauke
Regency. the type of research used is descriptive analytical research using basic data
from the results of previous studies, namely experimental research in organic
cultivation of uri corn. The basic data obtained is the data of organic uri corn on the
treatment of 0 tons / ha, 5 tons / ha, and 10 tons / ha of organic fertilizer. In this
study, identification of production, income and business feasibility costs will be
carried out using basic selling prices at the merchant level and at the end of the
consumer level. The data were analyzed by revenue, income / profit and feasibility
analysis of uri corn pulp. The results of the study concluded that with the selling price
of R. 3,000 / kg in the yield of pulverized corn, farmers would not get a large profit
with a feasibility rate of <1, which means that at that price level the farmers would
lose. Whereas with the selling price of Rp. 10,000 / kg of farmer's income will be
greater with the feasibility level> 1 which means that farmers will get profits or in
other words pulut organic corn farming can be developed in Merauke Regency
New Developments in the field of Didactics: Application for Enhancement of Ex...Premier Publishers
The study was carried out in uMzingwane district of Matabeleland South province in Zimbabwe to identify practical strategies that can be used to enhance agricultural knowledge among agriculture scholars. The research applied both tacit and informal theories (Schraw and Moshman, 1995) to identify ideal approaches in adult learning aimed to create scope for researching on agriculture learning didactics. A multi-stage random sampling was used to select 65 agriculturists (farmers) to which structured questionnaires were randomly administered. The data was analysed using a Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, 2013). Farmers prefer learning through demonstrations (63%), participatory appraisals (17%) and question and answer (10%). There was an association in learning didactics using demonstration methods and word instruction: (X2=11.673, P<0.05). There was also strong positive correlation (r=0.8) between knowledge application using field trials and open or field days. Role plays seemed to out of be out of fashion (r=0.2). Training in agriculture should be holistic and emphasize on application of theory into practice. Some developments in the field of didactics are in harmony with training methods and approaches but they underscore the importance of matching training goals to individual, sector and national skills. There is need to rationalize and select cost effective teaching methods that consider institutional and national resource.
Availability And Utilization Of Instructional Materials For Teaching And Lear...Amy Roman
The document discusses the importance of using instructional materials for effective teaching and learning of Agricultural Science in Nigerian secondary schools. It notes that while instructional materials are necessary to appeal to multiple senses and ensure practical learning, many schools lack adequate materials, facilities, and farm inputs. This leads most teachers to rely on theoretical instruction rather than hands-on learning. The study aims to determine the availability and utilization of instructional materials in secondary schools in Kwande Local Government area, in order to improve student performance in Agricultural Science.
Merauke as a food barn has been carried out since the days of the Dutch
administration, namely by making Merauke an Asia Pacific food warehouse. To
realize this target, the Dutch government conducted a program to move the
population known as colonization, namely by bringing residents from Java to be
moved to Merauke. After the independence period the Indonesian colonization
program was still held by the name of transmigration. These transmigrant farmers
then live side by side with local residents and transmit the ability to cultivate rice to
local residents in Merauke Regency who previously lived from gathering, shifting
fields, sago farming, fishing, hunting and farming with the method of lagging, finally
getting interested in learning to grow crops rice. The purpose of this study is to
analyze (1) the factors that influence rice farming production on transmigrant
Effect of farmer education and managerial ability on food cropAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that examined the effect of farmer education and managerial ability on the technical efficiency of food crop production in Nigeria. The study used survey data from 150 farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. Stochastic frontier production analysis was used to estimate farmers' technical efficiency levels, which ranged from 84.4% to 99.4% with a mean of 94.3%, indicating some room for improved efficiency. The results showed that education level and age contributed to higher efficiency. The study concluded that improving farmer education could increase efficiency and food security in Nigeria.
Factors Related to Secondary School Students’ Choice of Agriculture Subject i...iosrjce
In Kenya, subjects that students choose have a lot of influence on their careers. The Ministry of
Education (MOE) in Kenya requires that secondary school students register for a minimum of seven and a
maximum of nine subjects when they join form three. These subjects are grouped into various categories
including; Sciences, Languages, Humanities, Technicals and Foreign languages. Agriculture is grouped among
the many Technical subjects, which students only select one, despite its prospects in several careers like
veterinary medicine, zoology, forestry and teaching among others. This situation of subject choice is the same in
Uriri Sub-County where several technical subjects are offered in secondary schools. In the recent past, the
number of students taking Agriculture has recorded an increase. Due to the key importance of Agriculture in the
economy, there is need to maintain this upward trend. This study sought to find out the influence of involvement
in peer group activities and students’ interest on the choice to study Agriculture among secondary school
students in Uriri Sub-County. The study employed ex-post facto research design. The target population in the
study was 262 form three students who had opted for Agriculture. 152 Agriculture students were drawn by
proportionate stratified random sampling. A questionnaire with closed ended items was used to collect data.
Data collection was preceded by a pilot test whose analysis resulted in a reliability coefficient of 0.78 indicating
that the instrument was reliable. Data was analysed using SPSS package version 22 and presented using
frequencies and percentages. Inferential statistics (chi-square) was used test hypotheses at α=0.05. Involvement
in peer group activities was found to be high but did not statistically influence the choice of Agriculture while
students’ interest in Agriculture was high and statistically influenced the decision to study Agriculture.
Similar to Attitude and Academic Success in Practical Agriculture: Evidence from Public Single-Sex High School Students in Ibadan, Nigeria (20)
Countdown to the 2030 Global Goals: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Research T...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
As we approach the deadline for achieving the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is less than a decade away, it is crucial for researchers and research institutions at both national and international levels to conduct rigorous scientific assessments of the progress made towards these goals. The assessment is of utmost importance as it will provide valuable insights and information to political leaders and other stakeholders, guiding their actions and efforts towards successfully attaining the SDGs by the year 2030. This study aimed at providing vivid descriptions of the SDG 2 – zero hunger-related research endeavour. It employed bibliometric analysis and geographical patterns of SDG 2-related publications extracted from Scopus database from 2015 to 2023. A total of 397 documents were extracted where Sustainability journal ranked 1st among the journal outlets of zero hunger-related publications. The publication of zero hunger-related documents grew from 1.5% in 2016 to 29.7% in 2022. Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and Chinese Academy of Sciences were the top 2 institutions publishing zero hunger-related documents while the lead article was published by Journal of Cleaner Production with 128 citations. The funding sponsors of SDG 2-related publications were dominated by sponsors from developed countries (such as China, Belgium, United States, and United Kingdom) while no funding sponsors from developing countries were among the top 10. The United States and United Kingdom were the two most productive countries while only one African country (South Africa) made the list of top 10 countries publishing zero hunger-related documents. This study provided political leaders and key stakeholders with in-depth understanding of the SDG 2-related research activities and highlighted research funding and collaboration gaps facing the developing nations.
Investigating and Quantifying Food Insecurity in Nigeria: A Systematic Review Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Given the recent increase in the number of Nigerians estimated to be at risk of food insecurity, it is crucial to explore the array of tools used to quantify food insecurity (FI). This exploration will help determine the prevalence and severity of FI in Nigeria. This review explored the scope of FI research carried out in Nigeria to examine how the design was quantified. A systematic review was performed to compile the accessible Nigerian studies. Seventy-nine studies were reviewed. Eighteen used the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale module (HFIAS) to investigate FI status; thirteen used the recommended daily calorie requirement approach; twelve employed the Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM); ten used the food insecurity index (through household per capita food expenditure); seven used the Food Insecurity Experienced Scale (FIES); two used the Food Consumption Score (FCS); and the others employed less standardized or thorough approaches. Different prevalence levels and gravities of FI in the Nigerian populations were documented. The prevalence of FI varied from 12% to 100%, based on the instrument and demography being studied. In accordance with the findings of this review, the authors propose standardization of the FI instrument and highlight the need for a measurement tool that would be appropriate for the Nigerian setting. This will enable researchers to attain a comprehensive knowledge of the occurrence rate of FI in Nigeria, leading to improved food-and nutrition-sensitive policy development.
Dietary diversity, nutritional status, and agricultural commercialization: ev...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Access tohealthyandaffordablediethingedontherealizationofSustainableDevelopmentGoal2,higherproductivity and, economic prosperity while it is difficult for a poorly nourished people to achieve optimum production of goods and services. This study assessed whether dietary diversity (DD) and nutritional status of adult men are associated with crop commercialization index (CCI) levels of agricultural households in two states of Southwestern Nigeria. This research utilized 352 farm households, comprising 277 adult malemembers. The individualversionofdietary diversity score (DDS)of9foodgroupswasusedtocalculateadultmen’sDDSovera24-hrecall.Anthropometricdatawas obtained using bodymass index(BMI)whileCCIlevelswas estimatedfor eachagricultural household. Logistic regression and ordered logit models were used to examine the determinants of adult men’s dietary diversity and nutritional status respectively. Hundred percent of adult men consumed starchy staples, with 11.2% consuming egg, 5.8% milk andmilkproducts and 0.4%consumingorganmeatover24-hrecall. Adultmen ofCCI2andCCI4agriculturalhouseholds recorded overweight prevalence of >20% in Ogun state while the association between DDS and CCI was statistically insignificant suggesting that being a member of any of the CCI households may not guarantee the consumption of healthy diets among adult men. From Logit regression analysis, it is more likely for adult men with higher farm size toattaintheminimumDDSof4foodgroupsthanthosewithsmallersizeoffarmland(OR=4.78;95%CI:1.94,11.76; p =0.001). The age, farm experience, and cassava marketing experience were positively related to the likelihood of obtaining the minimum DDS. For adult men to achieve a healthy diet, their diet pattern must incorporate a more diversifiedintakeoffoodfromdifferentfoodgroupscapableofimprovingtheirnutritionalstatus.Thisstudyemphasized the need for relevant stakeholders to provide adequate nutrition knowledge intervention programmes capable of improving the diets and nutrition of adult men and other members of farm households.
Measuring the economic performance of smallholder organic maize farms; Implic...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
The use of chemical inputs in conventional agriculture is associated with some health and environmental issues. This led to a call for more sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture without health issues. However, there is low participation in organic farming in Nigeria, which could be linked to less knowledge about its profitability. The study investigated smallholder organic maize farming profitability in Northern Nigeria. We employed descriptive statistics, profitability analysis, and a multiple regression model to analyse data collected from 480 maize farmers. The results revealed that organic maize farmers had a gross profit of USD 604.81 per hectare, a 0.46 profit ratio, a 0.54 gross ratio, a 0.32 operating ratio, a benefit-cost ratio of 1.85, and a 0.85 return on capital invested. Thus, organic maize farming is a productive and profitable venture. Organic manure, compost manure, farm size, selling price, cooperative membership, extension contact, access to credit, irrigation, education, and major occupation were factors that enhanced organic maize farming’s net profit. However, seed and transportation costs negatively influenced organic maize farming's net profit. Therefore, government and development agencies must intervene to make organic farming more sustainable and profitable by subsidizing seed costs and providing f inancial assistance to farmers.
Dietary diversity, nutritional status, and agricultural commercialization: ev...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Access tohealthyandaffordablediethingedontherealizationofSustainableDevelopmentGoal2,higherproductivity and, economic prosperity while it is difficult for a poorly nourished people to achieve optimum production of goods and services. This study assessed whether dietary diversity (DD) and nutritional status of adult men are associated with crop commercialization index (CCI) levels of agricultural households in two states of Southwestern Nigeria. This research utilized 352 farm households, comprising 277 adult malemembers. The individualversionofdietary diversity score (DDS)of9foodgroupswasusedtocalculateadultmen’sDDSovera24-hrecall.Anthropometricdatawas obtained using bodymass index(BMI)whileCCIlevelswas estimatedfor eachagricultural household. Logistic regression and ordered logit models were used to examine the determinants of adult men’s dietary diversity and nutritional status respectively. Hundred percent of adult men consumed starchy staples, with 11.2% consuming egg, 5.8% milk andmilkproducts and 0.4%consumingorganmeatover24-hrecall. Adultmen ofCCI2andCCI4agriculturalhouseholds recorded overweight prevalence of >20% in Ogun state while the association between DDS and CCI was statistically insignificant suggesting that being a member of any of the CCI households may not guarantee the consumption of healthy diets among adult men. From Logit regression analysis, it is more likely for adult men with higher farm size toattaintheminimumDDSof4foodgroupsthanthosewithsmallersizeoffarmland(OR=4.78;95%CI:1.94,11.76; p =0.001). The age, farm experience, and cassava marketing experience were positively related to the likelihood of obtaining the minimum DDS. For adult men to achieve a healthy diet, their diet pattern must incorporate a more diversifiedintakeoffoodfromdifferentfoodgroupscapableofimprovingtheirnutritionalstatus.Thisstudyemphasized the need for relevant stakeholders to provide adequate nutrition knowledge intervention programmes capable of improving the diets and nutrition of adult men and other members of farm households.
Concerns about food safety issues have put considerable pressure on pesticide producers in Europe and worldwide to reduce the levels of pesticide residues in food. The aim of this work is to assess the use of traditional pesticides and their effects, to present perspectives in this field and to identi-fy regulatory needs for their use and implementation. The work is based on a systematic review in which the research problem was defined, primary sources were selected and critically appraised, data were collected, analysed and evaluated, and conclusions were formulated. The state of the pesticide market and the current legal requirements for risk assessment in relation to exposure to chemical sub-stances were reviewed. Food safety issues are presented through the prism of pesticide residues in food. Their widespread use and considerable persistence have made them ubiquitous in the natural environment and their residues pose a threat to the environment and to human and animal health. It has been shown that the most important factor influencing the search for new tools to control diseas-es and pests of crops is the progressive development of resistance of these populations to currently used pesticides. Various alternatives to the phasing out of synthetic pesticides in the form of natural products are therefore being developed to support the development of the natural products market.
Dietary diversity, nutritional status, and agricultural commercialization: ev...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Access to healthy and affordable diet hinged on the realization of Sustainable Development Goal 2, higher productivity and, economic prosperity while it is difficult for a poorly nourished people to achieve optimum production of goods and services. This study assessed whether dietary diversity (DD) and nutritional status of adult men are associated with crop commercialization index (CCI) levels of agricultural households in two states of Southwestern Nigeria. This research utilized 352 farm households, comprising 277 adult male members. The individual version of dietary diversity score (DDS) of 9 food groups was used to calculate adult men’s DDS over a 24-h recall. Anthropometric data was obtained using body mass index (BMI) while CCI levels was estimated for each agricultural household. Logistic regression and ordered logit models were used to examine the determinants of adult men’s dietary diversity and nutritional status respectively. Hundred percent of adult men consumed starchy staples, with 11.2% consuming egg, 5.8% milk and milk products and 0.4% consuming organ meat over 24-h recall. Adult men of CCI 2 and CCI 4 agricultural households recorded overweight prevalence of >20% in Ogun state while the association between DDS and CCI was statistically insignificant suggesting that being a member of any of the CCI households may not guarantee the consumption of healthy diets among adult men. From Logit regression analysis, it is more likely for adult men with higher farm size to attain the minimum DDS of 4 food groups than those with smaller size of farmland (OR = 4.78; 95% CI: 1.94, 11.76; p = 0.001). The age, farm experience, and cassava marketing experience were positively related to the likelihood of obtaining the minimum DDS. For adult men to achieve a healthy diet, their diet pattern must incorporate a more diversified intake of food from different food groups capable of improving their nutritional status. This study emphasized the need for relevant stakeholders to provide adequate nutrition knowledge intervention programmes capable of improving the diets and nutrition of adult men and other members of farm households.
COVID-19 Pandemic impacted food security and caused psychosocial stress in so...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
The COVID-19 disease has infected many countries, causing generalized impacts on different income categories. We carried out a survey among households (n = 412) representing different income groups in Nigeria. We used validated food insecurity experience and socio-psychologic tools. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The earning capacities of the respondents ranged from 145 USD/month for low-income earners to 1945 USD/month for high-income earners. A total of 173 households (42%) ran out of food during the COVID-19 pandemic. All categories of households experienced increasing dependency on the general public and a perception of increasing insecurity, with the high-income earners experiencing the greatest shift. In addition, increasing levels of anger and irritation were experienced among all categories. Of the socio-demographic variables, only gender, educational level of the household head, work hours per day, and family income based on society class were associated (p < 0.05) with food security and hunger due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although psychological stress was observed to be greater in the low-income earning group, household heads with medium and high family income were more likely to have satisfactory experiences regarding food security and hunger. It is recommended that socio-economic groups should be mapped and support systems should target each group to provide the needed support in terms of health, social, economic, and mental wellness.
Exploring dietary diversity, nutritional status of adolescents amongfarmhouse...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Purpose –This study aims to explore dietary diversity (DD) and nutritional status of adolescents among rural farm households in Southwestern Nigeria. It analyses whether higher commercialization levels of farm households translate to better nutrition. Design/methodology/approach –This study was conducted in Ogun and Oyo States of Southwestern Nigeria, using primary data from352 farm households with a total of 160 adolescent members. The individual version of dietary diversity score (DDS) of nine food groups was used to calculate adolescent DDS over a 24-h recall period. World Health Organization AnthroPlus software was used in analyzing adolescents’ anthropometric data (height-for-age z-score and body mass index-for-age z-score) while household crop commercialization index (CCI) was estimated for each farm household. Separate logit models were used to examine thedriversof adolescents’ DDandmalnutrition. Findings –Thestudyfindings indicated that 100% of the adolescents consumed starchy staples while 0%, 3.1% and 12.5% consumed organ meat, milk/milk products and eggs, respectively. Results revealed that 74.1%and21.2%ofboyswerestuntedandthinwhiletheprevalenceinadolescent girls was 50.7%and9.3%, respectively. Prevalence of stunting was found to be very high (60%–83%) in all the four CCI levels’ households indicating that belonging to highly commercialized households (CCI 3–4) may not necessarily translate to better nutrition of adolescent members. Food expenditure (p < 0.01) and access to piped water (p <0.01) negatively influenced adolescents’ stunting mainly because of lower expenditure on food items and lower percent of household having access to piped water, respectively, while education (p < 0.01) had positive effects on adolescents’ DD. Originality/value –Previous studies have contributed to the body of knowledge concerning the link between agricultural commercialization and nutrition using under-five children of the households. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that investigated the influence of CCI on DDSandnutritional status of adolescent members of farm households in Nigeria. This study fills this existing knowledge gap in investigating adolescents’ DD and malnutrition among smallholder farm households.
Assessing agricultural commercialization and rural infrastructure development...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
This study assessed agricultural commercialization and rural infrastructure development of smallholder cassava farmers in rural Southwestern Nigeria. The study was conducted in Nigeria with cross-sectional data collected from 352 smallholder cassava farmers. Crop commercialization index (CCI) was used to compute each farmer’s CCI and categorized into four levels while ordered logit model was employed to analyze the determinants of agricultural commercialization of cassava farmers in the study areas. Availability of some important rural infrastructures were assessed across cassava farmers’ commercialization levels. The results revealed that 13.1 % of cassava farmers did not participate in the sale of cassava roots while 86.9 % of them participated actively in the output market. T he mean and maximum CCI in the study areas was 59.1 and 95.5 respectively. The results also showed that less than 40 % and 20 % of cassava farmers in all commercialization levels had access to electricity and piped water respectively. The ordered logit regression analysis indicated that age, transport cost, cassava marketing experience, and distance to market were among the determinants of agricultural commercialization. Therefore, stakeholders should expedite policy actions capable of promoting rural infrastructure development that will enhance agricultural production, marketing and improve the quality of life of rural farming communities.
Exploring women's preferences for attributes of long-acting reversible contr...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
There is low LARC uptake in Nigeria and not much is documented about Nigerian women‟s preferences for these products and how these preferences affect women‟s choices. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide empirical evidence on the decision-making behavior of Nigerian women regarding LARCs. Three hypothetical LARCs were presented. Informed by results obtained from the review of relevant literature and focus group discussion held with selected family planning services providers, the identified attributes were effect on weight, cost, LARC effectiveness and effect on bleeding patterns, each at three levels. A D-optimal design was used to construct nine choice sets. An additional choice set was included to conduct the testretest stability test. The choice sets and other socio-demographic questions formed the discrete choice experiment questionnaire. A random sample of 150 eligible women was selected from women who enrolled and attended family planning clinics in public healthcare facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria through a three-stage sampling technique. Mixed logit modelling was used to obtain estimates of the parameters and willingness to pay (WTP) for each attribute was calculated. The test-retest stability result showed that 76.7% of the respondents responded in a consistent and rational manner. The women preferred LARCs that have no effect on their weights compared to LARCs that cause either slight weight loss or gain. Also, they preferred LARCs that offer 1/1000 level of effectiveness in a year. The most preferred attribute level, „women experience infrequent bleeding‟, increases WTP by NGN 13,984.584 (USD 33.68) while the least preferred level, „women experience frequent/prolonged bleeding‟, has a negative mean WTP (-NGN 19,598.378 (-USD 47.20)) indicating dispreference for the level. Furthermore, women derived higher utilities from very cheap LARCs. Evidence-based information on women‟s preferences regarding LARC usage would help policymakers in the deployment of strategies that would ensure that preferred LARCs are procured and made readily available to women.
Nutrition Outcomes of Under-five Children of Smallholder Farm Households: Do ...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
The study investigated the nutritional status of under-five children of farm households. The study utilized primary data from 352 farm households with 140 under-five children. Household crop commercialization index (CCI) was used to estimate cassava farm household crop sale ratio and categorize the households into four commercialization levels while WHO Anthro software was employed to analyze under-five children anthropometric indices such as weight-for-age z-score (WAZ), height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and weight-for-height z-score (WHZ). Logit regression model (LRM) was used to examine the drivers of under-five children’s nutritional status of farm households. The study found that 42.9%, 7.9% and 3.6% of the children are stunted, underweight and wasted respectively. The highest stunting level was recorded in zero level households (CCI 1). Although, some higher CCI households (medium-high and very-high level) recorded increased percent of stunted children. This revealed that being a member of low or high-level commercialization households may not guarantee better nutritional status of young children of farm households. The results of LRM indicated that the predictors of children nutritional status were child’s age, farm size, access to electricity, healthcare and commercialization variables. Moreover, weak positive and negative relationships exist between CCI and children’s nutrition outcomes as measured by the z-scores. The study recommended maternal nutrition-sensitive education intervention that can improve nutrition knowledge of mothers and provision of infrastructure that enhance increased farm production and promote healthy living among farm households.
Assessing agricultural commercialization and rural infrastructure development...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Abstract: This study assessed agricultural commercialization and rural infrastructure development of smallholder cassava farmers in rural Southwestern Nigeria. The study was conducted in Nigeria with cross-sectional data collected from 352 smallholder cassava farmers. Crop commercialization index (CCI) was used to compute each farmer’s CCI and categorized into four levels while ordered logit model was employed to analyze the determinants of agricultural commercialization of cassava farmers in the study areas. Availability of some important rural infrastructures were assessed across cassava farmers’ commercialization levels. The results revealed that 13.1 % of cassava farmers did not participate in the sale of cassava roots while 86.9 % of them participated actively in the output market. T he mean and maximum CCI in the study areas was 59.1 and 95.5 respectively. The results also showed that less than 40 % and 20 % of cassava farmers in all commercialization levels had access to electricity and piped water respectively. The ordered logit regression analysis indicated that age, transport cost, cassava marketing experience, and distance to market were among the determinants of agricultural commercialization. Therefore, stakeholders should expedite policy actions capable of promoting rural infrastructure development that will enhance agricultural production, marketing and improve the quality of life of rural farming communities.
How far has Africa gone in achieving zero hunger target? evidence from Nigeria Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Sustainable Development Goal 2 is hinged on achieving zero hunger, worldwide, by the year 2030. Many developing countries, especially African countries, are faced with extreme hunger often caused or compounded by bad governance, conflicts and climate change. In this paper, we review patterns of Global Hunger Index scores across Africa from 2000 to 2018 noting advances and setbacks in the fight against hunger in relation to the underlying causes of hunger in these nations, using Nigeria, the poverty capital of the world, as a case study. We also review selected policies of the Nigerian government and development partners aimed at reducing hunger in Nigeria and proffer solutions that can help actualise the target of zero hunger by 2030.
Nutrition outcomes of under-five children of smallholder farm households: do ...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
The study investigated the nutritional status of under-five children of farm households. The study utilized primary data from 352 farm households with 140 under-five children. Household crop commercialization index (CCI) was used to estimate cassava farm household crop sale ratio and categorize the households into four commercialization levels while WHO Anthro software was employed to analyze under-five children anthropometric indices such as weight-for-age z-score (WAZ), height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and weight-for-height z-score (WHZ). Logit regression model (LRM) was used to examine the drivers of under-five children’s nutritional status of farm households. The study found that 42.9%, 7.9% and 3.6% of the children are stunted, underweight and wasted respectively. The highest stunting level was recorded in zero level households (CCI 1). Although, some higher CCI households (medium-high and very-high level) recorded increased percent of stunted children. This revealed that being a member of low or high-level commercialization households may not guarantee better nutritional status of young children of farm households. The results of LRM indicated that the predictors of children nutritional status were child’s age, farm size, access to electricity, healthcare and commercialization variables. Moreover, weak positive and negative relationships exist between CCI and children’s nutrition outcomes as measured by the z-scores. The study recommended maternal nutrition-sensitive education intervention that can improve nutrition knowledge of mothers and provision of infrastructure that enhance increased farm production and promote healthy living among farm households.
Dietary Diversity Choices of Women: Evidence from Cassava Farming Households ...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
In this study, we examined dietary diversity of women in cassava farming households of South-
West, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to collect data on 352 farming households comprising 212 women members (158 women of child-bearing age (20-49 years) and 54 women
above 49 years) between December 2019 and March 2020 in Oyo and Ogun States of South-
West, Nigeria. The Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W) questionnaire was adapted and used to obtain the dietary diversity scores (DDS) of women of child bearing age over a 24-hour recall period. The individual version of the Household dietary diversity questionnaire was adapted and used to obtain the DDS of women above 49 years. Separate logistic regression models were
fitted to determine the influence of selected variables on the dietary diversity of the two categories of women. Our results show that more than half of the women (55.1%) in the child-bearing
category (20-49 years) did not attain the minimum score of 5 out of 10 food groups. In the older
women category (> 49 years), more than half of the women (68.5%) met the required 4 or more food groups. In the child-bearing age category, the odds of attaining the minimum dietary diversity
level were 0.04% smaller with an additional increase in transport cost. Also, women who had
female household heads were approximately three times more likely to attain the minimum dietary diversity level than women who did not have female household heads. In the older women category, the odds of attaining the minimum dietary diversity level were 98.9% smaller for women
with good road condition than for women with poor road condition. These results are useful for
evidence-based decision making that can have positive impact on the lives of women in cassava
farming households.
Assessing the determinants of agricultural commercialization and challenges c...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
This study assesses the agricultural commercialization levels, determinants, and challenges confronting smallholder cassava farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. This study was conducted in Oyo State, Nigeria using cross-sectional data from 211 smallholder cassava farmers and employing multi-stage sampling procedures. Descriptive statistics, Crop Commercialization Index (CCI), and Ordered Logit Model (OLM) were used to analyze the data collected. The results revealed that 83.9% of the cassava farmers participated in the commercialization of their cassava roots while the remaining farmers were non-participants. The greatest challenge faced by the cassava farmers in the study area was the incessant attacks by the Fulani herdsmen (destroying growing cassava on the farm) while other challenges included cassava cyclical gluts and poor access road. Moreover, OLM revealed that age, farm size, cassava marketing experience and distance to market had significant influence on commercialization levels of cassava farmers. However, in order to enhance increased commercialization levels of cassava farmers and peaceful coexistence in the study area, policies and intervention programmes that will facilitate rural infrastructure development and proffer lasting solution to the farmers-herders crisis should be given upmost priority.
Biological properties and polyphenols content of Algerian Cistus salviifolius...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant properties, antibacterial and antifungal activities and in vivo anti-inflammatory properties, and identifying the phenolic compounds in Cistus salviifolius. The methanolic leaf extract showed the highest antioxidant activity with 6.1±1.60 μg/ml IC50 value using DPPH and 55.5±0.20 μg/ml using Reducing Power Activity. The study revealed that the butanolic leaf extract and
the aqueous leaf infusion exhibited the strongest growth-inhibiting effect against all Gram positive and Gram negative strains tested, respectively, whereas the methanolic leaf extract showed the strongest antifungal activity against the yeast tested. The MIC value for the butanolic leaf extract was 4 mg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The pharmacotoxicological tests proved the safety of the aqueous leaf infusion, which exhibit a moderate anti-inflammatory effect, with a significant inhibition of the oedema development equal to 44.7% compared to 59.3% for the reference product diclofenac
sodium. Methanolic extracts of the leaf and flower buds showed varied contents of polyphenols, flavonoids, and hydrolysable tannins; which were 228.411.4 mg GAE/g, 34.20.6 mg QE/g, and 36.92.6 mg TAE/g of
the dry weight for leaves; and 241.15.4 mg GAE/g, 47.64.5 mg QE/g, and 22.01.3 mg TAE/g of the dry weight for flower buds, respectively. Analysis of the ethereal and butanolic leaf extracts using Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method coupled with a Photodiode-Array Detector identified thirteen phenolic compounds, including ascorbic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, and orientin.
Plant-derived stimulants and psychoactive substances – social and economic as...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
An analysis of the drug market was carried out, in the context of changing patterns of drug use, cultural and social factors as well as economic and links with wider crime. The drug markets remain one of the most profitable areas of economic activity of organized criminal groups. The impact of the drug market on society is enormous and goes beyond the immediate effects of their use. It involves participation in other types of criminal activity and terrorism, impact on legally operating companies and the economy, the burden on public institutions and corruption, as well as the impact on the whole society and its health. Globalization and technological development has accelerated the pace of changes taking place on the drug market. Geographically, this type of activity focuses on several existing for a long time, but also on new markets. Changes in this area pose a challenge for entities undertaking actions in response to problems related to the functioning of the drug markets, including those indirectly resulting from them. A detailed analysis of the conditions for growing the most common types of stimulants has also been made and the key information on this subject is presented in the following work.
How far has Africa gone in achieving sustainable development goals? Exploring...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
The dataset describes the status of African countries on the
attainment of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Datasets on SDG Index (SDGI) scores and other selected variables were
compiled from relevant secondary sources. Graphical illustrations
were used to describe the type of association existing between the
SDGI scores and each of the selected variables to corroborate. Further rigorous statistical analysis can be carried out using these data, in conjunction with other datasets to establish scientifically proven cause and effect relationships among the variables.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Attitude and Academic Success in Practical Agriculture: Evidence from Public Single-Sex High School Students in Ibadan, Nigeria
1. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Corresponding author: Email: otekunrinolutosin@yahoo.com;
Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports
4(3): 1-18, 2019; Article no.AJARR.49027
Attitude and Academic Success in Practical
Agriculture: Evidence from Public Single-Sex High
School Students in Ibadan, Nigeria
Olutosin A. Otekunrin1*
, Oluwaseun A. Otekunrin2
and Leah O. Oni3
1
Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, Federal University of Agriculture,
Abeokuta (FUNAAB), Nigeria.
2
Department of Statistics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
3
Department of Educational Foundation, National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN), Nigeria.
Authors’ contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration among the authors. Author OAO designed the study and
managed the literature searches. Author LOO supervised and revised the manuscript for important
intellectual content. Author OAO managed the analyses of the study. All authors read and approved
the final manuscript,
Article Information
Editor(s):
(1) Dr. Juan Manuel Vargas-Canales, Professor, Department of Social Studies of the Division of Social and Administrative
Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Mexico.
Reviewers:
(1) Dare Ojo Omonijo, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria.
(2) M. Rajendran, Apollo Arts and Science College, Chennai, India.
Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle3.com/review-history/49027
Received 02 March 2019
Accepted 17 May 2019
Published 24 May 2019
ABSTRACT
This study examined the attitude and academic performance of public single-sex (Boys’ and Girls’
only) high school students in the teaching and learning of Agricultural Science in the aspect of
practical knowledge of Agriculture. We investigated whether there were significant differences in
the mean achievement test scores of students in practical Agriculture in the selected schools. We
also examined the relationship between their academic performance in practical agriculture and
their attitude to the subject. The study was a descriptive survey design carried out at Ibadan
Metropolis, Nigeria. Six public single-sex (Boys’ and Girls’ only) schools were randomly selected
from three Local Government Areas (LGAs) within Ibadan Zone comprising eleven LGAs in 2018.
Sixty-nine Senior Secondary School (SSS III) students were randomly selected in Boys’ only (3)
schools while ninety-seven students were randomly selected in Girls’ only (3) schools giving a total
Original Research Article
2. Otekunrin et al.; AJARR, 4(3): 1-18, 2019; Article no.AJARR.49027
2
of 166 students that participated in this study. Practical Agricultural Science Students’ Achievement
Test (PASSAT) and Students’ Attitude towards Practical Agriculture Questionnaire (SATPAGQ)
were used for data collection. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, One-
way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Multiple Comparison techniques and t-test for equality of
means. The ANOVA test was significant (p = .00). Post Hoc (Tukey HSD) test, a multiple
comparison technique on the ANOVA showed that PASSAT mean scores obtained by one Girls’
only school was significantly different from one Boys’ only schools another two Girls’ only schools’
mean scores at 5% significant level. It was found that availability of school farm, use of
instructional materials were not enough to bring about significant boost in academic success in
PASSAT especially in three of the schools with less than average mean scores of 34.51, 40.23 and
44.07. The study therefore recommended that government and relevant stakeholders (Parents-
Teachers Association, Old Boys’ and Girls’ Association among others) should provide human
resources and needed infrastructural facilities for effective teaching and learning of Agricultural
Science in both single-sex and Co-educational schools for better academic performance.
Keywords: Practical agricultural knowledge; academic performance; single-sex schools; students’
attitude; students’ mean scores.
1. INTRODUCTION
In Nigeria, agriculture remained a major sector of
the economy, providing food for her teeming
population, provision of foreign exchange
earnings, income for smallholder and commercial
farmers and employment opportunities for about
70 percent of the population. Agricultural sector
has started regaining its lost glory in recent time
through a viable economic plan referred to as
Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP) in
which Agriculture is one of the major sectors of
the economy considered in the ERGP to help
solve ravaging incidence of food insecurity,
reduce unemployment, improve foreign
exchange earnings and resuscitate industriali-
zation [1,2,3]. Since the steady reduction in the
revenue accruable from crude oil from the
international market, educational and economic
experts have been devoting a lot of attention to
how best to bring agriculture back to its lost
enviable position [2]. This led to the formulation
of various policies. One of these policies from the
educational standpoint is the inclusion of
Agriculture as a pre-vocational subject at the
primary and junior secondary schools and as a
vocational subject in the senior secondary school
level [4]. With the recent Educational Policy,
Agricultural Science in Junior Secondary Schools
is at present taught in combination with Home
Economics and now tagged Pre-Vocational
Studies while Agricultural Science in Senior
Secondary School (JSS) is an elective subject for
the students and some branches or aspects of
the subject are now offered as subjects like
Fisheries Management and Animal Husbandry.
However, Agricultural Science acquiring the
status of a vocational subject and other subjects
like Animal Husbandry and Fisheries
Management are part of the elective subjects
students can choose at the Senior Secondary
School (SSS) levels in Nigeria.
This is mainly to enable interested students to
acquire practical agricultural skills that would
make them self-reliant in future. Moreover, this
would boost Nigeria’s food productivity and
closer to attaining food sufficiency status as a
nation. The specific objectives of introducing
Agricultural Science in secondary schools as
listed in [5] and cited in [6] and [2] are as follows:
(a) to stimulate and sustain students’ interest in
agriculture; (b) to provide students the interest to
advance in farming; c) to advance food
production through improvement of agricultural
production techniques in students; (d) to provide
occupational entry level skills in agriculture to the
interested students;(e) to prepare students
adequately for producing and marketing farm
commodities efficiently and profitably; and, (f) to
enable students to acquire basic knowledge and
practical skills required for future studies in
agricultural field.
In spite of all these policies and programmes of
the Federal Government of Nigeria through the
educational sector, examination records of the
West African Examination Council (WAEC), a
major examination body in the West African sub-
region and National Examination body called
National Examination Council (NECO) revealed
that Agricultural Science examination results are
3. Otekunrin et al.; AJARR, 4(3): 1-18, 2019; Article no.AJARR.49027
3
Table 1. Summary statistics of May/June SSCE agricultural science (practical paper) results
(2008-2013)
Year Total no of students Raw mean score Standard deviation
2008 1,050,591 31 10.20
2009 1,059,609 32 7.48
2010 1,041,167 23 10.34
2011 1,192,571 21 10.63
2013 1,305,194 33 10.39
WAEC Chief Examiners’ Report, 2015
Table 2. Summary statistics of May/June SSCE agricultural science (essay) results (2008-2014)
Year Total no of students Raw mean score Standard deviation
2008 1,050,591 33 14.56
2009 1,059,609 28 13.48
2010 1,041,167 29 15.03
2011 1,192,571 29 14.73
2013 1,305,194 37 15.17
2014 952,983 38 16.63
WAEC Chief Examiners’ Report, 2015
generally poor in Nigeria. According to WAEC [7]
as shown in Table 1, summary statistics of
results of Agricultural Science students in WAEC
May/June Senior Secondary School
Examinations from 2008-2013 (2012 and 2014
not reported) for Paper III (Practical). Table 2
shows summary statistics of results of
Agricultural Science students in WAEC May/June
Senior Secondary School Examinations from
2008-2014 (2012 not reported) for Paper II
(Essay).
Chukwudum [8] emphasised that the two most
critical and effective teaching-learning
environments for instilling practical knowledge of
agriculture to students are the school farm (crop
and livestock farms) and the agricultural science
laboratory. One of the key issues in this paper is
on the effective utilization of the school farm
(garden) in developing students’ (both boys and
girls) interest in practical agriculture. According to
FAO [9] which emphasised the benefits of school
garden (school farm) in students learning and
gave the following objectives of school gardens:
(i) Increasing the relevance and quality of
education for rural and urban school children
(students) through active learning and
introduction of agriculture and nutrition
knowledge and skills including life skills into the
curriculum; (ii) Providing students with practical
experience in food production and natural
resource management, which serve as a source
of innovation they can take home to their families
and apply in their own household gardens and
farms; (iii) Improving students’ nutrition by
supplementing school feeding programmes with
variety of fresh micro nutrients and protein rich
products and increasing their knowledge of
nutrition to the benefit of the whole family. Also,
the role and contributions of women in
agricultural development in the developing
economies cannot be overemphasised [10]. In
previous studies, [11], identified some key
variables related to academic performance of
students and classified them as ; (i) school-
related variables (time spent studying, time spent
in the library, interest in the subject, distance of
home from school among others); (ii) home
background-related variables (educational level
of the parents, family income, access to land by
family); and (iii) individual student-related
variables (age, sex, personal interest in the
subject, number of years living away from
parents).
Poor academic performance of students (both
male and female students) in Agricultural
Science indicates that students are not showing
interest in acquiring agricultural skills and lack of
motivation in the school which can help them in
becoming self-reliant and contribute meaningfully
to the economy of the nation. However,
Agricultural science students, after completing
their Senior Secondary School examinations still
lack required practical skills/knowledge needed
to be able to venture into basic agricultural
practices and as this makes it difficult to
successfully engage themselves in agriculture
enterprises [12,13,14,15].
4. Otekunrin et al.; AJARR, 4(3): 1-18, 2019; Article no.AJARR.49027
4
Previous studies have shown that female and
male students have exhibited contrasting
interests and attitudes towards studying science
and science related courses including agricultural
science.
Moreover, it is important to note that more female
students enrol in post-secondary institutions of
higher learning than that of their male
counterparts and earn good grades in science
and engineering courses. Although, significant
number of male students prefer to study pure
science courses or engineering while female
students naturally prefer courses like Home
Economics, Food science and Technology
among others [12]. It is important to note that
gender plays an important role in determining the
interest of students in a chosen course of study.
Gender may be referred to as the range of
physical, biological, mental and behavioural
characteristics pertaining to and differentiating
between the feminine and masculine (female and
male) population [16]. The aspect of considering
academic performance in relation to gender is
hinged basically on the socio-cultural differences
between girls and boys. Previous empirical
studies have shown that some career paths
(vocations and professions) have been regarded
as male dominated such as engineering,
sciences and science related courses including
agriculture science among others while others
like food science and technology, typing, nursing,
home economics, etc are favourite of the female
counterpart [17,16].
In this study, we therefore examined the attitudes
of the students (Boys’ and Girls’ only schools) to
the study of practical agriculture in Ibadan, Oyo
State. We also examined whether there were
significant differences in the mean scores
obtained by students in PASAT in the six single
sex schools. Furthermore, we investigated
whether there was any relationship between the
mean scores obtained by the students in PASAT
and their attitudes to practical agriculture.
1.1 Statement of the Problem
Poor academic performance of high school
students (both in single-sex and Co-educational)
in agricultural science examinations (both theory
and practical agriculture) have generated a lot of
concerns for decision makers and all
stakeholders in the Agricultural/vocational
education sector. The low level academic
performance has been linked to several factors.
These included students’ loss of interest and
carefree attitude to the subject (practical
agriculture), inadequate innovative and relevant
teaching techniques, inadequate funding and
nonexistent teaching farms for practical
agriculture. It is quite disheartening that
thousands of fresh graduates (post-secondary)
are churned out from our higher institutions of
learning hoping to secure white collar jobs which
is actually nonexistent while larger percentage of
them are unemployable because of lack of
practical knowledge and skills required to excel
in such field. Agricultural science is one of the
subjects that can give students an edge in
acquiring these practical skills that can make
them self-employed and self-reliant after leaving
the school. The teaching and learning of
Practical Agriculture at pre-tertiary levels leaves
much to be desired. According to Onwumere et
al. [18] and Otekunrin et al. [14], Agriculture
Education in Nigeria at the pre-tertiary level is
bedeviled with so much problems hindering
achievement of its goals. There exist low interest
in both teachers and students. This low interest
could be attributed to the usual approach to
teaching the practical oriented subject (mainly by
teaching method which is commonly by writing
notes in class with little or no periods for practical
agriculture on the school farm/garden) which is
no longer interesting and endearing to boost the
required interest. The best way the students in
schools can be taught agricultural science is by
both theoretical aspect and practical work
(physical activities) by “doing” in the practical
sense of it and ‘brains - on’ activities (mental
activities) inside and outside the laboratory and
school farms [2,19,20].
Moreover, [21] emphasised the fact that practical
lessons in science help to generate students’
motivation in science and enhance their
understanding of scientific concepts and events
in their world. Deegan et al. [22], also opined that
blended learning with emphasis on students
taking charge of their own learning environment
is effective in inculcating practical skills in
agricultural science on students. Some recent
studies for instance, [15] investigated the
challenges involved in deploying project methods
of teaching practical agriculture among Co-
educational high school students in Ghana while
[2] also revealed the challenges and attitudes of
high schools students towards the teaching and
learning of agricultural science in Nigeria
(theoretical aspects alone). Baliyan and Nenty
[25] studied the students attitudinal factors that
predicted their willingness to enroll in agriculture
with no correlation with their academic
5. Otekunrin et al.; AJARR, 4(3): 1-18, 2019; Article no.AJARR.49027
5
performance in that subject while [18] examined
the level of influence of teachers’ attitude to
school farm on the teaching of agricultural
science in the study area This study seeks to
investigate the attitude and academic
performance of high school students in practical
agriculture in single-sex schools (Boys’ and Girls’
only) different from other studies that were
carried out in the Co-educational schools. It
seeks examine whether there is relationship
between the attitudes of the single-sex high
school students and their academic performance
in practical agriculture.
This study therefore shed more light on these
salient issues in single sex schools in Ibadan
metropolis, in order to obtain concrete evidence
for highly impactful policy interventions.
1.2 Research Questions
1. What are the students’ attitudes towards
practical agriculture in both Boys’ and
Girls’ only schools in the study area?
2. Are there any significant difference in the
mean scores obtained by students in
PASAT among the six schools in the study
area?
3. Is there any relationship between academic
performance of students in the two
categories of schools (Girls’ and Boys’
only) in practical agriculture and their
attitudes to the subject?
Specifically, our hypotheses are:
Ho : There are no significant differences in
the mean scores obtained by the
students in the two categories of
schools (Boys’ and Girls’ only).
H1 : There are significant differences in the
mean scores obtained by the students
in the two categories of schools (Boys’
and Girls’ only).
Practical agriculture is basically the involvement
in farming activities (crops and livestock) while
agricultural education is the acquisition of
needed skills and knowledge in agricultural
science with the aim of imparting these
knowledge and skills into prospective agricultural
science students at all educational levels
(primary, secondary and tertiary levels) to
become self-reliant and agripreneurs and
contribute meaningfully to the government drive
of attaining food security status as a nation [14],
[15]. [23], concluded that attitudes are seen as
cognitive and affective orientations or
dispositions towards an object, idea, person and
situation, among others.
According to [24] who stated that attitude is
considered one major determinant of a person’s
intention to perform a particular behaviour. Also,
the theory of attitude formation and change by
[24] and cited by [25] posited that some key
variables which include; students, parents,
personal experiences, observations, knowledge
and value concerning agriculture significantly
affect students’ attitude about agriculture and in
turn influence their belief, intentions and decision
to participate actively. This will go a long way in
affecting their attitude towards agriculture and
their interest in pursuing a career in agriculture
related courses in future.
However, some researchers have also observed
some positive attitudes among students towards
agriculture. These include the studies of [2,12],
[26,27] and [28] who found out that students
exhibited positive attitudes towards agricultural
science but the teachers should encourage them
by providing the enabling environment for
effective teaching and learning of both the
practical and the theoretical aspect of the subject
in both Junior and Senior Secondary Schools.
[29], opined that College of Agriculture fresh
students viewed agriculture as being both
scientific and technical and that they have more
positive attitudes toward agricultural programmes
and agriculture as a career pathway than the
students of non-agriculture programmes.
According to [30], school farm is a selected plot
of land in the school environment where student’
carry out practical agriculture both in the aspect
crop production and animal husbandry. [18],
pointed out that majority of school farms are
faced with inadequate basic farm tools,
equipment among others. Inadequate or
unavailability of improved seeds, feeds, fertilizers
(inorganic) and other operating suppliers,
inadequate (technical know- how) training for
teachers to use the farm for instructional
purposes. In addition, inadequate staff personnel
to run the farm were one of the most serious
problems facing the school farm.
In another vein, considering the aspect of
students interest in the study of agricultural
science (both practical and essay), [2,31,32] and
[33] opined that students’ background, students’
negative attitude towards Agriculture, poor
teaching techniques (mainly without appropriate
instructional materials) among others were
6. Otekunrin et al.; AJARR, 4(3): 1-18, 2019; Article no.AJARR.49027
6
causes of poor performance in the subject. [11],
also found out that out of eleven predictor
variables using home and school variables, only
two (students’ overall grade and science grade)
were significant on agriculture students’
academic performance. [34,35] revealed that
only Grade Point Average (GPA) was positively
correlated to students’ academic performance in
practical skills in agricultural science when
considering their interest in agriculture,
socioeconomic status among other variables.
According to studies by [34] and [36], they found
significant difference between male and female
students’ academic performance revealed
through t-test. Their findings revealed that female
students had better scores than the male
students but the works of [17] refuted that
findings and revealed that male students
apparently performed better in Agricultural
science than female students and also in certain
subject areas especially the science related
ones.
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The descriptive survey design was adopted for
the study. Simple random sampling technique
was used to select three Local Government
Areas (LGAs) among the LGAs in Ibadan out of
eleven LGAs present in Ibadan Zone. A total of
nine (6) public secondary schools (comprising
three (3) Boys’ only and three (3) Girls’ only)
were randomly selected from the three LGAs
which include; Ibadan North (1 schools), Ibadan
North East (2 schools) and Ibadan South West (3
schools). Public single-sex schools are not as
common as Co-educational schools. Sixty-nine
(69) Senior Secondary School (SSSIII) students
were selected in Boys’ only schools, ninety-
seven (97) students were selected in Girls’ only
schools resulting in a total of 166 sampled
students and all of them are in Senior Secondary
School (SSS III) classes preparing for their final
internal and external examinations.
2.1 Research Instruments
Two research instruments were used for data
collection. They were;
2.1.1 Practical Agricultural Science
Achievement Test (PASAT)
PASAT was used to measure the students’
Academic Achievement in Practical Agricultural
Science. The test is composed of 9-specimen
(specimens A-I). The specimens were selected
to test students’ knowledge in the area of general
agriculture, crop and livestock production. The
practical test comprised three (3) questions, 9
specimens with 50 minutes duration. The
questions and specimens were selected using
item analysis technique. The PASAT was
administered on 184 (both boys and girls) SSS III
Agricultural Science students in three categories
of schools (nine schools) who were preparing for
their forth coming external exterminations like
West African Senior Secondary School
Certificate Examinations (WASSCE) and
National Examination Council (NECO)
Examinations but only 166 were useful for the
purpose of the study and giving about 90%
response rate. The performance of the students
in the PASAT was categorised after marking of
the scripts using the standards in subjects’
format of the West African Examinations Council
(WAEC).This is represented in Table 3.
Table 3. Standards used for PASAT
Score (%) Grade Interpretation
80% - 100% Grade A1 Excellent
70 % - 79% Grade B2 Very Good
65% - 69% Grade B3 Good
60% - 64% Grade C4 Credit
55% - 59% Grade C5 Credit
50% - 54% Grade C6 Credit
45% - 49% Grade D7 Pass
40% - 44% Grade D8 Pass
0 % - 39% Grade F9 Fail
www.mywaectimetable.com
2.1.2 Students’ Attitude towards Practical
Agriculture Questionnaire (SATPAGQ)
SATPAGQ was a structured questionnaire
designed to assess agricultural science students’
attitudes towards practical agriculture. It
contained items placed on a four-point Likert-
type Scale of Strongly Agree (4), Agree (3),
Strongly Disagree (2) and Disagree (1). The
content and face validity of the questionnaire was
established by two experts on Agricultural
Science Education and Educational
Management. The instrument was pretested in a
school that was not part of the schools eventually
used for the study and necessary changes were
made to the instrument before it was
administered on the 166 students. The Reliability
Index obtained using Cronbach’s Alpha was
0.71.
2.2 Method of Statistical Data Analysis
Data collected were analyzed using frequency
counts and percentages. Also, relevant
7. Otekunrin et al.; AJARR, 4(3): 1-18, 2019; Article no.AJARR.49027
7
hypothesis was formulated. One-way Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA) was used to test for
significant differences in mean scores of students
from the all the six schools and also among the
two categories of schools (three (3) Boys’ only,
three (3) Girls’ only).
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Results
The results of the study are presented in the
order of the research questions:
3.1.1 Research question 1
What are the students’ attitudes towards practical
agriculture in both Boys’ and Girls’ only schools
in the study area?
Table 3 shows the responses (perception) of
students’ attitudes to the study of agricultural
science as a subject and particularly the aspect
of practical agriculture. The students’ responses
to some attitudinal variables focused on
agricultural science practical in the two
categories of schools. From the responses,
majority of the students in Boys’ only schools,
ninety-seven percent (97%) were of the opinion
that practical agriculture is interesting and
fascinating while ninety-five percent (95%) of
students in Girls’ only schools also agreed to that
assertion by the male students. Fifty-four percent
(54%) of the male students (Boys’ only schools)
believed that their parents would likely want them
to take up agriculture as a career but eighty-five
percent (85%) of the female students did not
agree to such statement. Also, it was evident that
both male and female students believed that
agricultural science subject is not to be offered
by boys alone as ninety-percent (90%) of the
male students and ninety-two percent (92%)
female students disagreed with that statement. It
is worthy of note that fifty-two percent (52%) of
both male and female student were of the
opinion that there is inadequate funding to
properly manage practical oriented agricultural
science in their schools.
3.1.2 Research question 2
Are there any significant differences in the mean
scores obtained by students in PASAT in the six
schools (Girls’ and Boys’ only) in the study area?
The results of the one-way ANOVA test (Table 5)
to determine if there are significant differences in
the mean scores of the students in PASAT for
the six schools (Boys’ and Girls’ only). Since P =
.000 is less than α = .05, we conclude that there
are significant differences in the mean scores of
students in PASAT among the six schools. Table
6 showed the distribution of scores of students in
the two categories of single sex schools while
Post Hoc (Tukey HSD) analysis (Post Hoc
analysis is a multivariate comparison test
employed when there is a significant difference
between two or more variables revealed by
ANOVA) in Table 7 showed the schools with
mean scores that are significantly different from
each other at 5% significant level. Figure 1
showed the mean plots of the PASAT scores of
students in the six schools (Boys’ and Girls’ only)
and Figures. 2 and 3 showed the distribution of
PASAT scores of students in the six (two
categories) schools.
Figure 1. Mean plots of the scores of students in PASAT for the six (two categories) schools
8. Otekunrin et al.; AJARR, 4(3): 1-18, 2019; Article no.AJARR.49027
8
Table 4. Students’ responses to SATPAGQ
S/No Items Strongly agree (%) Agree (%) Strongly disagree (%) Disagree (%)
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
1 Number of students that
take agricultural science as
a subject is very few
14.49 (10) 34.02 (33) 42.03 (29) 26.80 (26) 11.59 (8) 11.34 (11) 31.88 (22) 27.84 (27)
2 Practical in agricultural
science is interesting and
fascinating
49.23 (34) 25.77 (25) 47.83 (33) 69.07 (67) 2.90 (2) 2.06 (2) - 3.09 (3)
3 Students’ interest in
agricultural science are
sustained throughout the
lesson period
15.94 (11) 9.28 (9) 56.52 (39) 49.49 (48) 2.90(2) 10.31 (10) 24.64 (17) 30.93 (30)
4 Agricultural Science is not a
major subject required for
gaining admission into
higher institutions
11.59 (8) 7.22 (7) 21.74 (15) 31.96 (31) 33.33 (23) 20.62 (20) 33.33 (23) 40.21 (39)
5 My parents would want me
to take up agriculture as a
career
18.84 (13) 5.16 (5) 34.78 (24) 19.59 (19) 7.25 (5) 23.71 (23) 39.13 (27) 51.55 (50)
6 My parents react negatively
to my study of agricultural
science
2.90 (2) 5.16 (5) 11.59 (8) 8.25 (8) 42.03 (29) 24.74 (24) 43.48 (30) 61.86 (60)
7 Parents see agricultural
science as the subject for
children from poor parents
4.35 (3) 2.06 (2) 14.49 (10) 10.31 (10) 37.68 (26) 41.24 (40) 43.48 (30) 46.39 (45)
8 Agricultural science is a
subject for boys alone
1.45 (1) 2.06 (2) 8.70 (6) 6.19 (6) 42.03 (29) 48.45 (47) 47.83 (33) 43.30 (42)
9 Boys want to study core
science than agricultural
science
5.80 (4) 15.46 (15) 56.52 (39) 45.36 (44) 4.35 (3) 12.37 (12) 33.33 (23) 26.80 (26)
10 The school farm is available
for agricultural science
practical
30.44 (21) 34.02 (33) 60.87 (42) 46.39 (45) 1.45 (1) 10.31 (10) 7.25 (5) 9.28 (9)
9. Otekunrin et al.; AJARR, 4(3): 1-18, 2019; Article no.AJARR.49027
9
11 The teacher is always
punctual for agricultural
science lesson
52.17 (36) 35.05 (34) 40.58 (28) 55.67 (54) 1.45 (1) 4.12 (4) 5.80 (4) 5.15 (5)
12 The teacher uses relevant
instructional materials for
teaching
28.99 (20) 22.68 (22) 63.77 (44) 47.42 (46) 1.45(1) 7.22 (7) 5.80(4) 22.68 (22)
13 The teacher gives too much
note to during lesson
13.04 (9) 20.62 (20) 28.99 (20) 43.30 (42) 10.15 (7) 6.19 (6) 47.83 (33) 29.90 (29)
14 The time allotted for the
subject on the time table is
too small
4.35 (3) 5.16 (5) 31.88 (22) 28.89 (28) 10.15 (7) 17.53 (17) 53.62 (37) 48.45 (47)
15 Students participate actively
during the practical class in
the laboratory or on the
school farm
28.99 (20) 20.62 (20) 57.97 (40) 61.86 (60) 4.35(3) 6.19 (6) 8.70 (6) 11.34 (11)
16 The teacher uses relevant
instructional materials during
practical agriculture lessons
52.17 (36) 11.34 (11) 46.58 (28) 56.70 (55) 1.45 (1) 8.25 (8) 5.80 (4) 23.71 (23)
17 The time allotted to practical
agriculture on the time table
is small
13.04 (9) 8.25(8) 5.80 (4) 30.93 (30) 43.48 (30) 17.53 (17) 37.68 (26) 43.30 (42)
18 Students have opportunity of
making use of agricultural
science laboratory for
practical
14.49 (10) 17.53 (17) 56.52 (39) 51.55 (50) 4.35 (3) 11.34 (11) 24.64 (17) 19.59 (19)
19 The teacher does not know
how to teach practical
agriculture very well
1.45 (1) 4.12(4) 1.45 (1) 9.28 (9) 53.62 (37) 30.93 (30) 43.48 (30) 55.67 (54)
20 there is inadequate fund to
manage practical oriented
agriculture science
5.80 (4) 16.49 (16) 46.38 (32) 35.05 (34) 8.70 (6) 17.53 (17) 39.13 (27) 30.92 (30)
Field Survey data, 2018; Note: No of Male students (Boys only) =69, No of Female students (Girls’ only) = 97. The values in parentheses are the number of students
(frequencies)
10. Otekunrin et al.; AJARR, 4(3): 1-18, 2019; Article no.AJARR.49027
10
Table 5. ANOVA test on the six schools (Boys’ and Girls’ only)
Source of variation Sum of squares Df Mean square F Sig.
Between Groups 8879.898 5 1775.980 14.395 .000
Within Groups 19739.298 160 123.371
Total 28619.195 165
Field Survey data, 2018
Fig. 2. Distribution of PASAT scores of students in Boys’ only schools
Figure 3. Distribution of PASAT scores of students in Girls’ only schools
3.1.3 Research question 3
Is there any relationship between academic
performance of students in the two categories of
schools (Girls’ and Boys’ only) in practical
agriculture and their attitudes to the subject?
The distribution of scores obtained by the
students in single sex schools (Boys’ and Girls’
only) in PASAT is presented in Table 5. Thirteen
(13) agricultural science students in Boys’ only
schools obtained scores below 40% while quite
a large number of students (forty-four (44)) in
0
1
2
13
6
9
10
15
13
0
1.4
2.9
18.8
8.7
13
14.5
21.7
18.8
0 5 10 15 20 25
80%-100%
70%-79%
65%-69%
60%-64%
55%-59%
50%-54%
45%-49%
40%-44%
0%-39%
Students'Scores
Percent Frequency
0
3
3
9
7
7
11
13
44
0
3.1
3.1
9.3
7.2
7.2
11.3
13.4
45.4
0 10 20 30 40 50
80%-100%
70%-79%
65%-69%
60%-64%
55%-59%
50%-54%
45%-49%
40%-44%
0%-39%
Students'Scores
Percent Frequency
11. Otekunrin et al.; AJARR, 4(3): 1-18, 2019; Article no.AJARR.49027
11
Table 6. Distribution of PASAT raw scores in the two categories of schools
Categories of schools 0%-39% 40%-44% 45%-49% 50%-54% 55%-59% 60%-64% 65%-69% 70%-79% Total
Girls’ only schools 44 13 11 7 7 9 3 3 97
Boys’ only schools 13 15 10 9 6 13 2 1 69
Total 57 28 21 16 13 22 5 4 166
Field Survey data, 2018
12. Otekunrin et al.; AJARR, 4(3): 1-18, 2019; Article no.AJARR.49027
12
Figure 4. Distribution of PASAT scores of students in the six single sex schools
Table 7. Multiple Comparisons – Post-Hoc (Tukey HSD) Analysis
(I) Schools (J) Schools Mean difference (I-J) Standard error Sig.
St. Louis Grammar
School
Queens’ School
Loyola College
Queen of Apostles
15.020*
11.176*
20.738*
2.808
3.065
2.808
.000
.005
.000
Government College Queens’ School
Queen of Apostles
11.293*
17.011*
2.863
2.863
.002
.000
Queens’ School Government
College
St. Louis
Grammar School
-11.293*
-15.020*
2.863
2.808
.002
.000
Ibadan Boys’ High Queen of Apostles 13.390* 3.238 .001
Loyola College St. Louis
Grammar School
Queen of Apostles
-11.176*
9.563*
3.065
2.961
.005
.019
Queen of Apostles St. Louis
Grammar School
Government
College
Ibadan Boys’ High
Loyola College
-20.738*
-17.011*
-13.390*
-9.5625*
2.808
2.863
3.238
2.961
.000
.000
.001
.019
Field Survey data, 2018; *The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level
Table 8. Mean scores of students in PASAT from the two categories of schools
Category of
schools
Number of
students
Mean Standard
deviation
Standard
error mean
Minimum
score
Maximum
score
Girls’ only
schools (3)
97 42.72 13.63 1.38 20.00 73.33
Boys’ only
schools (3)
69 48.00 11.92 1.43 15.56 71.11
Field Survey data, 2018
0
4
5
22
13
16
21
28
57
0
2.41
3.01
13.25
7.83
9.64
12.65
16.87
34.34
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
80% - 100%
70% - 79%
65% - 69%
60% - 64%
55% - 59%
50% - 54%
45% - 49%
40% - 44%
0% - 39%
Students'Scores
Percent Frequency
13. Otekunrin et al.; AJARR, 4(3): 1-18, 2019; Article no.AJARR.49027
13
Table 9. Mean scores of students (Girls’ only Schools) in PASAT
Girls’ only
Schools
No of students
(N = 97)
Mean
score (%)
Standard
deviation
Standard
error
Minimum Maximum
Queens’
School
34 40.23 10.94 1.88 20.00 60.00
St. Louis
Grammar
School
29 55.25 13.01 2.42 24.44 73.33
Queen of
Apostles
34 34.51 7.98 1.37 20.00 48.98
Field Survey data, 2018
Table 10. Mean scores of students (Boys’ only Schools) in PASAT
Boys’ only
Schools
No of students
(N = 69)
Mean
score (%)
Standard
deviation
Standard
error
Minimum
score
Maximum
score
Ibadan Boys
High School
18 47.90 13.10 3.09 15.56 64.44
Government
College
27 51.52 10.19 1.96 33.33 71.11
Loyola College 24 44.07 12.04 2.46 20.00 62.22
Field Survey data, 2018
Girls’ only schools had scores below 40%.
Meanwhile, fifteen (15) students in Boys’ only
schools had between 40% and 44% but thirteen
(13) students in Girls’ only schools had the same
score. Thirteen (13) students in Boys’ only and
nine (9) students in Girls’ only schools scored
between 60% and 64%. Only one (1) students in
Boys’ only schools scored 71% while three (3)
students in Girls’ only schools scored between
70% and 79%. No student scored 80% and
above among the six single sex schools. Table 7
and 8 showed the mean scores distribution of the
six single sex schools’ performance in PASAT. In
relation to the students mean scores in PASAT
and their attitudinal variables (Table 4)
considered in this study, it revealed that ninety-
one percent (91%) of male students (Boys’ only)
and eighty percent (80%) of female students
(Girls’ only) agreed that school farm is always
available for use during practical agriculture.
Also, majority of male students, eighty-seven
percent (87%) and eighty-three percent (83%) of
female students were of the opinion that students
participate actively during practical class in the
agricultural science laboratory or on the school
farm. Even though, agricultural science
students in all the single sex schools used for
this study responded positively to some major
attitudinal variables as mentioned earlier and
reflected in Table 3, it has not significantly boost
the students’ academic performance in practical
agriculture.
Moreover, the result of test of hypothesis (Table
11) revealed that since 0.011 is less than 0.05
(alpha value), we reject the null hypothesis of
equality of means of the PASAT scores of
students in the two categories of the single-sex
schools (Boys’ only and Girls’ only) and conclude
that there are significant differences in the means
scores of students in the two categories of single
sex schools. The male students had higher mean
scores (48.00) than the female students with
mean score of 42.72.
3.2 Discussion
From the findings of this research, ninety-seven
percent (97%) of the male students (Boys’ only)
and ninety-five percent (95%) of the female
students (Girls only) were of the opinion that
practical agriculture (agricultural practical lesson)
makes learning more interesting and enjoyable.
Moreover, fifty-four percent (54%) of the male
students perceived that their parents would like
them to take up agriculture as a career in the
future but eighty-five percent (85%) of the female
students refuted such statement. These results
agreed with the findings of [6,22,2] who reported
that students enjoyed learning experiences when
taken through practical oriented agricultural
science lessons and also reiterated blended
learning which placed emphasis on students
taking control of their own learning environment
which is capable of imparting needed agricultural
skills on them.
Filgona and Sababa [16] opined that some
vocations and professions have been regarded
as those separated for male (men) alone such as
14. Otekunrin et al.; AJARR, 4(3): 1-18, 2019; Article no.AJARR.49027
14
Table 11. t-test for equality of means in PASAT (Boys’ and Girls’ only schools)
Scores of students (male and
female) from the six schools
T df Sig. (2-Tailed) Mean diff Std. error diff 95% Conf. Interval of the
difference
2.585 164 .011 5.271 2.040 1.245 9.298
Field Survey data, 2018
15. Otekunrin et al.; AJARR, 4(3): 1-18, 2019; Article no.AJARR.49027
15
Agricultural Science, Engineering, arts and crafts
among others while others like Catering, Nursing
among others are regarded as the juicy choice of
the female student. Furthermore, ninety percent
(90%) of the male student respondents
disagreed to the statement that the subject
(Agricultural Science) is for boys alone while
ninety-two percent (92%) of female student
respondents also supported that the subject is
not to be offered by male students alone. This
finding was supported by many researchers
[2,6,12,28] that revealed in their findings that
gender had no significant influence on students’
attitude towards the learning of agricultural
science.
Ninety percent (90%) of the male students and
ninety-two percent (92%) female student
respondents affirmed that school farms are
available for practical agriculture while seventy-
one percent (71%) male students and sixty-nine
percent (69%) female students confirmed that
they have opportunity of making use of the
agricultural science laboratory for their practical
lessons. These findings were in line with the
works of [18,20,37] who suggested adequate
practical exposure of students to the practice of
farming within the provision of available
technology in the school.
In Table 6 (Post-Hoc analysis), there exist
significant differences in the PASAT mean
scores obtained by St. Louis (Girls’ only) when
compared with the mean scores of Queens’
school (Girls’ only), Loyola College (Boys’ only)
and Queen of Apostles (Girls’ only) at 5 percent
significant level. Meanwhile, no significant
differences exist in the PASAT mean scores
obtained by St. Louis when compared with that of
Ibadan Boys and Government College (Boys’
only) at 5 percent significant level. From this
result, it showed that St. Louis had the best
scores in PASAT among the Girls only schools
with mean score of 55.25 and the highest among
the six single sex schools used for this study.
Considering the mean scores obtained in PASAT
by the two categories of schools used for this
study and t- test Equality of means in PASSAT
(Table 7 and 9 ), Boys’ only schools had better
mean score (even though lower than average
score) 48.00 while Girls’ only schools had 42.72.
It was revealed from Figure 2 that only (sixty
students) thirty-six percent (36%) of all the six
single sex schools scored 50% and above while
(one hundred and six students) sixty-four percent
(64%) had scores below the average score. It
was evident from this results that larger number
of the students (male and female) had poor
performance in PASAT. This result corroborated
the findings of [17] who revealed that male
students apparently performed better in
Agricultural science than female students and
also in certain subject areas especially the
science related ones.
Moreover, the relationship between students’
PASAT scores and their attitudinal variables in
this study, it was found out that availability of
school farms, use of relevant instructional
materials among other variables as confirmed by
the students were not enough to bring about
better performance in PASAT especially in
schools like Queen of Apostles, Queens’ school
and Loyola College with below average mean
scores of 34.51, 40.23 and 44.07 respectively.
This result agreed with the works of [2] and [6]
that there was no association between students’
scores in Agricultural Science Achievement Test
(ASAT) and teachers’ use of relevant
instructional materials. Furthermore, these
results corroborated the works of [15,20,38] and
[39] which opined that other factors like high
cognitive ability of the students, quality of the
school, teacher’s teaching methods, home
background, influence of old students (Old Boys
and Old Girls) association (Alumni association),
psychosocial environment of agricultural science
classroom among others may necessarily
influence the needed boost in the students’
academic performance in the subject and
ultimately instill in them the required skills
and competencies in basic agricultural
practices which can make them self-reliant in
near future.
4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDA-
TIONS
In this study, significant differences exist in the
mean scores obtained by students in PASAT
among the six single sex schools. Also, there
existed significant differences in the PASAT
mean scores obtained by students of St. Louis
(Girls’ only) when compared with the mean
scores of Queens’ school (Girls’ only), Loyola
College (Boys’ only) and Queen of Apostles
(Girls’ only) students at 5 percent significant
level. Meanwhile, no significant differences exist
in the PASAT mean scores obtained by St. Louis
when compared with that of Ibadan Boys and
Government College (Boys’ only). It showed that
St. Louis had the best scores in PASAT among
the Girls only schools with mean score of 55.25
16. Otekunrin et al.; AJARR, 4(3): 1-18, 2019; Article no.AJARR.49027
16
and the highest among the six single sex schools
used for this study.
The result of the hypothesis of equality of means
concluded that there are significant differences in
the mean scores of the students in PASAT in the
two categories of single sex schools used for this
study. Considering the relationship between
students’ PASAT scores and their attitudinal
variables in this study, the availability of school
farms, use of relevant instructional materials
among other variables as pointed out by the
students were not enough to bring about better
performance in PASAT especially in schools like
Queen of Apostles, Queens’ school and Loyola
College with below average mean scores of
34.51, 40.23 and 44.07 respectively. This may be
due to factors like; students’ cognitive ability,
home background, quality of the schools (mostly
public schools established by the missionaries),
government funding, presence of established
and functional Old Student Associations, and
educational background of the parents.
The findings also revealed that both male and
female students found practical agriculture
interesting and fascinating (enjoyable).
Therefore, we recommend that students (male
and female) should be exposed practical
agriculture and not limited to the theoretical
aspects taught in classrooms alone.
Inadequate fund to manage practical oriented
agricultural science was one of the important
challenges identified. therefore, government and
relevant stakeholders ( like Parent Teachers
Association (PTAs), school alumni association
among others) should provide adequate human
resources and needed infrastructural facilities for
effective teaching and learning of agricultural
science in both single sex and co-educational
secondary schools in order to achieve better
academic performance in the subject.
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have declared that no competing interest
exists
REFERENCES
1. Oji-Okoro I. Analysis of the contribution of
agricultural sector on the Nigerian
economic development. World Review of
Business Research. 2011;1(1):191- 200.
2. Otekunrin OA, Oni LO, Otekunrin OA.
Challenges, attitudes and academic
performance of agricultural science
students in Public secondary Schools of
Ibadan North, Nigeria. Journal of Scientific
Research & Reports. 2017a;13(1):1-11.
DOI: 10.9734/JSRR/2017/31216
3. Inusa BM, Daniel PC, Dayagal DF, et al.
Nigerian economic growth and recovery:
Role of agriculture. Int J Econ Manag Sci.
2018;7:512.
DOI: 10.4172/2162-6359.1000512
4. Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN).
National Policy on Education. NERDC
Press, Lagos, Nigeria; 2004.
5. FRN. National Curriculum for Agricultural
Science for Secondary Schools. Lagos,
Nigeria; 2007.
6. Otekunrin OA. Students’ attitude and
academic performance in agricultural
science: A case study of Public Secondary
Schools in Ibadan North Local Government
Area of Oyo State. Unpublished
Postgraduate Diploma in Education
(PGDE), National Open University of
Nigeria (NOUN); 2014.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.15927.83362
7. WAEC (West African Examinations
Council). Chief Examiners’ Report. Lagos,
Nigeria; 2015.
8. Chukwudum, Ogbuehi. Effective utilization
of the school farm as instructional initiative
for developing agricultural interest among
primary school children in Nigeria.
Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary
Studies. 2013;2(6).
DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n6p113
9. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations). Improving child
nutrition and education through the
promotion of school garden programme.
Rome; 2004.
10. FAO. Eradicating Extreme Poverty: What
is the role of Agriculture? Global Forum on
Food security and Nutrition (FSN Forum);
2018.
Available:www.fao.org/CA0989EN/1/08.18
11. Dlamini B. The relationship between
home and school-related variables and
performance. J. Agr. Educ. Extension.
1995;2:59- 64.
12. Darko RO, Yuan S, Okyere D, Ansah CO,
Liu J. Gender difference in attitude towards
the learning of agricultural science in
senior high schools in Assin South District
of the Central Region, Ghana. Journal of
Agricultural Science. 2016;8(9):19.
DOI: 10.5539/jas.v8n9p143
13. Blackie M, Mutema M, Ward A. A study of
agricultural graduates in Eastern, Central,
17. Otekunrin et al.; AJARR, 4(3): 1-18, 2019; Article no.AJARR.49027
17
and Southern Africa: Demand, Quality and
Job Performance Issues; 2009.
14. Otekunrin OA, Oni LO, Otekunrin OA.
Agricultural science education in
Secondary Schools of Ibadan, Nigeria. An
Analytical Approach. LAP Lambert
Academic Publishing, Germany; 2017a.
[ISBN: 978-620-2-05199-6]
15. Diise AI, Zakaria H, Mohammed AA.
Challenges of teaching and learning of
agricultural practical skills: The case of
deploying project method of teaching
among students of Awe Senior High
School in the Upper East Region, Ghana.
International Journal of Agricultural
Education and Extension. 2018a;4(2):167-
179.
16. Filgona J, Sababa LK. Effect of gender on
senior secondary school students’
academic achievement in geography in
Ganye Educational Zone, Nigeria.
European Journal of Education Studies.
2017;3(4):394-41
17. Anyaegbu BC, Irebuisi D, Onyeriri J.
Gender differences in the academic
performances of students in agricultural
science in secondary schools of Isu
Local Government Area of Imo State.
Journal of Teacher Perspective.
2013;7(4):1-6.
18. Onwumere M, Modebelu MN, Chukwuka
IE. Influence of school farm on teaching of
agricultural science in Senior Secondary
Schools in Ikwuano Local Government
Area, Abia State. Open Access Library
Journal. 2016;3.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.11
02742
19. Antwi ESA. Improving Pupils attitude
towards practical agriculture lessons
among form two agriculture pupils of
tamale senior high school. Unpublished
Postgraduate Diploma in Education,
University for Development Studies,
Ghana; 2017.
20. Diise AI, Mohammed AA, Zakaria H.
Organizing project method of teaching for
effective agricultural knowledge and skills
acquisition: Comparison of individual and
group student projects. Journal of
Education and Practice. 2018b;9(23):56-
66.
21. SCORE Science Community Representing
Education. Practical Work in Science: A
Report and Proposal for a Strategic
Framework. Gatsby Technical Education
Project publication; 2008.
Available:http://www.score-
education.org/media/3668/report.pdf
22. Deegan D, Wim P, Pettit P. Practical skills
training in agricultural education—A
comparison between traditional and
blended approaches. Journal of Agri-
cultural Education and Extension. 2016;
22(2).
23. Fiske ST, Taylor SE. Social cognition:
From brain to culture. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill; 2008.
24. Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Beliefs, attitude,
intentions and behaviours readings, MA
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company;
1975.
25. Baliyan SP, Nenty HJ. Factors underlying
attitude towards agriculture as predictors of
willingness to Enrol in the subject by senior
secondary students in Botswana. Journal
of Educational and Social Research. 2015;
5(1).
DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2015.v5n1p377
26. Thoron AC, Burleson SE. Students’
perceptions of agricultural science when
taught through inquiry- based instruction.
Journal of Agricultural Education. 2014;
55(1):66-75.
DOI: 10.5032/ Jae.2014.01066
27. Onuekwusi GC, Okorie LI. Attitude of
secondary school students in Abia state
towards careers in Agriculture. Agriculture
Journal. 2008;3(2):102-106.
28. Joshua SD, Pur JT, Gwary MM. Attitudinal
disposition of senior secondary school
students towards agriculture in Maiduguri
metropolitan state. Agricultural Journal.
2008;3(2):120-124.
29. Shenaifi MS. Attitude of students at college
of food and agriculture sciences towards
agriculture. Journal of the Saudi Society
Agricultural Sciences. 2013;12(2):117-
120.
30. Akinsorotan OA. Effect of school
agricultural programme of Oyo State on
Career Choice of School Students in
Ibadan South West Local Government
Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Agricultural
Journal. 2007;2:667-671.
31. Usman KO, Memeh IM. Student and
teacher attitude toward and performance in
an Integrated Science/Agriculture Course.
Paper presented at the 47
th
Annual Central
Region Research Conference in Agri-
cultural Education. St. Louis, MO; 2007.
32. Nsa SO, Ikot AS, Udo MF. Instructional
materials utilization and students’
performance in practical agriculture.