The document discusses the osteology and development of the facial bones, with a focus on the maxilla and mandible. It provides details on:
- The 14 bones that make up the face, including the maxilla and mandible.
- The development of the maxilla from embryonic facial processes. Key aspects of maxillary development like the formation of the palatine processes and palate are explained.
- The anatomy and features of the adult maxilla bone, including its surfaces, processes, sinuses, and muscle attachments.
- Relevant clinical implications are discussed, such as variations that may impact surgeries or anesthetics involving the infraorbital foramen.
- Development and
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Rhinoplasty (2) /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
osteology of head and neck and its applied aspectsSwetha Srivani
knowing the correct anatomy and applied aspect of osteology helps in accurate diagnosis.this ppt provides insight into different bones of head and neck and their applied aspects through images.
Cranium is the skeleton of the head.
Neurocranium is the bony case of the brain and meninges. It is formed by a series of eight bones:
Unpaired: Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid & Occipital
Paired : Temporal, Parietal
Ethmoid bone relatively minor contribution
detailed ppt on mandible, covering aspects such as anatomy, development, age changes, growth, muscle attachment, nerve and arterial supply and anomalies.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Rhinoplasty (2) /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
osteology of head and neck and its applied aspectsSwetha Srivani
knowing the correct anatomy and applied aspect of osteology helps in accurate diagnosis.this ppt provides insight into different bones of head and neck and their applied aspects through images.
Cranium is the skeleton of the head.
Neurocranium is the bony case of the brain and meninges. It is formed by a series of eight bones:
Unpaired: Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid & Occipital
Paired : Temporal, Parietal
Ethmoid bone relatively minor contribution
detailed ppt on mandible, covering aspects such as anatomy, development, age changes, growth, muscle attachment, nerve and arterial supply and anomalies.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Craniofacial growth is a complex and a beautiful phenomenon.
It all begins when a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell, a process called fertilization.
Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube. The result of this union is the production of a ’Zygote’ cell, or fertilized egg, initiating prenatal development
Prenatal growth can be divided into 3 main stages:
Germinal stage: From ovulation to implantation(0-2 weeks).
Embryonic stage : 3rd week to 8th week.
Fetal stage: 9th week till birth.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
4. Maxilla –central bone; prominent
position where trauma hits face
This structure is analogous to a
matchbox sitting below and anterior
to hard shell containing brain
Act as cushion for trauma directed
towards cranium from anterior or
antero-lateral direction
5. This period extends from the fourteenth day to the fifty sixth day of
intra-uterine life. During this period the major part of the development of the facial &
the cranial region occurs.
Period of the embryo:
6. Period of the fetus:
This phase extends between the fifty sixth day of
intra-uterine life till birth. In this period ,accelerated growth of the
cranio-facial structures occurs resulting in an increase in their size. In
addition, a change in proportion between the various structures also
occurs
9. • These are 4 in number
• 5th arch disappears soon after formation.
•Only the first 2 arches are named; the Mandibular arch & Hyoid
arch respectively.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. The palate is
formed by the
contribution of:
• Maxillary process.
•Palatal shelves given
off by the maxillary
process
• Fronto-nasal process
DEVELOPMENT OF PALATE
16. •By the fusion of the maxillary and nasal processes in the roof of the stomodeum the
primitive palate (or primary palate) is formed, and the olfactory pits extend
backward above it.
• It consists of the maxillary process and medial nasal process.
• The lip and primary palate close during the 4th to 7th weeks of gestation
PRIMARY PALATE
18. The development of the secondary palate commences in the
sixth week of human embryological development. It is
characterised by the formation of two palatal shelves on the
maxillary prominences.
SECONDARY PALATE
19. •As the palatal shelves grow medially there, their union is prevented by the presence
of tongue.
•Initially the developing palatal shelves grow vertically toward the floor of mouth
20. •During 7th week of intrauterine life, a transformation in the position of the palatine
shelf occurs
• They change from a vertical to a horizontal position
21. •The 2 palatal shelves, by 8 ½ weeks of intra uterine life are in close approximation
to each other
•Initially the 2 palatal shelves are covered by an epithelial lining. As they join the
epithelial cells degenerate
•The connective tissue of the palatal shelves intermingle with each other resulting
in their fusion
22. •The entire palate does not contact and fuse at the same time. Initially the
contact occurs in the central region of the secondary palate posterior to the
premaxilla
• From this point, closure occurs both anteriorly and posteriorly
23. Cleft lip (cheiloschisis) and cleft
palate (palatoschisis), which can also
occur together as cleft lip and palate,
are variations of a type of clefting
congenital deformity caused by
abnormal facial development during
gestation.
APPLIED ANATOMY
24. •Cleft palate is a condition in which the two plates of the skull that form
the hard palate (roof of the mouth) are not completely joined
•Palate cleft can occur as complete or incomplete (a 'hole' in the roof of the
mouth, usually as a cleft soft palate). When cleft palate occurs, the uvula is
usually split. It occurs due to the failure of fusion of the lateral palatine
processes, the nasal septum, and/or the median palatine processes (formation of
the secondary palate
Incomplete cleft palate Unilateral complete lip
and palate
Bilateral complete lip and
palate
CLEFT PALATE
25. Parts of Maxilla
1. Body
a) 4 Surfaces
•Anterior or Facial
•Posterior or
Infratemporal
•Superior or Orbital
•Medial or Nasal
b)Maxillary Sinus
1. 4 Processes
•Frontal
•Zygomatic
•Alveolar
•Palatine
28. Frontal Process
•Articulates with Frontal,Nasal and
Lacrimal bones
•Lateral surface- Anterior lacrimal crest-
gives attachment to lacrimal facia and
medial palpabral ligament
Anterior smooth surface-origin to orbital
part of orbicularis oculi and levetor labii
superioris alaeque nasi
•Medial surface-part of the lateral wall
of nose
30. Superior Surface
Features
Anterior border-Forms a
part of infraorbital margin
Posterior border-smooth
and rounded- Anterior margin of
infraorbital fissure
Medial border- anteriorly
there is Lacrimal notch
Surface presents
Infraorbital groove leading forwards
to Infraorbital canal – Infraorbital
foramen
Near the midpoint of the
canal- Lateral branch-
canalis sinuosis- for Anterior
superior alveolar nerve and vessels
31. Medial Surface
Postero superiorly – Large irregular
opening- Maxillary Hiatus
Above the Hiatus- Parts of
air sinuses Below the
Hiatus- Inferior meatus
Behind the Hiatus- surface
articulates with the perpendicular
plate of palatine bone
33. Maxillary Sinus
•Large cavity in the body of Maxilla
•Pyramidal shape- Base directed medially and
apex laterally
•Sinus opens into Middle meatus
•Height 3.5cm , width 2.5 cm,
anteroposterior depth 3.5cm
•Roof – floor of Orbit, Floor- Alveolar
process of Maxillae
•Reaches full size after the eruption of
permanent
teeth
Arterial supply: Facial infraorbital and
greater palatine arteries
Venous drainage: Facial veins , pterygoid plexus
of
veins
Lymphatic drainage: Submandibular nodes
Nerve supply: infraorbital, anterior , middle ,
and posterior superior alveolar nerves.
34. Palatine Process
•Thick horizontal plate projecting medially
•Inferior surface is concave. Two palatine
processes form anterior three fourths of
bony palate
•Superior surface is concave side to side
•Medial border is thicker in front than
behind
•Posterior border articulates with horizontal
plate of palatine bone
•Lateral border is continuous with the
alveolar process.
35. Zygomatic Process
•Pyramidal lateral projection
on which the anterior ,
posterior and superior
surfaces of maxilla converge.
•Superiorly it is rough for the
articulation with the
zygomatic bone.
36. Alveolar Process
•It bears sockets for roots of
the upper teeth
•Buccinator arises from the
posterior part of its outer
surface up to the first molar
•A rough ridge –Maxillary
torus may be present
39. Clinical Significance of Maxillary Artery and its
Branches : A Cadaver Study and Review of the
Literature. *Ismihan Ilknur Uysal; **Mustafa Buyukmumcu;
*Nadire Unver Dogan; **Muzaffer Seker & **Taner Ziylan
In this study, it was found that
maxillary artery had superficial course by 57.1 % and deep
course by 42.9 % according to the relation of the artery with
inferior part of lateral pterygoid.
40. In this study, it was observed that inferior
alveolar artery branched from origin section of the maxillary
artery by 14.3% , before the middle meningeal artery
by 35.7 % , branched from same localization with
middle meningeal artery by 14.3 % and after the
middle meningeal artery by 35.7 %. In surgical
interventions to be performed in the region, knowledge on
branching variations of the inferior alveolar artery will be
useful for preventing negative influence on mandible supply.
41. It was determined that one accessory middle meningeal
artery passed through the fibers of inferior alveolar nerve.
In our cases, it was reported that distance
between inferior alveolar nerve and middle meningeal artery
was 3.25±1.65cm. Due to this close proximity, it
should be considered that both middle meningeal artery and
particularly superficial maxillary artery will be under higher
influence during the anesthesia of mandibular nerve and its
branches.
42. Last part of the maxillary artery was determined as type “Y”, type
“intermediate-T” and type “M” according to the classification
based on how sphenopalatine artery and descending palatine artery
from the maxillary artery.
Based on the type of branching indicated by last part of the
maxillary artery, type “Y” was found in 50 %, type “Intermediate-
T” in 14.3 % and type “M” in 35.7 %.
45. The infraorbital foramen is usually (90–97%)
single nevertheless several studies have
underlined the presence of two or three
foramina Aziz et al. reported a 15% incidence of
accessory infraorbital foramina. A low
percentage (4.7%) was observed during a study
on 1064 skulls, with a higher
frequency on the left side, both in male and in
female skulls.In addition, an incidence of 1.3%
was found by Gupta. Moreover, a case of bifid
foramina associated with a bifid infraorbital
nerve was found during a cadaver dissection
of a 69-year old man.Normally, the distance from
the infraorbital foramen to the inferior border of
the orbital rim is from 4.6 to 10.4 mm depending
on the landmarks chosen for measurements.
Since the infraorbital nerve block is often used to
achieve regional anaesthesia of the face, the
study of frequency and position of accessory
infraorbital foramen are useful to reduce
anaesthetic and surgical complications,
especially in trunk block of the infraorbital nerve.
Schematic representation of
the maxillary nerve
and its branches. ***Dental
plexus
49. 3D CT
Anterior View
Major structures
are labeled in the
picture.
Nasofrontal suture
Zygomaticofrontal
suture
Zygomaticotemporal
suture
SOF = Superior orbital fissure
IOF = Inferior orbital fissure
Orbital ‘rim’
50. •Do not confuse the suture between nasal bone and
frontal process of maxilla for a fracture
•Look for a piece of fracture in the optic foramen, it is
the true emergency of facial fracture
Key structures
D = Orbit, medial wall
E = Orbit, lateral wall
F = Suture between
sphenoid and
zygomatic bones
= Nasomaxillary
suture
1 = Globe
2 = Ethmoid sinus
3 = Sphenoid sinus
4 = Nasal bone
5 = Maxilla, frontal
process
6 = Orbit, lateral rim
7 = Sphenoid bone
8 = Optic foramen
Axial view
51. Clear maxillary sinuses can almost
rules out certain fractures such as
ZMC, LeFort, blowout fractures
Key structures
F = Groove for
infraorbital nerve
G = Maxillary sinus,
posterolateral wall
5 = Maxilla, frontal process
9 = Maxillary sinus
10 = Zygomatic arch
11 = Pterygoid bone
12 = Nasolacrimal duct
13 = Mandible, condyle
Axial view
52. Key structures
H = Maxillary sinus,
anterior wall
I = Maxillary sinus,
medial wall
J = Medial pterygoid
plate
K = Lateral pterygoid
plate
9 = Maxillary sinus
14 = Mandible, ramus
Fracture of the pterygoid plates may represent
LeFort fracture
Axial view
53. Lucency in midline of the maxilla is a
normal finding seen occasionally
Key structures
J = Medial pterygoid plate
K = Lateral pterygoid plate
L = Maxilla, spine
14 = Mandible, ramus
15 = Maxilla bone/ hard palate
Axial view
55. The first structure to develop in the primordium of the lower jaw is the
mandibular division of trigeminal nerve that preceeded the
mesenchymal condensation forming the first arch (mandibular).
The prior presence of nerve has been postulated as being necessary
to induce osteogenesis by the production of neutrotrophic factors
56. MECKEL’S CARTILAGE
Meckel’s cartilage is derived from the first branchial arch
around the 41st-45th day of intra uterine life.
It extends from the cartilaginous otic capsule to the midline
or symphysis and provides a template for guiding the
growth of the mandible.
57. A major portion of the Meckel’s carlitage disappears during
growth and the remaining part develop into the following
structures:-
•
•
•
The mental ossicles
Incus and malleus
Spine of sphenoid bone
•
•
Anteriorligament of malleus
Spheno mandibular ligament
58. The mandible is derived from
the ossification of an
osteogenic memberane formed
from ectomesenchymal
condensation at around 36- 38
days IU.
The resulting intramemberanous
bone lies lateral to meckel’s
cartilage of the first arch.
A single ossification centre for each
half of the mandible arises in the 6th
week IU, in the region of the
bifurcation of the inferior alveolar
nerve and artery into the mental
and incisive branches.
59. As a result mandibular length increases, the external auditory meatus
appears to move posteriorly.
Bone begins to develop lateral to Meckel’s cartilage during the 7th week
and continues until the posterior aspect is covered with bone.
This is the marked acceleration of the mandibular growth between the 8th
and 12th week IU
61. •At fifth week of intrauterine life , an area of
mesenchymal condensation is seen above the
ventral part of developing mandible.
• At about tenth week it develops in cone shaped
cartilage.
•It migrate inferior & fuses with mandibular
ramus at about 4 month.
62. THE CORONOID PROCESS-
Secondary accessory cartilage appear in region of
coronoid process at about 10- 14 week of intrauterine life.
This cartilage become incorporated into expanding
intramembranous bone of ramus & dissappear before birth.
63. THE MENTAL REGION-
In mental region , on either side of symphysis , one or two
small cartilage appear and ossify in seventh week of
intrauterine life to become mental ossicles.
These ossicles become incorporated into intramembranous
bone when symphysis ossify completely.
65. MENTAL FORAMEN
The MF was most frequently located
between the first and second mandibular
premolar teeth (43.5%) or below the second
premolar (34.3%). The mean horizontal
dimension of the MF was 3.1 mm, the
vertical dimension was 2.8 mm, and the
mean vertical distance from the alveolar
crest was 14.2 mm. An AMF was observed
in 12.8% of cases with a mean distance
of 4.1 mm from the MF. An AL was present
in 47.2% of cases with a mean loop length
of 3.38 mm. An LLF was present in 20.4%
of cases, predominantly below the first
premolar (27.3%) with a mean angle of
entry of 148. The LLC always
communicated with the MC and generally
not with the tooth apex. A statistically
significant association existed between the
presence of the LLF and AMF.
A Limited Field Cone-beam Computed Tomography–based Evaluation of the MentalForamen, Accessory Mental Foramina, Anterior Loop, Lateral
Lingual Foramen, and Lateral Lingual Canal
Unni Krishnan, MDS, MSc, FRACDS, FRACDS (Endo),* Paul Monsour, BDSc (Hons), MDSc, PhD,* Khaleel Thaha, MDS,† Ratilal Lalloo, BChD,
BSc Med (Hons), MChD, PhD,* and Alex Moule, BDSc, PhD*
66. Superior Genial Foramen:
Occasionally, periapical or panoramic films may indicate
an anterior extension to the IAN.
Some of these foramina can have a diameter of up to 2
mm, indicating a substantial neurovascular component
exiting to supply the chin
Reports of substantial bleeding in the symphysis after
raising may be attributable to these larger vessels
Following block graft harvesting, paresthesia of the
midline chin area has been reported and may be the
result of transection of these anterior neurovascular
components
Injury to these vessels can be avoided by limiting the
apical extension of flaps during implant placement and
by harvesting block grafts closer to the midline
Fig.: Cross
section of
superior
genial
foramen
at the
cuspid
position
Fig.: Reconstructed 3-
dimensional image
showing positions and
relative sizes of the
superior genial and
mental foramina
Prevalence and location of accessory foramina in the
human mandible
Carmen Salinas-Goodier1A ´ ngel Mancho´n
Rosa Rojo Michael Coquerelle Gilberto Sammartino Juan
Carlos Prados-Frutos
67. Location, shape and anatomic relations of the mandibular foramen and the mandibular lingula:
a contribution to surgical procedures in the ramus of the mandible
F. J. C. Lima1 & O. B. Oliveira Neto1 & F. T. Barbosa2 & C. F. Sousa-Rodrigues3
69. Anatomic study of the mandibular foramen, lingula and antilingula
in dry mandibles, and its statistical relationship between the true
lingula and the antilingula.
Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2012; 41: 74–78
The mandibular foramen is on average 5.82 mm below the lingula. Regarding the
statistical comparison between the mandibular foramen entrance and the antilingula
position, there is no correlation between the position of those two structures in the
studied sample. The mandibular foramen is slightly posterior in relation to the centre of
the ramus. The lingula is an important anatomic landmark for ramus surgery, and for
determining the distance to the mandibular foramen entrance. The use of the antilingula
as a landmark for the position of the vertical ramus osteotomy is not recommended.
70. CORONOID PROCESS
The shape of coronoid process was hooked in 54.5%, triangular in 23.5% and rounded in 18.5% of the
mandibles. Variant shapes were also observed like square (0.5%), hook & round (3%). The width of
coronoid process on right side ranged from 13 to 28 mm with a mean of 19.30 +_ 2.9 mm and on left
side ranged from 10 to 28 mm with a mean of 19.1 +_ 3.08 mm. The height of coronoid process on
right side ranged from 11 to 27 mm with a mean of 18.2+_ 3.44 mm and on left side ranged from 11 to
27 mm with a mean of 18.0 +_ 3.36 mm. Coronoid process was higher than condylar process bilaterally
in 3 mandibles.
71. CONDYLAR PROCESS
The total mediolateral length of the condyle is
between 18 and 23 mm, and the anteroposterior
width is between 8 and10mm.
72. Applied Anatomy Of Facial Nerve In
View Of Surgeries In Region of Condyle
Or TMJ Surgeries
Exits skull at stylomastoid formen
Incise the superficial layer of
temporalis fascia & periosteum
over arch within 8mm boundary,
prevent damage to branches of
upper trunk
Kreutziger KL. Surgery of the temporomandibular joint. I. Surgical
anatomy and surgical incisions. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral
pathology. 1984 Dec 1;58(6):637-46.
73. Prevalence of bifid mandibular canal according to
gender, type and side
1) Forward canal: the branch
emerging from the upper border of
the main canal.
A. Forward canal without confluence:
It separates from the mandibular
canal in the mandibular ramus and
then extends to the second molar
area.
B. Forward canal with confluence: It
separates from the mandibular canal
in the mandibular ramus, extends
anteriorly and then rejoins to the
main mandibular canal.
2) Buccolingual canal: the branch
emerging from the buccal or lingual
side of the main canal.
3) Dental canal: the end of the
separated canal reaches the root
apex of the first, second and third
molar.
4) Retromolar canal: the branch
emerging from the main canal
reaches the retromolar region.
75. Role of muscles in fracture
mandible :
Masseter – Contributes to superior displacement
of proximal fragment of angle fracture.
Temporalis – Contributes to open bite in fracture
condyle, body & angle.
Medial & lateral pterygoid – Contributes to
antero medial displacement.
Suprahyroid & infrahyroid group of muscles –
Contributes to infero-medial displacement of bi-
lateral parasymphysis fractures.
76. Applied Anatomy Of Masseteric Artery
A careful dissection of 16 intact human
cadaveric head specimens revealed the
location of the masseteric artery in relation
to 3 points:
1)the anterior-superior aspect of the
condylar neck = 10.3 mm;
2) the most inferior aspect of the articular
tubercle = 11.4 mm;
3) the inferior aspect of the sigmoid notch =
3mm
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.
2009;67 (2) : 369–371
77. Applied Anatomy Of Facial Artery In View
Of Surgeries In The Region Of Angle Of
Mandible
When performing operative procedures
on the lower premolars and molars the
facial artery can be severed
accidentally if an instrument enters the
buccal region.
Deep incisions may endanger the facial
artery.
Precaution : The incision should be
made downward and outward instead
of straight downward.
78. Triangle of Marginal Mandibular Branch
(MMB)
The advantages of MMB landmark triangle:
1.Locate the marginal mandibular branch
using palpable reference points, reliable and
easy to identify by clinical examination and
surgical exploration.
2.Make precise measurements to facilitate
the approach of the upper and lateral region
of the neck.
3. Specify the position of the furthest MMB
below the lower border of the mandible.
4.Guide the surgeon to avoid or locate the
MMB.
5. Determine the location of the incision.
AB = The distance between the angle of the
mandible and the intersection of MMB with LBM.
AX = The distance between the angle of the
mandible and the intersection of the facial vein
with LBM.
AY = The distance between the angle of the
mandible and the projection of point C which is
the position of the MMB farthest from LBM.
CY = The distance where the MMB is farthest
down LBM.
El Ayoubi Ali, Laamarti Sara, El Ayoubi Said, Bjijou Younes, Bouchikhi Mohamed.
Triangle of Marginal Mandibular Branch (MMB): Anatomical Zone, Constant
Reference of the MMB in Cervical Surgical Position. International Annals of
Medicine. 2017;1(5).
80. A review of the mandibular and maxillary nerve supplies
and their clinical relevance
L.F. Rodella *, B. Buffoli, M. Labanca, R. Rezzani
Schematic representation of the
mandibular nerve
and its branches. Some anatomical
variations are
reported: (1) additional branches of
the long buccal nerve;
(2) additional branches of the inferior
alveolar nerve; (3)
communication between the
mylohyoid nerve and the
lingual nerve; (4) communication
between the inferior
alveolar nerve and the
auriculotemporal nerve; (5)
innervation of the incisor teeth by the
mylohyoid nerve; (6)
communication between the inferior
alveolar nerve and
the lingual nerve.
81. Applied aspect in view of inferior alveolar nerve & incisivenerve
two-thirds of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) exits at the mental foramen
while remaining one-third continues through the incisive canal and
anastomoses with the contralateral side & is the neurovascular supply to
all anterior teeth and the chin closer to the midline
Clinicians performing autogenous block graft procedures often prefer
symphyseal bone for the shape and volume of the graft needed
in this block harvesting procedure incisive nerve is inadvertently resected
causing altered sensation in the affected anterior teeth even after healing
Robert J. Miller, Warren C. Edwards, Jonathan H. Cohen; maxillofacial anatomy: the mandibular
symphysis; J of Oral Implantology 2011.37:745-753
82. AGE CHANGES IN MANDIBLE
I. Children:
• Body of mandible is more like a
shell consisting of sockets for both
deciduous & permanent teeth
• Angle of mandible measures around
140º
• Coronoid process is above the level
of the condylar process
• Mandibular canal & mental foramen
are close to lower border of body
83. II. Adult:
• Alveolar & subalveolar parts of
body are of equal depths
• Angle of mandible measures
110º
• Condylar process projects
above level of condylar
process
• Mandibular canal runs parallel
to mylohyoid line
• Mental foramen is at midway
between upper & lower
borders of body
84. III. Old Age:
• Resorbed alveolar part
• Angle of mandible
measures about 140º
• Neck of mandible is
bent backwards making
level of coronoid
process higher than
level of condylar process
• Mandibular canal and
mental foramen are
closer to upper border
of body