introduction of neck and boundaries of neck , superficial fascia and structures present with in it, deep cervical fascia types and most importantly spaces with in it mainly about Retro-pharyngeal spaces and applied anatomy along with incision markings.
The parotid gland is a major salivary gland in many animals. In humans, the two parotid glands are present on either side of the mouth and in front of both ears. They are the largest of the salivary glands.
Surgical anatomy of palate by Dr. Amit Suryawanshi .Oral & Maxillofacial Su...All Good Things
Description:
Hi. This is Dr. Amit T. Suryawanshi. Oral & Maxillofacial surgeon from Pune, India. I am here on slideshare.com to share some of my own presentations presented at various levels in the field of OMFS. Hope this would somehow be helpful to you making your presentations. All the best & your replies are welcomed!
introduction of neck and boundaries of neck , superficial fascia and structures present with in it, deep cervical fascia types and most importantly spaces with in it mainly about Retro-pharyngeal spaces and applied anatomy along with incision markings.
The parotid gland is a major salivary gland in many animals. In humans, the two parotid glands are present on either side of the mouth and in front of both ears. They are the largest of the salivary glands.
Surgical anatomy of palate by Dr. Amit Suryawanshi .Oral & Maxillofacial Su...All Good Things
Description:
Hi. This is Dr. Amit T. Suryawanshi. Oral & Maxillofacial surgeon from Pune, India. I am here on slideshare.com to share some of my own presentations presented at various levels in the field of OMFS. Hope this would somehow be helpful to you making your presentations. All the best & your replies are welcomed!
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
history and development of dental implants /orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Middle Third Of The Facial Skeleton Is Defined As An Area Bounded,
Superiorly –Line Drawn Across The skull from the Zygomatico frontal Suture across the Frontonasal & Frontomaxillary sutures to the Zygomaticofrontal suture on the opposite side
Inferiorly –by the occlusal plane of the upper teeth./upper alveolar ridge.
Posteriorly-The region is demarcated by the sphenoethmoidal junction but includes the free margin of the pterygoid laminae of the sphenoid bone inferiorly.
Inferiorly –by the occlusal plane of the upper teeth./upper alveolar ridge.
Posteriorly-The region is demarcated by the sphenoethmoidal junction but includes the free margin of the pterygoid laminae of the sphenoid bone inferiorly.
It is made up of the following bones:
1. Two maxillae
2. Tw o palatine bones
3. Two zygomatic bones and their temporal processes
4. Two zygomatic processes of the temporal bone
5. Two nasal bones
this presentation describes about each bone individually and its applied anatomy
Biological consideration in maxillary edentulous arch/endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This presentation deals with the inside of the skull (cranial cavity) and description of some separate bones. There is another presentation “Skull - the normas” that describes norma verticalis, occipitalis, lateralis, frontalis and basalis and is necessary to complete the objectives.
Objectives
Identify the features of the major bones forming the cranial cavity according to normas and separate bones.
Describe the major sutures.
Describe the structure of the flat bones forming the skull and their blood supply.
Discuss ossification of the skull and the changes that occur during postnatal development.
Locate important bony surface landmarks.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...
Palatine bone
1. Palatine bonePalatine bone
**Palatine bone is situated at the back part of**Palatine bone is situated at the back part of
thethe nasal cavitynasal cavity between thebetween the maxillamaxilla and theand the
pterygoid process of thepterygoid process of the sphenoidsphenoid..
**Palatine bone contributes to the walls of three**Palatine bone contributes to the walls of three
cavities:- 1]cavities:- 1] The floor and lateral wall of theThe floor and lateral wall of the
nasal cavitynasal cavity; 2]; 2] The roof of the mouthThe roof of the mouth, and, and
3]3] The floor of the orbitThe floor of the orbit..
**Palatine bone enters into the formation of two**Palatine bone enters into the formation of two
fossæ, thefossæ, the pterygopalatinepterygopalatine andand pterygoidpterygoid fossæfossæ;;
and one fissure, theand one fissure, the inferior orbital fissureinferior orbital fissure..
2. The palatine bone somewhat resemblesThe palatine bone somewhat resembles
the letter L, and consists of athe letter L, and consists of a
Horizontal plate of palatine boneHorizontal plate of palatine bone and aand a
Perpendicular plate of palatine bonePerpendicular plate of palatine bone andand
three outstanding processes—viz., thethree outstanding processes—viz., the
Pyramidal process of palatine bonePyramidal process of palatine bone, which, which
is directed backward and lateralward fromis directed backward and lateralward from
the junction of the two parts, and thethe junction of the two parts, and the
Orbital process of palatine boneOrbital process of palatine bone andand
Sphenoidal process of palatine bone,Sphenoidal process of palatine bone,
which surmount the vertical part, and arewhich surmount the vertical part, and are
separated by a deep notch, theseparated by a deep notch, the
3. The human palatine articulates with six bones:The human palatine articulates with six bones:
thethe sphenoidsphenoid,, ethmoidethmoid,, maxilla, inferior nasalmaxilla, inferior nasal
concha, vomer andconcha, vomer and opposite palatine boneopposite palatine bone..
Superiorly
rotated
cut surface of
maxilla
Palatine bone Bilateral palatine bones
4. Horizontal process of
palatine bone with its
rough oral surface
Bilateral palatine bones viewed from posterior aspect
Pyramidal process
A large
Posterior
Orbital
process
A small anterior
Orbital process
Conchal
Crest for
Inferior
concha
8. Frontal bone forming upper portion of bony orbit
Maxilla & infraorbital foramen
Zygoma bone
Zygomatic arch
Temporal
bone
Parietal bone
Greater wing
Of sphenoid
bone
Optic foramen
in lesser wing
of sphenoid
bone
Orbital plate of
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Orbital portion of
Palatine bone
( small white)
Nasal bone
9. Palatal view of maxillary bone
Here the horizontal process of palatine bone is attached
10. Posterior portion of palate formed by horizontal plate
of palatine bone
Greater palatine foramen formed by notches in posterolat-
-eral area of palatal process of maxilla & corresponding
area of horizontal Plate of palatine bone
Lesser
Palatine
Foramen in
pyramidal
Process of
Palatine
bone
Concave
Posterior
Border of
Horizontal
Plate of
Palatine
bone
11. Palatine bone supplements the maxilla &Palatine bone supplements the maxilla &
furnishes the link between the maxilla &furnishes the link between the maxilla &
the sphenoid bone. It consists of a 1]the sphenoid bone. It consists of a 1]
horizontal platehorizontal plate & a 2]& a 2] vertical platevertical plate joinedjoined
at right angle.at right angle.
1] The horizontal plate, with its smooth1] The horizontal plate, with its smooth
sup--erior or nasal surface & its roughsup--erior or nasal surface & its rough
inferior or oral surface, forms theinferior or oral surface, forms the
posterior part of the hard palate. Itsposterior part of the hard palate. Its
anterior beveled border overlaps theanterior beveled border overlaps the
palatine process of the maxilla in thepalatine process of the maxilla in the
transverse palatine suture. The medialtransverse palatine suture. The medial
border connects with the palatine bone ofborder connects with the palatine bone of
the other side in the median orthe other side in the median or
interpalatine suture, which is ainterpalatine suture, which is a
12. continuation of the intermaxillary suture.continuation of the intermaxillary suture.
At its nasal surface theAt its nasal surface the medial border ismedial border is
elevated to a sharp crest that continueselevated to a sharp crest that continues
with that of the other side, the nasal crestwith that of the other side, the nasal crest
of the maxillary bones. The posteriorof the maxillary bones. The posterior
border of the horizontal palate is concaveborder of the horizontal palate is concave
& terminates in a sharp spine that forms,& terminates in a sharp spine that forms,
in conjunction with that of thein conjunction with that of the
contralateral bone,contralateral bone, the posterior nasalthe posterior nasal
spinespine. In front of the posterior border, the. In front of the posterior border, the
oral surface of the horizontal plate is oftenoral surface of the horizontal plate is often
elevated as a sharp transverse ridge –elevated as a sharp transverse ridge – thethe
palatine crestpalatine crest. The lateral border between. The lateral border between
hoizontal & vertical plates, is connectedhoizontal & vertical plates, is connected
with the medial surface of the maxilla atwith the medial surface of the maxilla at
13. the level between body & alveolar process.the level between body & alveolar process.
This border is cut near its anterior end byThis border is cut near its anterior end by
a notch that completes a similar notch ina notch that completes a similar notch in
the maxilla to form thethe maxilla to form the major palatinemajor palatine
foramen ( Greater palatine foramen)foramen ( Greater palatine foramen)..
2] The vertical plate of palatine bone is2] The vertical plate of palatine bone is
almost twice as high as it is wide. Its upperalmost twice as high as it is wide. Its upper
border is divided by the deepborder is divided by the deep
sphenopalat--ine notchsphenopalat--ine notch into twointo two
processes, a large anteriorprocesses, a large anterior orbital processorbital process
& a small posterior& a small posterior sphenoid processsphenoid process. The. The
greater part of the vertical lamella is ingreater part of the vertical lamella is in
contact with the inner surface of thecontact with the inner surface of the
maxillary body posterior to the opening ofmaxillary body posterior to the opening of
the maxillary sinus. A tongue likethe maxillary sinus. A tongue like
14. process of the vertical lamella, arising inprocess of the vertical lamella, arising in
the inferior part of the anterior border,the inferior part of the anterior border,
closes the posteroinferior part of thecloses the posteroinferior part of the
maxillary hiatus, thus narrowing itmaxillary hiatus, thus narrowing it
considerably. On the outer surface of theconsiderably. On the outer surface of the
vertical plate a sulcus begins below thevertical plate a sulcus begins below the
sphenopalatine notch & ends at the notchsphenopalatine notch & ends at the notch
of the major palatine foramen. Thisof the major palatine foramen. This
sulcus, the pterygopalatine groove, fits tosulcus, the pterygopalatine groove, fits to
the pterygopalatine groove of the maxillathe pterygopalatine groove of the maxilla
& thus completes the wall of the& thus completes the wall of the
pterygopalatine canalpterygopalatine canal. Above this sulcus &. Above this sulcus &
around the palatine notch the lateralaround the palatine notch the lateral
surface of the vertical plate of the palatinesurface of the vertical plate of the palatine
bone is smooth & forms the inner wallbone is smooth & forms the inner wall
15. of the pterygopalatine fossa. The sphenoidof the pterygopalatine fossa. The sphenoid
process behind the sphenopalatine notchprocess behind the sphenopalatine notch
joins the sphenoid body. Thejoins the sphenoid body. The orbitalorbital
processprocess fits on to the posterosuperiorfits on to the posterosuperior
corner of the maxillary body. It completescorner of the maxillary body. It completes
the orbital surface of the maxilla on itsthe orbital surface of the maxilla on its
posterior corner. The orbital process isposterior corner. The orbital process is
often hollowed out by shallow fovae thatoften hollowed out by shallow fovae that
closes a posteroinferior ethmoid cell.closes a posteroinferior ethmoid cell.
behind this fovae the orbital process isbehind this fovae the orbital process is
connected to the anterior surface of theconnected to the anterior surface of the
sphenoid body. Since both the orbital &sphenoid body. Since both the orbital &
sphenoid processes joined to the sphenoidsphenoid processes joined to the sphenoid
16. bone above, the notch between thesebone above, the notch between these
processes is closed by the body ofprocesses is closed by the body of
Sphenoid to form theSphenoid to form the sphenopalatinesphenopalatine
foramen – a communication betweenforamen – a communication between
pterygopalatine fossa & nasal cavity.pterygopalatine fossa & nasal cavity.
The medial or nasal surface of the verticalThe medial or nasal surface of the vertical
plate is generally smooth. At the borderplate is generally smooth. At the border
between the inferior third & middle thirdbetween the inferior third & middle third
it is traversed by a sharp horizontal ridge,it is traversed by a sharp horizontal ridge,
thethe conchal crestconchal crest, which serves as the, which serves as the
attachment of theattachment of the inferior conchainferior concha..
Near its base the orbital process is crossedNear its base the orbital process is crossed
by another horizontal rough line- theby another horizontal rough line- the
17. ethmoid crestethmoid crest, to which the posterior end, to which the posterior end
of theof the middle nasal concha of the ethmoidmiddle nasal concha of the ethmoid
bonebone is joined.is joined. From the junction of theFrom the junction of the
vertical & horizontal plates at thevertical & horizontal plates at the
postero--lateral corner of the palatinepostero--lateral corner of the palatine
bone, the short, stoutbone, the short, stout pyramidal processpyramidal process
arises. It serves as a firm anchorage of thearises. It serves as a firm anchorage of the
maxillo--palatine complex to the lowermaxillo--palatine complex to the lower
end of theend of the pterygoid process of thepterygoid process of the
sphenoid bonesphenoid bone. The pyramidal process. The pyramidal process
fills the pterygoid notch between thefills the pterygoid notch between the
medial & lateral pterygoid plates, whichmedial & lateral pterygoid plates, which
themselves fits into grooves at thethemselves fits into grooves at the
18. the pyramidal process. The lower surfacethe pyramidal process. The lower surface
of the pyramidal process continues theof the pyramidal process continues the
oral surface of the horizontal palatineoral surface of the horizontal palatine
plate at the posterolateral corner justplate at the posterolateral corner just
behind the greater palatine foramen.behind the greater palatine foramen.
Medially & behind this foramen theMedially & behind this foramen the
process carries a variably developed sharpprocess carries a variably developed sharp
crest. Behind the greater palatine foramencrest. Behind the greater palatine foramen
are one or two or sometimes three, smallerare one or two or sometimes three, smaller
openings (openings (the lesser palatine foraminathe lesser palatine foramina), at), at
which the narrow canals open that branchwhich the narrow canals open that branch
from the pterygopalatine canal & perforatefrom the pterygopalatine canal & perforate
the pyramidal process.the pyramidal process.
====================================================================