Radiographic Assessment of the Prevalence of Pulp Stones in Malaysians
Kannan et al.
JOE — Volume 41, Number 3, March 2015
Pulp stones are discrete calcified bodies found in the dental pulp.
They have calcium phosphorous ratios similar to dentin and can be seen in healthy, diseased, or even unerupted teeth
Radiographically, pulp stones appear as radiopaque structures in the pulp space that frequently act as an impediment during endodontic treatment
Radiographic Assessment of the Prevalence of Pulp Stones in Malaysians
Kannan et al.
JOE — Volume 41, Number 3, March 2015
Pulp stones are discrete calcified bodies found in the dental pulp.
They have calcium phosphorous ratios similar to dentin and can be seen in healthy, diseased, or even unerupted teeth
Radiographically, pulp stones appear as radiopaque structures in the pulp space that frequently act as an impediment during endodontic treatment
This ppt gives information about alveolar bone . I am a post graduate student from the department of periodontics and implantology , I've tried to make the topic as easy as possible. Hope it is useful for the ug students.
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This content consists of the Periodontal Ligament, Cementum and the Alveolar Bone discriptions. You can also find many content related captions over here. Thanks
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Alveolar bone /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
We can can minimize the risks of disease transmission to our self and to the patients in the dental office through carefully following the infection control and safety guidelines,
Dr. Hesham Dameer
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. The students have to know
1- Definition of alveolar bone
2- Alveolar bone components
3- Alveolar bone development
4- Alveolar bone structure & its clinical applications
5- Alveolar bone appearance in x-ray
6- Physiologic & orthodontic movements related to the alveolar bone
3. • Alveolar bone is that part of
the maxilla and mandible that
contains the alveoli or
sockets of the teeth and
supports the teeth.
• The alveolar socket is the cavity within the alveolar bone in
which the root of the tooth is held by the periodontal ligament.
If the teeth are lost the alveolar process disappears
4. • The alveolar bone
between the roots of
adjacent teeth is
known as the
Interdental Septum.
• The alveolar bone
between the roots of
multi-rooted teeth is
called the Inter-
radicular Septum.
8. • Anatomically no boundary exists between the alveolar bone & the
basal bone (body of the mandible and maxilla). An imaginary line
at the root apices separates the alv. bone & the basal bone of the
jaws.
Alv.
Bone
Basal
Bone
9. • The alv. bone develops with the formation and the
eruption of teeth, when the teeth are congenitally
messing (anodontia), the alv. bone do not develop at all.
• The maintenance of the alv. bone is dependent on the
presence of the teeth. When the teeth are lost, it
gradually resorbs.
10. • Near the end of the 2nd month IUL. The outer and
inner plates of the body of the maxilla and mandible
grow in a vertical direction forming a groove that is
opened towards the of the oral cavity.
• The tooth germs are contained in this groove.
• Gradually bony septa develop between the adjacent
tooth germs.
11. • The actual alveolar process formation is associated
with the root formation & the eruption process.
• With the root formation the bony crypt is
transformed into socket.
• In fetal life the alveolar bone is formed, like the rest of
the skeleton, of woven bone .
12. Structure of the alveolar process
Adult alveolar process is
composed of 2 parts :
1. Alveolar bone prope
2. Supporting bone.
14. •The alveolar bone proper is a thin layer
of bone that surrounds the root and gives
attachment to the principal PDL fibers.
•It is perforated by numerous minute
foramina (Volkman's Canals) that carry
the BV & nerves into the periodontal
ligament and that is why it is called the
cribriform plate.
•The term lamina dura (dura hard) is
given to this layer of bone from its dense
radiopaque appearance in X-ray
1- The alveolar bone proper
18. The alveolar bone proper is
made up of:
A. Bundle bone adjacent to the
PDL where the principal
fibers are attached (bone of
attachment)
B. Compact bone which
consists of superficial
parallel lamellae &
deeper portions made up of
Haversian system
Histology of the alveolar bone proper
20. The bundle bone is
the bone of
attachment.
It varies in
thickness.
According to the
functional demands
Always its thicker
distally than
mesially
Mesial
Distal
?
bundle
bone
PDL
Tooth
root
21. • The supporting bone
consists of 2 parts :
• I) Cortical plates, which are
made of compact bone
• II) The spongy (cancellous)
bone, which fills the area
between these plates and the
alveolar bone proper .
.
2- Supporting alveolar bone
22. • The cortical plates of the
alveolar processes are
continuous with the labial &
lingual cortical plates of the
maxilla and mandible.
• Generally, they are thinner in
the maxilla than in the
mandible.
23. In the region of the
anterior teeth of
both jaws the
cortical plates are
very thin and
fused directly with
the alveolar bone
proper with no
spongy bone in
between .
24. They are thickest in
the premolar and
molar regions, where
the Ling. plate is
thicker than the
buccal one.
In the region of the
mandibular third
molar, the Lingual
plate is thinner than
the buccal one
because of the
presence of the
25.
26. • During extraction, the last extraction movement
is toward the thinner cortical plate.
27. • In the maxilla, the outer cortical plate is perforated
by Volkman's Canals and may show defects in the
posterior teeth region.
• Larger defect exposing the root portion is known
as fenestration.
• If the defect includes the coronal alveolar crest it is
called dehiscence.
30. • It is found between the alv.
bone proper and the
cortical plates and between
the alv. bone proper of the
adjacent sockets.
• Its degree of development
is related to the forces of
mastication.
• It is absent in the anterior
region of both jaws where
the outer wall of the tooth
sockets is very thin .
31. • Cancellous bone is very sensitive to variation in
functional forces. The increase in functional force
leads to formation of new dense bone. Decreased
function leads to decrease in the volume of bone.
• This can be observed in the cancellous bone of teeth
which have lost their antagonists. Here the
cancellous bone around the alveolus is reduced and
the trabeculae become less numerous and very thin.
32. Radiographic appearance of alveolar bone
Appears as a
radioopaque (white)
line adjacent to the
root and separated
from it by a
radiolucent line (dark)
representing the space
of the periodontal
ligament.
Lamina dura
33. • The alveolar process is
classified into 2 main
types:
• Type I:
The interdental and
interadicular trabeculae
are regular and horizontal
in a ladder-like
arrangement, This type is
more seen in the mandible
Radiographic appearance of alveolar bone
34. • Type II:
• The interdental and
interadicular trabeculae
are more numerous,
delicate and irregularly
arranged. This type is
more seen in the maxilla
36. Bone remodeling
&
Bone modeling
• Bone formation occurs throughout life by a process called
bone remodeling. During remodeling bone formation is
usually preceded by bone resorption.
• Bone formation is due to the tension (pull) of the
periodontal ligament fibers.
• Bone resorption is due to the pressure of the P.D.L fibers.
• While the process by which the overall size and shape of
bone is established is referred to as bone modeling.
37. Physiologic
movement
• Mesial drift
• Occlusal movemen
( Poste eruptive movement )
Orthodontic movement
During the orth. movement, the
alv. bone is under the remodeling
process . After orth. movement,
the alv. bone undergo modeling
process .
Tooth movement
38. Mesial Drift
• It is physiologic
tendency
of all teeth to move
towards the midline
• During mesial drift
bone is apposed
on the distal
alveolar wall
bone is resorbed
on the mesial
alveolar wall.
39. Occlussal Movement
It is physiologic tendency
of all teeth to move
towards the occlussal
plane
During occlussal
drift, there is
periapical bone
appossition causing
tooth elongation
40. Self-Evaluation Review
1. Define alveolar
2. Discuss alveolar bone structure
3. True or False
a. Alv. Bone is called cribriform plate because bundles of Sharpey’s fibers are
inserted in it ( )
b. It is called lamina dura because it appears radiolucent in x-ray ( )
c. Bundles bone is more found in the distal wall of the alveolar process ( )
d. Cancellous bone of the supporting bone is very sensitive to variation in
functional forces ( )
4. Discuss the radiographic appearance of the alveolar bone
5. Discuss bone remodeling & modeling with its applications
6. In mesial drift bone…………….is found mesial alveolar bone & ……….. is
found distal alveolar bone
41. • Antonio Nanci: Ten cat`s Oral Histology: Development, Structure, and
Function, 8th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences, Mosby, 20`3
• Bhasker, S.N.: Orban’s Oral Histology and Embryology, Edition By G.S.
Kumar, Mosby 13th ed. 2011
• Avery, J.K. : Oral development and Histology, 3rd ed New York Thieme
2002
• Avery, J.K., Daniel, J & Chiego, Jr: Essential of Oral Histology and
Embryology. A clinical Approach 4th ed 2013
• Berkovitz, B.K.B., Holland, G.R. & Moxham, B.J.: Oral Anatomy, histology
and Embryology, 4th ed Mosby 2009