The document summarizes research on the mechanisms by which Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) induces liver fibrosis. Key findings include:
1) HCV infection of hepatocytes increases secretion and mRNA levels of TGF-β1, a key profibrogenic cytokine.
2) Specific HCV proteins like NS3, NS3/4A, and NS5A induce TGF-β1 secretion by activating its promoter. Mutational analysis found NS3/4A and NS5A require intact domains for this effect.
3) HCV induces reactive oxygen species that activate the TGF-β1 promoter. Inhibiting calcium signaling and antioxidants decrease TGF-β1 induction, implicating
Dr. Yao-Wei Huang - Here we go again? Emergence of a novel swine enteric alph...John Blue
Here we go again? Emergence of a novel swine enteric alphacoronavirus (SeACov) in Southern China - Dr. Yao-Wei Huang, Zhejiang University, from the 2017 North American PRRS/National Swine Improvement Federation Joint Meeting, December 1‐3, 2017, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-north-american-prrs-nsif-joint-meeting
In Vitro Diagnostic (IVD) Antibody Development - Creative BiolabsCreative-Biolabs
This slide is a brief introduction of in vitro diagnostic (IVD) antibody development. This presentation includes the introduction of background, principle and process of antibody development, difficulties in antibody development, as well as the antibody services of Creative Biolabs.
1) Chimpanzees vaccinated with HIV neutralizing antibodies were resistant to homologous virus challenge but the challenge dose and route were important factors in determining protection.
2) SIV vaccination studies in monkeys showed protection against SIV challenge, even when the vaccine did not contain SIV, possibly due to antibodies against host proteins in the virus envelope.
3) An adenovirus-based vaccine aimed at cytotoxic T lymphocytes failed to prevent HIV infection in a clinical trial, possibly due to pre-existing antibodies against the viral vector.
T-cell responses induced by an Ad35-vectored HIV vaccine were broad, durable, polyfunctional and could inhibit HIV in a phase I trial. The vaccine induced HIV-specific T-cell responses in over 86% of subjects as measured by IFN-γ ELISPOT. Responses targeted multiple HIV proteins and were predominantly from CD8+ T-cells. T-cells exhibited multifunctionality with cytokine production and degranulation. Modest antibody responses were induced with no neutralizing antibodies detected. Further studies will evaluate prime-boost regimens to enhance the breadth and potency of immune responses.
The document describes a study that identified nine putative cases of ancient horizontal gene transfer between plants and fungi through phylogenetic analysis. The study analyzed protein sequences from plants, fungi, and other eukaryotes to identify gene families that showed phylogenetic trees indicative of rare HGT events between the domains. Four lines of evidence supported the identification of these nine candidate genes as horizontally transferred, including alternative tree topologies and statistical tests.
The document summarizes research on the mechanisms by which Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) induces liver fibrosis. Key findings include:
1) HCV infection of hepatocytes increases secretion and mRNA levels of TGF-β1, a key profibrogenic cytokine.
2) Specific HCV proteins like NS3, NS3/4A, and NS5A induce TGF-β1 secretion by activating its promoter. Mutational analysis found NS3/4A and NS5A require intact domains for this effect.
3) HCV induces reactive oxygen species that activate the TGF-β1 promoter. Inhibiting calcium signaling and antioxidants decrease TGF-β1 induction, implicating
Dr. Yao-Wei Huang - Here we go again? Emergence of a novel swine enteric alph...John Blue
Here we go again? Emergence of a novel swine enteric alphacoronavirus (SeACov) in Southern China - Dr. Yao-Wei Huang, Zhejiang University, from the 2017 North American PRRS/National Swine Improvement Federation Joint Meeting, December 1‐3, 2017, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-north-american-prrs-nsif-joint-meeting
In Vitro Diagnostic (IVD) Antibody Development - Creative BiolabsCreative-Biolabs
This slide is a brief introduction of in vitro diagnostic (IVD) antibody development. This presentation includes the introduction of background, principle and process of antibody development, difficulties in antibody development, as well as the antibody services of Creative Biolabs.
1) Chimpanzees vaccinated with HIV neutralizing antibodies were resistant to homologous virus challenge but the challenge dose and route were important factors in determining protection.
2) SIV vaccination studies in monkeys showed protection against SIV challenge, even when the vaccine did not contain SIV, possibly due to antibodies against host proteins in the virus envelope.
3) An adenovirus-based vaccine aimed at cytotoxic T lymphocytes failed to prevent HIV infection in a clinical trial, possibly due to pre-existing antibodies against the viral vector.
T-cell responses induced by an Ad35-vectored HIV vaccine were broad, durable, polyfunctional and could inhibit HIV in a phase I trial. The vaccine induced HIV-specific T-cell responses in over 86% of subjects as measured by IFN-γ ELISPOT. Responses targeted multiple HIV proteins and were predominantly from CD8+ T-cells. T-cells exhibited multifunctionality with cytokine production and degranulation. Modest antibody responses were induced with no neutralizing antibodies detected. Further studies will evaluate prime-boost regimens to enhance the breadth and potency of immune responses.
The document describes a study that identified nine putative cases of ancient horizontal gene transfer between plants and fungi through phylogenetic analysis. The study analyzed protein sequences from plants, fungi, and other eukaryotes to identify gene families that showed phylogenetic trees indicative of rare HGT events between the domains. Four lines of evidence supported the identification of these nine candidate genes as horizontally transferred, including alternative tree topologies and statistical tests.
Roles of phophatidylserine (PS) in enveloped virus infection. David Coil, Ph...DavidCoil
1. Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a phospholipid found in cell membranes that enhances infection by enveloped viruses when added to target cells.
2. Experiments showed PS increased viral titers and infection rates for viruses like VSV, RD114, and JSRV but did not enhance infection when functional receptors were absent.
3. PS is thought to lower the energy required for viral and cell membrane fusion, facilitating viral entry. However, PS itself is not the receptor for viruses like VSV.
Dr. Randy Prather - Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Resis...John Blue
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Resistant Pigs - Dr. Randy Prather, University of Missouri, from the 2015 North American PRRS Symposium, December 4 - 5, 2015, Chicago, IL, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-north-american-prrs-symposium
Anti Virus Biomolecular Discovery - Creative BiolabsCreative-Biolabs
Creative Biolabs is the leading custom service provider in antibody development and engineering. Our scientists bring state-of-the-art technology to support functional antibody and peptide discovery services against viruses. Here, we will introduce the virus and its pathogenic mechanism in detail. At the same time, you will learn how to obtain functional anti-virus antibodies and peptides through our technology platform.
This presentation will provide an overview about basics of transplantation, types of grafts, process of graft rejection, immunological background about graft rejection, tissue typing procedures, clinical manifestation of graft rejection and graft versus host reaction. The references used for making this presentation is- Kuby Immunology 5th and 7th edition. Other source of information is via internet.
Elucidating the role of the Chromosomal Type III Secretion System structural ...Jackson Osaghae-Nosa
- The document discusses a study examining the role of the structural protein SsaV in the chromosomal type III secretion system (T3SS) of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague.
- The study uses a mutant strain, EO-55, which has a nonfunctional SsaV protein in the chromosomal T3SS. Assays are conducted to analyze intracellular survival and cytotoxicity of EO-55 compared to the parental strain CO92 pCD1- in macrophages.
- Preliminary data suggests mutation of SsaV does not impact intracellular survival of Y. pestis. Further experiments are proposed to better understand the function of the chromosomal T3SS and role
Protein biomarker capabilities for NanosphereWinton Gibbons
The document discusses protein biomarker detection capabilities using nanoparticle probes. It describes a range of protein biomarker concentrations that can be detected, from millimolar to zeptomolar, and examples of disease areas like cancer, Alzheimer's, and cardiovascular disease. It also outlines opportunities for protein biomarker tests in areas like autoimmune disease, pharmacogenomics, respiratory infections, and cardiac biomarkers. The technology uses gold nanoparticle probes attached to capture antibodies to detect proteins through light scattering techniques.
1) Several studies have traced the recruitment of monocytes into atherosclerotic plaques using labeling techniques. Gerrity et al labeled monocytes with FITC and found them adhered to plaque sites.
2) Willerson et al labeled macrophages with fluorescent microspheres and found them adhering to plaques. Antibodies to ICAM-1 and integrin reduced recruitment.
3) Steinberg et al transfused leukocytes between genetically different rabbits to track recruitment to plaques using PCR, finding over 600 donor cells per million in early fatty streaks and over 3,800 in advanced plaques.
This document summarizes several studies that investigated methods for quantifying and tracking monocyte recruitment into atherosclerotic plaques. Initial studies in pigs used electron microscopy to observe monocyte movement into plaques. Subsequent studies labeled monocytes with fluorescent tags or genetic markers and tracked their movement into plaques in animal models like pigs, mice and rabbits. These studies found that labeled monocytes were detected within plaque lesions and that antibodies blocking adhesion molecules reduced monocyte recruitment, demonstrating the methods effectively tracked and quantified monocyte infiltration into plaques.
The one-step RT-qPCR assay developed by Exopol S.L. was able to detect a wide variety of ruminant pestiviruses with excellent specificity and good sensitivity down to 102 copies per reaction. Testing on 272 clinical samples identified BVDV/BDV in 17.1% of cattle and 16.7% of sheep samples, with most positive cases in reproductive swabs and blood/serum. The assay provides a reliable and sensitive diagnostic tool for routine detection of pestiviruses in ruminants.
Dr. Ben Hause - Metagenomic Sequencing for Virus Discovery and CharacterizationJohn Blue
Metagenomic Sequencing for Virus Discovery and Characterization - Dr. Ben Hause, Kansas State University, from the 2015 North American PRRS Symposium, December 4 - 5, 2015, Chicago, IL, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-north-american-prrs-symposium
Leishmania amazonensis INFECTION INDUCES CHANGES IN POTASSIUM PERMEABILITY OF...Mariela Marín
1. The document examines how Leishmania amazonensis infection affects the membrane potential and potassium permeability of macrophage-like cells.
2. It finds that infected macrophages initially depolarize but then hyperpolarize over time as infection progresses, shifting their membrane potential. This hyperpolarization is accompanied by an increase in inward potassium currents.
3. The changes are specific to infection by the parasite and differ from those seen due to phagocytosis of latex beads. The hyperpolarization and increased inward currents during later infection suggest the parasite modifies ion transport properties of macrophages to benefit its survival.
Recent advances in African swine fever vaccine development at the Internation...ILRI
Presentation by Lucilla Steinaa at a Global African Swine Fever Research Alliance (GARA)/International Alliance for Biological Standardization (IABS) webinar on current efforts in African swine fever vaccines, 6 May 2021
Learn about a powerful new cell-based assay for specifically measuring target cancer cell death in co-cultures. Very useful in the development of immunotherapy drugs.
The document summarizes research on expressing HIV-1 antigens in plants as a potential vaccine. The researchers found that transient expression in plants is a viable alternative to transgenic plants. They determined that targeting the HIV-1 Gag protein Pr55Gag and its derivative p17/24 to chloroplasts yielded the highest levels of these proteins. Mice vaccinated with p17/24 produced from chloroplasts developed strong CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses and HIV-specific antibodies, showing it is a promising vaccine candidate.
1) The document discusses the coevolutionary struggle between plants and pathogens, with pathogens secreting effector proteins that suppress plant immunity and plants evolving resistance genes to detect effectors.
2) Sequencing of the P. sojae genome revealed a huge superfamily of over 400 effector-like genes that show signs of accelerated divergence, likely due to coevolutionary conflict with plant hosts.
3) Analysis of P. sojae transcriptomes showed that a small number of effector genes contribute most transcripts during infection, suggesting a few key effectors have disproportionate importance for virulence.
I reviewed several manuscripts, books, grants and project proposals. This is one of the paper I reviewed recently published in Plant Biotechnology Journal
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that causes crown gall disease in plants by transferring a segment of DNA (T-DNA) from its tumor-inducing plasmid into the plant genome. The T-DNA encodes genes that result in tumor formation. Virulence genes on the plasmid and bacterial chromosome are required for T-DNA processing, transfer to the plant cell, and integration into the plant nuclear genome, with key roles played by VirD2 and VirE2 proteins. Understanding this natural form of horizontal gene transfer between domains has provided insights into intracellular transport mechanisms.
Viral Based Gene Delivery System for Car-t Cell Engineering Creative-Biolabs
A brief introduction about lentiviral vector gene delivery system and its application in CAR-T cell construction. Creative Biolabs offers high quality lentivirus based CAR gene delivery service to help with your CAR-T cell development projects.
Gene transfer in the liver using recombinant adeno-associated virusJonathan G. Godwin
This document describes methods for delivering gene transfer vectors to the liver using recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV). It discusses that intravenous injection of rAAV serotypes results in efficient transduction of the liver. The document provides protocols for preparing rAAV vector samples and delivering the vectors to mouse liver through lateral tail vein injection, retro-orbital sinus injection, or portal vein injection. It notes that tail vein injection is the most common method but retro-orbital sinus injection can be used as an alternative for young or neonatal mice. Precise vector dosing and injection technique are emphasized for achieving effective liver-directed gene transfer.
Roles of phophatidylserine (PS) in enveloped virus infection. David Coil, Ph...DavidCoil
1. Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a phospholipid found in cell membranes that enhances infection by enveloped viruses when added to target cells.
2. Experiments showed PS increased viral titers and infection rates for viruses like VSV, RD114, and JSRV but did not enhance infection when functional receptors were absent.
3. PS is thought to lower the energy required for viral and cell membrane fusion, facilitating viral entry. However, PS itself is not the receptor for viruses like VSV.
Dr. Randy Prather - Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Resis...John Blue
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Resistant Pigs - Dr. Randy Prather, University of Missouri, from the 2015 North American PRRS Symposium, December 4 - 5, 2015, Chicago, IL, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-north-american-prrs-symposium
Anti Virus Biomolecular Discovery - Creative BiolabsCreative-Biolabs
Creative Biolabs is the leading custom service provider in antibody development and engineering. Our scientists bring state-of-the-art technology to support functional antibody and peptide discovery services against viruses. Here, we will introduce the virus and its pathogenic mechanism in detail. At the same time, you will learn how to obtain functional anti-virus antibodies and peptides through our technology platform.
This presentation will provide an overview about basics of transplantation, types of grafts, process of graft rejection, immunological background about graft rejection, tissue typing procedures, clinical manifestation of graft rejection and graft versus host reaction. The references used for making this presentation is- Kuby Immunology 5th and 7th edition. Other source of information is via internet.
Elucidating the role of the Chromosomal Type III Secretion System structural ...Jackson Osaghae-Nosa
- The document discusses a study examining the role of the structural protein SsaV in the chromosomal type III secretion system (T3SS) of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague.
- The study uses a mutant strain, EO-55, which has a nonfunctional SsaV protein in the chromosomal T3SS. Assays are conducted to analyze intracellular survival and cytotoxicity of EO-55 compared to the parental strain CO92 pCD1- in macrophages.
- Preliminary data suggests mutation of SsaV does not impact intracellular survival of Y. pestis. Further experiments are proposed to better understand the function of the chromosomal T3SS and role
Protein biomarker capabilities for NanosphereWinton Gibbons
The document discusses protein biomarker detection capabilities using nanoparticle probes. It describes a range of protein biomarker concentrations that can be detected, from millimolar to zeptomolar, and examples of disease areas like cancer, Alzheimer's, and cardiovascular disease. It also outlines opportunities for protein biomarker tests in areas like autoimmune disease, pharmacogenomics, respiratory infections, and cardiac biomarkers. The technology uses gold nanoparticle probes attached to capture antibodies to detect proteins through light scattering techniques.
1) Several studies have traced the recruitment of monocytes into atherosclerotic plaques using labeling techniques. Gerrity et al labeled monocytes with FITC and found them adhered to plaque sites.
2) Willerson et al labeled macrophages with fluorescent microspheres and found them adhering to plaques. Antibodies to ICAM-1 and integrin reduced recruitment.
3) Steinberg et al transfused leukocytes between genetically different rabbits to track recruitment to plaques using PCR, finding over 600 donor cells per million in early fatty streaks and over 3,800 in advanced plaques.
This document summarizes several studies that investigated methods for quantifying and tracking monocyte recruitment into atherosclerotic plaques. Initial studies in pigs used electron microscopy to observe monocyte movement into plaques. Subsequent studies labeled monocytes with fluorescent tags or genetic markers and tracked their movement into plaques in animal models like pigs, mice and rabbits. These studies found that labeled monocytes were detected within plaque lesions and that antibodies blocking adhesion molecules reduced monocyte recruitment, demonstrating the methods effectively tracked and quantified monocyte infiltration into plaques.
The one-step RT-qPCR assay developed by Exopol S.L. was able to detect a wide variety of ruminant pestiviruses with excellent specificity and good sensitivity down to 102 copies per reaction. Testing on 272 clinical samples identified BVDV/BDV in 17.1% of cattle and 16.7% of sheep samples, with most positive cases in reproductive swabs and blood/serum. The assay provides a reliable and sensitive diagnostic tool for routine detection of pestiviruses in ruminants.
Dr. Ben Hause - Metagenomic Sequencing for Virus Discovery and CharacterizationJohn Blue
Metagenomic Sequencing for Virus Discovery and Characterization - Dr. Ben Hause, Kansas State University, from the 2015 North American PRRS Symposium, December 4 - 5, 2015, Chicago, IL, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-north-american-prrs-symposium
Leishmania amazonensis INFECTION INDUCES CHANGES IN POTASSIUM PERMEABILITY OF...Mariela Marín
1. The document examines how Leishmania amazonensis infection affects the membrane potential and potassium permeability of macrophage-like cells.
2. It finds that infected macrophages initially depolarize but then hyperpolarize over time as infection progresses, shifting their membrane potential. This hyperpolarization is accompanied by an increase in inward potassium currents.
3. The changes are specific to infection by the parasite and differ from those seen due to phagocytosis of latex beads. The hyperpolarization and increased inward currents during later infection suggest the parasite modifies ion transport properties of macrophages to benefit its survival.
Recent advances in African swine fever vaccine development at the Internation...ILRI
Presentation by Lucilla Steinaa at a Global African Swine Fever Research Alliance (GARA)/International Alliance for Biological Standardization (IABS) webinar on current efforts in African swine fever vaccines, 6 May 2021
Learn about a powerful new cell-based assay for specifically measuring target cancer cell death in co-cultures. Very useful in the development of immunotherapy drugs.
The document summarizes research on expressing HIV-1 antigens in plants as a potential vaccine. The researchers found that transient expression in plants is a viable alternative to transgenic plants. They determined that targeting the HIV-1 Gag protein Pr55Gag and its derivative p17/24 to chloroplasts yielded the highest levels of these proteins. Mice vaccinated with p17/24 produced from chloroplasts developed strong CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses and HIV-specific antibodies, showing it is a promising vaccine candidate.
1) The document discusses the coevolutionary struggle between plants and pathogens, with pathogens secreting effector proteins that suppress plant immunity and plants evolving resistance genes to detect effectors.
2) Sequencing of the P. sojae genome revealed a huge superfamily of over 400 effector-like genes that show signs of accelerated divergence, likely due to coevolutionary conflict with plant hosts.
3) Analysis of P. sojae transcriptomes showed that a small number of effector genes contribute most transcripts during infection, suggesting a few key effectors have disproportionate importance for virulence.
I reviewed several manuscripts, books, grants and project proposals. This is one of the paper I reviewed recently published in Plant Biotechnology Journal
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that causes crown gall disease in plants by transferring a segment of DNA (T-DNA) from its tumor-inducing plasmid into the plant genome. The T-DNA encodes genes that result in tumor formation. Virulence genes on the plasmid and bacterial chromosome are required for T-DNA processing, transfer to the plant cell, and integration into the plant nuclear genome, with key roles played by VirD2 and VirE2 proteins. Understanding this natural form of horizontal gene transfer between domains has provided insights into intracellular transport mechanisms.
Viral Based Gene Delivery System for Car-t Cell Engineering Creative-Biolabs
A brief introduction about lentiviral vector gene delivery system and its application in CAR-T cell construction. Creative Biolabs offers high quality lentivirus based CAR gene delivery service to help with your CAR-T cell development projects.
Gene transfer in the liver using recombinant adeno-associated virusJonathan G. Godwin
This document describes methods for delivering gene transfer vectors to the liver using recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV). It discusses that intravenous injection of rAAV serotypes results in efficient transduction of the liver. The document provides protocols for preparing rAAV vector samples and delivering the vectors to mouse liver through lateral tail vein injection, retro-orbital sinus injection, or portal vein injection. It notes that tail vein injection is the most common method but retro-orbital sinus injection can be used as an alternative for young or neonatal mice. Precise vector dosing and injection technique are emphasized for achieving effective liver-directed gene transfer.
The document summarizes Melissa Agnello's dissertation defense on the biological impact of fluoroquinolone resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Some key points:
1) P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause various infections. Fluoroquinolones are commonly used to treat P. aeruginosa infections but resistance is rising, limiting treatment options.
2) Studies found that exoU strains, which cause worse disease outcomes, were more likely to be fluoroquinolone resistant. However, the reasons for this were unknown.
3) Agnello's dissertation aimed to understand why exoU strains were more likely to develop resistance. Her work showed that exoU strains have a lower
The document discusses regulatory guidelines for characterization of continuous cell lines used in bioprocessing. It outlines the key definitions, tests, and guidelines recommended by ICH, FDA, and EU for master cell banks, working cell banks, and end-of-production cells. These include testing for sterility, mycoplasma, adventitious agents, karyotyping, and more. The guidelines aim to ensure safety and consistency of cell lines used in biotherapeutic production.
- Serum carboxylesterase knockout (sCaE KO) mice lack an enzyme that provides increased protection against certain organophosphorous nerve agents in mice and rats compared to primates.
- Analysis found that sCaE KO mice are physiologically similar to wild-type mice except for the absence of the carboxylesterase enzyme in their blood.
- sCaE KO mice were found to have LD50 values for G-series nerve agents that were 20-40% of those for wild-type mice, indicating they are a more relevant model for predicting human responses compared to other small animal models.
- Injection of bioscavenger enzymes in sCaE KO mice protected them against
This document describes a study conducted at Los Alamos National Laboratory to investigate the evolution of influenza A virus (IAV) under artificial selection pressure. The researchers engineered host cells to express IAV proteins and infected these "supplemented" cells with IAV over multiple passages. They hypothesized that the virus would evolve to efficiently infect the supplemented cells while losing ability to infect unmodified cells. Preliminary results found measurable viral replication in supplemented cells expressing one IAV protein (PB1C1) over generations, but limited replication in cells expressing another protein (M1), suggesting it may interfere with virion packaging. The goal is to better understand viral evolution and identify novel antiviral strategies.
This document discusses occupational exposure to bloodborne viruses such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV among healthcare workers. Healthcare workers are at risk of contracting serious viral infections through needlestick injuries or contact with infected bodily fluids. Vaccination and proper post-exposure management are important for preventing transmission of bloodborne viruses. Professionals with frequent occupational exposure include emergency room staff, surgeons, dentists, and those working in dialysis units or blood banks.
1. The document discusses the origin of HIV and evolution of resistance to AIDS, noting that chimpanzees and sooty mangabeys are naturally resistant to SIV and do not develop AIDS despite high viral loads.
2. It examines the receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 that HIV uses for entry and discusses whether R5, X4, or R5X4 variants are infectious via different routes of transmission.
3. The predominant virus transmitted is R5-tropic HIV which uses the CCR5 receptor and first infects memory CD4+ T cells and macrophages in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
Transgenic animal production and its applicationkishoreGupta17
A genetically modified animal with the heterologous gene of interest being inserted for the purpose of biopharming or make a diseased model to study the consequences of disease and its probable therapy
Dr.S.KARTHIKUMAR
Associate Professor
Department of Biotechnology
Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, K.Vellakulam-625701, TN, India
Email: skarthikumar@gmail.com
pOnebyOne™ are efficient, accurate and flexible Bicistronic Mammalian Expression Kits that contains an Expression Cassette based in 2A sequence breakthrough technology.
Its novel (patent pending) technology allows simultaneous Expression of two Proteins from the same mRNA. Cells transfected with Bicistronic vectors ensure that if one of the Proteins is present, the other one is also present.
Bicistronic Expression vectors are supported on viral elements: the IRES or 2A sequence. IRES has been widely used. It is a relative short sequence, around 600-700 bp, although this length could be a disadvantage in viral vectors where packaging capacity is limited. IRES based Expression vectors are characterized by a non-stoichiometric production of both proteins; generally there is a lower expression of the downstream gene.
Many 2A sequences from several families of viruses have been described for producing multiple polypeptides. 2A mediated cleavage is a universal phenomenon in all eukaryotic cells. With just 20 bp in length, the 2A sequence has been used succesfully to generate multiple proteins in some biological models: plants, zebrafish, transgenic mice or eukaryotic cell lines. Vectors based on 2A produce stoichiometric proportion of both proteins.
Canvax™ offers a ready-to-clone solution of your Gene of Interest, obtained by PCR, onto a wide collection of Bicistronic vectors based on 2A sequence. You can choose among different Promoters, selection Antibiotics or Reporter Genes.
This presentation covers a general introduction to expression vector, its components, types, and its application. Then it covers some of the expression system with examples.
Uncovering novel candidate genes for pyridoxine-responsive epilepsy in a cons...Golden Helix Inc
This document summarizes Hilal Al Shekaili's work on characterizing the genetic cause of pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE) in an Omani family. [1] Runs of homozygosity mapping and whole-exome sequencing identified two candidate genes involved in vitamin transport and neuropeptide processing. [2] Further studies are planned to validate the candidate genes and recruit additional families. [3] Identifying new PDE genes could improve treatment and fill knowledge gaps in pyridoxine metabolism.
Genetic Basis of Pyridoxine-Responsive Neonatal Epilepsy in Consanguineous Fa...Delaina Hawkins
Hilal Al-Shekaili is a PhD student at the University of British Columbia who conducts research in rare, autosomal recessive disorders, specifically pyridoxine-responsive epileptic encephalopathies (PREE). PREE is often characterized by recurrent seizures in the prenatal, neonatal, or postnatal period, which are typically resistant to conventional anticonvulsant treatment but are well-controlled by the administration of pyridoxine (vitamin B6). Hilal and his colleagues at UBC are undertaking a research project to identify novel genetic causes in unexplained forms of pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE), a special type of PREE with an estimated incidence of 1:20,000 to 1:750,000. In most affected infants, PDE is caused by mutations in the antiquitin gene (ALDH7A1) and subsequent inactivation of α-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (antiquitin, ATQ).
Currently, ALDH7A1 is the only gene for which mutations are known to underlie PDE. However, locus heterogeneity has been reported in some families and other genes seem to be involved. Nearly 5% of children with a typical clinical picture of PDE harbor no detectable mutation of ALDH7A1. Identifying causative genes in such families will likely lead to improved treatment for these patients and help unravel much of the unknown about pyridoxine metabolism in the human body.
In this webinar, Hilal will cover how he and his team used whole-genome SNP genotyping, genome-wide runs of homozygosity (RoH) mapping using SVS, and whole-exome sequencing to characterize the genetic defect underlying PREE in a consanguineous Omani Arab family with two affected children who have a PDE-like clinical picture but negative ATQ biomarkers.
This document summarizes a study examining the genetic attributes associated with the exceptional sensitivity of an HIV-1 clade C envelope protein to autologous broadly neutralizing plasma antibodies. The researchers identified an envelope that was significantly more sensitive to neutralization by contemporaneous plasma than two other envelopes. Sequence analysis found mutations in the V3/C3 region of the sensitive envelope. Chimeric envelope experiments determined that replacing the V3/C3 region of a resistant envelope with the sensitive envelope conferred enhanced neutralization sensitivity, indicating this region plays a role in exposure of epitopes targeted by plasma antibodies. Fine mapping identified a proline to isoleucine substitution at position 326 in the V3 loop that modulated neutralization susceptibility.
Similar to OS18 - 9.b.6 The use of reverse genetics to facilitate the growth of FMDV for the production of vaccines - S. Berryman (20)
VADEMOS VAccine Demand Estimation Model for FMD.pdfEuFMD
VADEMOS is a decision support tool created by the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease to estimate current and future vaccine demand for foot-and-mouth disease at national and regional levels. It uses factors like livestock population forecasts, disease control policies, vaccination schedules, and outbreak forecasts with data from sources like WOAH and FAOSTAT. The model provides outputs on expected vaccine doses needed by geography, type of vaccination, species, and year over a 10-year period. While validation is needed, the tool generally predicts vaccine needs within calculated ranges, though estimates are sometimes too high. Future work will refine inputs, add additional geographical specificity, and expand the model to other diseases.
This document provides an introduction to vaccine value chains and outlines EuFMD/FAO initiatives to strengthen vaccine security. It discusses how vaccine value chains involve both private and public actors across product development, production, allocation, distribution and use. Cross-cutting factors like epidemiology, logistics and stakeholder engagement are also important. EuFMD is supporting activities to improve vaccine access and availability through a multistakeholder platform, prequalification of vaccines, vaccine demand modeling, and strengthening vaccine delivery and demand. Analyzing vaccine value chains can help understand costs and demand to support effective vaccination programs.
Emergency vaccination workshop presentations 30 May 2023.pdfEuFMD
This document summarizes a presentation on alternative post-vaccination surveillance methods that could be used to demonstrate the absence of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus transmission in vaccinated and unvaccinated livestock populations. It proposes replacing serological testing with bulk milk testing for dairy farms, saliva testing using rope tethers for piggeries, and saliva swab testing for sheep farms. These alternative methods utilize real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to detect FMD viral RNA from oral fluid samples, which research has shown can identify infected animals. The presentation discussed how these new testing technologies may allow countries to gain freedom from FMD status sooner after an outbreak by providing more effective post-vaccination surveillance.
LSD symposium - A. Sprygin - Subclinical infection its role in transmission a...EuFMD
The document discusses subclinical infection and its role in the transmission and epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV). It presents the body temperatures of experimental animals infected with LSDV over time. One animal showed clinical signs of LSDV while another showed viremia or presence of the virus in the blood without displaying clinical signs, representing a subclinical infection. The conclusion is that subclinical infection from vaccine-like recombinant LSDV can play a role in transmission of the virus.
LSD symposium - L. Pite - Combating lumpy skin disease in AlbaniaEuFMD
1) The first case of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in Albania was identified in June 2016. From 2016-2017, over 3,500 outbreaks were reported across Albania with morbidity of 42% and mortality of 12%.
2) Surveillance efforts included laboratory testing of over 2,000 samples confirming 881 positive cases. Risk factors for spread included proximity to infected farms (under 5km), livestock movements over longer distances, and seasonal variations correlated with temperature and vector abundance.
3) Control efforts included an emergency vaccination program using live attenuated vaccine beginning in July 2016. Over 500,000 vaccine doses were administered. Modeling estimated vaccine effectiveness was 76.5-62.5% at reducing
LSD symposium - J. Chan - Lumpy skin disease in Hong KongEuFMD
Dr. Jason Chan presented on the outbreak of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in feral cattle populations in Hong Kong from 2020-2021. The key points were:
1) The initial outbreak was reported in October 2020 across multiple country parks. Disease investigation found that 72% of cattle in one herd showed skin lesions and 84% were seropositive.
2) By March 2021, no new clinical cases were reported. Surveillance since found 14 juveniles seronegative, suggesting LSD may have disappeared due to lack of susceptible newborn cattle.
3) Continued clinical and serological surveillance is important since Hong Kong has a small teaching farm. No urgency exists currently to declare freedom
LSD symposium - N. Zainuddin - Indonesian experience on simultaneous LSD and ...EuFMD
1) Lumpy skin disease was first reported in Indonesia in February 2022 in Riau Province, and has since spread to several other provinces, most recently to Central Java in August 2022.
2) As of February 2023, over 249,000 cattle have been vaccinated across 9 provinces as a control measure. Other control measures include movement restrictions, vector control, and educating farmers.
3) Key challenges to control efforts include the extensive animal farming system, illegal animal movement, limited number of vaccinators, and high workload from controlling both lumpy skin disease and foot-and-mouth disease. Recommended solutions include improving handling capacity, better border control, engaging other institutions to assist with vaccination
LSD symposium - R. Ainsworth - Lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Southeast Asia Mar...EuFMD
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is spreading through cattle movements in Southeast Asia. The document discusses how government policies around quarantine, compensation and corruption can accelerate the virus's spread by encouraging illicit cattle movements. It also notes that traditional smuggling routes go against the direction LSD has spread. The rapid transmission of LSD occurred during COVID border closures, and its direction of movement corresponds with prevailing winds rather than cattle trade routes. Government policies and wind patterns may be aiding the long-distance airborne spread of LSD across Southeast Asia.
LSD symposium - P. Malik - Lumpy skin disease experience from IndiaEuFMD
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) was first reported in India in 2019. It has since spread to 23 states and union territories, affecting over 3 million animals and causing over 185,000 deaths. The disease manifests as skin nodules and lesions on internal organs. Vaccination is a key control strategy, with over 87 million animals vaccinated to date using a goatpox vaccine. ICAR has also developed an indigenous LSD vaccine that is undergoing field trials and licensing. States are implementing control measures like quarantine, vaccination, vector control and public awareness campaigns to curb the spread and impact of LSD.
LSD symposium - E. Klemen - Modes of transmission of lumpy skin diseaseEuFMD
Indirect transmission, likely through blood-sucking flying insects, is the primary mode of transmission for lumpy skin disease virus. While direct contact can transmit the virus, studies have found no transmission between clinically infected and susceptible cattle housed together without vectors. Mathematical models also indicate indirect transmission alone can explain outbreak dynamics. The virus can spread over long distances, possibly aided by winds carrying infected vectors, though local spread is typically 10 km per week. Subclinical infections may transmit the virus but appear to play a minor role compared to clinical cases.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
OS18 - 9.b.6 The use of reverse genetics to facilitate the growth of FMDV for the production of vaccines - S. Berryman
1. The use of reverse genetics to
facilitate the growth of FMDV for
the production of vaccines.
Dr Stephen Berryman1
Femke Feenstra2, Jose Coco-Martin2 and Toby Tuthill1
1Pirbright Institute 2Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health
2. • Current FMDV vaccines are chemically inactivated virus preparations produced in large-
scale mammalian cell culture (usually suspension BHK cells)
• There is a periodic need to produce new vaccines against emerging field strains
• Production of new vaccine strains involves adaptation of field viruses to cell culture in
order to improve growth characteristics
• Measures that improve the speed by which new vaccine strains can be adapted to cell
culture could have a large impact by increasing the amount of vaccine available globally
for FMD control.
FMDV Vaccine Development
3. • Tissue culture adaption is often associated with acquisition of the ability to use
receptors not normally used by FMDV:
- Field Strains: Use RGD-dependent αv integrins (αvβ1, αvβ3, αvβ6, αvβ8)
- Tissue Culture Adapted Viruses: Can use alternative receptors including Heparan
Sulphate, and non-HS receptors e.g. JMJD6
• The changes associated with the ability to use non-integrin receptors often involve the
acquisition of positively charged residues around the HS binding site or the 5-fold
symmetry axis (Maree et al. 2010, Berryman et al. 2013, Dill et al. 2017.).
• Aim – Introduce previously described cell culture adaptation mutations by design
using reverse genetics, and assess if this leads to immediate and improved growth in
cell culture
FMDV Receptors and Cell Culture Adaptation
O1BFS 1860 Pentamer
HS binding
site
5-fold
symmetry axis
4. Infectious Clone based on Tissue culture Adapted
type O FMDV (pO1K)
Field Strain VP2-2A (Synthetic DNA)
Chimeric Infectious Clone
- VP2, VP3, VP1, 2A from field strain
- Backbone based on tissue culture adapted type O FMDV
Chimeric Infectious Clones – Capsid Switching
5. • First stage – Make chimeric infectious copies carrying wild type capsids from one
example each of the four most prevalent serotypes of FMDV (A, Asia, O, SAT-2)
• Second stage – introduce targeted mutations into the wild type field capsid coding
region of the infectious copy plasmids, in order to enable the chimeric viruses to grow
better in cell culture when rescued
• 2 categories of mutation: 1) HS binding site and 2) 5-fold symmetry axis
2) Example 5 fold symmetry changes type A
(Berryman et al. 2013)
1) Example HS binding site changes type A
Chimeric Infectious Clones – Engineering Changes at the HS
binding site and 5-fold symmetry axis.
6. From Plasmid to Virus
Linear cDNA clone (e.g. pO1K/A)
Synthetic RNA
Transfect RNA
in to BHK
Passage 1 Passage 2
Recover virus by
passage in BTY
(WT capsids) or
BHK (mutant
capsids)
7. Most (But Not all) Variants Produce Viable Virus
Virus could be
recovered on
BTY but no
CPE on BHK
Capsid
(VP2-2A)
Back
bone
Recovered?
A WT Type O
A KK Type O
A RK Type O
A HS Type O
Asia-1 WT Type O
Asia-1 KK Type O
Asia-1 RK Type O
Asia-1 HS Type O
Capsid
(VP2-2A)
Back
bone
Recovered?
O WT Type O
O KK Type O
O RK Type O
O HS Type O
SAT2 WT Type O
SAT2 KGR Type O ?
SAT2 KKR Type O
SAT2 KHR Type O
SAT2 HS Type O
8. Sequencing of Recovered Viruses
• Viral RNA was extracted from recovered viruses, converted to cDNA via a non-PCR
based protocol, and sequenced on the Illumina Miseq
• WT viruses – No Capsid protein amino acid changes
– Should still have WT phenotype.
• In some adapted viruses extra positively charged residues could be seen at the
consensus level
– not unexpected and indicates extra adaptation during recovery process.
9. No
Virus
WT KK HS WT KK RK
AsiaI capsid A capsid
No
Virus WT KK RK HS WT KKR
O capsid SAT2 capsid
BTY
αvβ6 +
HS+
CHO
Integrin –
HS+
BHK
αvβ3+
HS+
Viruses have expected properties –
BTY – All cause CPE
CHO – Only mutants cause CPE (Indicates non-integrin receptor usage)
BHK – All mutants caused CPE, WT less CPE
CPE?
CPE?
CPE?
WT KK HS WT KK RK WT KK RK HS WT KKR
WT KK HS WT KK RK WT KK RK HS WT KKR
Phenotype of Recovered Viruses – Which cell lines can they infect?
10. Adaptive Changes Increase Infectious Titres in BHK Cells
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1E+09
Titre(PFU/ml)
BHK
BTY
A and Asia Viruses- Mutated Viruses have slightly higher BHK titres than WT
O and SAT Viruses- WT has very poor BHK titre so mutated viruses have greatly enhanced
BHK titres (although BTY titres similar to WT)
11. A WT
1/16
1/32
1/64
1/128
1/256
1/512
Final
Serum
Dilution
1/1024
None
A(1) Serum
A KK
A(1) Serum
A RK
ABS
Sera
Only
Antisera
Only
controls
A(1)
A(1) Serum
A(1)
A WT
ABS 1/16
A KK
ABS 1/16
A RK
ABS 1/16
• VNT on BTY cells using existing cattle sera generated using viruses closely related to our strains
• Antigenic properties of WT and mutant viruses are compared
• (can’t use BHK/IBRS-2 due to poor growth O WT and SAT WT)
Antibody titre is
the dilution of
antibody which
gives 50%
protection
R1 Value is the
ratio of antibody
titre for mutant
divided by that
for WT
Comparing Antigenic properties of Viruses by VNT on BTY
- Example – Type A
12. Most Variants Show Similar Neutralisation Titres to WT in VNT
0.50 =
R1 Value vs WT
For Vaccine
matching R1
>0.3 considered
a match
R1 >0.3 for all
except SAT-2
KKR
0.50 = R1 Value vs WT
0.83 1.17 1.14 1.14
0.57 0.57 0.50
0.15
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
LogAntibodyTitre
Log Antibody Titre for WT and Mutant Viruses
13. “Adapted” Viruses Grow Faster than WT in Adherent BHK – CPE Assay
Type A Viruses (+SAT Mutant) Asia Viruses
SAT KKR
A Turk KK
A Turk RK
A Turk WT
No Virus
Asia KK
Asia HS
Low MOI
No Virus
Asia WT
Low MOI
Note for Type O and SAT Viruses
-No WT as not high enough BHK titre
for even for the low MOI used here
OUKG KK
No Virus
OUKG HS
OUKG RK
Type O Viruses
For All Serotypes tested – Mutant
Viruses show faster growth than WT
Low MOI
14. • All mutants show quicker CPE compared to the WT variant
1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0
-5 0
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
T im e p o s t in fe c tio n (h )
CPE(%)
O 1 K -A w t
O 1 K -A K K
O 1 K -A R K
1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0
-5 0
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
T im e p o s t in fe c tio n (h )
CPE(%)
O 1 K -A s ia I w t
O 1 K -A s ia I K K
O 1 K -A s ia I H S
1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0
-5 0
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
T im e p o s t in fe c tio n (h )
CPE(%)
O 1 K -S A T 2 w t
O 1 K -S A T 2 K K R
1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0
-5 0
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
T im e p o s t in fe c tio n (h )
CPE(%)
O 1 K -O K K
O 1 K -O R K
O 1 K -O H S
“Adapted” Viruses Grow Faster than WT in Suspension BHK-21 Cells
Data – Femke Feenstra
(Boehringer Ingelheim)
15. ELISA
• O - WT does not grow, so the
mutations improve the yield
• KK/RK significantly higher
yields compared to HS
ELISA
• A - No significant difference
between WT and mutants
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0
0
1
2
3
T im e p o s t in fe c tio n (h )
146Syield(ELISAunits)
O 1 K -A w t
O 1 K -A K K
O 1 K -A R K
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0
0
2
4
6
8
T im e p o s t in fe c tio n (h )
146Syield(ELISAunits)
O 1 K -O K K
O 1 K -O R K
O 1 K -O H S*
*
**
Type O capsid
Type A capsid
Introduced Capsid Changes Can Enhance 146S Yield in Suspension BHK
Data – Femke Feenstra
(Boehringer Ingelheim)
16. UV peak
• WT yield higher that
mutants.
• Yield HS significantly lower
than KK
UV Peak
• Yield mutant higher than wt,
since WT does not grow
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0
0
5 0
1 0 0
T im e p o s t in fe c tio n (h )
146Syield(%ofhighestyieldinthisstudy)
O 1 K -A s ia I w t
O 1 K -A s ia I K K
O 1 K -A s ia I H S
* *
*
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0
0
5 0
1 0 0
T im e p o s t in fe c tio n (h )
146Syield(%ofhighestyieldinthisstudy)
O 1 K -S A T 2 w t
O 1 K -S A T 2 K K R
*
**
*
Data – Femke Feenstra
(Boehringer Ingelheim)
Asia-I capsid
SAT-2 capsid
Introduced Capsid Changes Can Enhance 146S Yield in Suspension BHK
Introduced capsid changes greatly
enhance 146S yield versus WT for the SAT-
2 and type O viruses (but not A and Asia)
17. • We were able to rescue viruses carrying capsid proteins from Type A, AsiaI, O and SAT-
2 field strains in a type O backbone.
• Viruses carrying mutations at the HS binding site and/or 5-fold axis designed to
enhance growth in BHK cells were also rescued, and gained ability to infect CHO cells
indicative of alternative receptor usage.
• Mutants (except SAT-2 KKR) showed response comparable to WT in neutralisation
assays in BTY – Need animal experiments to determine if SAT-2 KKR is really a problem.
• Mutants show faster CPE than WT in adherent BHK.
• Mutants show faster CPE than WT in suspension BHK cells.
• SAT-2 and type O mutants (i.e. those where WT equivalents grew poorly in BHK)
showed enhanced 146S yield over WT in suspension BHK cells.
• These recombinant techniques could prove highly valuable to speed up new
vaccine strain development by reducing the need for time consuming tissue
culture adaptation and increasing the success rate of growing field strains in
tissue culture.
Summary