This video Prepared for semester IV Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

1. Organized and Unorganized Crude drug
Academica In-Charge, HOD,
PritamJuvatkar
Mobile :
Email : pritamjuvatkar@gmail.Com
9987779536
Department of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemistry
Konkan Gyanpeeth Rahul Dharkar College of
Pharmacy and Research Institute, karjat

2. Crude drug
• It is referred in relation to the natural product that has not been advanced in value
or improved in condition by any process or treatment beyond that which is
essential for its proper packing and prevention from deterioration.
Organized (cellular)
• Organized drugs comprise those crude' drug materials which represent a part of the
plant and are therefore, made up of cell
Unorganized (acellular)
• Unorganized drugs are a diverse-group of solid and liquid materials which do not
consist of parts of plants and are obtained from natural sources by a variety of
extraction procedures.

3. Plant Stem &
Modifications
Improve
Bioavailability
Plant Leaf Plant Fruit
Seed
Wood
Improved Half
Life
Organized drug
Crude Drug
Plant Flower
Plant Root &
Modifications
3
Bark

4. • Gums are translucent and
amorphous substances,
produced by plants.
• Gums are usually
pathological products and
are produced when the
plant is growing under
unfavourable conditions or
is injured.
• The complex amorphous
product of more or less solid
characteristics.
• On heating first sets softened
and then melt.
• Resins are produced and
stored in the schizogenous
or schizolysigenous glands
or cavities of the plants.
01 Gums 02 Resins

5. • Mucilages are generally
normal products of
metabolism, formed within
the cell (intracellular
formation) and/or are
produced without injury to
the plant.
• The juices ale obtained from
fleshy leaves (aloes) or from
stems of the trees (kino).
• In all cases incisions are made
to respective part of the plant
and juice coming out is
collected and dried
03 Mucilage 04 Dried Juices 5.Dried Extract 6. Dried Latex
• The extracts covered under
crude drugs differ from
galenical extracts.
• The extract of pharmaco
gnostic origin consists of
extracting the parts of the
plants with water followed by
concentration,
• The latex is a product
contained in special secretory
tissues of certain plants it is
usually a while aqueous
suspension, wherein
microscopically small particles
of oil globules are suspended
Eg. opium, papain, ficin and gutta
percha.
Eg. Agar, sodium alginate, and
catechu
Eg. Kino, Aloevera
Eg. Isabgol, cinnamon, agar,
linseed

6. Gums
Seaweed gum:
agar·,algin,
carrageenan,
laminaran
Plant exudates :
acacia,
tragacanth,
karaya, ghatti.
tamarind, locust
bean gum.
Plant extracts:
pectin, larch,
arabinogalactan.
Seed gums: guar
gum, isabgol,
Animal Extract
Chitin
Biosynthetic gums
xanthan,dextrans .
Starch and its
derivatives, dextrins
Cellulose
derivatives
Prepared
Gum
Natural
Gum

7. G u m s G u m s a r e t r a n s l u c e n t a n d a m o r p h o u s s u b s t a n c e s , p r o d u c e d b y p l a n t s .
G u m s a r e u s u a l l y p a t h o l o g i c a l p r o d u c t s a n d a r e p r o d u c e d w h e n t h e p l a n t i s g r o w i n g u n d e r
u n f a v o r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s o r i s i n j u r e d .
G u m i s a b n o r m a l p r o d u c t s o f p l a n t m e t a b o l i s m . T h e g u m s a r e p r o d u c e d b y t h e p r o c e s s
k n o w n a s " G u m m o s i s " .
T h e y a r e i n s o l u b l e i n a l c o h o l a n d i n m o s t o f t h e o r g a n i c s o l v e n t s .
T h e y f o r m v i s c o u s a d h e s i v e s o l u t i o n s w i t h w a t e r e i t h e r b y s w e l l i n g o r d u e t o
a b s o r p t i o n
A q u e o u s s o l u t i o n s o f g u m a r e u s u a l l y l e v o r o t a t o r y .
G u m s a r e p l a n t h y d r o c o l l o i d s a n d m a y b e a n i o n i c o r n o n - i o n i c p o l y s a c c h a r i d e s .
O n h y d r o l y s i s ( a c i d i c h y d r o l y s i s o r p r o l o n g e d b o i l i n g w i t h w a t e r ) , g u m y i e l d s u g a r
a n d u r o n i c a c i d s w h i c h f o r m s a l t s w i t h c a l c i u m a n d m a g n e s i u m .
T h e u r o n i c a c i d s a r e g l u c o r o n i c a c i d , g a l a c t u r o n i c a c i d o r a l d o b i o n i c a c i d .
P h a r m a c e u t i c a l l y , i m p o r t a n t g u m s a r e g u m a c a c i a , t r a g a c a n t h , g u m k a r a y a , g u m g h a t t i a n d
g u a r g u m .

8. Mucilage
• Mucilage's are generally normal products of metabolism, formed within the cell (intracellular formation) and/or are
produced without injury to the plant.
• Mucilage are produced inside the cells of the plant. Mucilage form slimy masses with water, but do not dissolve.
• Mucilage are esters of sulphuric acid, wherein ester group is a polysaccharide complex.
1 2 3 4
From the cell
wall of seed
epidermis
From
endodermis
From leaf
epidermis
From bark:
5
From special
secretion cells:
Isapghol,
Linseed
Fenugreek Senna Cinnamon Squill
6
From algae:
Agar

9. Gum and Mucilage
D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n
G
u
m
M
u
c
i
l
a
g
e
Solubility
Product
Similarities
Similarities
Similarities
Similarities
Similarities
Similarities
Gums are pathological products, whereas mucilage are physiological products
Gums and mucilages have certain similarities—both are plant hydrocolloids
They are also translucent amorphous substances and polymers of a monosaccharide or
mixed monosaccharides and many of them are combined with uronic acids.
Gums and mucilages have similar constituents and on hydrolysis yield a mixture of sugars
and uronic acids.
Gums and mucilages contain hydrophilic molecules, which can combine with water to form
viscous solutions or gels.
The nature of the compounds involved influences the properties of different gums.
Linear polysaccharides occupy more space and are more viscous than highly branched
compounds of the same molecular weight.
Gums readily dissolve in water, whereas mucilage form slimy masses.

10. ✓ Resin can be defined as the complex
amorphous product of more or less solid
characteristics
✓ On heating first sets softened
and then melt.
✓ Resins are produced and stored in
the schizogenous or
schizolysigenous glands or cavities
of the plants.
✓ Isolated resin products which come as an
unorganized crude drug in the market are more or
less solid, hard, transparent, or translucent
materials.
✓ Resins are insoluble in most polar and nonpolar
solvents like water and petroleum ether,
respectively, but dissolve completely in alcohol,
solvent ether, benzene, or chloroform.
✓ Chemically, resins are complex mixtures of resin
acids, resin alcohols (resinols), resin phenols
(resinotannols), esters and chemically inert
compounds known as resenes.
✓ Resins are often associated with volatile oils
(oleoresins), with gums (gum-resins) or with oil and
gum (oleo-gum-resins). Resins may also be
combined in a glycosidal manner with sugars.
✓ Resins burn with a
characteristic, smoky flame.
Resins

11. T y p e s o f R e s i n s
R e s i n A c i d s
01
R e s i n E s t e r s
02
R e s i n A l c o h o l
03
R e s i n P h e n o l
04
R e s i n s
• These are carboxylic acid group
containing resinous substances which
may or may not have association with
phenolic compounds.
• Available in free states or as the esters
derivatives.
• Soluble in aqueous solution of alkalies
producing frothy solution.
• Resin acids can be derivatized to their
metallic salts known as resinates, which
finds their use in soap, paints and
varnish industries.
• The abietic acid and commiphoric acid
present in colophony and myrrh
respectively are the examples of resin
acids.
• Resin esters are the esters of the resin
acids or the other aromatic acids like
benzoic, cinnamic, salicylic acids, etc.
• They are sometimes converted to their
free acids by the treatment with caustic
alkali.
• Dragon’s blood and benzoin are the
common resin ester containing drugs.`
• Resin alcohols or resinols are the
complex alcoholic compounds of high
molecular weight.
• Like resin acids they are found as free
alcohols or as esters of benzoic,
salicylic, and cinnamic acids.
• They are insoluble in aqueous alkali
solution but are soluble in alcohol and
ether.
• Resinols are present in benzoin as
benzoresinol and in storax as
storesinol.
• Resin phenols or resinotannols are high
molecular weight compounds which occur
in free states or as esters.
• Due to phenolic group they form
phenoxoids and become soluble in
aqueous alkali solution.
• Insoluble in water but dissolve in alcohol
and ether.
• Resinotannols gives a positive reaction
with ferric chloride.
• The resinotannol are found in balsam of
Peru as peruresinotannol, in Tolu balsam
as toluresinotannol and in benzoin as
siaresinotannols.

12. T y p e s o f R e s i n s
G l u c o r e s i n s
05
R e s e n e s
06
O l e o r e s i n s
07
G u m r e s i n
08
R e s i n s
• Resins sometimes get combined with
sugars by glycosylation and produce
glucoresins. Glycoresins can be
hydrolysed by acidic hydrolysis to the
glycone and aglycone.
• Chemically inert resin products are
generally termed as resenes.
• They are generally found in free state and
never form esters or other derivatives.
• Resenes are soluble in benzene, chloroform
and to some extent in petroleum ether.
• Resenes are insoluble in water. Asafoetida
is an example of resene-containing drug,
which contains drug about 50% of
asaresene B.
• Accordingly, other simple classification
based on the association of resin with gums
and/or volatile oils is given below.
Oleoresins are the homogenous mixture of
resin with volatile oils. The oleoresins
posses an essence due to volatile oils. A
trace amount of gummy material may
sometimes be found in oleoresins.
Turpentine, ginger, copaiba, Canada resin
are few important examples of oleoresins.
Gum resins are the naturally occurring
mixture of resins with gums. Due to
solubility in water, gums can be easily
separated out from resin by dissolving the
gum in water. Ammoniacum is an example
of natural gum resin.

13. T y p e s o f R e s i n s
O l e o g u m r e s i n
09
B a l s a m s
10
R e s i n s
• Oleogum resins are the naturally occurring
mixtures of resin, volatile oil, and gum.
• The example includes gum myrrh,
asafoetida, gamboage, etc.
• Oleogum resins oozes out from the
incisions made in the bark and hardens.
• Balsams are the naturally occurring
resinous mixtures which contain a high
proportion of aromatic balsamic acids such
as benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, and their
esters.
• Balsams containing free acids are partially
soluble in hot water.
• Some important balsams containing drugs
are balsam of Peru, balsam of Tolu,
benzoin, and storax.
• The oleogum resin containing drugs like
copaiba and Canada are sometimes
wrongly referred to as balsams.
Types of Resins
1. Resin Acids
2. Resin Esters
3. Resin Alcohols
4. Resin Phenols
5. Glucoresins
6. Resenes
7. Oleoresins
8. Gum Resins
9. Oleogum Resins
10. Balsams