4. Definition
➢ They are mixtures of chemical
substances or decomposition products
of substances derived from parts of
plants or animals either normally or
pathologically and have non-cellular
structure.
➢ Unorganized = they do not constitute
definite organs in plants or animals,
but mostly, are constituents in these
organs.
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5. Preparation process
➢ extraction with certain solvent e.g.Agar.
➢ incision e.g. Gums and opium.
➢ expression e.g. olive oil.
➢ natural secretions such as Myrrh and Beeswax.
Condition
➢ solids such as Colophony and Gum Arabic
➢ semisolids such as Oleoresins
➢ fluids such as oils and balsams.
Identification
➢ the physical characters viz, colour, odour,
fracture and solubilities in different solvents.
➢ the chemical tests are the possible means.
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6. Classification
➢ Resin and resin combinations.
➢ Gum.
➢ Dried latex.
➢ Dried juice.
➢ Dried extract.
➢ Saccharine substance.
➢ Oil and fat.
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8. 1- Resins
Definition: Resins are natural or prepared, solids or semi-solid exudations from plants or
insects feeding on plants
Characters:
➢ Chemical nature , they are the oxidised terpenes of the volatile oils
➢ Color: transparent when pure, opaque and brittle when they contain water and little taste.
➢ Effect of heat and fire: softening or melting at moderate heat forming sticky or
adhesive fluid without volatilization or decomposition and burn with smoky flame, owing to
the high carbon content in the molecule.
➢ Solubility: insoluble in water, mostly soluble in alcohol or ether.
➢ Other: specific gravity from 0.9-1.25, uncrystallisable and non- conductors of electricity
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9. Classification:
1- natural resin: may be occurred as an exudation e.g. mastic.
2- prepared resin
➢ may also be derived from a natural oleoresin by driving off the volatile oil by
steam distillation e.g. colophony.
➢ made by extraction of the drug with alcohol e.g. podophyllum and jalap
resin.
➢ By pouring the concentrated alcoholic percolate into an excess of acidified
water, collecting, washing and drying the precipitate
3- Synthetic resins: are polymeric substances which are readily formed
either by condensation or by addition of readily available common chemicals.
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10. Formation of Resins:
Natural resins are commonly produced by
- secretory tissues
a) glandular trichomes e.g Cannabis
b) resin-cell e.g. Ginger
c) gland e.g. Clove
d) tube or duct e.g. Umbelliferous fruits
- all the cell elements of a tissue, such as Guaiacum wood
- formed as a result of incision of certain trees
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12. Colophony قلفونية
Origin: The solid resin left after steam distillation of the
volatile oil from the oleoresin obtained from Pinus palustris, P.
toeda and other species of pinus, Fam. Pinaceae.
Collection and preparation:
➢ The oleoresin is collected by Cup and Gutter مزراب
method where (blazes are made in pine trees, few feets
apart)
➢ Considerable increase in the amounts of oleo-resin occurs
by stimulating the tissues of the groove by application of 50%
sulphoric acid or plant growth substances.
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13. ➢ The oleoresin (crude turpentine) from which colophony is obtained is collected in barrels
and sent to the distillery.
➢ After the distillation has been stopped, the melted resin can solidify
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14. Constituents:
➢ 93% abietic acid,
➢ Resene and esters of fatty acids.
ChemicalTests:
Copper acetate test: (special test for abietic acid).
powdered colophony with benzene, filter, to the filtrate add
equal volume of dil. Cu acetate, shake → the benzene layer
acquire a bright bluish green color.
Uses and Actions:
- Diuretic.
- Ingredient of ointments and plasters, some varnishes and
paint dryers
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15. Mastic الضرو او التركي او اليوناني المستكة
Source: Mastic is the concrete resinous exudate from Pistacia
lenticus. The resin occurs in the inner bark from which it is
obtained by incision and collects in the form of small tears on the
outside. Composition
•1- Resin 90%, which is formed of two fractions: -resin known
as mastichic acid soluble in alcohol and - resin known as
masticin insoluble in alcohol.
2- volatile oil, 1-2.5%, mainly of pinene.
Unorganized drugs Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
16. Uses
1- chewed as a breath sweetener.
2- It is used in dentistry as dental varnish to seal
cavities.
3- For H. pylori.
17. Cannabis الحشيش
(indian hemp)
Origin: The resin obtained from the flowering tops of
the pistillate plants of Cannabis sativa Linne var. indica
Fam. Cannabinaceae.
Constituents:
psychoactive constituent Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
Uses and Actions:
➢ For treatment of nausea and vomiting associated with
cancer chemotherapy.
➢ For treatment of anorexia associated with weight loss
in patients with AIDS
➢ Treatment of Multiple sclerosis MS
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18. Purple color
Cannabis drug
- Extract the drug with methanol
- Evaporate to dryness
- Extract the residue with petroleum ether
- Filter
Filtrate
- Wash the with dilute Na2CO3
- Decolorize with charcoal and evaporate to dryness
Residue
Add drops of N/10 alcoholic KOH
Test for identification (Modified Beam’s test):
- Dilute with H2SO4 and water.
Cannabinoids
Potency Testing
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19.
20. Jalap resin
Origin: A mixture of resins obtained by precipitating
with water the alcoholic extract of the dried tuber of
Ipomoea Purga, Fam. Convolvulaceae.
Preparation:
Constituents:
Ether-insoluble fraction: Convolvulin (glycosidal
Resin) and Ether soluble fraction: Scammonin
Uses and Actions:
Powerful hydragogue cathartic (obsolete in western
medicine)
Unorganized drugs Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
21. Podophyllum resin
Origin: A mixture of resins obtained from the dried roots and
rhizomes of Podophyllum peltatum, known as American
podophyllum Resin, or Podophyllum hexandrum
known as Indian Podophyllum Resin, Fam. Berberidaceae.
Preparation:
Concentrated Alcohol extract → precipitation by pouring into
acidified water
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22. Characters:
Shape and color: brownish-grey masses,
or frequently in light brown to greenish-yellow amorphous
powder.
Podophyllum resin darkens in colour on exposure to light
or to temperature above 25°C.
odor: Liquorice like odour
Taste: bitter acrid (topical use only and it is harmful if
swallowed)
uses
Podophyllum 25 % is used to remove benign (not cancer)
growths, such as certain kinds of warts. It works by
destroying the tissue of the growth.
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24. A – Oleo-resins: mixtures of volatile oils and resins. e.g., copaiba and canada balsam
B- Oleo-gum- resin: Resins occur in association with volatile oil and gum e.g.Asafoetida,
Galbanum and Myrrh
C- Balsams: resinous substances that contain varying amounts of aromatic balsamic acids
(benzoic acid or cinnamic acid or both) or esters of these acids.They often contain small
amounts of volatile oil.
note: Glycoresins: Resin may be combined in a glycosidal way with sugars Ipomea, Jalap
and podophylum.
Unorganized drugs Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
25. A- Oleoresins
Copaiba
Oleoresina Copaiba
Origin:
Copaiba is an oleoresin obtained by incision from trunks
of Copaifera Langsdorfii, family Leguminoasae
-Constituents:
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons
- Resin acids e.g., capaivic acid,
- Fluorescent substance.
Medicinal Actions and Uses:
- Urinary inflammations
(bladder and urethra)
- Chronic bronchitis
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26. Male fern oleoresin
Aspidium ,Filix Mas
Origin:
It is oleoresin may be prepared by ether extraction of the powder
rhizome of
Dryopteris filix-mass
family polypodiaceae
Preparation:
The ethereal extract is evaporated on a water bath until an oleoresinous
extract remains.
Characters:
Shape: thick dark green liquid, frequently depositing a granular crystalline
substance.
Odor: agreeable
Taste: bitter astringent
Unorganized drugs Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
27. -Constituents:
Filmarone (Taenicide principle) acidic phloroglucinol derivatives
which occur as mono, di, tri, and tetracyclic compounds
- Filicic, aspidinol, flavaspidic acid, flavaspidinol.
- Chemical Tests:
Mix about 0.1 gm of male Fern oleoresin and 0.2 gm of talc.
Shake vigorously with 10 ml of hot alcohol then filter.Add to 1
ml of the filtrate to 9 ml of alcohol and 1 drop of ferric chloride
solution a light green color is produced which changes to brown.
Medicinal Actions and Uses:
Anthelmintic:Taenicide (is obsolete) because of reported cases
of blindness
Unorganized drugs Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
28. B- Oleo-gum-resins
Asafoetida
الحلتيت
Origin:
Asafetida is an oleo-gum-resin obtained by incision from the
living rhizome and root of Ferula foetida, Family Umbelliferae.
Constituents:
Asafetida consists of
- volatile oil (10-16%) (organic sulfides and pinenes),
- resin (40-60%),
- gum (20-30 %)
- free ferulic acid.
- no free umbelliferone.
Unorganized drugs Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
29. Chemical Tests:
1- Place a drop of sulphuric acid on the freshly fractured surface of a tear, a bright red
or reddish-brown color is produced changing to violet when the acid is washed off
with water
2- Boil 0.5 gm of coarsely powdered drug for few minutes with 5 ml HCl mixed with
5 ml of water. Filter, cool and add to the filtrate an equal volume of alcohol and excess
of ammonia, a blue fluorescence is produced owing to the formation of umbelliferone.
Medicinal Actions and Uses:
Asafetida is now little used in human medicine (as a carminative, expectorant and
antispasmodic) because of its hepatotoxicity
Unorganized drugs Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
30. Myrrh مرة ،مر
Origin: Myrrh is an oleo-gum-resin obtained from the stems
and branches of Commiphora myrrha. C. molmol, C. erythraea
and possibly other species of Commiphora,
Fam. Burseraceae.
-Constituents:
Resin 40% (commiphoric acids; commiphorinic acid),
- Gum 60%
-Volatile oil 1.5-17% composed of (heerabolene, limonene,
pinene, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde)
- Sterols (campesterol, sitosterol, cholesterol)
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31. Chemical Tests:
Triturate about 0.5 gm of myrrh with 1 gm of sand and
shake with 10 ml of ether.
Filter, divide the filtrate into two portions, and
evaporate in a porcelain dish.
1-To the film left in one porcelain dish add a few drops
of nitric acid,→ a purplish violet colour is produced.
2- Over the film left in the other porcelain dish pass
vapours of bromine→a violet colour is produced.
- Medicinal Actions and Uses:
- Anti schistosomicidal effect.
- Gingivitis (anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and , a
local leukocytosis stimulant)
- Uterine stimulant and emmenagogue.
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32. Olibanum (Frankincense)
الدكر اللبان
Origin:
Olibanum is an oleo-gum-resin obtained by incision from the bark of
Boswellia carterii, B. frereana and other species of Boswellia Fam.
Burseraceae-
-Constituents:
Acid resin (6%),
- Gum 30–36%
-Volatile oil (incensole acetate and phellandrene)
- Boswellic acid
Medicinal Actions and Uses:
Anti-inflammatory activity in
❑ Arthritis
❑ Gastritis, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis,
❑ Asthma Gingivitis and oral infections (Antibacterial)
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33. C- Balsams
Benzoin الجاوى
Origin: Benzoin is a balsamic resin obtained
from the incised stem of Styrax benzoin known
as Sumatra benzoin or Styrax tonkinensis, known
as Siam benzoin Family Styraceae.
The trees from which benzoin is obtained do
not contain any special secreting cells or ducts
and normally produce no benzoin, the
formation of which is induced by injury to the
tree.
Unorganized drugs Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
37. Constituents:
Sumatra benzoin contains free balsamic acid 25% (cinnamic and benzoic acid) and esters
derived form them.
Siam benzoin consist chiefly of coniferyl benzoate, a small amount of free benzoic acid and
vanillin.
Chemical Tests:
- 0.5 gm of powdered benzoin is warmed with 10ml of potassium permanganate solution, a
odor of benzaldehyde → Sumatra benzoin but no odor → Siam benzoin.
- Digest about 0.2gm of benzoin with 5ml of ether for about 5 minutes decant about 1ml of the
ethereal solution into a porcelain dish containing 2-3 drops of sulphuric acid and mix carefully,
deep reddish-brown color → Sumatra benzoin
deep purplish-red color →Siam benzoin
Medicinal Actions and Uses:
Expectorant (internally or by inhalation)Wound healing (Antiseptic and stimulant)
Unorganized drugs Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
38. Balsam ofTolu التولو بلسم
Origin: is balsam obtained by making incisions in trunk of Myroxylon balsamum, Family
Leguminosae.
- Constituents:
Balsamic acid esters: benzyl benzoate, little benzyl cinnamate,
- Free balsamic acids, cinnamic (12-15%) and benzoic acid (8%)
- Traces of vanillin,
Chemical Tests:
Alcoholic solution of the balsam is acidic to litmus paper
- To an alcoholic solution of the balsam (5%) add a few drops of ferric chloride a green color
produced
- Boil 1gm of balsam of tolu with 5ml of water filter add to the filtrate 3ml of potassium
permanganate and warm the odor of benzaldehyde is developed.
Medicinal Actions and Uses:
- Pleasant ingredient in cough mixtures
- Antiseptic properties due to cinnamic and benzoic acids
-
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39. Balsam of Peru
Balsam of Peru is a balsam exuded from the trunk of Myroxylon pereirae,
Family Leguminosae, after the trunk has been beaten and scorched
Constituents:
Balsamic acid esters: benzyl benzoate and benzyl cinnamate,
- Free balsamic acids: small amount of cinnamic
- Traces of vanillin,
Chemical Tests:
- Aqueous solution of the balsam is acidic to litmus paper
Medicinal Actions and Uses:
- Antiseptic (externally)
- Parasiticide, especially for scabies (externally)
- Expectorant (internally or by inhalation)
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