Organization behavior is the study of individual and group behavior within organizations. It examines how behaviors affect organizational performance. Behaviors are analyzed at the individual, group, and organizational levels. At the individual level, factors like personality, perception, and attitudes influence behaviors. At the group level, roles, norms, leadership, and communication impact behaviors. Deviant workplace behaviors that can negatively impact organizations include aggression, unproductive behaviors, abuse of property, politics, and gossip. Effectively managing these behaviors across all levels is important for organizational success.
This document provides an overview of organizational behavior. It discusses key concepts in the field's history such as scientific management, the Hawthorne Studies, and theories like Theory X and Theory Y. The document also defines organizational behavior and explains its goals of understanding, predicting, and influencing human behavior in organizations. It addresses the individual, group, and organizational levels of analysis and notes challenges facing management today.
Organizational behavior is based on certain basic assumptions about human nature and organizations. Regarding human nature, it assumes that each individual is unique, people bring their whole selves to work, behavior is caused by needs and motivations, and each person has inherent worth. Regarding organizations, it views them as social systems and assumes that the goals of the individual and organization are mutually interdependent. Key aspects of the assumptions about human nature include individual differences, the whole person concept, caused behavior, and the inherent value of each person.
Organizational behaviour is the study of how individuals and groups act within organizations. It examines how individual traits, group dynamics, and organizational structure impact behaviour. The goal is to apply this knowledge to improve organizational effectiveness. Some key points covered include:
- Organizations are groups that work together for a common purpose and have structured patterns of interaction.
- Organizational behaviour draws from multiple disciplines like psychology, sociology, and anthropology.
- Individuals have unique traits and experiences that impact their behaviour, and people bring their whole selves to work.
Organizational culture is a system of shared assumptions, values, and beliefs, which governs how people behave in organizations. These shared values have a strong influence on the people in the organization and dictate how they dress, act, and perform their jobs.
Organizational behavior (OB) is the study of how individuals and groups act within organizations. It examines how individuals' behaviors are influenced by the organization and how organizations can be designed to improve employee performance and satisfaction. OB draws from multiple disciplines including psychology, sociology, and anthropology. It aims to apply knowledge about human behavior and organizations to make organizations more effective. The document discusses the evolution of OB, key topics in OB like motivation, leadership, and organizational structure, and challenges organizations face in a changing world.
An organization is a deliberately structured social group established to achieve common goals. An organization combines raw materials, capital, labor, and knowledge to produce goods and services. It has four main components - tasks, people, structure, and technology.
Leadership theories have evolved over time from focusing on innate traits to behaviors to contingency factors. Early trait theories proposed that great leaders are born with certain traits. Behavioral theories examined what leaders do rather than inherent qualities. Contingency theories recognize that effective leadership depends on matching leader style to situational factors like task structure and leader-member relations.
This document provides an overview of organizational behavior. It discusses key concepts in the field's history such as scientific management, the Hawthorne Studies, and theories like Theory X and Theory Y. The document also defines organizational behavior and explains its goals of understanding, predicting, and influencing human behavior in organizations. It addresses the individual, group, and organizational levels of analysis and notes challenges facing management today.
Organizational behavior is based on certain basic assumptions about human nature and organizations. Regarding human nature, it assumes that each individual is unique, people bring their whole selves to work, behavior is caused by needs and motivations, and each person has inherent worth. Regarding organizations, it views them as social systems and assumes that the goals of the individual and organization are mutually interdependent. Key aspects of the assumptions about human nature include individual differences, the whole person concept, caused behavior, and the inherent value of each person.
Organizational behaviour is the study of how individuals and groups act within organizations. It examines how individual traits, group dynamics, and organizational structure impact behaviour. The goal is to apply this knowledge to improve organizational effectiveness. Some key points covered include:
- Organizations are groups that work together for a common purpose and have structured patterns of interaction.
- Organizational behaviour draws from multiple disciplines like psychology, sociology, and anthropology.
- Individuals have unique traits and experiences that impact their behaviour, and people bring their whole selves to work.
Organizational culture is a system of shared assumptions, values, and beliefs, which governs how people behave in organizations. These shared values have a strong influence on the people in the organization and dictate how they dress, act, and perform their jobs.
Organizational behavior (OB) is the study of how individuals and groups act within organizations. It examines how individuals' behaviors are influenced by the organization and how organizations can be designed to improve employee performance and satisfaction. OB draws from multiple disciplines including psychology, sociology, and anthropology. It aims to apply knowledge about human behavior and organizations to make organizations more effective. The document discusses the evolution of OB, key topics in OB like motivation, leadership, and organizational structure, and challenges organizations face in a changing world.
An organization is a deliberately structured social group established to achieve common goals. An organization combines raw materials, capital, labor, and knowledge to produce goods and services. It has four main components - tasks, people, structure, and technology.
Leadership theories have evolved over time from focusing on innate traits to behaviors to contingency factors. Early trait theories proposed that great leaders are born with certain traits. Behavioral theories examined what leaders do rather than inherent qualities. Contingency theories recognize that effective leadership depends on matching leader style to situational factors like task structure and leader-member relations.
This document provides an overview of organizational behavior (OB). It defines OB as the systematic study of how individuals and groups act within organizations. The goals of OB are to describe, understand, predict, and control human behavior in organizations. Key forces that affect organizations are people, structure, technology, and the external environment. OB draws from multiple contributing disciplines including psychology, sociology, and social psychology. Fundamental concepts of OB include the nature of people and organizations. Models of OB help explain organizational behavior. Organizational culture and social systems frameworks are also discussed. Approaches to and limitations of OB are presented.
Organisation involves determining activities, arranging them into units, and assigning roles and responsibilities. It is important for attaining objectives, defining hierarchies and responsibilities, and minimizing friction. There are formal and informal structures. Formal structures include organization charts showing divisions of work, reporting relationships, and communication channels. Informal structures comprise unofficial working relationships. Common structures include functional (grouping similar tasks), divisional (grouping by product, geography, customers, or process), matrix (combining functional and divisional), team, network, and entrepreneurial. The choice of structure impacts organizational culture and ability to change directions.
NATURE , SCOPE ,AND RELATED FIELDS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORAbhilash Patwal
Organizational behaviour is the study and application of knowledge about how individuals and groups act within organizations. It helps understand and predict organizational life by helping managers understand themselves and others to get work done better. Organizational behaviour is goal-oriented, seeks to balance human and technical values at work, and takes an interdisciplinary approach by integrating behavioral science. It has a broad scope that includes intrapersonal behavior, interpersonal behavior, and behavior about the organization. Key elements that influence organizational behavior are people, structure, technology, and the organization's environment. Contributing disciplines to the field include psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, and political science.
The document discusses key elements of organizational design. It lists the names of group members and their presentation topic as organizing. It then defines organizing and organizational structure. There are six key elements of organizational design discussed - work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control, centralization and decentralization, and formalization. Each element is further explained, such as the different types of departmentalization and their definitions.
The document provides an introduction to organizational behavior. It defines OB as the study of human behavior in organizations. It discusses the key elements, importance, assumptions, levels, and contributing disciplines of OB. It also covers emerging trends, challenges, and models in OB. Specific topics summarized include attitudes, values, beliefs, and emotions.
Values represent basic convictions about what is good and desirable. They influence our perceptions and attitudes, and generally shape behavior. There are two main types of values: terminal values which are desirable end-states, and instrumental values which are preferable modes of behavior. Different cultures can be assessed based on their values along dimensions such as individualism versus collectivism. Attitudes are learned predispositions to respond favorably or unfavorably to objects, and are influenced by values. Common attitudes studied in organizational behavior are job involvement, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction.
Introduction To The Field Of Organizational BehaviourSahil Mahajan
This document provides an introduction to the field of organizational behavior. It discusses what organizations are, why organizational behavior is studied, and trends influencing organizations like globalization, information technology, changing workforces, and employment relationships. It also covers topics such as telecommuting, knowledge management, and the historical roots and development of organizational behavior as a field of study.
The document defines key terms related to human resource management such as management, human resources, and defines HRM as managing the functions of employing, developing and compensating human resources. It discusses the evolution of HRM from the industrial revolution era to modern approaches. It outlines the objectives, functions, and key aspects of employment and human resource development within HRM.
Managers assume multiple roles to meet the demands of their functions. Henry Mintzberg identified ten common managerial roles divided into three groups: interpersonal, informational, and decisional. The three interpersonal roles are figurehead, leader, and liaison, which are primarily concerned with interpersonal relationships. The three informational roles are disseminator, spokesperson, and monitor, which are primarily concerned with the information aspects of managerial work. The four decisional roles are entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator, which revolve around making choices.
This document discusses values, attitudes, and job satisfaction. It covers key topics such as:
- Definitions of values and value systems, and the importance of values in understanding behavior.
- Frameworks for assessing cultures, including Hofstede's model of cultural dimensions and the GLOBE framework.
- Definitions of attitudes and their cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. Types of attitudes like job involvement and organizational commitment.
- Theories of cognitive dissonance and measuring the relationship between attitudes and behaviors.
- Factors that influence job satisfaction like productivity, absenteeism, and turnover. How employees can express dissatisfaction through exit, voice, loyalty, or neglect.
The document discusses the evolution of management theories from ancient times to the present. It describes early ideas on management, strategy, and leadership from thinkers like Sun Tzu and Machiavelli. It then covers the Classical, Behavioral, Quantitative, and Contingency approaches to management. The Classical approach from 1890 emphasized organizational efficiency while the Behavioral approach from 1910 focused on human factors. The systems approach from the 1950s-1960s viewed organizations as open systems. Finally, the Contingency approach of the 1970s recognized that the best management approach depends on the situation or circumstances.
organizatioal Behavior : Values, Attitude and Job SatisfactionRaisulAkash1
The document discusses work values, attitudes, and job satisfaction. It defines work values as personal convictions about work outcomes and behaviors. Attitudes have three components - cognitive, affective, and behavioral. Job satisfaction is influenced by pay, personality, need fulfillment, discrepancies between expectations and reality, and other factors. High job satisfaction is related to better job performance, customer satisfaction, less absenteeism, lower turnover, and less workplace deviance. Managers often overestimate employee satisfaction levels.
Personality is the sum total of how an individual reacts and interacts with others. It is influenced by heredity, environment, and situation. There are several theories that describe personality types and traits, including the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, Big Five model, and locus of control. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classifies people into 16 types based on four characteristics, while the Big Five model describes personality along five dimensions such as extroversion and agreeableness. Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposes that personality has three parts - the id, ego, and superego - which develop at different stages from birth to adulthood.
The Hawthorne effect (also referred to as the observer effect) refers to a phenomenon whereby workers improve or modify an aspect of their behavior in response to the fact of change in their environment, rather than in response to the nature of the change itself. The "Hawthorne effect" study suggested that the novelty of having research conducted and the increased attention from such could lead to temporary increases in productivity.This effect was observed for minute increases in illumination. In these lighting studies, light intensity was altered to examine its effect on worker productivity. Most industrial/occupational psychology and organizational behavior textbooks refer to the illumination studies. Only occasionally are the rest of the studies mentioned
To understand Organisational Behavior meaning and importance,Organisation as social process,System and Contingency approach,Environmental Factors,Constraints over organization and managerial performance
Components of organizational culture.docSururBedru
This document discusses the components of organizational culture. It defines organizational culture as the shared values, beliefs, and behaviors within an organization. The document outlines three main components of organizational culture according to Schein: artifacts, espoused beliefs and values, and underlying assumptions. Artifacts include symbols, language, stories and practices. Beliefs and values are the organization's goals and philosophies. Underlying assumptions are unconscious beliefs that provide identity and certainty. Organizational culture influences employee satisfaction, performance, and retention. Understanding an organization's culture is important for its success.
Organizational behavior its nature and importanceAMALDASKH
This document provides an overview of organizational behavior. It defines organizational behavior as the study and application of knowledge about human behavior in organizations. It notes that organizational behavior is an interdisciplinary field that draws from psychology, sociology, and other behavioral sciences. The document also discusses the nature of organizational behavior, describing it as both a science and an art. It notes that organizational behavior focuses on understanding people's behavior from a humanistic perspective in order to enhance worker well-being and organizational effectiveness.
This document provides an introduction to organizational behavior. It defines organizational behavior as the study of how individuals and groups act within organizations. The document notes that organizational behavior is multidisciplinary, studying human behavior at different levels of the organization. It also discusses that organizational behavior aims to understand, predict, and influence how people, groups, and structures behave within an organization. The scope of organizational behavior includes ensuring employee satisfaction, developing skills, performance reviews, motivation systems, managing attitudes, and reducing conflicts to improve organizational effectiveness.
This document provides an overview of organizational development (OD) concepts that will be covered in a course presented by Naresh Sukhani. The objectives of the course are to understand OD concepts and their relevance, study issues and challenges of OD, understand the phases of an OD program, examine OD interventions, and discuss ethical issues. The syllabus will cover an overview of OD, organizational diagnosis and change, OD interventions, and OD effectiveness. Key intervention techniques that will be discussed include T-groups, survey feedback, process consultation, team building, and third-party conflict resolution.
Human behavior is influenced by both internal and external factors. Individual behavior varies between people due to differences in internal forces like needs, motives, attitudes, beliefs, values, perceptions, personality, and emotions. Some key internal factors affecting individual behavior include needs which motivate people, motives which direct people towards fulfilling needs, and attitudes which are evaluative judgments that influence behavior. Understanding these internal forces helps managers effectively plan, organize, and control employee actions.
This document provides an overview of organizational behavior (OB). It defines OB as the systematic study of how individuals and groups act within organizations. The goals of OB are to describe, understand, predict, and control human behavior in organizations. Key forces that affect organizations are people, structure, technology, and the external environment. OB draws from multiple contributing disciplines including psychology, sociology, and social psychology. Fundamental concepts of OB include the nature of people and organizations. Models of OB help explain organizational behavior. Organizational culture and social systems frameworks are also discussed. Approaches to and limitations of OB are presented.
Organisation involves determining activities, arranging them into units, and assigning roles and responsibilities. It is important for attaining objectives, defining hierarchies and responsibilities, and minimizing friction. There are formal and informal structures. Formal structures include organization charts showing divisions of work, reporting relationships, and communication channels. Informal structures comprise unofficial working relationships. Common structures include functional (grouping similar tasks), divisional (grouping by product, geography, customers, or process), matrix (combining functional and divisional), team, network, and entrepreneurial. The choice of structure impacts organizational culture and ability to change directions.
NATURE , SCOPE ,AND RELATED FIELDS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORAbhilash Patwal
Organizational behaviour is the study and application of knowledge about how individuals and groups act within organizations. It helps understand and predict organizational life by helping managers understand themselves and others to get work done better. Organizational behaviour is goal-oriented, seeks to balance human and technical values at work, and takes an interdisciplinary approach by integrating behavioral science. It has a broad scope that includes intrapersonal behavior, interpersonal behavior, and behavior about the organization. Key elements that influence organizational behavior are people, structure, technology, and the organization's environment. Contributing disciplines to the field include psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, and political science.
The document discusses key elements of organizational design. It lists the names of group members and their presentation topic as organizing. It then defines organizing and organizational structure. There are six key elements of organizational design discussed - work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control, centralization and decentralization, and formalization. Each element is further explained, such as the different types of departmentalization and their definitions.
The document provides an introduction to organizational behavior. It defines OB as the study of human behavior in organizations. It discusses the key elements, importance, assumptions, levels, and contributing disciplines of OB. It also covers emerging trends, challenges, and models in OB. Specific topics summarized include attitudes, values, beliefs, and emotions.
Values represent basic convictions about what is good and desirable. They influence our perceptions and attitudes, and generally shape behavior. There are two main types of values: terminal values which are desirable end-states, and instrumental values which are preferable modes of behavior. Different cultures can be assessed based on their values along dimensions such as individualism versus collectivism. Attitudes are learned predispositions to respond favorably or unfavorably to objects, and are influenced by values. Common attitudes studied in organizational behavior are job involvement, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction.
Introduction To The Field Of Organizational BehaviourSahil Mahajan
This document provides an introduction to the field of organizational behavior. It discusses what organizations are, why organizational behavior is studied, and trends influencing organizations like globalization, information technology, changing workforces, and employment relationships. It also covers topics such as telecommuting, knowledge management, and the historical roots and development of organizational behavior as a field of study.
The document defines key terms related to human resource management such as management, human resources, and defines HRM as managing the functions of employing, developing and compensating human resources. It discusses the evolution of HRM from the industrial revolution era to modern approaches. It outlines the objectives, functions, and key aspects of employment and human resource development within HRM.
Managers assume multiple roles to meet the demands of their functions. Henry Mintzberg identified ten common managerial roles divided into three groups: interpersonal, informational, and decisional. The three interpersonal roles are figurehead, leader, and liaison, which are primarily concerned with interpersonal relationships. The three informational roles are disseminator, spokesperson, and monitor, which are primarily concerned with the information aspects of managerial work. The four decisional roles are entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator, which revolve around making choices.
This document discusses values, attitudes, and job satisfaction. It covers key topics such as:
- Definitions of values and value systems, and the importance of values in understanding behavior.
- Frameworks for assessing cultures, including Hofstede's model of cultural dimensions and the GLOBE framework.
- Definitions of attitudes and their cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. Types of attitudes like job involvement and organizational commitment.
- Theories of cognitive dissonance and measuring the relationship between attitudes and behaviors.
- Factors that influence job satisfaction like productivity, absenteeism, and turnover. How employees can express dissatisfaction through exit, voice, loyalty, or neglect.
The document discusses the evolution of management theories from ancient times to the present. It describes early ideas on management, strategy, and leadership from thinkers like Sun Tzu and Machiavelli. It then covers the Classical, Behavioral, Quantitative, and Contingency approaches to management. The Classical approach from 1890 emphasized organizational efficiency while the Behavioral approach from 1910 focused on human factors. The systems approach from the 1950s-1960s viewed organizations as open systems. Finally, the Contingency approach of the 1970s recognized that the best management approach depends on the situation or circumstances.
organizatioal Behavior : Values, Attitude and Job SatisfactionRaisulAkash1
The document discusses work values, attitudes, and job satisfaction. It defines work values as personal convictions about work outcomes and behaviors. Attitudes have three components - cognitive, affective, and behavioral. Job satisfaction is influenced by pay, personality, need fulfillment, discrepancies between expectations and reality, and other factors. High job satisfaction is related to better job performance, customer satisfaction, less absenteeism, lower turnover, and less workplace deviance. Managers often overestimate employee satisfaction levels.
Personality is the sum total of how an individual reacts and interacts with others. It is influenced by heredity, environment, and situation. There are several theories that describe personality types and traits, including the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, Big Five model, and locus of control. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classifies people into 16 types based on four characteristics, while the Big Five model describes personality along five dimensions such as extroversion and agreeableness. Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposes that personality has three parts - the id, ego, and superego - which develop at different stages from birth to adulthood.
The Hawthorne effect (also referred to as the observer effect) refers to a phenomenon whereby workers improve or modify an aspect of their behavior in response to the fact of change in their environment, rather than in response to the nature of the change itself. The "Hawthorne effect" study suggested that the novelty of having research conducted and the increased attention from such could lead to temporary increases in productivity.This effect was observed for minute increases in illumination. In these lighting studies, light intensity was altered to examine its effect on worker productivity. Most industrial/occupational psychology and organizational behavior textbooks refer to the illumination studies. Only occasionally are the rest of the studies mentioned
To understand Organisational Behavior meaning and importance,Organisation as social process,System and Contingency approach,Environmental Factors,Constraints over organization and managerial performance
Components of organizational culture.docSururBedru
This document discusses the components of organizational culture. It defines organizational culture as the shared values, beliefs, and behaviors within an organization. The document outlines three main components of organizational culture according to Schein: artifacts, espoused beliefs and values, and underlying assumptions. Artifacts include symbols, language, stories and practices. Beliefs and values are the organization's goals and philosophies. Underlying assumptions are unconscious beliefs that provide identity and certainty. Organizational culture influences employee satisfaction, performance, and retention. Understanding an organization's culture is important for its success.
Organizational behavior its nature and importanceAMALDASKH
This document provides an overview of organizational behavior. It defines organizational behavior as the study and application of knowledge about human behavior in organizations. It notes that organizational behavior is an interdisciplinary field that draws from psychology, sociology, and other behavioral sciences. The document also discusses the nature of organizational behavior, describing it as both a science and an art. It notes that organizational behavior focuses on understanding people's behavior from a humanistic perspective in order to enhance worker well-being and organizational effectiveness.
This document provides an introduction to organizational behavior. It defines organizational behavior as the study of how individuals and groups act within organizations. The document notes that organizational behavior is multidisciplinary, studying human behavior at different levels of the organization. It also discusses that organizational behavior aims to understand, predict, and influence how people, groups, and structures behave within an organization. The scope of organizational behavior includes ensuring employee satisfaction, developing skills, performance reviews, motivation systems, managing attitudes, and reducing conflicts to improve organizational effectiveness.
This document provides an overview of organizational development (OD) concepts that will be covered in a course presented by Naresh Sukhani. The objectives of the course are to understand OD concepts and their relevance, study issues and challenges of OD, understand the phases of an OD program, examine OD interventions, and discuss ethical issues. The syllabus will cover an overview of OD, organizational diagnosis and change, OD interventions, and OD effectiveness. Key intervention techniques that will be discussed include T-groups, survey feedback, process consultation, team building, and third-party conflict resolution.
Human behavior is influenced by both internal and external factors. Individual behavior varies between people due to differences in internal forces like needs, motives, attitudes, beliefs, values, perceptions, personality, and emotions. Some key internal factors affecting individual behavior include needs which motivate people, motives which direct people towards fulfilling needs, and attitudes which are evaluative judgments that influence behavior. Understanding these internal forces helps managers effectively plan, organize, and control employee actions.
The document discusses attitudes, including their definition, nature, factors affecting them, and implications for nursing. It defines attitudes as evaluations of objects, people, behaviors or events based on beliefs that guide behavior. Attitudes are formed through personal experiences, socialization, culture, media, education and personality. They can be changed by reducing cognitive dissonance, counter attitudinal advocacy, and persuasive communication. Positive attitudes are important for nurses as they facilitate better performance, reduce errors, and help manage stress.
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This document provides an introduction to personality psychology. It discusses that personality psychology studies personality and individual differences. It examines how people are similar through human nature, and how they differ through individual traits and group memberships. Personality refers to consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that make a person unique. It is influenced by both inherent temperament and environmental experiences. The document outlines several key features and patterns of personality.
Organizational behavior is the study of how individuals and groups act within organizations. It examines human behavior in work settings and applies knowledge to improve organizational effectiveness. There are three levels of analysis: individual behavior, group behavior, and organizational behavior itself. Factors like individual differences, perception, motivation, and the social nature of organizations all influence behavior. Common models of organizational behavior include autocratic, custodial, supportive, and collegial approaches. Cultural diversity in the workplace benefits organizations through increased productivity, creativity, profits, and cultural insights. It also improves employee engagement and reduces turnover.
This document discusses personality and the Big Five model of personality. It provides definitions of personality as the unique combination of characteristics that capture a person's interactions with others and self-view. The Big Five model identifies the five main dimensions of personality as openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Each dimension is described in terms of typical behaviors and workplace implications. For example, openness relates to curiosity and creativity, while conscientiousness consistently predicts job performance. The document also lists factors that influence personality development such as heredity, environment, physical features, and socialization.
This document discusses organizational behavior and individual dimensions of behavior within organizations. It begins with definitions of organizational behavior and discusses models of organizational behavior at the individual, group, and organizational levels. It then covers individual dimensions of behavior such as personality, perceptions, attitudes, learning, and motivation. Personality is discussed in depth, including definitions of personality, different personality types, and determinants of personality like biological and environmental factors. The importance of understanding personality types for matching employees to jobs is also mentioned.
This document defines organizational behavior and its key elements. Organizational behavior is defined as the study and application of knowledge about how people act within organizations. It studies individuals, groups, structure, technology, and the environment. The main objectives of organizational behavior are to understand how these factors impact human behavior in organizations and to apply this knowledge to improve organizational effectiveness. It is an interdisciplinary field that draws from subjects like psychology, sociology, and management.
This document provides an overview of personality psychology and theories of personality development. It discusses several major theories including type theories, trait theories, and Freud's theory involving the id, ego and superego. Characteristics of personality like consistency and behaviors are also outlined. The document then discusses factors that shape the Filipino personality, noting traits like being sociable, valuing family and education, and having a strong sense of community.
This document discusses organizational behaviour and individual behavior within organizations. It defines an organization as a consciously coordinated social unit composed of two or more people working together to achieve common goals. Behavior is influenced by both individual factors like personality, skills, and attitudes as well as situational factors like work environment and job characteristics. Organizational behavior aims to describe, understand, predict, and control human behavior in organizational settings to improve organizational effectiveness. Key aspects that influence individual behavior include physiological traits, socio-psychological characteristics, personality factors, and the situational context.
Organizational behavior is the study of how individuals and groups act within organizations and how organizations manage their external environment. It draws from disciplines like psychology, sociology, anthropology, and political science. Understanding organizational behavior can help improve skills, motivate employees, anticipate organizational events, and create a better work environment. It also helps organizations understand customer behavior and use resources more efficiently. Personality is defined as distinctive patterns of thinking, feeling and acting. It is shaped by both hereditary and environmental factors like culture, family, friends and life experiences. Common personality types include extraversion, agreeableness, caution/risk-taking, self-consciousness and adventurousness.
This document provides information about individual behavior and the factors that influence it. It discusses perception, attitudes, personality, and emotions as key factors. It also covers individual differences that arise from heredity, environment, race, gender, age, and education. Different models of individual behavior in organizations are described, including the rational economic man, social man, organizational man, and self-actualizing man. Theories of personality such as type theory, trait theory, and psychoanalytic theory are also summarized.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in organizational behavior. It discusses what determines behavior, including factors like attitude, personality, perception, motivation, abilities, self-concept, and socio-cultural influences. Important determinants of behavior like attitude, perception, personality, needs, and situations are explained. The document also defines organizational behavior and discusses concepts like individual differences, the whole man approach, human dignity, and caused behavior. Major challenges for organizational behavior are listed as responding to globalization, managing workforce diversity, improving quality and productivity, and managing virtual organizations.
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Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
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2. MODULE 1:
Overview:
Definition: Organization Behavior is the study of both group and individual
performance and action within an organisation. It involves the understanding of
human behavior, attitudes, and performance in organizations.
Organization Behavior concerned on…
What people do in an organization
How their behavior effects the overall performance of the organization.
Behavior related to concerns: such as absenteeism, turnover, productivity etc.
Includes the core of all work determinants (motivation, leadership, power, politics, conflict etc..).
3. BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS
Behaviors in an organization is analyzed in the following levels
1. Individual level: At the individual level of analysis, organizational behaviour includes
learning, perception, stress, personality, individual differences etc.
In addition, it also includes the study of turnover, task performance and evaluation, coordinated
behaviour, deviant work behaviour, ethics, and cognition.
2. Group level: At the group level of analysis, organizational behaviour includes the study
study of group gesture, intra-group and intergroup dispute and attachment.
It is further extended to the study of leadership, power, norms, interpersonal communication, networks,
and roles.
4. …
3. Organization level: At this level of analysis, organizational behavior includes
the study of organizational culture, structure, cultural diversity, inter-
organizational cooperation and coordination.
It further includes the study of dispute,
change,
technology, and
external environmental forces.
6. THINGS WILL BE AFFECTED BY
ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOUR Productivity
Absenteeism
Turnover
Organization Citizenship Behavior
Job satisfaction
Due to:
Individual Variables:
Age, gender, personality, emotions, attitude, ability
Perception, individual decision making, learning and motivation.
Group Variables:
Norms, Communication, leadership, power and politics
Organization:
Organization culture, HR practices
7. INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR
Individual behaviour can be defined as a mix of responses to external and
internal stimuli.
It is the way a person reacts in different situations and the way someone expresses different
emotions like anger, happiness, love, etc.
Causes of Individual Behaviour
Certain individual characteristics are responsible for the way a person behaves in daily life
situations as well as reacts to any emergency situations. These characteristics are categorized as:
i. Inherited characteristics: The gifted features an individual possesses by birth/acquire from their parents E.g. Colour of
a person’s eye, Religion/Race of a person, Shape of the nose, Shape of earlobes.
ii. Learned characteristics: individual acquires by observing, practicing and learning from others and the surroundings.
E.g.: Perception, Values, Personality, Attitude.
8. FACTORS INFLUENCING INDIVIDUAL
BEHAVIOURThese major elements that imprints a person’s behaviour inside and outside of
the organization.
Abilities
Gender
Race and culture
Attribution
Perception
Attitude
Personality
9. …
1. Abilities
Abilities are the traits a person learns from the environment around as well as
the traits a person is gifted with by birth.
These traits are broadly classified as
Intellectual abilities- It personifies a person’s intelligence, verbal and analytical reasoning
abilities, memory as well as verbal comprehension
Physical abilities- It personifies a person’s physical strength, stamina, body coordination as well
as motor skills.
Self-awareness abilities- It symbolizes how a person feels about the task, while a manager’s
perception of his abilities decides the kind of work that needs to be allotted to an individual.
10. …
2. Gender
Research proves that men and women both stand equal in terms of job
performance and mental abilities; however, society still emphasizes differences
between the two genders. Absenteeism is one area in an organization where
differences are found as women are considered to be the primary caregiver for
children. A factor that might influence work allocation and evaluation in an
organization is the manager’s perception and personal values.
11. …
3. Race & Culture
Race is a group of people sharing similar physical features. It is used to define
types of persons according to perceived traits. For example: Indian, African.
On the other hand, culture can be defined as the traits, ideas, customs and
traditions one follows either as a person or in a group. For example: Celebrating
festival.
Race & culture have always exerted an important influence both at the workplace as well as in
society. The common mistakes such as attributing behavior and stereotyping according to
individual’s race & culture basically influences an individual’s behavior.
In today’s diverse work culture, the management as well as staff should learn and accept
cultures, values, and common protocols to create more comfortable corporate culture.
12. …
4. Perception
Refers to an intellectual process of transforming sensory stimuli into meaningful
information. Results of deference senses like feeling, hearing, touching, taste,
For example: Mellania goes to a restaurant and likes their customer service, so she will perceive
that it is a good place to hang out and will recommend it to her friends, who may or may not
it. However, Mellania’s perception about the restaurant remains good.
13. …
5. Attribution
Attribution is the course of observing behavior followed by determining its
based on individual’s personality or situation. Attribution framework uses the
following three criteria:
Consensus: The extent to which people in the same situation might react similarly.
Distinctiveness: The extent to which a person’s behavior can be associated to situations or
personality.
Consistency: The frequency measurement of the observed behavior, that is, how often does this
behavior occur.
It is all about how an individual behaves in different situations.
For example: John invites Anisha and two more friends for a movie and they agree to bunk and watch the movie, this is
consensus. Bunking of class says that they are not interested in their lectures, this is distinctiveness. A little change in the
situation, like if John frequently starts bunking the class then his friends may or may not support him. The frequency of
support and their rejection decides consistency.
14. …
6. Attitude
Attitude invokes an individual's overall promising or unpromising perception
towards a behaviour consisting of affective and cognitive dimensions.
Forms of Attitude
Experiential attitude (affective attitude) is the emotional reaction of an individual towards the
of performing the behaviour.
Instrumental attitude (cognitive attitude) is determined by the beliefs regarding the results of
behaviour.
For example: A person who has worked with different companies might develop an attitude of
indifference towards organizational citizenship, like “I like my job is expressing a positive attitude”
We can either have a positive attitude or negative attitude, towards work.
15. …
7. Personality
People sharing the same personality type and working together create a work
environment that fits their type. Understanding the theory and using it efficiently, aligns
our core personality traits to fields that nurture who we are, who we want to be, by
offering a rewarding path towards professional and personal growth.
A
CAREER/MAJOR
Compatible work
environment
MATC
H
PERSONALITY
Type
Leads to greater
success and
satisfaction
16. …Personality can be further classified on the basis of an individual’s occupation and
vocational options. John Holland grouped these features into six personality types.
1. Realistic Personality: These types of individuals have a realistic personality. They are shy in nature, stable, and
practical. They belong to professions like agriculture, engineering, fashion designing, etc.
2. Investigative Personality: These types of individuals are analytical, curious, and have an independent mind-set.
They belong to professions like writing, teaching, medicine, etc.
3. Artistic Personality: These types of individuals have great imagination and are idealistic. They belong to
professions like fine arts, music, photography, etc.
4. Social Personality: These types of individuals are sociable, helpful and cooperative in nature. They belong to
professions like teaching, social work, counselling, etc.
5. Enterprising Personality: These types of individuals are ambitious, adventurous and energetic. They belong to
professions like business, journalism, consultancy, etc.
6. Conventional Personality: These types of individuals are practical, organized, and logical. They belong to
professions like training, nursing, finance, etc.
17. METHODS OF SHAPING INDIVIDUAL
BEHAVIOURFive ways of shaping individual behaviour with respect to their original conduct:
Positive reinforcement: A positive reinforcer is a stimulus event for which an individual
will work in order to achieve it.
For example: A company announces a rewards program in which employees earn prizes depending on the number of
items they sold.
Negative reinforcement: A negative reinforcer is a stimulus event for which an individual
will work in order to terminate, to escape from, to postpone its occurrence.
For example: A company has a policy that an employee can have a Saturday off only if he completes the assigned work by
Friday.
Punishment: The creation of some unpleasant conditions to remove an undesirable
behaviour.
For example: A teenager comes home late and the parents take away the privilege of using the cell phone.
18. …
Extinction: The process of eradicating any type of reinforcement causing any undesirable
behaviour.
For example: A child who crawls under the table to hide and seek attention, gradually stops doing so when the attention
is withdrawn.
Schedules of reinforcement: The schedules of reinforcement can be of five types:
Continuous A schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of the desired outcome is followed by the one who
reinforces.
Fixed interval Conduct of reinforcement with intervals but sufficient enough to make the expected behaviour worth
repeating.
Variable interval Conduct of reinforcement with an average of n amount of time. For example: Checking e-mail or
popping quizzes.
Fixed ratio Oversight of reinforcement when rewards are spaced at uniform time intervals. For example: Salary.
Variable ratio Oversight of reinforcement when rewards are spaced at unpredictable time intervals. For example:
Commission in sales.
19. GROUP LEVEL BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS
A group can be defined as two or more interacting and interdependent individuals who come
together to achieve particular objectives.
A group behaviour can be stated as a course of action a group takes as a family. For example:
Strike.
There are two types of groups: formal groups and informal groups.
I. Formal Groups: These are the type of work groups created by the organization and
and have designated work assignments and rooted tasks. The behaviour of such
groups is directed toward achieving organizational goals.
Formal groups can be further classified into two sub-groups:
Command Group – It is a group consisting of individuals who report directly to the manager.
Interest Group – It is a group formed by individuals working together to achieve a specific
objective.
20. …
II. Informal Groups: These groups are formed with friendships and common interests.
These can be further classified into two sub-groups:
Task group – Those working together to finish a job or task is known as a task group.
Friendship group – Those brought together because of their shared interests or common characteristics is
known as friendship group.
For example: A group of workers working on a project and reporting to the same manager
is considered as command group, while a group of friends chilling out together is
as an interest group or say members of a club.
21. WHY DO PEOPLE JOIN GROUPS
i. Security mirrors strength in numbers.
ii. Status pinpoints a prestige that comes from belonging to a specific group. Inclusion in a
group is considered as important as it provides recognition and status.
iii. Self-esteem transmits people's feeling of self-worth. Membership can raise feelings of
self-esteem like being accepted into a highly valued group.
iv. Affiliation with groups can meet one's social needs. Work groups significantly contribute
to meet the need for friendships and social relations.
v. One of the appealing attitudes of groups is that they represent power. What mostly
cannot be achieved individually becomes possible with group effort.
Also Power might be aimed to protect themselves from unreasonable demands.
Informal groups additionally provide options for individuals to practice power.
Finally, people may join a group for goal achievement. Sometimes it takes more than one
person to accomplish a particular task.
22. GROUP ROLES
The concept of roles is applicable to all employees within an organization as well as to their
life outside the organization. A role is a set of expected behaviour patterns attributed to the
one who occupies the position demanded by the social unit.
Individuals play multiple roles at the same time. Employees attempt to understand what kind of behaviour is
expected from them. An individual when presented by divergent role expectations experiences role conflict.
Three types of group roles:
Task-oriented Roles: Roles allotted to individuals according to their work and eligibility/
marked to work designation. Task-oriented roles can broadly divide individuals into six
categories
Initiator: The one who proposes, suggests, defines.
Informer: The one who offers facts, expresses feelings, gives opinions.
Clarifier: The one who interprets, defines, clarifies everything.
Summarizer: The one who links, restates, concludes, summarizes.
Reality Tester: The one who provides critical analysis.
Information seekers or providers: The one who gives information and data.
23. …
Relationship-oriented Roles: Roles that group individuals play to maintain healthy
relationship in the group and achieve the goals are known as relationship-oriented roles.
There are five categories of individuals in this category:
Harmonizer: The one who limits tension and reconciles disagreements.
Gate Keeper: The one who ensures participation by all.
Consensus Tester: The one who analyses the decision-making process.
Encourager: The one who is warm, responsive, active, shows acceptance.
Compromiser: The one who admits error and limits conflict.
Individual Roles: Roles that classify a person according to the measure of individual effort
put in the project aimed is known as individual roles. Five types of individuals fall into these
roles:
Aggressor: The one who devalues others, attacks ideas.
Blocker: The one who disagrees and rebels beyond reason.
Dominator: The one who insists superiority to manipulate.
Cavalier: The one who takes part in a group non-productively.
Avoidance: The one who shows special interest to avoid task.
24. …
A group is considered effective when it has the following characteristics:
i. Atmosphere is relaxed, comfortable, and friendly.
ii. Task to be executed are well understood and accepted.
iii. Members listen well and actively participate in given assignments.
iv. Assignments are made clear and are accepted.
v. Group is acquainted of its operation and function.
vi. People express their feelings and ideas openly.
vii. Consensus decision-making process is followed.
viii. Conflict & disagreement centre regarding ideas or method.
25. DEVIANT WORKPLACE BEHAVIOR
Workplace deviance can take the form of bitterness towards co-workers. Organizations usually
strive to create an atmosphere of conformity and teamwork to achieve maximum productivity
and create a healthy corporate culture.
In organizations of any size, deviant behaviour can occur, which can sabotage the work. There are usually two types
of deviant behaviour:-
Aggressive Behaviour
Workplace deviance can sometimes take the form of aggressive behaviour. In diverse work environments, deviance
may occur when workers display intolerance of co-workers of different nationalities or cultures. Some common
examples include: sexual harassment, bullying and showing open hostility towards co-workers.
Unproductive Behaviour
Actions that disrupt or minimize productivity. Common examples of this type of deviant behaviour include: Workers
who waste their time by standing around, showing up late for work, calling in sick when in perfect health, sneaking
out early or taking long lunch or coffee breaks, slows down productivity.
26. …
Abuse of Property: It includes using company vehicles for personal errands, damaging company equipment or
defacing work areas, taking home office supplies or failing to return items borrowed from the company and
many more.
Company Politics: This occurs in many workplaces and is considered as a part of workplace deviance. A worker
may spread false rumors or gossip about another in an effort to gain promotion or more favourable work
assignment.
Supervisors who are partial towards one employee over another or prevent deserving employees from career
advancement are also guilty of committing a deviant act.
Employees who are actively engaged in gossip sessions can have a negative impact on employee morale.