Human behavior is influenced by both internal and external factors. Individual behavior varies between people due to differences in internal forces like needs, motives, attitudes, beliefs, values, perceptions, personality, and emotions. Some key internal factors affecting individual behavior include needs which motivate people, motives which direct people towards fulfilling needs, and attitudes which are evaluative judgments that influence behavior. Understanding these internal forces helps managers effectively plan, organize, and control employee actions.

1. CHAPTER – 2 .
INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR.

2.  Human behavior is a combination of response to internal and
external stimuli.
Human behavior is either caused, motivated, or goal directed.
In order to understand organizational problem it is necessary
to make full detail study about human behavior.
Organization mainly consists of group of people who involve
in performing different task on the basis of their skill.
Individual or human behavior is differ from one another due to
internal or external forces.
 Understanding such internal forces helps manager to make proper plan, to
organize and control each and every action of employees.
 Individual behaviour is the product of intelligence, creativity, personality and
adaptability etc.

3.  Factors affecting individual behaviour:
1. Needs
2. Motives
3. Attitude
4. Belief
5. Value
6. Perception
7. Personality
8. Emotion

4. 1.Needs:
 Needs are inner deficiency which are associated with individual
throughout his life. Needs changes over the period of time and it
is also different from one person to another.
 Fulfillment of need motivate employees to their work in best
possible way whereas unfulfillment of need create dissatisfaction
on a part of individual.
 Needs are created when there is physiological or psychological
imbalance. Ex of need are : need for food, water etc.
 Needs are classified into two categories primary need and
secondary need.

5. 2.Motives:
 Motives are inner state of mind which direct individual towards
fulfillment of need. It helps to provide strong reason to achieve
the required need.
 It helps individual to choose effective course of behavior from
available choice. Drive is the heart of motivational process.
 Drives are action oriented. The example of needs for food and
water are translated into hunger and thrust drive.

6. 3.Attitude:
 It is a evaluative judgement on the part of individual towards
objects, people or events. It is a reflection. It is collection of three
things belief , feeling ,behavior tendency towards events.
 It refers to the way a person feels about. Attitude are lasting
feelings, beliefs, behavior tendencies toward people, group,
ideas, issues, object etc. An individual background and
experience are reflected through attitude.
 Parents, friends, society play an important role in formation of
attitude.

7.  Different people have different attitude as they may have different level of
thinking process, information processing, and biological features.
Sometimes same person may also have different attitudes on the same
issue because of different environmental contexts. They behave differently
according to their attitude. In other words, individual differences in
behaviour are the because of different attitudes. People reflect their
attitudes in their action. Such actions influence the inerpersonal
relationship, group dynamism and organizational performance. So,
managers should understand in advance regarding the attitudes of the
person. Attitudes are less permanent employee towards job, advertisement
can change the attitude of consumers towards product, regular
socialization programs cab change the attitude towards management.

8.  Types of job related attitude:
1. Job satisfication: Job satisfication is a collection of feelings that
an individual have towards the job. It may be positive or negative.
Positive attitude is concerned with high level of job satisfaction and
negative attitude is concerned with job dissatisfaction.
2. Job Involvement: Job involvement is concerned with how an
employee is identifying with the job, actively participating in it, and
considering performance important to self worth. Employee having
feeling of job involvement consider job as a main part of their lives.
3. Organizational commitment: Organisational commitment is the
emotional attachment that individual have towards the organisation
they are working. It is an attitude reflecting an employee’s loyalty
toward the organisation.

9.  Component of attitude:
1. Cognative: It is basically opinion or belief segment of an
attitude. It is thinking about that object,person .for ex when we
saw snake we think that it is dangerous.
2. Affective: It is based on belief. They are emotion,or feeling
towards that object. For ex when we see snake we get scared.
3. Behavioral: It reflect our intentions and focuses on behaviour.
It represents how we act and react. For ex when we see snake
we run or shout.

10. 4.Belief:
 It represents idea about something or someone and the
conclusion which we draw about them. It is the internal feeling
that something is true.
 It may or may not be accurate. Hence, it is different from facts. It
is acquired through surroundings which helps to direct the
behavior. They developed through cultural development.
 Belief is based on someone idea, someone knowledge and
someone faith. For ex supernatural powers exist in the world,
when people get sick they go to dhamijhakari etc.

11. 5.Values:
 Values are long lasting belief about what is important in life. It
helps to know ethics. It represent individual sense about what is
good or what is bad, what is desirable and what is undesirable.
 Values are stable in nature. In other words we can also say that
it is related to desirable behavior of individuals. They contain an
element of judgement. Values in the organisation affect
individual’s attitude and behavior.

12.  Types of values:
1. Terminal value: In short terminal value represent what we
want. It refers to goals which individual want to achieve in their
life time. For ex happiness, self respect, family security,
freedom, comfortable life etc.
2. Instrumental value: They are the means or tools which helps
to achieve terminal value. In other words we can say they are
the method an individual adopt for achieving his objective of life.
For ex honesty, hard working, capable etc.

13. IMPORTANCE OF VALUES
 Values influence perception of individual.
 Values influence on motivation of individual for effective performance.
 Values are the foundation for understanding attitudes of individual.
 It encourages for achieving organizational as well as individual goals.
 It influence an individual to select appropriate types of activities.
 It influence on the behaviour of the individual.
 It provides for stabilities and uniformities in group interaction.

14. 6.Perception:
 it is a process of selecting, organizing, interpreting of
information into meaningful way. It is different from reality.
Perception is different from person to person because each
individual is different from other.
 It is the process of giving information to environment. It is
regarded as sensation plus meaning. Perception is learned
through education, training, learning etc.

15. 7.Personality:
 it refers to characteristic of individual which involve physical,
mental characteristic and emotional state of mind. It is sub of
total way in which individual react or interact with one another.
 It involve both internal and external quality of individual. How an
individual acts or reacts with other helps in determing personality.
 It basically involve whole person rather than a part. It helps in
describing and understanding an individual.

16. 8.Emotion:
 Emotion are intense feelings towards someone or something.
Emotion are outcome of individual feeling. In other words we can
say it is respond towards certain situation.
 It is reflected through facial expressions. They are specific in
nature like anger, sadness, smile etc. They are caused by
certain specific events.
 It helps us to build social realationship, relate with others, helps
effectively to express feeling and actions, communicate
effectively and to understand others.