1. IMPORTANCE OF
PUBLIC SPEAKING

2. •It shares your ideas with the public.
•During the modern times, a lot of
men and women have shared ideas
and have influenced the world with
their speeches.
•Communication skills (including
public speaking) were the first
among the qualities sought by most
employers.

3. •It is a vital means of civic
engagement.
•It can express your ideas that can
create an impact in a democratic
society.
•It is a form of empowerment.
•Public speaking offers you an
opportunity to make a difference.

4. PUBLIC
SPEAKING
ORDINARY
CONVERSATION
Organized
Adapting
feedback
With impact
Tailored
Highly
structured
Special
delivery
More formal
Can be
interrupted
Informal
delivery
Can be
informal

5. FOUR IMPORTANT
FUNCTIONS OF
PUBLIC SPEECHES
FOR A COMMUNITY

6. 1. For self-definition - identifying our sense of
belongingness with the community
2. To spread information through a
community.
- SONA, press conference, etc.
3. To debate questions of fact, values, and
policy in community.
- for arguments
4. To bring about individual and group change
- for persuasion

7. Ethical Principles for Public Speaking
(Verderber, 2012)
1. Ethical communicators are honest.
2. Ethical communicators have
integrity.
3. Ethical communicators are fair.
4. Ethical communicators
demonstrate respect for others.
5. Ethical communicators are
responsible

8. SPEECH EFFECTIVENESS
•The extent to which the audience
listens, understands, remembers and is
motivated to act on what the speaker
says.
•Must be a goal of every public speaker

9. CREATING AND
DELIVERING YOUR
FIRST SPEECH

10. GUIDELINES (Abelos, 2006)
1. Approach the first speech with a positive
attitude
2. Select a subject for your speech
3. Develop your purpose and supporting
materials
4. Organize the speech
5. Develop language
6. Practice the speech
7. Delivering the speech
8. Criticism of the speech

11. OVERCOMING YOUR
PUBLIC SPEAKING
APPREHENSION OR
STAGE FRIGHT

12. “Although stage fright is normal
in public settings, even the most
frightened person whose heart is
pounding will perform better when
he or she is well prepared.”
(Verderber, 2012)

13. STAGE FRIGHT
ALERT!

14. PUBLIC SPEAKING APPREHENSION
•A type of public speaking anxiety which is a
fear you encounter when expecting a speaking
task or actually speaking in front of an
audience.
•It plagues most public speakers; in fact, as
many as 76% of experienced public speakers
have speaking apprehension.

15. PUBLIC SPEAKING APPREHENSION
1= STRONGLY AGREE 2= AGREE 3=UNDECIDED
4=DISAGREE 5=STRONGLY DISAGREE
____1. I have no fear of giving a speech
____2. Certain parts of the body feel very tense
and rigid while giving a speech.
____3. I feel relaxed while giving a speech.
____4. My thoughts become confused and jumbled
when I am giving a speech
____5. I face the prospect of giving a speech with
confidence.
____6. While giving a speech, I get so nervous I
forget the facts I really know.

16. •Stomach upset
•Flushed skin
•Sweating
•Shaking
•Light-headedness
•Rapid heartbeats
•Verbal disfluencies
(stuttering & vocalized
pauses)
•Feeling:
•Anxious
•Worried
•Upset
PHYSICAL
SYMPTOMS
EMOTIONAL
SYMPTOMS

17. COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS
•Negative self-talk
Roots of Negative Thoughts:
1. Biologically based temperament (Introvert vs.
Extrovert)
2. Previous experience : Socialization
- Modeling: imitating the behaviors of
those who are close to you
- Reinforcement: people’s response
3. Level of Skill

18. THREE PHASES OF SPEAKING ANXIETY
1. ANTICIPATION
- anxiety you feel BEFORE giving a
speech
2. CONFRONTATION
- anxiety you feel as you BEGIN delivering
the speech
3. ADAPTATION
- the period when your anxiety level
GRADUALLY DECREASES

19. FIVE GENERAL METHODS
TO ELIMINATE SPEAKING
APPREHENSION

20. 1. COMMUNICATION ORIENTATION MOTIVATION
PERFORMANCE
ORIENTATION
COMMUNICATION
ORIENTATION
PUBLIC
SPEAKING
A situation where
you must impress
the audience.
An opportunity you
find to be able to talk
to a number of
people or to a group
of people.
AUDIENCE
You focus on them
because you think
that they are
hypercritical judges
who will notice
minor mistakes.
You are more
concerned on your
message/speech to
be understood than
impressing the
audience.

21. 2. Visualization
•It helps you develop a mental picture of
yourself delivering an effective speech.
•Goes hand in hand with preparing yourself and
your speech
•Visualizing yourself delivering a powerful
speech tends to lower your apprehension

22. 3. SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION
• It reduces apprehension by gradually
visualizing and engaging in increasingly more
frightening speaking events.
•THE GOAL: To transfer the calm feelings we
attain while visualizing to the actual speaking
event.

23. 4. COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING
•Systematically rebuilding your thoughts about
public speaking
Anxiety-arousing negative self-talk
Anxiety-reducing positive self-talk

24. •This has four steps:
1. Identify your negative thoughts / fear
2. Consider if the fears are rational or not.
3. Develop positive coping statements.
4. Incorporate your positive coping
statements into your life
4. COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING

25. 5. PUBLIC SPEAKING SKILLS TRAINING
•Systematic teaching of the skills associated
with preparing and delivering an effective
public speech
•The intention must be to reduce public
speaking apprehension.

26. 5. Relaxation Exercises
•Breathing techniques and
progressive muscle relaxation
exercises that help reduce anxiety.
1. Abdominal breathing
2. Sighing
3. Progressive muscle relaxation
exercise.

27. 6 SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES TO ELIMINATE
PUBLIC SPEAKING APPREHENSION
1. Allow sufficient time to prepare.
2. Practice your speech aloud.
3. Choose an appropriate time to speak.
4. Use positive self-talk.
5. Face the audience.
6. Focus on your message.

28. REFERENCES
Verderber, R. F., Sellnow, D. D., & Verderber, K. S.
(2010). Communicate! Wadsworth: Cengage
Learning.
Verderber, R. F., Sellnow, D. D., & Verderber, K. S.
(2012). The challenge of effective speaking.
Wadsworth: Cengage Learning.

29. EFFECTIVE SPEECH
PLANNING

30. •It is a strategy you can use to
achieve your goals in terms
of public speaking.
What is a speech plan?

31. •The five general rules for effective
public speeches established by Roman
philosophers more than 2,000 years
ago.
•Commonly attributed to Cicero.
Canons of Rhetoric

32. 1. Invention – convincing content
2. Arrangement – clearly organized
3. Style – use of appropriate language
4. Delivery – speak with confidence,
fluency, and strategic retention aids
5. Memory – sensitivity to the context
and improvisational necessities
The 5 Canons of Rhetoric

33. PROCESS FOR SPEECH PLANNING
STEP 1: Selecting speech goal
STEP 2: Understanding the
audience
STEP 3: Gathering
information
STEP 4: Organizing ideas
STEP 5: Choosing
presentational aids
STEP 6: Practicing aloud

34. • What is a speech goal?
• Speech goal is a specific statement of what you want
your listeners to know, believe or do.
• What is rhetorical situation?
• Rhetorical situation is the combination of the
occasion, speaker and the audience that influences
the speech given.
STEP 1: Select a speech goal that is appropriate
to the rhetorical situation

35. •To have an appropriate speech goal, consider
yourself as the speaker and the audience; then, try
to consider the occasion where you will deliver
your speech.
•Begin by selecting a topic that you know
something about and that interests you or
important to you.
STEP 1: Select a speech goal that is appropriate
to the rhetorical situation

36. •How to select a topic?
You can identify your topic by listing things
that you know and that interest you. You
can also classify your topics by identifying
your subjects first. You can consider your
major and career interests, hobbies and
activities, and issues and concerns.
STEP 1: Select a speech goal that is appropriate
to the rhetorical situation

37. •Know your audience by conducting an
audience analysis.
•The analysis should be based on people’s
age, gender, culture, educational level,
occupation, income level, and group
affiliation.
STEP 1: Select a speech goal that is appropriate
to the rhetorical situation

38. •FAQ’s:
Who is the audience?
What do they need to know about your topic?
What do they already know?
What is the size of the audience?
When and where will the speech be given?
What is the time limit for the speech?
What are the audience expectations for the
speech?
STEP 1: Select a speech goal that is appropriate
to the rhetorical situation

39. •After determining your speech topic and
considering the occasion and the audience, you
can now phrase your speech goal.
•For classroom speeches the general goal is either
to inform or to persuade.
•Your speech goal must state exactly what you
want your audience to understand, believe, or do.
STEP 1: Select a speech goal that is appropriate
to the rhetorical situation

40. •What is audience adaptation?
•Audience adaptation is the process of fitting
your speech’s information to the needs,
interests, and expectations of your listeners.
STEP 2: Understand your audience and adapt to
it

41. •Always consider your listeners’ needs,
interests, ability to understand the content
of your speech and their attitude toward you
and your topic.
•Provide basic information regarding your
topic if you know that your audience does
not know much about your topic.
STEP 2: Understand your audience and adapt to
it

42. • Demonstrate relevance
Adapting the information in your speech so that
audience members view it as important to them
STEP 2: Understand your audience and adapt to
it

43. •The audience will pay attention to your
speech if it has a personal impact.
•Effective speakers demonstrate timeliness,
proximity, and personal impact.
•Draw from common experiences.
STEP 2: Understand your audience and adapt to
it

44. •Demonstrate knowledge and expertise.
•Establish credibility/trustworthiness.
•Choose specific and familiar language.
•Be culture sensitive.
STEP 2: Understand your audience and adapt to
it

45. •Even if you know the topic that you will be
talking about, you still need additional
information and supporting details for your
point.
•Do not just focus on what you already know.
•Conduct interviews or surveys if needed.
STEP 3: Gather and evaluate information to use
in the speech

46. •Regardless of the sources of your information, it is
important to evaluate the information you gather
and select the things that are valid and truthful.
•Make sure every detail you get is relevant to your
topic.
•The more you know about your topic, the easier to
evaluate the information you get.
STEP 3: Gather and evaluate information to use
in the speech

47. •When locating sources, consider primary and
secondary sources.
•When evaluating sources, consider authority,
objectivity, currency, and relevance.
STEP 3: Gather and evaluate information to use
in the speech

48. •How to begin the process of organizing your
speech?
•Identify the two to four major ideas you want your
audience to remember.
•Construct a complete sentence for each major
idea.
•Combine your speech goal with each major idea
into a brief thesis statement with main point
preview.
STEP 4: Organize and develop ideas into a
well-structured outline

49. •Main points must be carefully worded and
arranged in an organizational framework.
•Two basic organizational frameworks:
•Chronological framework: first to last
•Topical framework: using headings
STEP 4: Organize and develop ideas into a
well-structured outline

50. •After outlining the body of the speech,
you may start outlining your
introduction and conclusion.
•An effective introduction draws
audience’s attention to what you are
saying.
STEP 4: Organize and develop ideas into a
well-structured outline

51. •How to get attention with your introduction?
•Make a startling statement
•Ask a question (rhetorical or direct)
•Tell a story
•Tell a joke
•Supply a personal reference
•Recite a quotation
•Perform or motivate an action
•Create suspense
STEP 4: Organize and develop ideas into a
well-structured outline

52. •For conclusion, you can have clincher: one-
/two-sentence statement in a conclusion
that provides a sense of closure by
delivering important points in a memorable
way.
•Once finished, review your outline to assure
that the parts are relevant to your speech
goal.
STEP 4: Organize and develop ideas into a
well-structured outline

53. •Even if you have a very short speech,
if it is possible, use a visual aid.
•Presentational aids can help you clarify, emphasize
or dramatize what you say.
•Presentational aids can be visual, audio or
audiovisual aids.
•Plan when to use the presentational aids.
STEP 5: Choose, prepare, and use
appropriate presentational aids

54. •In public speaking, practice really makes perfect.
WHY?
•Because if you don’t practice your speech you run
the risk of missing a major opportunity for
communicating your ideas effectively. Moreover,
during practice sessions, you can work on the
appropriateness, accuracy, clarity, and vividness of
your wording.
STEP 6: Practice oral language and delivery style

55. •Speech effectiveness does not just depend
on the words you say or your speech; it also
depends on how you use your voice and
body in delivering your speech.
•Practicing your speech aloud contributes to
your confidence.
•Do NOT memorize your speech.
STEP 6: Practice oral language and delivery style