1. Operating rooms require regular cleaning with detergents and disinfectants to prevent the spread of infections. Surfaces like walls, shelves, and equipment should be cleaned daily or weekly depending on the item.
2. High level disinfectants like glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde are effective at killing microorganisms but have disadvantages like toxicity. Steam sterilization is the best method for reusable medical equipment.
3. Monitoring of operating rooms includes collecting swabs from surfaces to culture for bacteria and ensure disinfection procedures are effective at preventing contamination. Strict cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization protocols help maintain asepsis in operating rooms.
Fumigation is a process of gaseous sterilisation which is used for killing of micro-organisms and prevention of microbial growth in air, surface of wall or floor.
Fumigation is a process of gaseous sterilisation which is used for killing of micro-organisms and prevention of microbial growth in air, surface of wall or floor.
Sterilization and Disinfection in ProsthodonticsJehan Dordi
Brief explanation of sterilization and disinfection methods. In-detail explanation of procedures for sterilization and disinfection of materials and armamentarium used in Prosthodontics.
contents:
Introduction;
Historical Background;
Definitions;
Factors That Influence Degree Of Sterilization;
Classification of Instruments;
Instrument washer;
Thermal disinfectors;
Objectives;
How sterilization works;
New methods of sterilization;
New methods of sterilization;
Monitors of sterilization;
Dental radiology asepsis;
Laboratory asepsis;
Precautions by operator;
Disposal of waste;
Osha standards;
Handpiece sterilization;
Ultrasonic scalars asepsis;
GTR membranes, Implants, Bone Grafts presterilization ;
Conclusion;
References.
Sterilization and Disinfection in ProsthodonticsJehan Dordi
Brief explanation of sterilization and disinfection methods. In-detail explanation of procedures for sterilization and disinfection of materials and armamentarium used in Prosthodontics.
contents:
Introduction;
Historical Background;
Definitions;
Factors That Influence Degree Of Sterilization;
Classification of Instruments;
Instrument washer;
Thermal disinfectors;
Objectives;
How sterilization works;
New methods of sterilization;
New methods of sterilization;
Monitors of sterilization;
Dental radiology asepsis;
Laboratory asepsis;
Precautions by operator;
Disposal of waste;
Osha standards;
Handpiece sterilization;
Ultrasonic scalars asepsis;
GTR membranes, Implants, Bone Grafts presterilization ;
Conclusion;
References.
STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION - ADVANCESUtsavGandhi13
A term that referring to any process that eliminates or kills all forms of life and other biological agents including transmissible agents ( such as fungi, bacteria ,virus, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as plasmodium etc. ) present in a specified region such as a surface , a volume of fluid , medication or in a compound such as biological culture media.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. --Scrubbing with detergents and rinsing
with water
--Spot cleaning of walls and ceiling daily
--For open shelves –clean daily
-- For closed cabinets –clean weekly
--For furniture's, lights equipment’s
Clean end of the day with Lysol
--Lights and other equipment's –
steamed
weekly
- General Cleaning Of OR
3. General Cleaning contd.
--The Floors should be scrubbed with warm water and
detergent and dried. No disinfectant is necessary
-- The O.T. table and other nonclinical equipment’s
must be wiped to remove all visible dirt and left to
dry
-- Weakly cleaning of all the areas inside the operating
theatre complex should be done thoroughly with
warm water and detergent and dried
-- The storage shelves must be emptied and wiped
over, and allowed to dry and restacked
4. LEVELS OF DISINFECTION
--HIGH:
This kills all the organisms except
-spores, Prions e.g. Glutaraldehyde(Prions)-are misfolded proteins
with the ability to transmit their misfolded shape onto normal
variants of the same protein. They characterize several Fatal and
transmissible neurodegenerative diseases in Humans and other
animals
--INTERMEDIATE
Kills Mycobacteria, most viruses and bacteria
--LOW
Kills some viruses and bacteria
5. Formaldehyde fumigation
Commonly used to sterilize the OT
-Requirement (Foran area of 1000 cubic feet)
-500 ml of 40% formaldehyde in one
liter of water
-Stove or hot plate for heating formalin
-300 ml of 10% Ammonia
6. Procedure
--Close all the doors & windows of OR airtight and
switch off fans and A.C.
--Heat formalin solution till boiling
--Fumigate OR with it
--Leave the OT unentered over night
--Enter the OT next day morning with 300ml of
“ammonia”
--Keep the ammonia solution for 2 - 3 hrs to
neutralize formalin vapours
--Open the OT to start surgery
--Advised fumigation at weekly intervals
7. -Mode of Action
Formaldehyde inactivates microorganisms by alkylating
the aminoacid and sulfhydryl groups of proteins and
ring nitrogen atoms of purine bases.
-Disadvantages
-It acts as a potential carcinogen
-It is Toxic
-It is irritant
8. Duration
--In case of any construction in O.T.
48 hrs
-- In case of inflected cases
24hrs
-- For routine clean cases
12 hrs
--Alternatively 250 ml of formalin and
3000 ml of tap water are put into a
machine (auto mist) and time is set
for 2 hrs. The mist is circulated for
2hrs inside the closed room.
9. Commercially available disinfectant
-Baccilocid rasant
--A newer and effective compound in environmental
decontamination with very good cost/benefit ratio
good material compatibility, excellent cleaning
properties. It is a Formaldehyde-free disinfectant
cleaner with low use concentration.
--Active ingredients
Glutaral 100 mg/g,Benzyl-C12-18-alkyldimethylammonium
chlorides 60 m g / g, didecyldimethylammonium chloride 60
mg/g.
10. Advantages
--Provides complete asepsis within
30 to 60 minutes.
Cleaning with detergent or
carbolic acid is not required
--Formalin fumigation not required
--Shutdown of O.T. for 24 hrs is not
required.
11. Aldekol
-A new method of fumigation
has been evolved using “Aldekol”
a mixture containing 6% formaldehyde
6%glutaraldehyde and 5%
benzalkonium120 chloride
13. DECONTAMINATION OF EQUIPMENT
INSTRUMENTS, AND OTHER
REUSABLE ITEMS
--Immediately after use, all surgical instruments
reusable gloves, and other items that have been
in contact with blood or other body fluids should
be placed in a plastic bucket containing a solution
of 0.5% chlorine for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes
the items should be removed from the chlorine
solution and rinsed with water or cleaned
immediately
14. CLEANING OF EQUIPMENT
INSTRUMENTS AND OTHER
REUSABLE ITEMS
-The instruments and other items should
be washed vigorously with a brush
(a toothbrush is a good option) in
lukewarm water with detergent to
remove all blood, tissue.
-- Cleaning instruments with ultrasonic
cleaner is used for cleaning of micro
surgical instruments.
15. -HIGH LEVEL DISINFACTANTS
---Chlorine solutions
These are fast acting, very effective against
HBV, HCV and HIV/ AIDS, these are inexpensive
and readily available .
---Formaldehyde
(8%), which is inexpensive and readily available
is an effective high-level disinfectant (HLD)
but, the vapours are very irritating and it is
classified as a potential carcinogen. Do not
dilute with chlorinated water as a dangerous
gas (bis- chloromethyl-ether) can be
produced.
16. Glutaraldehyde
-It is suitable for instruments that cannot
be autoclaved like sharp cutting
instruments, plastic & rubber items, and
endoscopes. It is effective against
vegetative pathogens in 15 minutes and
resistant pathogenic spores in 3 hrs
17. Hydrogen Peroxide
--(H2O2), which must be diluted
t o a 6% solution, is less expensive.
The 3%H2O2 solutions used as
antiseptics, however, it should not
be used as a disinfectant.
The major disadvantage of
hydrogen peroxide is that i t is
highly corrosive
18. Steam Sterilization (Autoclaving)
-Steam sterilization (frequently referred to
as autoclaving) depends on the use of
steam above 100 0C. Temperatures ranging
from 121-134 0C at pressures of 1 5 - 3 0
psi are generally recommended.
-Steam readily penetrates all wrapped
materials with the destruction of all
viruses and bacteria, including the most
resistant spores.
-Minimum holding times for the
sterilization of medical equipment are 15
minutes at 121 0C.
19. -CHEMICAL STERILIZATION (Gas)
-Ethylene Oxide (E. T. O.)
--Widely used for re -sterilizing ‘packaged
heat sensitive devices’ like sharp knives
and blades.
--It is non-corrosive and safe for most plastic
and polyethylene materials.
--it is the preferred method for sterilizing
heat labile tubings, vitrectomy cutters,
cryoprobes, light pipes, laser probes
diathermy leads, cannulated instruments
like endoscopes etc.
20. Sterilization methods of choice
for articles DURING SURGERY
-1-Linen (Gowns, Caps, Masks, Drapes)- Autoclaving
-2-Glassware (Syringes) - Dry heat sterilization or use
disposables from reputed firms
-3-Metal instruments- Autoclaving
-4-Plastic instruments/Components-Ethylene oxide
sterilization, formalin chamber
-5-Sharp edges instruments - ETO/Hot air oven
/Chemical disinfection.
-6- Sutures - Can be autoclaved
-7-Diathermy, Cautery electrodes- Autoclaving.
-8-Diathermy, Cautery electrodes- Autoclaving.
-9- Endoilluminators/ probes- Ethylene oxide
sterilization.
21. -
-SURVEILLANCE OF OPERATION THEATRE
MONITORING
--Swabs collected from various locations in
the OT include
-1. Operation table at the head end
-2. Over head lamp
-3. Four Walls
-4. Floor below the head end of the table
-5. Instrument trolley
-6. AC duct
-7. Microscope handles
--The swabs obtained are cultured for aerobic
(Chocolate agar) and anaerobic (Robertson’s
Cooked Meat Medium) growth
22. CHOCOLATE AGAR
--Solid culture medium
--Useful for the isolation of many
organisms including
H.influenzae
N.meningitidis
N.gonorrhoeae and
Moraxella species
23. ROBERSON,S COOKED MEAT MEDIUM
--Most widely used fluid medium for the
culture of anaerobes
--It consists of fat free minced cooked
meat in broth
--Permits the growth of even strict
anaerobes
--Meat turned red – sacchrolysis
--Meat turned black - proteolysis
24.
25. ANAEROBIC CULTURE METHODS
---Mc Intosh Fildes anaerobic jar
---Gaspak
---RCM
---Pre reduced anaerobic system
---Anaerobic glove box