International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A RELIABLE AND ENERGY EFFICIENCT ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MANETs cscpconf
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANETs) is an infrastructure less network in which the mobile nodes
communicate with each other. Due to its various characteristics like highly dynamic topology
and limited battery power of the nodes, routing is one of the key issue. Also, it is not possible to
give a significant amount of power to the mobile nodes of ad-hoc networks. Because of all this
the energy consumption is also an important issue. Due to limited battery power, some other
issues like if some node gets fail, which results in loss of data packets and no reliable data
transfer has been raised. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed for data transmission which
detects the node failure (due to energy) before it actually happens. Because of this network
lifetime gets improved. The proposed routing algorithm is energy efficient as compared to
AODV routing algorithm. The performance is analyzed on the basis of various performance
metrics like Energy Consumption, Packet Delivery Ratio, Network Life Time, Network Routing
Overhead and number of Exhausted nodes in the network by using the NS2 Simulator.
Chain Based Wireless Sensor Network Routing Using Hybrid Optimization (HBO An...IJEEE
In Wireless Sensor Network, due to the
energy restriction of each nodes, efficient routing is very
important in order to save the energy of the hybrid
optimization technique. The results of new protocol i.e.
hybrid have been compared with EEPB and IEEPB.
Simulation results show that the lifetime of Hybrid is better
as compared to EEPB and IEEPB.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Accurate modeling of cables is important to study the behavior of high frequency disturbances in power converter systems. This paper reviews and compares two popular methodologies to model energy cables – an improved per unit length parameters based model and a Laplace SPICE element based model. The two models presented take into account the frequency dependence of the parameters of the cable. A ladder network is used for this purpose in the per unit length based model. The Laplace SPICE element model is generated from from a rational function approximation for the admittance parameters that are frequency dependant. The rational function approximation is obtained using a well known vector fitting algorithm. The time and frequency domain solutions of a two wire energy cable, obtained from the two models, agree well.
Benefiting wireless power transfer scheme in power domain based multiple acce...journalBEEI
Power domain based multiple access scheme is introduced in this paper, namely Non-orthogonal multiple-access (NOMA). We deploy a wireless network using NOMA together with a wireless power transfer (WPT) scheme for dedicated user over Nakagami-$m$ fading channel. When combined, these promising techniques (NOMA and WPT) improve the system performance in term of ergodic performance at reasonable coefficient of harvested power. However, fixed power allocation factors for each NOMA user can be adjusted at the base station and it further provide performance improvement. We design a new signal frame to deploy a NOMA scheme in WPT which adopts a linear energy harvesting model. The ergodic capacity in such a NOMA network and power allocation factors can be updated frequently in order to achieve a fair distribution among NOMA users. The exact expressions of ergodic capacity for each user is derived. The simulation results show that an agreement between analytic performance and Monte-Carlo simulation can be achieved.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A RELIABLE AND ENERGY EFFICIENCT ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MANETs cscpconf
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANETs) is an infrastructure less network in which the mobile nodes
communicate with each other. Due to its various characteristics like highly dynamic topology
and limited battery power of the nodes, routing is one of the key issue. Also, it is not possible to
give a significant amount of power to the mobile nodes of ad-hoc networks. Because of all this
the energy consumption is also an important issue. Due to limited battery power, some other
issues like if some node gets fail, which results in loss of data packets and no reliable data
transfer has been raised. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed for data transmission which
detects the node failure (due to energy) before it actually happens. Because of this network
lifetime gets improved. The proposed routing algorithm is energy efficient as compared to
AODV routing algorithm. The performance is analyzed on the basis of various performance
metrics like Energy Consumption, Packet Delivery Ratio, Network Life Time, Network Routing
Overhead and number of Exhausted nodes in the network by using the NS2 Simulator.
Chain Based Wireless Sensor Network Routing Using Hybrid Optimization (HBO An...IJEEE
In Wireless Sensor Network, due to the
energy restriction of each nodes, efficient routing is very
important in order to save the energy of the hybrid
optimization technique. The results of new protocol i.e.
hybrid have been compared with EEPB and IEEPB.
Simulation results show that the lifetime of Hybrid is better
as compared to EEPB and IEEPB.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Accurate modeling of cables is important to study the behavior of high frequency disturbances in power converter systems. This paper reviews and compares two popular methodologies to model energy cables – an improved per unit length parameters based model and a Laplace SPICE element based model. The two models presented take into account the frequency dependence of the parameters of the cable. A ladder network is used for this purpose in the per unit length based model. The Laplace SPICE element model is generated from from a rational function approximation for the admittance parameters that are frequency dependant. The rational function approximation is obtained using a well known vector fitting algorithm. The time and frequency domain solutions of a two wire energy cable, obtained from the two models, agree well.
Benefiting wireless power transfer scheme in power domain based multiple acce...journalBEEI
Power domain based multiple access scheme is introduced in this paper, namely Non-orthogonal multiple-access (NOMA). We deploy a wireless network using NOMA together with a wireless power transfer (WPT) scheme for dedicated user over Nakagami-$m$ fading channel. When combined, these promising techniques (NOMA and WPT) improve the system performance in term of ergodic performance at reasonable coefficient of harvested power. However, fixed power allocation factors for each NOMA user can be adjusted at the base station and it further provide performance improvement. We design a new signal frame to deploy a NOMA scheme in WPT which adopts a linear energy harvesting model. The ergodic capacity in such a NOMA network and power allocation factors can be updated frequently in order to achieve a fair distribution among NOMA users. The exact expressions of ergodic capacity for each user is derived. The simulation results show that an agreement between analytic performance and Monte-Carlo simulation can be achieved.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Energy efficient load balanced routing protocol for wireless sensor networkscsandit
Telecommunications is increasingly vital to the society at large, and has become essential to
business, academic, as well as social activities. Due to the necessity to have access to
telecommunications, the deployment requires regulations and policy. Otherwise, the deployment
of the infrastructures would contribute to environment, and human complexities rather than
ease of use.
However, the formulation of telecommunication infrastructure deployment regulation and
policy involve agents such as people and processes. The roles of the agents are critical, and are
not as easy as it meant to belief. This could be attributed to different factors, as they produce
and reproduce themselves overtime.
This paper presents the result of a study which focused on the roles of agents in the formulation
of telecommunication infrastructures deployment regulation and policy. In the study, the
interactions that take place amongst human and non-human agents were investigated. The study
employed the duality of structure, of Structuration theory as lens to understand the effectiveness
of interactions in the formulation of regulations, and how policy is used to facilitate the
deployment of telecommunications infrastructure in the South African environment.
Performance of symmetric and asymmetric links in wireless networks IJECEIAES
Wireless networks are designed to provide the enabling infrastructure for emerging technological advancements. The main characteristics of wireless networks are: Mobility, power constraints, high packet loss, and lower bandwidth. Nodes’ mobility is a crucial consideration for wireless networks, as nodes are moving all the time, and this may result in loss of connectivity in the network. The goal of this work is to explore the effect of replacing the generally held assumption of symmetric radii for wireless networks with asymmetric radii. This replacement may have a direct impact on the connectivity, throughput, and collision avoidance mechanism of mobile networks. The proposed replacement may also impact other mobile protocol’s functionality. In this work, we are mainly concerned with building and maintaining fully connected wireless network with the asymmetric assumption. For this extent, we propose to study the effect of the asymmetric links assumption on the network performance using extensive simulation experiments. Extensive simulation experiments were performed to measure the impact of these parameters. Finally, a resource allocation scheme for wireless networks is proposed for the dual rate scenario. The performance of the proposed framework is evaluated using simulation.
Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Systems Using Harmony Search AlgorithmIOSRJEEE
This manuscript explores feeder reconfiguration in distribution networks and presents an efficient method to optimize the radial distribution system by means of simultaneous reconfiguration. Network Reconfiguration of radial distribution system is a significant way of altering the power flow through the lines. This assessment presents a modern method to solve the network reconfiguration problem with an objective of minimizing real power loss and improving the voltage profile in radial distribution system (RDS). A precise and load flow algorithm is applied and the objective function is formulated to solve the problem which includes power loss minimization. HSA Algorithm is utilized to restructure and identify the optimal strap switches for minimization of real power loss in a distribution network.. The strategy has been tested on IEEE 33-bus and 69- bus systems to show the accomplishment and the adequacy of the proposed technique. The results demonstrate that a significant reduction in real power losses and improvement of voltage profiles.
Efficient power allocation method for non orthogonal multiple access 5G systemsIJECEIAES
One of the hot research topics for the upcoming 5G (fifth-generation) wireless communication networks is the non orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems, where it have attracted both industrial and academic fields to improve the existing spectral efficiency. In fact, the multiuser detection process for NOMA systems is largely affected by the power distribution of the received signals. In this paper, a new method has been proposed to control the transmit power among active users in one of the promising NOMA systems; the interleave division multiple access (IDMA) which has been adopted here for consideration. Unlike conventional methods, where tedious mathematical computations are required; a simple and direct method has been derived. The proposed method has been applied to IDMA system with different FEC codes. The obtained results show that the proposed method outperforms the conventional one as compared to optimal results.
ZigBee has been developed to support lower data rates and low power consuming
applications. This paper targets to analyze various parameters of ZigBee physical (PHY).
Performance of ZigBee PHY is evaluated on the basis of energy consumption in
transmitting and receiving mode and throughput. Effect of variation in network size is
studied on these performance attributes. Some modulation schemes are also compared and
the best modulation scheme is suggested with tradeoffs between different performance
metrics.
Energy Consumption Analysis of Ad hoc Routing Protocols for Different Energy ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), energy conservation is a critical issue as the nodes are powered by the batteries which have limited energy reservoir. Hence the power level of the nodes is a problematical factor that extensively affects the performance and efficiency of ad hoc routing protocols. The rapidly changing traffic pattern the mobility of the nodes and the lack of fixed infrastructure makes routing in a MANET a challenging issue. So one of the main issues in MANET routing protocols is the development of energy efficient and QoS aware routing protocols which requires the energy analysis of routing protocols so that some modifications can be suggested. This paper presents performance comparison of three categories of mobile ad hoc routing protocols i.e. proactive, reactive and hybrid. The performance analysis is based on different metrics of Physical Layer such as Power Consumed in Transmit Mode, Power Consumed in Receive and Idle Modes, and metrics of application layer like Average End to End Delay, Average Jitter, Throughput and Packet Delivery Ratio based on the simulation analysis. Simulation analysis is performed over well known network simulator QualNet 6.1. Keywords - MANET, AODV, DYMO, OLSR, PDR
On the performance of energy harvesting AF partial relay selection with TAS a...IJECEIAES
Energy scarcity has been known to be one of the most noticeable challenges in wireless communication system. In this paper, the performance of an energy harvesting based partial relay selection (PRS) cooperative system with transmit antenna selection (TAS) and outdated channel state information (CSI) is investigated. The system dual-hops links are assumed to follow Rayleigh distribution and the relay selection is based on outdated CSI of the first link. To realize the benefit of multiple antenna, the amplified-andforward (AF) relay nodes then employs the TAS technique for signal transmission and signal reception is achieved at the destination through maximum ratio combining (MRC) scheme. Thus, the closed-form expression for the system equivalent end-to-end cumulative distribution function (CDF) is derived. Based on this, the analytical closed-form expressions for the outage probability, average bit error rate, and throughput for the delaylimited transmission mode are then obtained. The results illustrated that the energy harvesting time, relay distance, channel correlation coefficient, the number of relay transmit antennas and destination received antenna have significant effect on the system performance. Monte-carol simulation is employed to validate the accuracy of the derived expressions.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A Survey of Existing Mechanisms in Energy-Aware Routing In MANETsEditor IJCATR
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a distributed and Self-organized network. In MANET, network topology frequently changes because of high mobility nodes. Mobility of nodes and battery energy depletion are two major factors that cause loss of the discovered routes. battery power depletion causes the nodes to die and loss of the obtained paths and thus affects the network connectivity. Therefore, a routing protocol for energy efficiency should consider all the aspects to manage the energy consumption in the network. so introducing an energy aware routing protocol, is one of the most important issues in MANET. This paper reviews some energy aware routing protocols. The main purpose energy aware protocols are efficiently use of energy, reducing energy consumption and increasing the network lifetime.
Address-light and energy aware routing protocol for wireless sensor networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent years, sensor networks applications were used in many criteria. Because of its vast applications, so many researchers studied these networks. Wireless sensor networks contain significant number of sensor nodes; they are suitable medium for collecting and sending data or informing the sink about an event. This study presents a new integrated method for routing in sensor networks which is based on remaining energy of the nodes and existing space between each node and the sink. This method is more suitable for large and medium volume of data. Lifetime enhancement of the network is the main purpose of this method which is obtained by fair division of nodes roles in transmission of data to the sink. In ALERP algorithm (Address Light, Label-Based and Energy-Aware Routing Protocol), in order to reduce network overload and energy consuming as well as enhancement of network lifetime, we used predetermined routes as well as routing based on packet labels. Energy consumption in the entire network is another advantage of this method. The existence of various parameters on this algorithm will lead to more flexibility of it. Generally, conducted simulations indicate higher uniformity in energy consumption of nodes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Energy efficient load balanced routing protocol for wireless sensor networkscsandit
Telecommunications is increasingly vital to the society at large, and has become essential to
business, academic, as well as social activities. Due to the necessity to have access to
telecommunications, the deployment requires regulations and policy. Otherwise, the deployment
of the infrastructures would contribute to environment, and human complexities rather than
ease of use.
However, the formulation of telecommunication infrastructure deployment regulation and
policy involve agents such as people and processes. The roles of the agents are critical, and are
not as easy as it meant to belief. This could be attributed to different factors, as they produce
and reproduce themselves overtime.
This paper presents the result of a study which focused on the roles of agents in the formulation
of telecommunication infrastructures deployment regulation and policy. In the study, the
interactions that take place amongst human and non-human agents were investigated. The study
employed the duality of structure, of Structuration theory as lens to understand the effectiveness
of interactions in the formulation of regulations, and how policy is used to facilitate the
deployment of telecommunications infrastructure in the South African environment.
Performance of symmetric and asymmetric links in wireless networks IJECEIAES
Wireless networks are designed to provide the enabling infrastructure for emerging technological advancements. The main characteristics of wireless networks are: Mobility, power constraints, high packet loss, and lower bandwidth. Nodes’ mobility is a crucial consideration for wireless networks, as nodes are moving all the time, and this may result in loss of connectivity in the network. The goal of this work is to explore the effect of replacing the generally held assumption of symmetric radii for wireless networks with asymmetric radii. This replacement may have a direct impact on the connectivity, throughput, and collision avoidance mechanism of mobile networks. The proposed replacement may also impact other mobile protocol’s functionality. In this work, we are mainly concerned with building and maintaining fully connected wireless network with the asymmetric assumption. For this extent, we propose to study the effect of the asymmetric links assumption on the network performance using extensive simulation experiments. Extensive simulation experiments were performed to measure the impact of these parameters. Finally, a resource allocation scheme for wireless networks is proposed for the dual rate scenario. The performance of the proposed framework is evaluated using simulation.
Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Systems Using Harmony Search AlgorithmIOSRJEEE
This manuscript explores feeder reconfiguration in distribution networks and presents an efficient method to optimize the radial distribution system by means of simultaneous reconfiguration. Network Reconfiguration of radial distribution system is a significant way of altering the power flow through the lines. This assessment presents a modern method to solve the network reconfiguration problem with an objective of minimizing real power loss and improving the voltage profile in radial distribution system (RDS). A precise and load flow algorithm is applied and the objective function is formulated to solve the problem which includes power loss minimization. HSA Algorithm is utilized to restructure and identify the optimal strap switches for minimization of real power loss in a distribution network.. The strategy has been tested on IEEE 33-bus and 69- bus systems to show the accomplishment and the adequacy of the proposed technique. The results demonstrate that a significant reduction in real power losses and improvement of voltage profiles.
Efficient power allocation method for non orthogonal multiple access 5G systemsIJECEIAES
One of the hot research topics for the upcoming 5G (fifth-generation) wireless communication networks is the non orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems, where it have attracted both industrial and academic fields to improve the existing spectral efficiency. In fact, the multiuser detection process for NOMA systems is largely affected by the power distribution of the received signals. In this paper, a new method has been proposed to control the transmit power among active users in one of the promising NOMA systems; the interleave division multiple access (IDMA) which has been adopted here for consideration. Unlike conventional methods, where tedious mathematical computations are required; a simple and direct method has been derived. The proposed method has been applied to IDMA system with different FEC codes. The obtained results show that the proposed method outperforms the conventional one as compared to optimal results.
ZigBee has been developed to support lower data rates and low power consuming
applications. This paper targets to analyze various parameters of ZigBee physical (PHY).
Performance of ZigBee PHY is evaluated on the basis of energy consumption in
transmitting and receiving mode and throughput. Effect of variation in network size is
studied on these performance attributes. Some modulation schemes are also compared and
the best modulation scheme is suggested with tradeoffs between different performance
metrics.
Energy Consumption Analysis of Ad hoc Routing Protocols for Different Energy ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), energy conservation is a critical issue as the nodes are powered by the batteries which have limited energy reservoir. Hence the power level of the nodes is a problematical factor that extensively affects the performance and efficiency of ad hoc routing protocols. The rapidly changing traffic pattern the mobility of the nodes and the lack of fixed infrastructure makes routing in a MANET a challenging issue. So one of the main issues in MANET routing protocols is the development of energy efficient and QoS aware routing protocols which requires the energy analysis of routing protocols so that some modifications can be suggested. This paper presents performance comparison of three categories of mobile ad hoc routing protocols i.e. proactive, reactive and hybrid. The performance analysis is based on different metrics of Physical Layer such as Power Consumed in Transmit Mode, Power Consumed in Receive and Idle Modes, and metrics of application layer like Average End to End Delay, Average Jitter, Throughput and Packet Delivery Ratio based on the simulation analysis. Simulation analysis is performed over well known network simulator QualNet 6.1. Keywords - MANET, AODV, DYMO, OLSR, PDR
On the performance of energy harvesting AF partial relay selection with TAS a...IJECEIAES
Energy scarcity has been known to be one of the most noticeable challenges in wireless communication system. In this paper, the performance of an energy harvesting based partial relay selection (PRS) cooperative system with transmit antenna selection (TAS) and outdated channel state information (CSI) is investigated. The system dual-hops links are assumed to follow Rayleigh distribution and the relay selection is based on outdated CSI of the first link. To realize the benefit of multiple antenna, the amplified-andforward (AF) relay nodes then employs the TAS technique for signal transmission and signal reception is achieved at the destination through maximum ratio combining (MRC) scheme. Thus, the closed-form expression for the system equivalent end-to-end cumulative distribution function (CDF) is derived. Based on this, the analytical closed-form expressions for the outage probability, average bit error rate, and throughput for the delaylimited transmission mode are then obtained. The results illustrated that the energy harvesting time, relay distance, channel correlation coefficient, the number of relay transmit antennas and destination received antenna have significant effect on the system performance. Monte-carol simulation is employed to validate the accuracy of the derived expressions.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A Survey of Existing Mechanisms in Energy-Aware Routing In MANETsEditor IJCATR
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a distributed and Self-organized network. In MANET, network topology frequently changes because of high mobility nodes. Mobility of nodes and battery energy depletion are two major factors that cause loss of the discovered routes. battery power depletion causes the nodes to die and loss of the obtained paths and thus affects the network connectivity. Therefore, a routing protocol for energy efficiency should consider all the aspects to manage the energy consumption in the network. so introducing an energy aware routing protocol, is one of the most important issues in MANET. This paper reviews some energy aware routing protocols. The main purpose energy aware protocols are efficiently use of energy, reducing energy consumption and increasing the network lifetime.
Address-light and energy aware routing protocol for wireless sensor networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent years, sensor networks applications were used in many criteria. Because of its vast applications, so many researchers studied these networks. Wireless sensor networks contain significant number of sensor nodes; they are suitable medium for collecting and sending data or informing the sink about an event. This study presents a new integrated method for routing in sensor networks which is based on remaining energy of the nodes and existing space between each node and the sink. This method is more suitable for large and medium volume of data. Lifetime enhancement of the network is the main purpose of this method which is obtained by fair division of nodes roles in transmission of data to the sink. In ALERP algorithm (Address Light, Label-Based and Energy-Aware Routing Protocol), in order to reduce network overload and energy consuming as well as enhancement of network lifetime, we used predetermined routes as well as routing based on packet labels. Energy consumption in the entire network is another advantage of this method. The existence of various parameters on this algorithm will lead to more flexibility of it. Generally, conducted simulations indicate higher uniformity in energy consumption of nodes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Enhancing Survivability, Lifetime, and Energy Efficiency of Wireless NetworksIJRES Journal
In this paper, we focus on improving wireless networks survivability in terms of increasing network lifetime and its energy efficiency via clustering the network in an efficient way. Clustering the network is the procedure of partitioning it into groups, where each of them is known as a cluster. Each cluster elects the station with the highest power to be a cluster head. The remaining stations follow the nearest cluster head. Instead of having each station sends its packets to a remote receiver, the cluster head receives packets from all stations within its cluster, aggregates them, and forwards the resulting packets to the remote receiver. The most significant benefit of clustering the network that we focus on is to decrease distances between sending and receiving stations, which in turn reduces the transmission energy. This reduction in the energy yields an increase in the network lifetime and its survivability.
AN OPTIMUM ENERGY CONSUMPTION HYBRID ALGORITHM FOR XLN STRATEGIC DESIGN IN WSN’SIJCNCJournal
In this paper, X-Layer protocol is originated which executes mobility error prediction (MEP) algorithm to calculate the remaining energy level of each node. This X-Layer protocol structure employs the mobility aware protocol that senses the mobility concerned to each node with the utilization of Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), which shares the information or data specific to the distance among individual nodes. With the help of this theory, the neighbour list will be updated only to those nodes which are mobile resulting in less energy consumption when compared to all (static/mobile) other nodes in the network. Apart from the MEP algorithm, clustering head (CH) election algorithm has also been specified to identify the relevant clusters whether they exists within the network region or not. Also clustering multi-hop routing (CMHR) algorithm was implemented in which the node can identify the cluster to which it belongs depending upon the distance from each cluster surrounding the node. Finally comprising the AODV routing protocol with the Two-Ray Ground method, we implement X-Layer protocol structure by considering MAC protocol in accordance to IEEE 802.15.4 to obtain the best results in energy consumption and also by reducing the energy wastage with respect to each node. The effective results had been illustrated through Network Simulator-II platform.
Energy Behavior in Ad Hoc Network Minimizing the Number of Hops and Maintaini...CSCJournals
Wireless ad-hoc mesh network is a special kind of network, where all of the nodes move in time. The topology of the network changes as the nodes are in the proximity of each other. Ad-hoc networks are generally self-configuring no stable infrastructure takes a place. In this network, each node should help relaying packets of neighboring nodes using multi-hop routing mechanism. This mechanism is needed to reach far destination nodes to solve problem of dead communication. This multiple traffic "hops" within a wireless mesh network caused dilemma. Wireless mesh network that contain multiple hops become increasingly vulnerable to problems such as energy degradation and rapid increasing of overhead packets. This paper provides a generic routing framework that balances energy efficient broadcast schemes in Wireless (Ad-Hoc) Mesh Network and maintaining connectivity of nodes (mobile terminals). Typically, each node’s activities will consume energy, either for sending packets, receiving or preparing/processing packets. Number of hops, distance of nodes, and size of packet will determine the consumption of energy. The framework is based on the principle that additional relay nodes with appropriate energy and routing metric between source and final destination significantly reduces the energy consumption necessary to deliver packets in Wireless (Ad-Hoc) Mesh Network while keep the connectivity of dynamic nodes. Using the framework, the average network connectivity is kept 18% higher and the lifetime of network lasting more than 2.38% compared with network with Link State Routing mechanism. The simulation notes that the end-to-end delay may increase rapidly if relay nodes are more than five.
ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL BASED ON DSRijasuc
Energy consumption is a major concern in most of the present day devices in wireless networks. Especially
in Ad hoc networks, energy is a limited factor. Random movement in nodes add to the frequent failure of
routes which adds to the energy consumption in the network. In this paper, a routing protocol is proposed
which is based on a modification of the conventional DSR (Dynamic Source routing). A comparative
analysis is performed with respect to energy consumption, maximum throughput and delay. The routing
protocols used for reference in this analysis are DSDV, AODV and conventional DSR. Experimental results
show that the proposed modified DSR shows a reduced energy consumption, improved rate of maximum
throughput and a reduced delay compared to above mentioned routing protocols.
ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL BASED ON DSRijasuc
Energy consumption is a major concern in most of the present day devices in wireless networks. Especially
in Ad hoc networks, energy is a limited factor. Random movement in nodes add to the frequent failure of
routes which adds to the energy consumption in the network. In this paper, a routing protocol is proposed
which is based on a modification of the conventional DSR (Dynamic Source routing). A comparative
analysis is performed with respect to energy consumption, maximum throughput and delay. The routing
protocols used for reference in this analysis are DSDV, AODV and conventional DSR. Experimental results
show that the proposed modified DSR shows a reduced energy consumption, improved rate of maximum
throughput and a reduced delay compared to above mentioned routing protocols
Ijeee 24-27-energy efficient communication for adhoc networksKumar Goud
Energy Efficient Communication for Adhoc Networks
1SK.Nagula Meera 2Dr. D.Srinivasa Kumar 3Dr. D.Srinivasa Rao
Research Scholar Professor & Principal Professor, ECE department
ECE department, JNTU Hyderabad Hosur Institute of Technology and Science
Errandapalli Village, Beerpalli PO JNTU College of Engineering Hyderabad(Autonomous)
Ramapuram (via), Krishnagri Dt., Tamilnadu
Abstract: A mobile accidental network (MANET) may be an assortment of nodes equipped with wireless communications and a networking capability while not central network management. The method of wireless networks within the applications like transferring video files is subjected to twin constraints. Each step-down of power and different QOS needs like delay, throughputs square measure need to be bewaring properly. Mobile accidental Networks square measure a lot of perceptive to those problems wherever every mobile device is active sort of a router and consequently, routing delay adds significantly to overall end-to-end delay. This paper presents a survey on power economical routing protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. This survey focused on recent progress on power saving algorithms. Additionally we recommend one power aware technique which can cut back power consumption yet as increase the lifespan of node and network.
Keywords: Mobile, Ad-Hoc networks, QOS, MANET, IBSS, ATIM, DPSM.
ENERGY EFFICIENT DIRECTION BASED ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR WSNIAEME Publication
Energy consumption is one of the limitations in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The routing protocols are the hot areas to address quality-of-service (QoS) related issues viz. Energy consumption, network lifetime, network scalability and packet overhead. The key issue in WSN is that these networks suffer from the packet overhead, which is the core cause of more energy consumption and damage the QoS in sensor networks. In WSN, there are several routing protocols which are used to improve the performance of the network. Out of those protocols, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol is more appropriate in terms of small energy density, but sometimes when the mode of a node changes from active to sleep, the effectiveness decreases as the data packets needs to wait at the initial point where the packet has been sent and this increases the waiting time and end to end interruption of the packets which leads to increase in energy consumption. Our problem is to recognize the dead nodes and to choose another suitable path so that the data transmission becomes smoother and less energy gets preserved. In order to resolve these issues, we propose directional transmission-based energy aware routing protocol named as PDORP. The proposed protocol PDORP has the characteristics of both Power Efficient Gathering Sensor Information System (PEGASIS) and DSR routing protocols. In addition, hybridization of Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO) is applied to proposed routing protocol to identify energy efficient optimal paths. The performance analysis, comparison through a hybridization approach of the proposed routing protocol gives better result comprising less bit error rate, less delay, less energy ingesting and better throughput which leads to better QoS and prolong the lifetime
ENERGY EFFICIENT DIRECTION BASED ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR WSNIAEME Publication
Energy consumption is one of the limitations in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The routing protocols are the hot areas to address quality-of-service (QoS) related issues viz. Energy consumption, network lifetime, network scalability and packet overhead. The key issue in WSN is that these networks suffer from the packet overhead, which is the core cause of more energy consumption and damage the QoS in sensor networks. In WSN, there are several routing protocols which are used to improve the performance of the network. Out of those protocols, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol is more appropriate in terms of small energy density, but sometimes when the mode of a node changes from active to sleep, the effectiveness decreases as the data packets needs to wait at the initial point where the packet has been sent and this increases the waiting time and end to end interruption of the packets which leads to increase in energy consumption. Our problem is to recognize the dead nodes and to choose another suitable path so that the data transmission becomes smoother and less energy gets preserved. In order to resolve these issues, we propose directional transmission-based energy aware routing protocol named as PDORP. The proposed protocol PDORP has the characteristics of both Power Efficient Gathering Sensor Information System (PEGASIS) and DSR routing protocols. In addition, hybridization of Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO) is applied to proposed routing protocol to identify energy efficient optimal paths. The performance analysis, comparison through a hybridization approach of the proposed routing protocol gives better result comprising less bit error rate, less delay, less energy ingesting and better throughput which leads to better QoS and prolong the lifetime
Mobile Relay Configuration in Data-Intensuive Wireless Sensor with Three Rout...IJERA Editor
Wireless sensor network are increasingly used in data-intensive applications such as micro-climate monitoring,
precision agriculture and audio/video surveillance. A key challenges faced by data-intensive wsn’s is to transmit
all the data generated with an application’s lifetime to the base station despite the fact that sensor nodes have
limited power supply. We propose using low-cost disposable mobile really and our work in the following
aspects First, it does not require complex motion planning of mobile nodes. Second we integrate the energy
consumption due to both mobility and wireless transmission. Our framework consists of first algorithm
computes an optimal routing tree. The second, we integrate the energy consumption due to both mobility and
wireless transmissions .The second algorithm improves the topology of the routing tree by greedily adding new
nodes. The third algorithm improves the routing tree by relocating its nodes without changing its topology.
Frequently forming a network topology without the use of any existing network infrastructure. We compare the
performance of the three prominent routing protocols for the mobile relay is Adhoc on Demand Distance Vector
(ADVO), Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Temporally Ordered Routing Protocols (TORA).
We have chosen four performance metrics such as Average Delay, Packet Delivery Fraction, Routing load and
varying Mobility nodes, simulation for the popular routing protocols AODV, DSDV, and TORA. The
simulation is carried out on NS-2. The performance differentials are analyzed using varying network size and
simulations times. The simulation results confirm that ADVO performs well in terms of Average Delay, Packet
Delivery Fraction. As far as routing load concers TORA performs well.
Load Balancing for Achieving the Network Lifetime in WSN-A SurveyAM Publications
a wireless sensor network is network form of sense compute, and communication elements which helps to
observe, events in a specified environment. Sensor nodes in wireless sensor network are depends on battery power they
have limited transmission range that’s why energy efficiency plays a vital role to minimize the overhead through which
the Network Lifetime can be achieved. The lifetime of network, depends on number of nodes, strength, range of area
and connectivity of nodes in the network. In this paper we are over viewing techniques which are used in wireless sensor
network for load balancing. Wireless sensor network having different nodes with different kind of energy which can be
improve the lifetime of the network and its dependability. This paper will provide the person who reads with the
groundwork for research in load balancing techniques for wireless sensor networks.
Wireless sensor network is the combination of sensor nodes where sensor nodes are distributed all over the network. There are some challenges that come into the wireless sensor network n context to energy efficiency, network lifetime, storage and battery backup. The most important feature of a routing protocol, in order to be efficient for WSNs, is the energy consumption and the extension of the network’s lifetime. In this paper, we have analyzed various routing techniques for WSN that increases the network lifetime and energy consumption.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
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1. Dharam Vir, Dr. S. K. Agarwal, Dr. S. A. Imam / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.2548-2554
2548 | P a g e
Traffic Generator Based Power Analysis of Different Routing
Protocol For Mobile Nodes in Wireless Sensor Network Using
Qualnet
Dharam Vir*, Dr. S. K. Agarwal**, Dr. S. A. Imam***
*(Department of Electronics Engineering, YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, India-
121006
** (Department of Electronics Engineering, YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, India-
121006
*** (Department of Electronics & Comm. Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India-110020
ABSTRACT
A sensor network is a system that consists
of thousands of very small stations called sensor
nodes. The communication between nodes is done
in a wireless approach, and thus, the name of
wireless sensor networks. The service lifetime of
such sensor nodes depends on the power supply
and the energy consumption, which is typically
dominated by the communication subsystem.
There has been growing interest in the WSN
applications where traffic and mobility is the
fundamental characteristic of the sensor nodes.
The most important advantage of this traffic
generator model is that it can be applied to all one
and two dimensional traffic scenarios where the
traffic load may fluctuate due to sensor activities.
During traffic fluctuations the novel Optimized
grids and random placed nodes algorithm can be
used to re-optimize the wireless sensor network to
bring further benefits in energy reduction and
improvement in QoS parameters. To validate our
traffic generator model, we compare (1)
simulation of results using the QualNet simulation
platform with and without our mobility for the
IEEE 802.11 DCF, (2) In this paper power analysis
comparison of three Routing Protocols AODV,
DSR & OLSR is done by using traffic generator
based model and changing the nodes mobility
using QualNet 5.0 Simulator. The metrics used for
performance evaluation are Average Jitter,
Throughput, End-to- End delay and power
consumption model to evaluate power
consumption in all modes in wireless network
protocols.
Keywords - Wireless sensor network, Power model,
Mobility, QualNet Simulator 5.0, Routing Protocols
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless ad-hoc networks are also known as
"networks without a network" since they do not use
any fixed infrastructure. Participating nodes in these
networks are usually battery operated, and thus they
contain access to a limited amount of energy [1].
Frequently, once nodes are deployed, their batteries
cannot be easily recharged. Sensor network nodes are
a typical example as some of them have very limited
battery life; moreover, once deployed, a sensor
network may be left unattended for its entire
operational lifetime. This is due to the fact that sensor
networks may be deployed in wide, remote,
inaccessible areas. The energy-constrained nature of
ad hoc networks in general and sensor networks in
particular, calls for protocols that have energy
efficiency as a primary design goal. Research on
power-aware protocols has been very active and
spans multiple layers of the protocol stack. As a
result, several energy-efficient medium-access
control (MAC) and routing protocols have been
proposed [2].
In order to evaluate and compare power-
aware protocols in terms of their energy efficiency as
well as assess the effectiveness of cross-layer
mechanisms to achieve energy savings, accurately
accounting of the energy consumed by data
communication activities is crucial. Such accounting
must be as close to reality as possible, taking into
consideration all radio states, i.e., energy spent not
only while transmitting and receiving a packet, but
also while in idle, overhearing, or sleep modes.
Furthermore, most current simulators do not
automatically measure energy consumption, leaving it
up to the protocol designer to explicitly write code to
account for it. And, clearly, depending on the layer of
the protocol stack, energy consumption accounting
can become quite cumbersome and inaccurate [3] [4].
This is accomplished by explicitly
accounting for low-power radio modes and
considering the different energy costs associated with
each possible radio state, i.e., transmitting, receiving,
overhearing, idle, sensing, and sleeping. For example,
in, the graphical model presented for energy
consumption in IEEE 802.11 single-hop wireless
networks is compared to the accounting provided by
QualNet. We also evaluate the energy consumption
of AODV OLSR and DSR [3].
A. MOBILITY MODEL
Mobility models are used for simulation
purposes when new network protocols are evaluated.
2. Dharam Vir, Dr. S. K. Agarwal, Dr. S. A. Imam / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.2548-2554
2549 | P a g e
The Random waypoint model was first proposed by
Johnson and Maltz. It is a random mobility model
used to illustrate the movement of mobile users, and
how their location changes with time. It is one of the
most popular mobility model to evaluate Mobile ad
hoc network (MANET) routing protocols, because of
its simplicity and wide availability. Using this model,
the mobile nodes move randomly and freely without
any restriction i.e. source to destination, speed and
direction are all chosen randomly and independently
of all other nodes [5] [6].
B. POWER MODEL
In the power consumption of some network
interface cards (NICs) was measured when used by
different end-user devices. They also report on
transport- and application-level strategies to reduce
energy consumption by NICs. Later, reported detailed
energy consumption measurements of some
commercially-available IEEE 802.11 NICs operating
in ad hoc mode. Along the same lines, assessed the
impact of transmission rate; transmit power, and
packet size on energy consumption in a typical
wireless network interface. In most previous
measurements, however, the focus was on the
characterization of energy consumption during the
many modes of operation of a NIC (transmit, receive,
idle, etc.). In power consumption model for sensor
networks consisting of three components sensor,
computation and communication cores is proposed in
this paper [5].
C. TRAFFIC GENERATORS
A Traffic Generator model is the traffic
which behaves in a predefine configuration and
scheduled manner. It sends the demand to transmit
the traffic payload regardless of the state of the agent
being attached at a specific time and interval. The
following traffic generators are taken into
consideration for the analysis which also supports
QoS parameter.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Constant Bit Rate (CBR)
Variable Bit Rate (VBR)
FTP/Generic
Lookup
Traffic-Gen
Super-Application
VoIP
The remainder of this paper is organized as
follows. Section 2 reviews related work. In Section 3,
we describe system description for implementation of
energy consumption. Brief descriptions of routing
protocols are presented in Section 4. Results
comparing MAC protocols, namely S-MAC and
802.11, and routing protocols, namely AODV, OLSR
and DSR, are presented in Section 5 and our
concluding remarks and directions for future work in
Section 6.
II. RELATED WORK
An energy-aware simulation model, which
considers a network consisting of multiple nodes,
where each node is composed by a local request
queue, a microprocessor, an external request queue,
another processor, a service queue and a service
provider is describe in. All components are random
variables. The total energy consumption on a node is
the sum of the energy spent by node components,
energy consumption for transmitting a data packet,
and energy consumption for receiving a data packet.
Although the model considers energy spent with
processing and buffering requests, the radio model is
quite simple and does not include a low-power radio
mode, which is crucial for development of power-
aware protocols [7].
A simple energy model is introduced in to
evaluate power-aware protocols in the LEACH
project. LEACH (Low-energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy) is a clustering-based protocol that uses
randomized rotation of cluster-heads to evenly
distribute the energy load among the sensors in the
network. In the energy model, the energy spent on
transmission is given by the energy dissipated by the
radio electronics and the power amplifier, while the
energy spent by the receiver is given by the energy
dissipated by the radio electronics [5] [7].
Since the energy necessary to amplify the
signal depends on its attenuation, and the attenuation
depends on the distance, the energy dissipated by the
radio electronics is proportional to d2
for short
distances and to d4
otherwise. Using this same energy
model, examine the energy consumption in a wireless
sensor network with two distinguished organizations:
single layer versus clustered.
In, energy consumption in ad-hoc mobile
terminals is modeled using the Advanced
Configuration Power Interface, or ACPI, an open
standard that allows computer systems to implement
motherboard configuration and power management
functions. ACPI was used to measure energy
consumption due to transmission/ reception. The
resulting energy consumption model includes two
states: high consumption state, where the host
receives and transmits, and low consumption state,
where the node receives or is in idle. Thus results
from different efforts cannot be compared directly.
A graphical model to predict energy
consumption in saturated IEEE 802.11 single-hop ad
hoc networks under ideal channel conditions is
presented in. The energy consumption predicted by
the model is then compared to the accounting
provided by QualNet. Important results from this
work include the following: (1) contrary to what most
previous results indicate, the radio's transmit mode
has marginal impact on overall energy consumption,
while other modes (transmit, receive, idle, etc.) are
3. Dharam Vir, Dr. S. K. Agarwal, Dr. S. A. Imam / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.2548-2554
2550 | P a g e
responsible for most of the energy consumed; (2) the
energy cost to transmit useful data increases almost
linearly with the network size; and (3) transmitting
large payloads is more energy efficient under
saturation conditions [8] [10].
III. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
We develop a scenario using QualNet 5.0;
software that provides scalable simulations of
Wireless Networks to analyze the performance of
different routing protocols in wireless sensor network
with CBR application.CBR is the data traffic that
keeps bit rate same throughout the process. In this
scenario there are 40 nodes placed within 1500*1500
m2
area. Node 1 is a Full Function device and acts as
a Pan Coordinator & rest of the nodes are reduced
function device. CBR application is used between
source nodes 1 & destination nodes
5,10,15,20,25,30,35 &40 respectively. Random
waypoint mobility is used as a Node movement
model. Simulation is done by varying the Mobility of
nodes and the results are analyzed using different
protocols [14].
The number of packet Performance evolution of
the AODV, DSR and OLSR protocol is implemented
on the QualNet 5.0 with the following considerations.
The following parameters are considered as shown in
table 1.
TABLE I
Parameters require for Traffic Generator Based
Power analysis of different routing protocols.
The node is moving in the random motion in the
area of 1500x1500 m2
. When comes in specific
transmission range it starts transmission between the
different nodes. Here it is shown that the packet is
transmitting. When overlapping of that & specific
range is finish stops data transmission. The figure 2
showed the output [15] [18].
Figure 1 Block Diagram for the Simulation of
networks of size 1 to 40 nodes for the chosen routing
protocols.
Figure 2 shows the snapshot of OLSR wireless
routing protocol taking table 1 parameters.
IV. DISCRIPTION OF ROUTING
PROTOCOLS
A. AODV: A REACTIVE ROUTING PROTOCOL
IN WSNS
AODV is an “on demand routing algorithm
based routing protocol”, means that it establishes
paths only upon demand by source nodes. It
maintains these paths as long as they are needed.
Nodes do not participate in active path neither
maintain any routing information nor participate in
any periodic routing table exchange. AODV
established path based on route request- route reply
mechanism [12].
AODV uses source sequence number and
Parameters Value
QualNet 5.0
Channel Type channel/wireless channel
MAC type IEEE 802.11
Antenna Type Omni-directional Antenna
Network Layer LL
Network Layer PHY wireless
MAC protocol Mac/802.11
Network interface type Physical/ Wireless Phy
No of Nodes 40
Radio-propagation
model
Two Ray Ground
Topological area 1500 x 1500 sq. m
Simulation time 300 sec.
Energy Model MICA-MOTES
Routing protocols DSR, AODV and OLSR
Initial energy of a Node 1000.0 Joules
Radio type 802.11b Radio
Packet Reception
Model
PHY 802.11b Reception
Model
Data Rate 10 Mbps
Mobility Model Random Way Point
Pause Time 30 sec.
Battery Model Linear Model
4. Dharam Vir, Dr. S. K. Agarwal, Dr. S. A. Imam / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.2548-2554
2551 | P a g e
destination sequence number to resolve the freshness
of routes. To find a new route, AODV proceed by
broadcasting the route request (RREQ) packet. If the
neighboring nodes which receiving the RREQ has no
route information regarding the destination after that
it will further broadcast RREQ packet in the network
otherwise it will send answer by the route reply
(RREP) packet to the sender from which RREQ is
received. RREQ contains source address, source
sequence number, broadcast_id, destination address,
destination sequence number, and hop count as
shown in Figure 3.
Type Reserved Hop Count
broadcast_id
Destination IP Address
Destination Sequence
Number
Source IP
Address
Source Sequence
Number
Request
Time
Figure 3 Structure of an RREQ packet
The immediate node which receive a RREQ,
keeps a forwarding pointer (next hop) towards source
to destination. This process continues “go back up to
the source” is looped by all nodes that participated in
this path discovery mechanism. When the RREP
reaches the source, the route is ready, and the initiator
can use it. A neighbor that has communicated at least
one packet during the past active timeout is
considered active for this destination. An active entry
in the routing table is an entry that uses an active
neighbor. An active path is a path established with
active routing table entries. A routing table entry
expires if it has not been used recently. In this main
content that AODV uses the route expiration
technique, where a routing table entry expires within
a specific period, after which a fresh route discovery
should be initiated [9] [10] [11].
B. Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) [17]
protocol is specifically designed for multi-hop ad hoc
networks. The difference in DSR and other routing
protocols is that it uses source routing supplied by
packet’s originator to determine packet’s path
through the network instead of independent hop-by-
hop routing decisions made by each node. The
packet in source routing which is going to be routed
through the network carries the complete ordered list
of nodes in its header through which the packet will
pass. Fresh routing information is not needed to be
maintained in intermediate nodes in design of source
routing, since all the routing decisions are contained
in the packet by themselves.
DSR protocol is divided into two mechanisms
which show the basic operation of DSR. The two
mechanisms are:
Route Discovery
Route Maintenance
When a source node wants to send a packet
to destination node, the route to destination node is
obtained by route discovery mechanism. In this
mechanism the source node broadcasts a ROUTE
REQUEST packet which in a controlled manner is
flooded through the network and answered in the
form of ROUTE REPLY packet by the destination
node or from the node which has the route to
destination. The routes are kept in Route Cache,
which to the same destination can store multiple
routes. The nodes check their route cache for a route
that could answer the request before re-propagation
of ROUTE REQUEST. The routes that are not
currently used for communication the nodes do not
expend effort on obtaining or maintaining them i.e.
the route discovery is initiated only on-demand. The
other mechanism is the route maintenance by which
source node S detects if the topology of the network
has changed so that it can no longer use its route to
destination. If the two nodes that were listed as
neighbors on the route moved out of the range of each
other and the link becomes broken, the source node S
is notified with a ROUTE ERROR packet. The
source node can use any other known routes to the
destination or the process of route discovery is
invoked again to find a new route to the destination
[12].
C. Optimize Link State Routing (OLSR)
OLSR is a proactive routing protocol for
mobile wireless networks. The protocol inherits the
stability of a link state algorithm and has the
advantage of having routes immediately
available when needed due to its proactive nature.
OLSR is an optimization over the classical link state
protocol, tailored for mobile ad hoc networks [16].
OLSR minimizes the overhead from
flooding of control traffic by using only selected
nodes, called MPRs, to retransmit control messages.
This technique significantly reduces the number of
retransmissions required to flood a message to all
nodes in the network. Secondly, OLSR requires only
partial link state to be flooded in order to provide
shortest path routes. The minimal set of link state
information required is that all nodes, selected as
MPRs, must declare the links to their MPR selectors.
Additional topological information, if present, may be
utilized e.g., for redundancy purposes [17].
OLSR may optimize the reactivity to
topological changes by reducing the maximum time
interval for periodic control message transmission.
Furthermore, as OLSR continuously maintains routes
to all destinations in the network, the protocol is
beneficial for traffic patterns where a large subset of
nodes are communicating with another large subset of
5. Dharam Vir, Dr. S. K. Agarwal, Dr. S. A. Imam / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.2548-2554
2552 | P a g e
nodes, and where the [source, destination] pairs are
changing over time. The protocol is particularly
suited for large and dense networks, as the
optimization done using MPRs works well in this
context. The larger and more dense a network, the
more optimization can be achieved as compared to
the classic link state algorithm.
OLSR is designed to work in a completely
distributed manner and does not depend on any
central entity. The protocol does not require reliable
transmission of control messages: each node sends
control messages periodically, and can therefore
sustain a reasonable loss of some such
messages. Such losses occur frequently in radio
networks due to collisions or other transmission
problems.
Also, OLSR does not require sequenced
delivery of messages. Each control message contains
a sequence number which is incremented for each
message. Thus the recipient of a control message
can, if required, easily identify which information is
more recent - even if messages have been re- ordered
while in transmission [13] [17].
V. RESULT ANALYSIS
A. Throughput:
Throughput is the average rate of successful
message delivery over a communication channel.
Throughput is usually measured in bits per second
(bits/sec), and sometimes in data packets per second
or data packets per time slot. High throughput is
always desirable in a communication system.
Figure 3 Graphs for Throughput (AODV)
Figure 4 Graphs for Throughput (DSR)
Figure 5 Graphs for Throughput (OLSR)
The above graphical shows that throughput
increases with increase in node mobility and is
maximum in case of AODV & minimum for OLSR
as lot of control overhead is associated due to their
proactive nature.
B. Average Jitter Effect:
Signifies the Packets from the source will
reach the destination with different delays. A
packet's delay varies with its location in the queues of
the routers all along the path between source and
destination and this position can vary randomly. It is
observed that the performance of AODV protocol is
superior then DSR and OLSR.
Figure 6 Graphs for Average Jitter (AODV)
Figure 7 Graphs for Average Jitter (DSR)
Figure 8 Graphs for Average Jitter (OLSR)
Figure shows graphical representation of
Jitter decreases with increase in node mobility and is
high for OLSR and is lowest for DSR with less node
mobility but increases with increase in node mobility
and intermediate for AODV & DSR.
C. End-To-End Delay:
Average End to End Delay signifies the
average time taken by packets to reach one end to
another end (Source node to Destination node).
6. Dharam Vir, Dr. S. K. Agarwal, Dr. S. A. Imam / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.2548-2554
2553 | P a g e
Figure 9 Graphs for Average End to End Delay (s)
(AODV)
Figure 10 Graphs for Average End to End Delay
(s) (DSR)
Figure 11 Graphs for Average End to End Delay
(s) (OLSR)
Above graphical shows that DSR & AODV
performed better than OLSR. OLSR has highest delay
while OLSR has lowest delay due to regular update
of routing table.
D. Routing Power:
Routing Power is calculated by using the
formula
Routing Power (RP) = (Throughput / Avg. End-to-
End Delay)
E. Power Consumption Mode:
The mobile nodes in wireless sensor network
are connected to other mobile nodes. These nodes are
free to transmit and receive the data packet to or from
other nodes and require energy to such activity. The
total energy of nodes is spent in following modes: (1)
Transmission Mode (2) Reception Mode (3) Idle
Mode and. These modes of power consumption are
presented in graphical mode:
f. Energy Consumed in Transmit mode:
Figure 12 Energy consumed in Transmit mode
F. Energy Consumed in Receive Mode:
Figure 12 Energy Consumed in Receive Mode
G. Energy Consumed in Idle Mode
Figure 12 Energy Consumed in Idle Mode
VI. CONCLUSION
The Routing algorithms under the analysis
have been simulated and their performance is being
analyzed. Under the CBR, VBR and traffic generator
based power source the entire routing algorithm
performed well and produced over 70% throughput
under different pause time from the above graphical
results, we obtain some conclusion that in Random
waypoint mobility model with CBR and traffic
generator AODV gives maximum throughput
followed by DSR and OLSR gives the worst results
in terms of throughput as it always needs to keep
update of whole networks information. Jitter & end to
end delay is lowest for OLSR & highest for AODV
than DSR. Comparative analysis shows that AODV
protocol has the advantage over DSR in a number of
key areas but is held back by its proprietary nature
and costs. Power saving at routing protocols level is
much easier as to evaluate through graphical
representation shown above.
We strongly believe in future work that
analyzing and criticizing the current routing
techniques and their performance can expose new
open issues and also be used to either enhance the
7. Dharam Vir, Dr. S. K. Agarwal, Dr. S. A. Imam / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.2548-2554
2554 | P a g e
existing routing schemes or to develop and design of
optimal route selection for new routing solutions.
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AUTHORS:
DharamVir (dvstanwar@gmail.com)
received the M.Tech Degree form MDU
Rothak (Haryana) and B.E Degree in
Electronics and Communication Engg.
from Jamia Millia Islamia, Central
University, New Delhi 2008, 2004 respectively. He
started his carrier as R&D Engineer in the field of
computers and networking, since 1992, he is the part
of YMCA University of Science & Technology as
Head of Section (Electronics & Inst. Control) in the
Department of Electronics Engineering. He is
pursuing Ph.D in the field of Power aware routing in
Mobile Ad hoc Networks.
Dr. S.K. Agarwal received the M.Tech
Degree from Delhi Technical
University.New Delhi and PhD degree in
Electronics Engg. From Jamia Millia
Islamia, Central University, New Delhi in 1998 and
2008, respectively,since 1990. He has been part of
YMCA University of Science & Technology
Faridabad (Haryana), as Dean and Chairman in
Department of Electronics Engineering.
Dr. Sayed Akthar Imam
(imam_jmi@yahoo.co.in) received the
B.E Engg. degree (Electrical Engg) from
Jamia Millia Islamia, M. Tech
(Instrumentation & Control System) from AMU,
Aligarh and PhD degree in Electronics & Comm.
Engg from Jamia Millia Islamia (a Central
University), New Delhi, in 1990, 1998, and 2008,
respectively. Since 1990, he has been part of Jamia
Millia Islamia University, where he is Assistant
Professor in the Department of Electronics and
Comm. Engineering.