This document analyzes the performance of different directional antennas for various routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks. It compares omni-directional, steerable, and switched beam antennas using the DSR, OLSR, and ZRP routing protocols in terms of average jitter, end-to-end delay, throughput, and power consumption. The document outlines the characteristics and operation of each antenna type and routing protocol. It then describes the simulation setup using the QualNet simulator to evaluate and compare the performance of the antennas with the different routing protocols under various mobility scenarios.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design Optimization of Energy and Delay Efficient Wireless Sensor Network wit...IOSR Journals
This document describes a proposed approach to optimize energy efficiency and delay in wireless sensor networks using a combination of particle swarm optimization and cluster-based least spanning tree algorithms. It begins with background on challenges in wireless sensor networks related to limited energy resources. It then presents the system model, including the network and radio power models. The document goes on to describe particle swarm optimization and how it can be applied to set up energy-efficient clusters in each round. The goal is to select cluster heads that minimize a cost function balancing energy usage and delay.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Opportunistic routing algorithm for relay nodejpstudcorner
The document proposes an energy-efficient opportunistic routing algorithm called ENS_OR for wireless sensor networks. ENS_OR selects relay nodes based on an "energy equivalent node" concept from opportunistic routing theory to minimize energy consumption and maximize network lifetime. It prioritizes nodes as forwarders according to their transmission distance from equivalent nodes and remaining energy levels. Simulations and testbed results show ENS_OR significantly improves energy savings and connectivity over existing routing schemes.
Opportunistic routing algorithm for relay node selection in wireless sensor n...LogicMindtech Nologies
NS2 Projects for M. Tech, NS2 Projects in Vijayanagar, NS2 Projects in Bangalore, M. Tech Projects in Vijayanagar, M. Tech Projects in Bangalore, NS2 IEEE projects in Bangalore, IEEE 2015 NS2 Projects, WSN and MANET Projects, WSN and MANET Projects in Bangalore, WSN and MANET Projects in Vijayangar
Energy efficient load balanced routing protocol for wireless sensor networkscsandit
Telecommunications is increasingly vital to the society at large, and has become essential to
business, academic, as well as social activities. Due to the necessity to have access to
telecommunications, the deployment requires regulations and policy. Otherwise, the deployment
of the infrastructures would contribute to environment, and human complexities rather than
ease of use.
However, the formulation of telecommunication infrastructure deployment regulation and
policy involve agents such as people and processes. The roles of the agents are critical, and are
not as easy as it meant to belief. This could be attributed to different factors, as they produce
and reproduce themselves overtime.
This paper presents the result of a study which focused on the roles of agents in the formulation
of telecommunication infrastructures deployment regulation and policy. In the study, the
interactions that take place amongst human and non-human agents were investigated. The study
employed the duality of structure, of Structuration theory as lens to understand the effectiveness
of interactions in the formulation of regulations, and how policy is used to facilitate the
deployment of telecommunications infrastructure in the South African environment.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design Optimization of Energy and Delay Efficient Wireless Sensor Network wit...IOSR Journals
This document describes a proposed approach to optimize energy efficiency and delay in wireless sensor networks using a combination of particle swarm optimization and cluster-based least spanning tree algorithms. It begins with background on challenges in wireless sensor networks related to limited energy resources. It then presents the system model, including the network and radio power models. The document goes on to describe particle swarm optimization and how it can be applied to set up energy-efficient clusters in each round. The goal is to select cluster heads that minimize a cost function balancing energy usage and delay.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Opportunistic routing algorithm for relay nodejpstudcorner
The document proposes an energy-efficient opportunistic routing algorithm called ENS_OR for wireless sensor networks. ENS_OR selects relay nodes based on an "energy equivalent node" concept from opportunistic routing theory to minimize energy consumption and maximize network lifetime. It prioritizes nodes as forwarders according to their transmission distance from equivalent nodes and remaining energy levels. Simulations and testbed results show ENS_OR significantly improves energy savings and connectivity over existing routing schemes.
Opportunistic routing algorithm for relay node selection in wireless sensor n...LogicMindtech Nologies
NS2 Projects for M. Tech, NS2 Projects in Vijayanagar, NS2 Projects in Bangalore, M. Tech Projects in Vijayanagar, M. Tech Projects in Bangalore, NS2 IEEE projects in Bangalore, IEEE 2015 NS2 Projects, WSN and MANET Projects, WSN and MANET Projects in Bangalore, WSN and MANET Projects in Vijayangar
Energy efficient load balanced routing protocol for wireless sensor networkscsandit
Telecommunications is increasingly vital to the society at large, and has become essential to
business, academic, as well as social activities. Due to the necessity to have access to
telecommunications, the deployment requires regulations and policy. Otherwise, the deployment
of the infrastructures would contribute to environment, and human complexities rather than
ease of use.
However, the formulation of telecommunication infrastructure deployment regulation and
policy involve agents such as people and processes. The roles of the agents are critical, and are
not as easy as it meant to belief. This could be attributed to different factors, as they produce
and reproduce themselves overtime.
This paper presents the result of a study which focused on the roles of agents in the formulation
of telecommunication infrastructures deployment regulation and policy. In the study, the
interactions that take place amongst human and non-human agents were investigated. The study
employed the duality of structure, of Structuration theory as lens to understand the effectiveness
of interactions in the formulation of regulations, and how policy is used to facilitate the
deployment of telecommunications infrastructure in the South African environment.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Enhancing Survivability, Lifetime, and Energy Efficiency of Wireless NetworksIJRES Journal
In this paper, we focus on improving wireless networks survivability in terms of increasing network lifetime and its energy efficiency via clustering the network in an efficient way. Clustering the network is the procedure of partitioning it into groups, where each of them is known as a cluster. Each cluster elects the station with the highest power to be a cluster head. The remaining stations follow the nearest cluster head. Instead of having each station sends its packets to a remote receiver, the cluster head receives packets from all stations within its cluster, aggregates them, and forwards the resulting packets to the remote receiver. The most significant benefit of clustering the network that we focus on is to decrease distances between sending and receiving stations, which in turn reduces the transmission energy. This reduction in the energy yields an increase in the network lifetime and its survivability.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an enhanced cross-layer protocol (ECLP) for wireless sensor networks. ECLP integrates medium access control and routing to improve energy efficiency and reduce latency. It uses an adaptive duty cycling scheme with adaptive timeouts and reservation requests. It also designs a tree-based energy-aware routing algorithm to prolong the network lifetime while minimizing control overhead for data delivery. Simulation results show ECLP outperforms other existing algorithms in terms of energy efficiency and latency.
The document discusses distributed power allocation strategies for wireless sensor networks with energy harvesting capabilities. It proposes using an asymmetric Nash bargaining algorithm where a relay allocates power to users based on their channel state information and requirements. This achieves a faster decay rate of 1/SNR. Simulations show the approach provides substantial tradeoffs between system performance and complexity compared to conventional methods. It also uses frequency division multiple access to divide bandwidths among users.
The document analyzes the performance of vector antenna arrays compared to uniform linear arrays for code division multiple access (CDMA) signals in a multipath fading channel. It considers a closed loop power control system for a beamformer-RAKE receiver for a wireless CDMA system with multiple users. Both theoretical analysis and simulations show that vector antennas, which can detect six independent components of the electromagnetic field, can better exploit multipath diversity and significantly improve bit error rate performance over uniform linear arrays in frequency selective rich multipath channels. The vector antennas provide additional diversity to combat signal fading and improve interference suppression for multiple users.
This document analyzes various approaches for making routing more energy efficient in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses the need for energy efficiency in MANETs due to nodes having limited battery power. Several energy efficient routing methods are described, including modifying existing protocols like AOMDV to select routes with higher remaining node energy. Other approaches discussed vary the transmission range, prioritize routes with nodes that have sent fewer messages, use multiple route replies like in reverse AODV, and base routing decisions on received signal strength and battery levels. The document evaluates these different energy efficient routing techniques and their ability to increase network lifetime in MANETs.
IRJET- Channel Allocation Strategy for Multiuser Cognitive and Location A...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a channel allocation strategy for a cognitive radio network that takes into account the locations of secondary users. The coverage area is divided into an overlay region near primary users and a hybrid region further away. Secondary users in the overlay region use an overlay spectrum access method, while those in the hybrid region use a sensing-free method. The paper formulates a resource allocation problem that optimizes power and channel allocation for secondary users based on their locations and spectrum access methods. It then proposes an adaptive algorithm that incorporates an interference violation test to determine resource allocation parameters and enable sensing-free access, while minimizing total power consumption subject to quality of service constraints. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed location-aware and adaptive strategy in improving
Beamforming with per antenna power constraint and transmit antenna selection ...sipij
This document presents techniques for beamforming and antenna selection in cooperative distributed antenna systems using convex optimization. It formulates beamforming as a convex optimization problem to minimize total weighted transmit power while satisfying per-antenna power constraints and SINR thresholds. Antenna selection is also formulated as a convex problem to maximize channel capacity by selecting an optimal subset of antennas from available remote antenna units. Simulation results show that integrating beamforming into distributed antenna systems enhances performance and achieves a lower transmit power compared to non-beamforming techniques. The per-antenna power constraint also yields better performance than a sum power constraint.
The document discusses beamforming techniques for wireless networks. It begins with an introduction to beamforming and its benefits, including increasing signal energy towards the intended user and decreasing interference elsewhere. It then covers various beamforming concepts and algorithms, including adaptive beamforming, switched beamforming antennas, and algorithms for beamforming like LMS, RLS, and CGM. It discusses applications of beamforming such as improving reflector illumination, nulling out interferers with array-fed reflector antennas, and multi-user downlink transmission. Finally, it provides conclusions and references related to beamforming antennas and wireless networks.
LHCP four patches stack triangular truncated antenna using corporate feed mic...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes the design and simulation results of a left-hand circularly polarized (LHCP) array antenna consisting of four stacked triangular truncated microstrip patches for use in a CP-SAR sensor on an unmanned aerial vehicle. The antenna achieves a gain of 9.74 dBic, an axial ratio of 2.89 dB, a 410 MHz impedance bandwidth, and a 100 MHz 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth at the target frequency of 5.2 GHz. Simulation results show the antenna meets specifications for gain, axial ratio, efficiency, and beamwidths required for the CP-SAR application.
Energy Consumption Analysis of Ad hoc Routing Protocols for Different Energy ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), energy conservation is a critical issue as the nodes are powered by the batteries which have limited energy reservoir. Hence the power level of the nodes is a problematical factor that extensively affects the performance and efficiency of ad hoc routing protocols. The rapidly changing traffic pattern the mobility of the nodes and the lack of fixed infrastructure makes routing in a MANET a challenging issue. So one of the main issues in MANET routing protocols is the development of energy efficient and QoS aware routing protocols which requires the energy analysis of routing protocols so that some modifications can be suggested. This paper presents performance comparison of three categories of mobile ad hoc routing protocols i.e. proactive, reactive and hybrid. The performance analysis is based on different metrics of Physical Layer such as Power Consumed in Transmit Mode, Power Consumed in Receive and Idle Modes, and metrics of application layer like Average End to End Delay, Average Jitter, Throughput and Packet Delivery Ratio based on the simulation analysis. Simulation analysis is performed over well known network simulator QualNet 6.1. Keywords - MANET, AODV, DYMO, OLSR, PDR
Design and Performance Analysis of Energy Aware Routing Protocol for Delay Se...ijcncs
This document presents a study on an energy aware routing protocol called Energy Aware DSR (EADSR) for wireless sensor networks. EADSR is an extension of the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol that adds energy awareness to improve network lifetime. The study compares the performance of DSR and EADSR through simulations. Results show that EADSR outperforms DSR in terms of energy savings and avoids early network partitioning caused by nodes draining their energy quickly. EADSR selects routes based on the total energy of nodes along the path and notifies neighbors when a node's energy is low to find alternative routes before it fails.
Ad hoc networks are self-configuring networks and each node executes routing functionalities by itself;
they are powered by battery, which is prone to decrease with time. In this paper, a power aware routing
algorithm called Dynamic path switching is proposed which attempt to extend the lifetime of network in
MANET. It creates a new path based on the energy level of the nodes. Along with DPS the Transmission
power control technique is incorporated which varies the transmission power based on the distance. It
reduces power consumption further. The proposed techniques are incorporated in Zone Routing Protocol
(ZRP) and simulated by using NS-2 simulator to obtain the QOS parameters.
Mobile Relay Configuration in Data-Intensuive Wireless Sensor with Three Rout...IJERA Editor
Wireless sensor network are increasingly used in data-intensive applications such as micro-climate monitoring,
precision agriculture and audio/video surveillance. A key challenges faced by data-intensive wsn’s is to transmit
all the data generated with an application’s lifetime to the base station despite the fact that sensor nodes have
limited power supply. We propose using low-cost disposable mobile really and our work in the following
aspects First, it does not require complex motion planning of mobile nodes. Second we integrate the energy
consumption due to both mobility and wireless transmission. Our framework consists of first algorithm
computes an optimal routing tree. The second, we integrate the energy consumption due to both mobility and
wireless transmissions .The second algorithm improves the topology of the routing tree by greedily adding new
nodes. The third algorithm improves the routing tree by relocating its nodes without changing its topology.
Frequently forming a network topology without the use of any existing network infrastructure. We compare the
performance of the three prominent routing protocols for the mobile relay is Adhoc on Demand Distance Vector
(ADVO), Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Temporally Ordered Routing Protocols (TORA).
We have chosen four performance metrics such as Average Delay, Packet Delivery Fraction, Routing load and
varying Mobility nodes, simulation for the popular routing protocols AODV, DSDV, and TORA. The
simulation is carried out on NS-2. The performance differentials are analyzed using varying network size and
simulations times. The simulation results confirm that ADVO performs well in terms of Average Delay, Packet
Delivery Fraction. As far as routing load concers TORA performs well.
Chain Based Wireless Sensor Network Routing Using Hybrid Optimization (HBO An...IJEEE
In Wireless Sensor Network, due to the
energy restriction of each nodes, efficient routing is very
important in order to save the energy of the hybrid
optimization technique. The results of new protocol i.e.
hybrid have been compared with EEPB and IEEPB.
Simulation results show that the lifetime of Hybrid is better
as compared to EEPB and IEEPB.
This document summarizes research on energy allocation approaches in energy harvesting wireless cooperative networks. It first discusses previous work on parallel, auction-based, and optimal power allocation strategies. It then proposes using an asymmetric Nash Bargaining algorithm at the relay to allocate power to users based on their channel state information and requirements. Simulations show this distributed approach can achieve performance close to more complex centralized strategies while reducing overhead. The key contribution is analyzing energy allocation when an energy harvesting relay communicates with multiple source-destination pairs using FDMA.
Power Transient Response of EDFA as a function of Wavelength in the scenario ...ijsrd.com
In this paper power transient is investigated as function of add/drop wavelength and surviving channel wavelength. We have reported that power excursions varies with different wavelength allocations of the add/drop channels. Transient response is reduced by 73.39% in case when add/drop channels are taken in L band instead of C band. Also power transient response is calculated as a function of wavelengths of surviving channel. It has been observed that at higher wavelengths power excursions are less than at shorter wavelengths of C band.
The document summarizes research on synthesizing and characterizing fluorinated yttrium barium copper oxide (Y3Ba5Cu8Oy) superconducting compounds. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the compounds had an orthorhombic structure similar to YBa2Cu3O7, with a larger 'c' axis. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the grain size increased with higher fluorine content. Transition temperature measurements found the superconducting transition onset temperature increased with fluorine addition up to 0.6, likely due to optimization of oxygen stoichiometry, but saturated beyond that point due to disturbance of the optimum oxygen level. Overall, fluorine doping improved the superconducting properties of the samples.
This document summarizes two GPU programming models - Accelerator and CUDA. It describes the basic steps in Accelerator programming including creating data arrays, loading them into data-parallel array objects, processing the arrays using Accelerator operations, creating a result object, and evaluating the result on a target processor. It also provides an example code showing the use of ParallelArrays and FloatParallelArray objects. The document then briefly introduces CUDA as a parallel computing platform and programming model for GPUs that provides lower and higher-level APIs.
This document presents a method for interactive image segmentation using constrained active contours. It begins with an overview of existing interactive segmentation techniques, including boundary-based methods like active contours/snakes and region-based methods like random walks and graph cuts. The proposed method initializes a contour using region-based segmentation then refines it using a convex active contour model that incorporates both regional information from seed pixels and boundary smoothness. This allows the contour to globally evolve to object boundaries while handling topology changes.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Enhancing Survivability, Lifetime, and Energy Efficiency of Wireless NetworksIJRES Journal
In this paper, we focus on improving wireless networks survivability in terms of increasing network lifetime and its energy efficiency via clustering the network in an efficient way. Clustering the network is the procedure of partitioning it into groups, where each of them is known as a cluster. Each cluster elects the station with the highest power to be a cluster head. The remaining stations follow the nearest cluster head. Instead of having each station sends its packets to a remote receiver, the cluster head receives packets from all stations within its cluster, aggregates them, and forwards the resulting packets to the remote receiver. The most significant benefit of clustering the network that we focus on is to decrease distances between sending and receiving stations, which in turn reduces the transmission energy. This reduction in the energy yields an increase in the network lifetime and its survivability.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an enhanced cross-layer protocol (ECLP) for wireless sensor networks. ECLP integrates medium access control and routing to improve energy efficiency and reduce latency. It uses an adaptive duty cycling scheme with adaptive timeouts and reservation requests. It also designs a tree-based energy-aware routing algorithm to prolong the network lifetime while minimizing control overhead for data delivery. Simulation results show ECLP outperforms other existing algorithms in terms of energy efficiency and latency.
The document discusses distributed power allocation strategies for wireless sensor networks with energy harvesting capabilities. It proposes using an asymmetric Nash bargaining algorithm where a relay allocates power to users based on their channel state information and requirements. This achieves a faster decay rate of 1/SNR. Simulations show the approach provides substantial tradeoffs between system performance and complexity compared to conventional methods. It also uses frequency division multiple access to divide bandwidths among users.
The document analyzes the performance of vector antenna arrays compared to uniform linear arrays for code division multiple access (CDMA) signals in a multipath fading channel. It considers a closed loop power control system for a beamformer-RAKE receiver for a wireless CDMA system with multiple users. Both theoretical analysis and simulations show that vector antennas, which can detect six independent components of the electromagnetic field, can better exploit multipath diversity and significantly improve bit error rate performance over uniform linear arrays in frequency selective rich multipath channels. The vector antennas provide additional diversity to combat signal fading and improve interference suppression for multiple users.
This document analyzes various approaches for making routing more energy efficient in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses the need for energy efficiency in MANETs due to nodes having limited battery power. Several energy efficient routing methods are described, including modifying existing protocols like AOMDV to select routes with higher remaining node energy. Other approaches discussed vary the transmission range, prioritize routes with nodes that have sent fewer messages, use multiple route replies like in reverse AODV, and base routing decisions on received signal strength and battery levels. The document evaluates these different energy efficient routing techniques and their ability to increase network lifetime in MANETs.
IRJET- Channel Allocation Strategy for Multiuser Cognitive and Location A...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a channel allocation strategy for a cognitive radio network that takes into account the locations of secondary users. The coverage area is divided into an overlay region near primary users and a hybrid region further away. Secondary users in the overlay region use an overlay spectrum access method, while those in the hybrid region use a sensing-free method. The paper formulates a resource allocation problem that optimizes power and channel allocation for secondary users based on their locations and spectrum access methods. It then proposes an adaptive algorithm that incorporates an interference violation test to determine resource allocation parameters and enable sensing-free access, while minimizing total power consumption subject to quality of service constraints. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed location-aware and adaptive strategy in improving
Beamforming with per antenna power constraint and transmit antenna selection ...sipij
This document presents techniques for beamforming and antenna selection in cooperative distributed antenna systems using convex optimization. It formulates beamforming as a convex optimization problem to minimize total weighted transmit power while satisfying per-antenna power constraints and SINR thresholds. Antenna selection is also formulated as a convex problem to maximize channel capacity by selecting an optimal subset of antennas from available remote antenna units. Simulation results show that integrating beamforming into distributed antenna systems enhances performance and achieves a lower transmit power compared to non-beamforming techniques. The per-antenna power constraint also yields better performance than a sum power constraint.
The document discusses beamforming techniques for wireless networks. It begins with an introduction to beamforming and its benefits, including increasing signal energy towards the intended user and decreasing interference elsewhere. It then covers various beamforming concepts and algorithms, including adaptive beamforming, switched beamforming antennas, and algorithms for beamforming like LMS, RLS, and CGM. It discusses applications of beamforming such as improving reflector illumination, nulling out interferers with array-fed reflector antennas, and multi-user downlink transmission. Finally, it provides conclusions and references related to beamforming antennas and wireless networks.
LHCP four patches stack triangular truncated antenna using corporate feed mic...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes the design and simulation results of a left-hand circularly polarized (LHCP) array antenna consisting of four stacked triangular truncated microstrip patches for use in a CP-SAR sensor on an unmanned aerial vehicle. The antenna achieves a gain of 9.74 dBic, an axial ratio of 2.89 dB, a 410 MHz impedance bandwidth, and a 100 MHz 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth at the target frequency of 5.2 GHz. Simulation results show the antenna meets specifications for gain, axial ratio, efficiency, and beamwidths required for the CP-SAR application.
Energy Consumption Analysis of Ad hoc Routing Protocols for Different Energy ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), energy conservation is a critical issue as the nodes are powered by the batteries which have limited energy reservoir. Hence the power level of the nodes is a problematical factor that extensively affects the performance and efficiency of ad hoc routing protocols. The rapidly changing traffic pattern the mobility of the nodes and the lack of fixed infrastructure makes routing in a MANET a challenging issue. So one of the main issues in MANET routing protocols is the development of energy efficient and QoS aware routing protocols which requires the energy analysis of routing protocols so that some modifications can be suggested. This paper presents performance comparison of three categories of mobile ad hoc routing protocols i.e. proactive, reactive and hybrid. The performance analysis is based on different metrics of Physical Layer such as Power Consumed in Transmit Mode, Power Consumed in Receive and Idle Modes, and metrics of application layer like Average End to End Delay, Average Jitter, Throughput and Packet Delivery Ratio based on the simulation analysis. Simulation analysis is performed over well known network simulator QualNet 6.1. Keywords - MANET, AODV, DYMO, OLSR, PDR
Design and Performance Analysis of Energy Aware Routing Protocol for Delay Se...ijcncs
This document presents a study on an energy aware routing protocol called Energy Aware DSR (EADSR) for wireless sensor networks. EADSR is an extension of the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol that adds energy awareness to improve network lifetime. The study compares the performance of DSR and EADSR through simulations. Results show that EADSR outperforms DSR in terms of energy savings and avoids early network partitioning caused by nodes draining their energy quickly. EADSR selects routes based on the total energy of nodes along the path and notifies neighbors when a node's energy is low to find alternative routes before it fails.
Ad hoc networks are self-configuring networks and each node executes routing functionalities by itself;
they are powered by battery, which is prone to decrease with time. In this paper, a power aware routing
algorithm called Dynamic path switching is proposed which attempt to extend the lifetime of network in
MANET. It creates a new path based on the energy level of the nodes. Along with DPS the Transmission
power control technique is incorporated which varies the transmission power based on the distance. It
reduces power consumption further. The proposed techniques are incorporated in Zone Routing Protocol
(ZRP) and simulated by using NS-2 simulator to obtain the QOS parameters.
Mobile Relay Configuration in Data-Intensuive Wireless Sensor with Three Rout...IJERA Editor
Wireless sensor network are increasingly used in data-intensive applications such as micro-climate monitoring,
precision agriculture and audio/video surveillance. A key challenges faced by data-intensive wsn’s is to transmit
all the data generated with an application’s lifetime to the base station despite the fact that sensor nodes have
limited power supply. We propose using low-cost disposable mobile really and our work in the following
aspects First, it does not require complex motion planning of mobile nodes. Second we integrate the energy
consumption due to both mobility and wireless transmission. Our framework consists of first algorithm
computes an optimal routing tree. The second, we integrate the energy consumption due to both mobility and
wireless transmissions .The second algorithm improves the topology of the routing tree by greedily adding new
nodes. The third algorithm improves the routing tree by relocating its nodes without changing its topology.
Frequently forming a network topology without the use of any existing network infrastructure. We compare the
performance of the three prominent routing protocols for the mobile relay is Adhoc on Demand Distance Vector
(ADVO), Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Temporally Ordered Routing Protocols (TORA).
We have chosen four performance metrics such as Average Delay, Packet Delivery Fraction, Routing load and
varying Mobility nodes, simulation for the popular routing protocols AODV, DSDV, and TORA. The
simulation is carried out on NS-2. The performance differentials are analyzed using varying network size and
simulations times. The simulation results confirm that ADVO performs well in terms of Average Delay, Packet
Delivery Fraction. As far as routing load concers TORA performs well.
Chain Based Wireless Sensor Network Routing Using Hybrid Optimization (HBO An...IJEEE
In Wireless Sensor Network, due to the
energy restriction of each nodes, efficient routing is very
important in order to save the energy of the hybrid
optimization technique. The results of new protocol i.e.
hybrid have been compared with EEPB and IEEPB.
Simulation results show that the lifetime of Hybrid is better
as compared to EEPB and IEEPB.
This document summarizes research on energy allocation approaches in energy harvesting wireless cooperative networks. It first discusses previous work on parallel, auction-based, and optimal power allocation strategies. It then proposes using an asymmetric Nash Bargaining algorithm at the relay to allocate power to users based on their channel state information and requirements. Simulations show this distributed approach can achieve performance close to more complex centralized strategies while reducing overhead. The key contribution is analyzing energy allocation when an energy harvesting relay communicates with multiple source-destination pairs using FDMA.
Power Transient Response of EDFA as a function of Wavelength in the scenario ...ijsrd.com
In this paper power transient is investigated as function of add/drop wavelength and surviving channel wavelength. We have reported that power excursions varies with different wavelength allocations of the add/drop channels. Transient response is reduced by 73.39% in case when add/drop channels are taken in L band instead of C band. Also power transient response is calculated as a function of wavelengths of surviving channel. It has been observed that at higher wavelengths power excursions are less than at shorter wavelengths of C band.
The document summarizes research on synthesizing and characterizing fluorinated yttrium barium copper oxide (Y3Ba5Cu8Oy) superconducting compounds. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the compounds had an orthorhombic structure similar to YBa2Cu3O7, with a larger 'c' axis. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the grain size increased with higher fluorine content. Transition temperature measurements found the superconducting transition onset temperature increased with fluorine addition up to 0.6, likely due to optimization of oxygen stoichiometry, but saturated beyond that point due to disturbance of the optimum oxygen level. Overall, fluorine doping improved the superconducting properties of the samples.
This document summarizes two GPU programming models - Accelerator and CUDA. It describes the basic steps in Accelerator programming including creating data arrays, loading them into data-parallel array objects, processing the arrays using Accelerator operations, creating a result object, and evaluating the result on a target processor. It also provides an example code showing the use of ParallelArrays and FloatParallelArray objects. The document then briefly introduces CUDA as a parallel computing platform and programming model for GPUs that provides lower and higher-level APIs.
This document presents a method for interactive image segmentation using constrained active contours. It begins with an overview of existing interactive segmentation techniques, including boundary-based methods like active contours/snakes and region-based methods like random walks and graph cuts. The proposed method initializes a contour using region-based segmentation then refines it using a convex active contour model that incorporates both regional information from seed pixels and boundary smoothness. This allows the contour to globally evolve to object boundaries while handling topology changes.
The document analyzes friction stir welding tools with various threaded pin profiles. Three tool pin profiles are modeled in CATIA and analyzed using ANSYS: cylindrical, frustum, and conical pins with threads. The stress distributions and displacement vectors in the pins are obtained for different rotational speeds and temperatures. The results show that the cylindrical pin profile experiences the lowest stress levels and displacement compared to the other profiles. Increasing rotational speed does not significantly affect the stress, while higher temperatures generally increase stress across all pin profiles. The cylindrical pin profile is determined to be preferable for withstanding loads during friction stir welding.
Este documento presenta 6 casos cortos sobre lecciones de estrategia empresarial. Cada caso ofrece un ejemplo breve que ilustra una lección como la importancia de compartir información crítica, estar bien informado, aprovechar situaciones desfavorables, asegurar información correcta y veraz, mantener confidencialidad sobre planes estratégicos, y dejar que el jefe hable primero.
A cruz de cristo, a manifestação da graça e da justiça divinaJunior Soares
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Performance Evaluation of Consumed Energy-Type-Aware Routing (CETAR) For Wire...ijwmn
This document evaluates the performance of Consumed-Energy-Type-Aware Routing (CETAR) for wireless sensor networks. CETAR makes routing decisions based on statistics of the energy consumed for different node activities like sensing, transmitting, and routing. It aims to encourage nodes that are not often data sources to serve as routing nodes, in order to preserve the energy of active source nodes and prolong network lifetime. Simulation results show that CETAR can significantly extend the lifetime of routing protocols like Geographic and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR) by taking each node's energy consumption patterns into account.
Performance Analysis of Enhanced Opportunistic Minimum Cost Routingin Mobile ...IJERA Editor
Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a temporary network with
infrastructure less environment to establish a data transmission between nodes within the network. A routing
protocol is used to discover routes between nodes. In this paper, we study the three existing routing protocols
namely AODV, DSDV and DSR to analyze theirperformance based on set of parameters.AODV and DSR
deliver almost all the packets compared to DSDV. Hence we try to modify the AODVprotocol and use in the
cooperative transmission.
In this paper, we study the cooperative transmission at the network layer and cooperative diversity at the
physical layer as a joint optimization of the transmission power in a Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) with
static channel. However due to variable wireless channels static routing is suboptimal. Proposed protocol
proactively selects forwarding nodes that work cooperatively forwarding the packet towards the destination.
Cooperative transmission side diversity helps in reducing interference. Diversity can be achieved at the physical
layer by coordinating the multiple nodes. Nodes are equipped with Omni-directional antenna and take the
advantages of transmission side diversity to achieve energy saving, under the assumption that channel gains are
available at the transmitters.
The proposed Opportunistic Minimum Cost Cooperative Transmission Shortest Path (OMCTSP) algorithms
select the best optimum route with minimum cost in terms of energy, number of hops, available bandwidth, link
quality (SNR) and outage probability. As the network becomes larger, finding optimal routes becomes
computationally intractable as the complexity of the dynamic programming (DP) approach increases as o (22n)
where n is the number of nodes in the networks. Hence we develop two suboptimal algorithms have complexity
of o (n2) perform as same as optimal algorithm. Also developthe Opportunistic Cooperative Routing in MANET
(O_CORMAN), which is a network layer opportunistic routing scheme for mobile ad hoc networks. Nodes in
the network use the components proactive routing protocol, forwarder list update and local re-transmission. We
evaluate the performance using NS 2.32 simulator there is significant performance improvement with respect to
energy, throughput packet delivery, and delay compared with Modified AODV (OMCTSP).
Performance Analysis of Enhanced Opportunistic Minimum Cost Routingin Mobile ...IJERA Editor
Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a temporary network with
infrastructure less environment to establish a data transmission between nodes within the network. A routing
protocol is used to discover routes between nodes. In this paper, we study the three existing routing protocols
namely AODV, DSDV and DSR to analyze theirperformance based on set of parameters.AODV and DSR
deliver almost all the packets compared to DSDV. Hence we try to modify the AODVprotocol and use in the
cooperative transmission.
In this paper, we study the cooperative transmission at the network layer and cooperative diversity at the
physical layer as a joint optimization of the transmission power in a Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) with
static channel. However due to variable wireless channels static routing is suboptimal. Proposed protocol
proactively selects forwarding nodes that work cooperatively forwarding the packet towards the destination.
Cooperative transmission side diversity helps in reducing interference. Diversity can be achieved at the physical
layer by coordinating the multiple nodes. Nodes are equipped with Omni-directional antenna and take the
advantages of transmission side diversity to achieve energy saving, under the assumption that channel gains are
available at the transmitters.
The proposed Opportunistic Minimum Cost Cooperative Transmission Shortest Path (OMCTSP) algorithms
select the best optimum route with minimum cost in terms of energy, number of hops, available bandwidth, link
quality (SNR) and outage probability. As the network becomes larger, finding optimal routes becomes
computationally intractable as the complexity of the dynamic programming (DP) approach increases as o (2
2n)
where n is the number of nodes in the networks. Hence we develop two suboptimal algorithms have complexity
of o (n2) perform as same as optimal algorithm. Also developthe Opportunistic Cooperative Routing in MANET
(O_CORMAN), which is a network layer opportunistic routing scheme for mobile ad hoc networks. Nodes in
the network use the components proactive routing protocol, forwarder list update and local re-transmission. We
evaluate the performance using NS 2.32 simulator there is significant performance improvement with respect to
energy, throughput packet delivery, and delay compared with Modified AODV (OMCTSP).
GPS Enabled Energy Efficient Routing for ManetCSCJournals
In this paper, we propose an energy aware reactive approach by introducing energy and distance based threshold criteria. Cross Layer interaction is exploited the performance of physical layer which leads to significant improvement in the energy efficiency of a network.
A Proactive Greedy Routing Protocol Precludes Sink-Hole Formation in Wireless...ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Energy Consumption in Ad Hoc Network With Agents Minimizing the Number of Hop...CSCJournals
Wireless mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a special kind of network, where all of the nodes move in time. Node is intended to help relaying packets of neighboring nodes using multi-hop routing mechanism in order to solve problem of dead communication. MANET which engages broadcasting and contains multiple hops becomes increasingly vulnerable to problems such as mobile node’s energy degradation, routing problem and rapid increasing of overhead packets. This paper provides an extensive study of energy consumption in the MANET that consists of several network areas with the presence agents. Agents will minimize number of hops and its affect in linearity with the delay. As nodes grow, either in data transmission services or coverage of node’s communication or more agents stand in overlapped locations, accordingly data exchange and topology development to adapt the network are becoming an important issue. As a result, agents are needed to support process automation, high-level connectivity and intelligent service on that such environment. We evaluate the agents’ performance and network energy consumption for supporting MANET. The proposed agents provides service packets transmission between networks; e.g. determine appropriate relay nodes dynamically, maintain the transmission between networks through another nodes, share the topology knowledge among agents, and route packets between source and final destination that are unable to communicate directly. The achievement on research with this approach is conducted via simulation study. A similar network without agents is presented to derive such referential bounds by using appropriate functions of network agents. The proposed algorithm is confirmed with composite simulation results.
Modeling and Simulation of Wavelength-Routed optical Networksijceronline
All-optical Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks providing extremely large bandwidths are among the most promising solutions to the increasing need for high-speed data transport. A lightpath has a specific route and one or more wavelengths through which the information is routed from the source to the destination node. In wavelength-routed optical networks, data are transmitted solely in the optical domain along lightpaths from source to destination without being converted into the electronic form and each lightpath is allowed to use the same wavelength on all the links along its path. This restriction is known as the wavelength continuity constraint. And it leads to an issue called as blocking in networks. Optical wavelength conversion with suitable Routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) can increase the performance and capacity of optical networks by eliminating this restriction and relaxing the wavelength continuity constraint. In this research, we analyze the problem of placing a limited number of wavelength converters in a mesh network using Weighted Maximum Segment Length (WMSL) converter placement algorithm. It employs Least-Loaded Routing and First-Fit (LLR-FF) RWA algorithm. It is tested on varying number of nodes in network and its respective blocking probabilities are calculated. The proposed algorithm provides the minimum blocking probability on optimal wavelength converters placement.
CPW fed SRR loaded monopole antenna for triple band operationsIJECEIAES
A planar CPW fed SRR loaded monopole antenna based on split ring resonator with triple-band operations is reported for passive UHF RFID, Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) and World Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. Measured and simulated results show the effect of tapering of the SRR layer on bandwidth improvement and gain enhancement in comparison to monopole with SRR antenna. The CPW fed SRR loaded monopole antenna has a bidirectional pattern with high gain for wireless communication applications.
A survey on energy aware routing issues and cross layering in mane tsIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a survey on energy aware routing and cross-layering in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses how energy conservation is critical in MANETs since nodes are battery powered. It reviews existing energy efficient routing protocols and notes they do not consider quality of service parameters. Cross-layer design allows interaction between layers to improve network performance without degrading quality of service. The document surveys energy aware routing using cross-layer approaches to improve energy efficiency while maintaining quality of service in MANETs.
SIDE LOBE REDUCTION OF CIRCULAR ARRAY USING TAYLOR DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION IN ...IAEME Publication
The VHF/UHF band radar that using circular array antennas is a novel kind of radar, whose performances, such as angular accuracy, angular resolution, anti-jamming and low-altitude coverage capabilities are better than the conventional VHF/UHF band radar. On one hand, we focus on how the directivity of array element will influence upon the array pattern. The performance characteristics of the single microstrip patch antenna can be further enhanced by using microstrip patch antenna array. On the other hand, in order to lower the side lobe level (SLL) of circular array antennas , we investigate the effectiveness of amplitude-weighted methods including Taylor Window and Gaussian Window.
ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL BASED ON DSRijasuc
Energy consumption is a major concern in most of the present day devices in wireless networks. Especially
in Ad hoc networks, energy is a limited factor. Random movement in nodes add to the frequent failure of
routes which adds to the energy consumption in the network. In this paper, a routing protocol is proposed
which is based on a modification of the conventional DSR (Dynamic Source routing). A comparative
analysis is performed with respect to energy consumption, maximum throughput and delay. The routing
protocols used for reference in this analysis are DSDV, AODV and conventional DSR. Experimental results
show that the proposed modified DSR shows a reduced energy consumption, improved rate of maximum
throughput and a reduced delay compared to above mentioned routing protocols.
ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL BASED ON DSRijasuc
Energy consumption is a major concern in most of the present day devices in wireless networks. Especially
in Ad hoc networks, energy is a limited factor. Random movement in nodes add to the frequent failure of
routes which adds to the energy consumption in the network. In this paper, a routing protocol is proposed
which is based on a modification of the conventional DSR (Dynamic Source routing). A comparative
analysis is performed with respect to energy consumption, maximum throughput and delay. The routing
protocols used for reference in this analysis are DSDV, AODV and conventional DSR. Experimental results
show that the proposed modified DSR shows a reduced energy consumption, improved rate of maximum
throughput and a reduced delay compared to above mentioned routing protocols
Implementing Energy Efficient Strategies in the MANET on-demand routing Proto...IJEEE
Mobile Ad-hoc networks are self-configuring multi-hop wireless networks where, the structure of the network changes dynamically. Because of the nodes in the MANET are mobile and battery operated, energy optimization is one of the major constraints in the MANET. Failure of some nodes operation can greatly impede the performance of the network and even affect the basic availability of the network, i.e., routing. To improve the lifetime of these networks can be improving the energy levels of the individual nodes of the network. This paper presents an analysis of the effects of different design choices for this on- demand routing protocols DSR and AODV in wireless ad hoc networks. In this paper, the energy efficient strategies are implemented in the AODV and DSR protocols to improve the life time of the Mobile ad hoc network. The CBEER-NN is developed using the existing DSR protocol and the AO- EEDTR is developed using the existing AODV protocol. GloMoSIM simulator is used to simulate the proposed MANET environment. This paper also compares the existing DSR and AODV protocols with proposed CBEER- NN and AO-EEDTR protocols. From the simulated results, this paper concludes that the proposed CBEER-NN and AO- EEDTR protocols are improving the life time of the network by improving the average residual energy of the nodes over the existing DSR and AO-EEDTR protocols.
Simulation Based Routing Protocols Evaluation for IEEE 802.15.4 enabled Wirel...IDES Editor
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is emerging as a
major research field in computer networks over the last decade
due to its wide variety of embedded real time applications.
Sensor networks have infrastructure-less architecture because
of frequently varying topology and link status. Routing is an
extremely challenging task for battery-powered resourceconstrained
WSN, since it is main cause for energy depletion
and energy must be utilized prudently to enhance lifetime
for sensor networks. This drives a myriad of research efforts
aiming at efficient data dissemination. In this paper we
analyze how efficiently MANET specific routing protocols
OLSR (Optimized Link-State Routing protocol), DYMO
(Dynamic MANET On-demand) and ZRP (Zone Routing
Protocol) perform in IEEE 802.15.4 enabled wireless sensor
networks and evaluate their simulation results using Qualnet
simulator. Several simulations were carried out under varying
network size and offered load for performance evaluation and
relative comparison of protocols is reported in terms of average
end to end delay, throughput and jitter.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
M-EPAR to Improve the Quality of the MANETsIJERA Editor
In MANET, power aware is important challenge issue to improve the communication energy efficiency at individual nodes. We propose modified efficient power aware routing (M-EPAR), a new power aware routing protocol that increases the network lifetime of MANET. Designing a power aware routing algorithm or technique is one of the most important point considered in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. These nodes are driven by reactive protocols where broadcasting is mandatory to form a path between two nodes. So in case of death of the node resulting out of less battery calls for re-routing. Since many existing techniques focuses on energy aware routing this paper presents combination of energy aware routing merged with link quality determined by packet drop rate. The proposed scheme has outperformed the existing technique in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput and energy consumption.
This document discusses finding an optimum transmission range in a wireless sensor network to balance delay and energy consumption. It analyzes how transmission range, node deployment, number of hops, and forwarding techniques affect energy usage. The researchers deployed sensor nodes in a grid and evaluated greedy forwarding and residual energy forwarding under varying transmission ranges. They found that an optimal range exists that uses less energy per transmission while minimizing the number of hops needed to reach destinations.
Performance Analysis of DSR, STAR, ZRP Routing Protocols for a Dynamic Ad-Hoc...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the performance of three routing protocols - DSR, STAR, and ZRP - for dynamic ad hoc networks using the Qualnet network simulator. It finds that STAR has superior performance to DSR and ZRP in terms of average end-to-end delay and jitter (variation in packet arrival times), while DSR has the best throughput. As node density increases from 25 to 125 nodes, STAR continues to outperform DSR and ZRP in delay and jitter, and DSR maintains the highest throughput. The document concludes that STAR is best able to support a dynamic ad hoc network with changing topology.
A Novel Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network Using Particle Swarm O...IOSR Journals
This summary provides the key details about a novel routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks using particle swarm optimization:
1. The paper proposes a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based routing protocol (PSOR) that uses energy efficiency as the major criteria for routing and finding optimized paths for data transmission to the base station.
2. Simulation results show that the PSOR generates whole new routing paths by using energy as the fitness value to evaluate different paths and select the most optimized path with the lowest energy consumption compared to other routing paths.
3. Experiments comparing PSOR to a genetic algorithm (GROUP) routing protocol show that PSOR achieves better results in terms of energy consumption and extends the lifetime of the wireless sensor
A Novel Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network Using Particle Swarm O...
Ag31238244
1. Dharam Vir, S.K.Agarwal, S.A.Imam / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.238-244
Performance Analysis Of Effect Of Directional Antennas On
Energy In Routing Protocol
Dharam Vir*, S.K.Agarwal**, S.A.Imam***
*(Head of Section, Department of Electronics Engineering, YMCA UST, Faridabad, India)
** (Dean & Professor, Department of Electronics Engineering, YMCA UST, Faridabad, India)
***(Astt. Professor, Department of Electronics & Comm. Engineering, JMI, New Delhi, India)
ABSTRACT
In this paper we have presented an but also as a router that maintains routes to and
analytical model for power-aware, multi-hop forwards data for the other nodes in the networks
wireless network nodes equipped with antennas that may not be within wireless transmission range.
such as omni directional, steerable and switched Routing in the mobile ad hoc networks faces
beam antennas. Complexity is day by day challenges due to mobility of the nodes a large
increasing of routing between the nodes because number of nodes, and communication between
of highly dynamic nature of the mobile ad hoc nodes resource constrained like energy and
network results due to frequent change in bandwidth [1][9]. This requires the ad hoc network
network topology. However, it may be possible to to have high capability of self-organization and
improve the network Congestion by using maintenance which is fulfilled by utilizing
directional antennas. To find out which intellectual routing protocol and efficient resource
directional antenna gives better performance for management in a distributed manner. The routing
mobile ad hoc networks, In this paper, we protocol may generally be categorized three types
compare and analyze different directional such as: Reactive, Proactive and hybrid routing
antennas for various routing protocols such as protocol. Reactive type of routing creates routes
DSR, OLSR, ZRP which comprise a good mix of only when desired by the source node for example
reactive, proactive and hybrid protocols. To AODV, DSR and DYMO [2]. Table driven routing
determined the average jitter, average end to end protocols attempt to maintain up to date routing
delay and throughput for application layer and information from each node to every other node in
power consumption between nodes in physical the network for example OLSR, LANMAR[3].
layer by using omni- directional, steerable and Hybrid routing is a combination of proactive and
switched beam antennas. We are using Random reactive for example ZRP [4]. Both reactive and
waypoint mobility with rectangular frame in this proactive routing protocols have their advantages
simulation which is done with the QualNet 5.01 and disadvantages in conditions of routing power
simulator. consumption and table size. In this paper we have
compared and analysis the reactive proactive and
Keywords - Ad hoc network, AODV, DSR, hybrid routing protocols like: DSR,OLSR and ZRP
Directional antenna, QualNet, ZRP on the basis of average jitter, average end to end
delay, throughput and power consumption in receive
I. INTRODUCTION transmit and ideal mode using omni-directional,
Established wireless communication steerable and switched mode directional antennas.
systems employ directional antennas which waste Which may be possible to improve the network
channel resource by radiating radio frequency node congestion?
energy in all directions. Directional antennas The rest of the paper is organized in
provide large coverage area and lower power following structure: Section II presents the related
consumption, because of these advantages; work. Section III presents a description of omni
directional antennas have been adopted in Mobile ad directional, steerable, and switched beam antenna
hoc networks, cellular network system 2G and 3G. and routing protocols. Section IV presents
Complexities day by day increasing of routing simulation setup and analysis of the results and
between the nodes because of highly dynamic nature section V contains conclusion of the paper.
and bandwidth of the mobile ad hoc network results
in regular change in network topology. If the II. RELATED WORKS
networks have a large number of nodes, the In this paper authors have evaluated to find
transmission of routing information will consume out which directional antennas are more beneficial
most of the bandwidth. Nodes in mobile ad-hoc between these omni-directional, steearble and
network sharing same random access wireless switched beam to ad hoc network and are essential
channel and each node function not only as a host to evaluate the effects of directional antennas on the
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2. Dharam Vir, S.K.Agarwal, S.A.Imam / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.238-244
performance of various routing protocols DSR, A. Omni-directional Antenna
OLSR and ZRP. In this paper we evaluated the An omni-directional antenna [9] scheme
performance of DSR, OLSR and ZRP using may provide more connecting links than a
different directional antenna and all parameters directional antenna scheme if nodes in a network are
selected by simulator [7]. In the ad hoc wireless located within each other’s transmission range.
networks, battery power is a very critical resource in However, closely located nodes are very likely to
sensor networks. One such aspect nodes are face co-channel interference during simultaneous
operated normally power is provided by batteries. transmission. The number of collisions and packet
Therefore energy conserving has become a very drops increases and hence the network performance
important goal, for energy conservation different degrades. A directional antenna scheme may
algorithms have been proposed to realize power provide fewer links in a network. Fewer links may
efficiency during the routing process. Directional seem to cause poor routing performance, but we
antennas have been used to reduce transmission believe that using directional antenna schemes can
power as well as to decrease obstruction in the outperform omni-directional antenna schemes. Our
networks. Author design an energy model for the simulation results support this [11][15]. Omni-
use of different directional antenna based scenario in directional antennas radiate energy in all directions
QualNet to find out energy consumption on each for a given transmission power. The range using
node when data is transmit or receive. omni-directional antennas is lower than when using
This paper can be concluded from the following directional antennas. Ad-hoc routing algorithms
four aspects: with omni-directional antennas and fixed
Author presents the summary of directional transmission power have an upper bound to the
antennas (omni-directional, steerable and switched number of intermediate hops between a pair of
beam) technology starting from very essential source and destination. Directional antennas may
elements and gives a general overview of operating resolve this problem using the same amount of
principle [15]. transmission energy. They can focus beams at
We present the current ad hoc MAC narrow angles. This can decrease channel
protocols (IEEE 802.11 family protocols) and three interference of other nodes falling beyond the
categories of ad hoc routing protocols (reactive, transmission angle, increase the transmission range
proactive and hybrid routing protocols) in detail. We and contribute to bridging voids in a network. Gain
present one popular routing protocols for each of a directional antenna over its omni-directional
category and ignored others. The three routing counterpart depends on how narrow the primary
protocols are dynamic source routing (DSR), beam (lobe) is. Interference by secondary lobes can
Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Zone reduce the effective transmission range of the
Routing Protocol (ZRP) [14]. primary lobe [11].
We perform the result in the application
and physical layer when utilizing directional B. Steerable Antenna
antennas and reviews several proposed average Steerable Antenna is directional antennas
jitter, average end to end delay, total packet receive, and has the ability to direct the beam in a particular
and throughput for a comparison of these proposals direction. In Steerable antenna whose major lobe
from technical point of views. can be readily shifted in direction. The beam cannot
We investigate the improvement in ad hoc be focused to the specific angle of the receiver
routing and network performance with directional [9][15]. Steerable antenna has a capability to do
antennas in power consumption mode routing above mentioned task. Even steerable antennas are
protocols compared with omni-directional antenna, complete setup up of a number of antenna elements.
steerable and switched beam antenna for static and Steerable antenna system have a logic combines the
mobility scenarios through case study which is done antenna elements in such a way that the beam is
with the QualNet simulator[15]. directed towards any given angle. These antennas
The Random way point mobility model are also capable to minimize the obstruction from
metric and node pause time in this paper covers the the unwanted nodes. By mixing the antenna
classes of routing protocols like proactive, reactive elements in such a way that main lobe, side lobes
and hybrid, which provides valuable direction for and tail lobe is not intended towards the interferer,
the performance of all routing protocols under then antenna reduces the interference.
various network conditions.
C. Switched beam Antenna
III. OVERVIEW OF ANTENNAS In switched beam antennas [15], space is
There are two main types of directional divided into a fixed number of equally divided
antenna: mechanically switched and phased array. sectors. Each antenna element transmits a beam
Even as both have the desired directional attributes. such that covers one sector. The switched beam
In our simulation we are taking number of antenna is the simplest smart directional antenna.
directional antennas as follows. The antenna that explores a number of fixed beams
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3. Dharam Vir, S.K.Agarwal, S.A.Imam / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.238-244
in prearranged directions at the antenna site. movement is taking place. DSR has a unique
Switched beam antenna base station selects the advantage by virtue of source routing.
beam that supports the maximum Signal to
Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) [13]. As the B. Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
mobile terminal moves, base station would switch Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) is a
among several beams that provide the best proactive MANET routing protocol. OLSR reduces
performance according to changing propagation the number of retransmissions by providing best
conditions. Switched beam antenna could attain an possible routes in terms of number of hops. For this
array gain of K due to K beams and a range gain. purpose, the protocol uses Multipoint Relays to
The switched beam antenna construct a group of efficiently flood its control messages by declaring
overlapped fixed directional beams together result in the links of neighbors. Only the Mid Point Relays of
omni-directional coverage. The opinion of switching a node retransmit its broadcast messages, hence no
function is to select among separate antenna extra control interchange is generated in response to
elements in receiving mode or predefined range link failures [12]. OLSR is particularly suitable for
beams in transmission mode. The main disadvantage huge and dense networks. The path from source
of the switched beam antenna is the permanent to destination consists of a sequence of hops
nature of the beams. These beams cannot be focused through the Mid Point Relays. In OLSR, a
to the specific angle of the receiver. Switched Beam HELLO message is broadcasted to all of its
Antennas are simpler and cheaper than steerable neighbors containing information about its
antennas. neighbors and their link status and received by the
nodes which are one hop away but they are not
IV. MANET ROUTING PROTOCOLS passed on to further nodes. OLSR is designed to
Routing means to select a path. Routing in work in a completely different manner and does not
MANET means to select a right and suitable path need to transmission of control messages. Control
from source to destination. Routing protocols [5] in messages contain a string number which is
MANETs are classified into three different incremented for each message. Thus the receiver of
categories according to their functionality. a control message can easily identify which
1. Reactive (On-demand) protocols (DSR) information is needed and up-to-date - even if the
2. Proactive (Table driven) protocols (OLSR) received messages are not in order.
3. Hybrid protocols (ZRP)
C. Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP)
A. Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) Protocol ZRP [12][14] is a hybrid routing protocols
Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) [10] is a which combines the best properties of both
reactive protocol and as well known as on demand proactive and reactive and takes improvement of
i.e. it doesn’t use interrupted advertisements. It proactive routing uses excess bandwidth to maintain
computes the routes when required and then routing information, while reactive routing involves
maintains them. Dynamic Source routing is a long route request delays. Therefore, ZRP reduces
routing method in which the sender of a packet the proactive scope to a zone centered on each node.
determines the complete string of nodes through In a limited zone, the amount of routing information
which the packet has to pass. There are two major never used is minimized. In ZRP each node is
stages in working of DSR: Route Discovery and assumed to maintain routing information only for
Route Maintenance. A host initiating a route those nodes that are within its routing zone. Because
discovery broadcasts a route request packet which the updates are only propagated locally, the amount
may be received by those hosts within wireless of update traffic required to maintain a routing
transmission range of it. The route request packet zone does not depend on the total number of
identifies the host, referred to as the target of the network nodes of both ON-demand and table driven
route discovery, for which the route is requested. If routing protocol .
the route discovery is successful the initiating host
receives a route reply packet listing a sequence of V. SIMULATION SETUP
network hops through which it may reach the target. A. QuaiNet 5.01:
While a host is using any source route, it monitors The simulator used in this paper is QualNet
the continued correct operation of that route. This 5.0.1, [16] which is developed by Scalable Network
monitoring of the correct operation of a route in use Technologies. The simulation is running based on
is called route maintenance. When route discrete event scheduler. So as to means the
maintenance detects a problem with a route in use, simulation is not performed in a constant time flow,
route discovery may be used again to discover a but at specific points of time when events occur.
new, correct route to the destination. DSR [10] uses QualNet is a predictive high-fidelity modeling tool
no periodic routing advertisement messages, thereby for wired and wireless networks of tens of thousands
reducing network bandwidth overhead, particularly of nodes. It employ of computational resources of
during periods when little or no significant host
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4. Dharam Vir, S.K.Agarwal, S.A.Imam / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.238-244
mobility models in large-scale networks with heavy Fig. 2 QualNet Implemented protocols
traffic load for reasonable simulation times. HTTP , FTP, CBR , Telnet,
Application
B. QualNet implemented models: Layer VoIP, OLSR, ….
QualNet is implemented using a TCP/IP
network model which is similar to layered
architecture as shown in Fig. 2. The application UDP, TCP, RTP, RSVP-TE
layer takes place of traffic generation and Transport
application level routing. Numerous traffic Layer
generator models and application level routing
protocols have been implemented in QualNet. DSR, IPv4,
Different Traffic generators supported inc1ude Network
ZRP, IPv6
HTTP, MCBR, CBR, FTP, VoIP, TELNET, VBR Layer
etc. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is often used to AODV
simulate transferring files between server and client,
MAC/Link CSMA, IEEE 802.3, 802.11,
CBR (Constant Bit Rate) is often used to simulate
fixed-rate uncompressed multimedia traffic. The Layer Aloha,
Routing
(VoIP) Voice over Internet Protocol is used to
Routed
simulate the routing of voice conversations over the
internet or through any other IP based network. In Point to Free
Physical Layer
PHY layer, QualNet supports three propagation Point, Space,
models pathloss,free space, two ray and irregular Bus Radio,
terrain. It offers two fading models: Ricean and
Wired
Rayleigh model. QualNet provides three antenna
models: omni-directional, switched-beam and Wireless
Table 1 Parameters we consider for Simulation
steerable antenna [16].
Setup
Parameter Value
C. Simulation Methodology
In this paper simulation is performed by Simulator QUALNET 5.01
increasing the no. of node 10 to 100 linearly with in Routing Protocols OLSR, DSR, ZRP
the simulation area 1500x1500. The nodes are
deployed randomly in the specified area and node Mac Type IEEE 802.11
follows the random way point mobility model. Number of Nodes 100
These source nodes transmit 1000 byte data packets Transmission range 600m
per second at a constant bit rate (CBR) across the
established route for the entire simulation time 30 Simulation Time 30s
second. Simulation Area 1500 X 1500
Random Waypoint
D. Snapshot Mobility Model
Mobility
Energy Model Mica-Motes
Traffic Type Constant-Bit Rate
Node Placement Model Random
Battery Model Linear Model
Full Battery Capacity 1000 (mA,h)
Battery Charge
30 Sec.
Monitoring Interval
Omni direction
Antenna Models Steerable
Switched Mode
Fig. 1 snapshot of simulation scenario representing Total packet sent 24
route discovery mechanism of 100 nodes for dsr
routing. Packet Size 12288 Bytes
Throughput 4274
Channel Frequency 2.4 GHz
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5. Dharam Vir, S.K.Agarwal, S.A.Imam / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.238-244
End to End Delay Vs Directional Antennas
0.45
0.4
0.35
End to End Delay
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
OMNI-DIRECTIONAL STEERABLE SWITCHED BEAM
OLSR 0.23901771 0.16162224 0.17831068
Fig. 3 snapshot of simulation scenario representing DSR 0.40202679 0.17596349 0.18482654
ZRP 0.36043164 0.17094125 0.19482479
cbr between nodes 1 to node 40
Fig. 5 end to end delay for different routing
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION protocols vs using directional antennas
A. Impact on Average Jitter
Average Jitter: It is the alteration in arrival Fig. 5 shows the impact of directional antennas on
time of the packets and caused due obstruction, the End to End Delay taking routing protocol as
topology changes. It is measured in second. parameter. Following assumption can be made:
The DSR presents highest values of End to
Average Jitter Vs Directional Antennas End Delay for omni and steerable antennas.
The OLSR presents least value of End to
0.2
0.18
End Delay for all three directional antennas.
0.16
0.14
Average Jitter
0.12
C. Impact on Throughput
0.1 Throughput: Average rate of successful
0.08 data packets received at destination is called
0.06
0.04
throughput. It is genuine output and precise in bps
0.02 (bit/s)
0
OMNI-DIRECTIONAL STEERABLE SWITCHED BEAM Throughput Vs Directional Antennas
OLSR 0.175369469 0.069309659 0.079524711
DSR 0.18200939 0.06744727 0.07872601 45000
ZRP 0.153206493 0.046904935 0.069578021 40000
35000
Fig. 4 average jitter for different routing protocols 30000
Throughput
vs using directional antennas 25000
20000
15000
Fig. 4 shows the impact of directional antennas on
10000
the Average Jitter taking routing protocol as 5000
parameter. Following assumption can be made: 0
OMNI-DIRECTIONAL STEERABLE SWITCHED BEAM
The DSR presents highest values of OLSR 38940.2222 28787.2342 42191.1111
Average Jitter for omni and switched beam DSR 36355.3333 27787.5555 42726.2222
antennas. ZRP 25319.1234 26270.2222 36262.9999
The OLSR shows highest value of Average Fig. 6 throughput for different routing protocols vs
Jitter for steerable antenna. using directional antennas
The ZRP presents least value of the
average jitter for all three directional antennas. Fig. 6 shows the impact of directional antennas on
the Throughput taking routing protocol as
B. Impact on Average End to End Delay parameter. Following statement can be made:
End-to-End Delay: Delays due to buffering The DSR presents highest values of
during the interface queues, route discovery process, Throughput for switched beam antenna.
and transfer the channel. It measured in second. The OLSR shows highest value of
Throughput for omni-directional antenna.
The ZRP presents least value of the
average jitter for all three directional antennas.
D. Impact on Energy consumed in Transmit
Mode:
The mobility, scalability, efficiency,
lifetime, effective sampling frequency and response
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6. Dharam Vir, S.K.Agarwal, S.A.Imam / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.238-244
time of nodes, all these parameters of the MANET consumed in received mode in all directional
depend upon the power. In case of power failure the antennas.
network goes down break therefore energy is The DSR consumes moderate energy for
required for maintaining the individual health of the all three directional antennas.
nodes in the network, during receiving the packets The OLSR consumes least energy in
and transmitting the data as well. switched beam directional antenna.
F. Impact on Energy consumed in Ideal Mode:
Energy Consumed in Transmit Mode (m jules)
Energy Consumed in Transmit Mode Vs Directional Antennas
Fig. 9 shows the impact of directional antennas on
0.04
the Energy Consumed in Ideal Mode taking routing
0.035
protocol as parameter. Following interference can be
0.03
made:
0.025
The ZRP presents highest energy
0.02
0.015
consumed in Ideal mode in all directional antennas.
0.01
The DSR consumes moderate energy for
0.005 all three directional antennas.
0 The OLSR consumes least energy in all
OMNI-DIRECTIONAL STEERABLE SWITCHED BEAM
0.020556 0.020833 0.020642
directional antennas.
OLSR
DSR 0.024742 0.018463 0.0160512
ZRP 0.035098 0.023173 0.024856
Energy Consumed in Ideal Mode Vs Directional Antennas
Fig. 7 energy consumed in transmit mode for Energy Consumed in Ideal Mode (m Jules)
0.004
different routing protocols using directional 0.0035
antennas 0.003
0.0025
Fig. 7 shows the impact of directional antennas on 0.002
the Energy Consumed in Transmit Mode taking 0.0015
routing protocol as parameter. Following 0.001
interference can be made: 0.0005
The ZRP presents highest energy 0
OMNI-DIRECTIONAL STEERABLE SWITCHED BEAM
consumed in all directional antennas.
0.00093 0.001071 0.001098
OLSR
The DSR consumes moderate energy for DSR 0.003311 0.002361 0.001759
all three directional antennas. ZRP 0.003764 0.003464 0.001408
The OLSR consumes least energy in omni
directional antenna. Fig. 9 Energy Consumed in Ideal Mode for different
routing protocols using Directional Antennas
E. Impact on Energy consumed in Transmit
Mode: VII. CONCLUSION
The use of directional antennas inside
Energy Consumed in Received Mode ( m jules)
Energy Consumed in Received Mode Vs Directional Antennas Mobile Ad-hoc network can extensively improve
0.0045 the performance of wireless networks. Less
0.004 interference and higher data rates can be achieved
0.0035 due to narrow directional beams using these
0.003 antennas. In this paper, we have simulated and
0.0025
analyzed the impact of directional antennas on
0.002
0.0015
reactive proactive and hybrid routing protocols
0.001
(OLSR, DSR and ZRP) in mobile ad-hoc networks
0.0005 using omni, steerable and switched beam directional
0 antennas. These routing protocols performed
OMNI-DIRECTIONAL STEERABLE SWITCHED BEAM
OLSR 0.001593 0.001071 0.001098
throughput, delay, jitter in application layer and
DSR 0.002911 0.002361 0.001759 energy consumption in physical layer of TCP/IP and
ZRP 0.004121 0.0031598 0.0036194 simulation results of all protocols are shown above.
All these parameters of the MANET depend upon
Fig. 8 energy consumed in received mode for
the power. In case of power failure the network goes
different routing protocols using directional
down break therefore energy is required for
antennas
maintaining the individual health of the nodes in the
Fig. 8 shows the impact of directional antennas on
network, during receiving the packets and
the Energy Consumed in Received Mode taking
transmitting the data. Our analysis shows that by
routing protocol as parameter. Following
using directional antennas, ad hoc networks may
interference can be made:
achieve better performance. However, scenarios
The ZRP presents highest energy
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7. Dharam Vir, S.K.Agarwal, S.A.Imam / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.238-244
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