This document summarizes an article that analyzed optimal fishing efforts in Muncar, Indonesia to balance biological, technical, social, and economic sustainability. The study used a multiple goal programming model to determine the optimal number of fishing devices (purse seine, gillnet, liftnet) that minimized deviations from sustainability goals. Results recommended reducing purse seine by 4 units and increasing gillnet by 5 units and liftnet by 27 units to balance ecology, social impacts, and economic profits over the long term. Maintaining sustainable yields of pelagic fish species was the highest priority goal.
Vanashakti is a Mumbai based non profit Environmental NGO. Our thrust areas are Forest and Wetland Conservation, Environment Education and Sustainable Livelihoods for marginalized rural communities.
Vanashakti is a Mumbai based non profit Environmental NGO. Our thrust areas are Forest and Wetland Conservation, Environment Education and Sustainable Livelihoods for marginalized rural communities.
This research is the outcome of an academic report on “TANGUAR HAOR”. A semester paper under the course ‘Design Studio VIII’ was prepared by Group 01 of 4th year 2nd Semester summer 2018 of department of architecture, Leading University. We are acknowledging our contribution. The course is guided by AR. Shawkat Jahan Chowdhury and thanks to him for guided us sincerely. We are thankful to the villagers International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Mr. Kabir and Mr. Amin Ministry of Water Resources, Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board and the people of those village we worked. We are also thankful to Bangladesh Polish and Border Grad Bangladesh (BGB) to ensure our safety from starting to the end. With out their help and participation the study and complete the report was not possible.
National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act and E (expanded) - NI...Bevs Dela Cruz
The presentation provides the overview of the Republic Acts 7568 and 11038 of 1992 and 2018, respectively. The latter is the amendment of the former in which 94 new areas (some are initial components) have been declared under the protected areas system.
This report was presented in ENS (Environmental Science) 275: Contemporary Issues in the Environment and Development, School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines.
Detailed account of difference between Biosp[here Reserves and various MPAs were given; MPAs of India were listed with its key biodiversity resources...
Speaker: YVES HENOCQUE
- IFREMER (INSTITUTE FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEA) MARITIME STRATEGY SENIOR ADVISOR
- JAMSTEC (JAPAN AGENCY FOR MARINE-EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY) GUEST RESEARCHER
- OPRF (OCEAN POLICY RESEARCH FOUNDATION) VISITING FELLOW
Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) of Bivalves in Northwestern Bohol, PhilippinesAI Publications
Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) is a measure of status of marine resource in a given area. In this study, bivalve fishery information was gathered using the self-structured questionnaire. There were 61 respondents who were the registered fishermen of Calape, Tubigon and Clarin. Among the three towns it was Clarin where highest mean CPUE was observed with 1.2kg/hr/man. This was followed by Calape with 0.8kg/hr/man and lowest mean CPUE was recorded in Tubigon with 0.6kg/hr/man. High CPUE value means that there are still enough bivalve resources in the area and lowest CPUE means that these resources are endangered. Considering that, the result of this study showed that there is a need to regulate the collection of bivalves with lower wild stocks to avoid loss of these natural resources.
Australia's Protected Areas - Caring for CountryRichard Thackway
This presentation is overview of the history of Protected Area development in Australia commencing with an outline of how a national bioregionalization framework for both the terrestrial and marine environments was collaboratively conceived and established. Using this framework, the progress of Australia’s national reserve system (marine and terrestrial) is presented along with its practical, political and policy challenges. This journey, since the early 1990s has seen innovative additions to Australia’s protected area system through the development of Indigenous and private protected areas and with growing protection contributions being made by primary production landholders.
This research is the outcome of an academic report on “TANGUAR HAOR”. A semester paper under the course ‘Design Studio VIII’ was prepared by Group 01 of 4th year 2nd Semester summer 2018 of department of architecture, Leading University. We are acknowledging our contribution. The course is guided by AR. Shawkat Jahan Chowdhury and thanks to him for guided us sincerely. We are thankful to the villagers International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Mr. Kabir and Mr. Amin Ministry of Water Resources, Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board and the people of those village we worked. We are also thankful to Bangladesh Polish and Border Grad Bangladesh (BGB) to ensure our safety from starting to the end. With out their help and participation the study and complete the report was not possible.
National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act and E (expanded) - NI...Bevs Dela Cruz
The presentation provides the overview of the Republic Acts 7568 and 11038 of 1992 and 2018, respectively. The latter is the amendment of the former in which 94 new areas (some are initial components) have been declared under the protected areas system.
This report was presented in ENS (Environmental Science) 275: Contemporary Issues in the Environment and Development, School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines.
Detailed account of difference between Biosp[here Reserves and various MPAs were given; MPAs of India were listed with its key biodiversity resources...
Speaker: YVES HENOCQUE
- IFREMER (INSTITUTE FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEA) MARITIME STRATEGY SENIOR ADVISOR
- JAMSTEC (JAPAN AGENCY FOR MARINE-EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY) GUEST RESEARCHER
- OPRF (OCEAN POLICY RESEARCH FOUNDATION) VISITING FELLOW
Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) of Bivalves in Northwestern Bohol, PhilippinesAI Publications
Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) is a measure of status of marine resource in a given area. In this study, bivalve fishery information was gathered using the self-structured questionnaire. There were 61 respondents who were the registered fishermen of Calape, Tubigon and Clarin. Among the three towns it was Clarin where highest mean CPUE was observed with 1.2kg/hr/man. This was followed by Calape with 0.8kg/hr/man and lowest mean CPUE was recorded in Tubigon with 0.6kg/hr/man. High CPUE value means that there are still enough bivalve resources in the area and lowest CPUE means that these resources are endangered. Considering that, the result of this study showed that there is a need to regulate the collection of bivalves with lower wild stocks to avoid loss of these natural resources.
Australia's Protected Areas - Caring for CountryRichard Thackway
This presentation is overview of the history of Protected Area development in Australia commencing with an outline of how a national bioregionalization framework for both the terrestrial and marine environments was collaboratively conceived and established. Using this framework, the progress of Australia’s national reserve system (marine and terrestrial) is presented along with its practical, political and policy challenges. This journey, since the early 1990s has seen innovative additions to Australia’s protected area system through the development of Indigenous and private protected areas and with growing protection contributions being made by primary production landholders.
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The Correlation between Mangrove and the Increasing Capture Fisheries and Sea...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Contribution of aquaculture on livelihood development of fish farmer at Noakh...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the contribution of aquaculture on livelihood status of fish farmer at Noakhali sadar upazila. This research work was carried out during the period of February 2013 to July 2013. A total of 50 fish farmers were interviewed with a well-structured questionnaire. The survey revealed that average pond size was 0.48 ha with 40% of the farmers having ponds of single ownership, 20% having ponds of multiple-ownership, 30% having ponds of single lease and 10% having ponds of multiple leases. Poly culture of Indian major carps and exotic carps has been practiced by most of the farmers. Fish fingerlings were stocked from April to June and average stocking density was 12,370 fingerlings/ha. The average fish production cost was Tk 69,870/ha/yr. Although the living condition of the rural fish farmers were poor, livelihood outcomes were found positive and 88% of the farmers have improved their socioeconomic conditions through fish farming. The gross income and net profit were Tk. 1, 06,400 and Tk. 1, 00,000/ha/yr respectively. The average monthly income was in range of BDT 15,000-25,000. Their basic need like food, cloth, house, education and medical facility had changed after fish farming. The households have broadly improved their food consumption, family education, standards of living, purchasing power, choice and economic ability through fish farming. The constraints for sustainable pond fish farming in the areas were lack of technical knowledge of the farmers, disease of fishes, multiple ownership of the pond, higher production cost (mainly seeds and feed), insufficient supply of fry and fingerlings, lack of money and credit facilities and inadequate extension services. It is therefore essential to provide the necessary training facilities with institutional and organizational supports, credit facilities and extension services for sustainable fish production and livelihoods of rural fish farmers.
An economic study of small-scale tilapia fish farming in Mymensingh district ...Premier Publishers
The study was designed to estimate the costs, returns and resource use efficiency of tilapia fish farming in some selected areas of Mymensingh district. Both tabular and statistical techniques were used to achieve the objectives set for the study. The study revealed that the tilapia fish production is profitable business. Per hectare yield of tilapia fish were 19432 kg, 23234 kg, 27993 kg, for which money value was Tk. 2407846, 2950242, 3517805 for marginal, small and medium farmers, respectively. Benefit cost ratio was the highest for medium farmers (1.33) followed by marginal and small farmers (1.27). It was observed that the coefficient of human labour, feed and irrigation charge had significant effect on economic returns. Resource use efficiency analysis revealed that farmers are not efficient in using resources in tilapia fish production. Human labour cost, feed cost and fish protection chemicals cost were underused and therefore increase the use of these resources can maximize profit in tilapia fish production. Multiple ownership of pond, high price of feed, high disease infestation and lack of scientific knowledge and management were found the major problems for tilapia fish.
Coastal Resource Management In Kanniyakuamari Coast, Tamil Nadu, India. Using...IJERA Editor
The Coastal Resource Management of Kanniyakumari coast which is Located in the Southern Part of Tamil Nadu (India) is situated in this article. They study has made use of Socio economic data to identify the Resource Management status of the study Area. The software like ArcGis are used to demarcated the coastal Resource management of Kanniyakumari coast. The Total area 715 Sq.m. Kanniyakumari coast about 42 Fishing Landing Centers the distribution of fishing villages in Kanniyakumari coast. The total annual Fish production is 42716.60 tonnes during to 2011-212.
Exchange Rate of Fishermen Business Fishing in Kalinaun Village, East Likupan...AI Publications
Kalinaun Village is one of the villages located in East Likupang District, North Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Fisherman. The analysis used in this research is a descriptive quantitative analysis and descriptive qualitative. The economic situation in the form of fishing rods owned by fishermen in Kalinaun village is their own. The initial capital of Rp. 10,000,000 – Rp. 15,000,000 with a percentage of 80 %. the largest investment cost spent on the purchase of a rainbow boat was Rp. 7,500,000, - with a percentage of 70.09% of the total investment cost and the smallest cost for the purchase of a catinting machine was Rp. 3,200,000, - with a percentage of 29.91%. Fishermen go to sea also vary between 1 – 6 times a week, but on average 4 times a week go to sea. Their income as fishermen is only Rp. 48,000,000 in a year. The profit rate in a year is Rp. 41.930.000, - is the profit earned and can be used for saving or making/procuring new fishing units. The caught fish are marketed to the Girian Village or some consumers come to the fish landing site/beside the beach.
Analysis of CPUE and Fishing Capacity of demersal fisheries in Kema 2, North ...IJAEMSJORNAL
Capture fisheries should be a sustainable economic activity aspect to provide good benefits to future resources. Sustainable marine fisheries resources exploitation requires a utilization rate lower than their availability. Therefore, the exploitation rate should not achieve the recovery ability of the resources in certain time. In fishing activities, for instance, there is a guideline not to catch fish over the Total Allowable Catch (TAC), 80% of the MSY. Information on the potency and the fishing capacity of tuna fisheries can be useful for the sustainable management of the resources. Also, this information can be used as a consideration for further management of the potency. There are two purposes of the study: (1) to analyze the CPUE (catch per unit effort) of demersal fisheries in Kema 2, North Sulawesi, for prediction of their potency, and (2) to analyze the efficiency of fishing capacity of the demersal fisheries in Kema 2, The study was done in two stages. The first was done by analyzing the potency using CPUE method (Shaefer models) to obtain the MSY, optimum effort and TAC (total allowable catch); and the second was done by analyzing the fishing capacity of demersal fisheries using DEA method to estimate the efficiency level of the fishing boats and devices in Kema 2. The result showed that the potency of demersal fisheries in Kema 2 was 71,700 tons per year and the optimum effort was 72,964 trips. Fishing capacity in demersal fisheries occurred in Kema 2 for the last 12 years was inefficient, especially for 2001. This may be caused by some factors such as trip operation, fishing duration, oil consumption, crew and operational cost. So, to manage the demersal resources in Kema 2, the TAC should be 57,520 tons per year. Based on the result, to increase the fishing efficiency, we should take into account of above factors. We suppose that the good means is reducing trip operation, fishing duration, oil consumption, crew and operational cost.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Bio-economic analysis of ESBN fishery of Kumira, the coastal area of Chittago...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present investigation was conducted from May to December 2005 at Kumira, the representative area of Chittagong coast for bio-socioeconomic analysis of ESBN fishery. In catch composition of Kumira, it was observed that finfish occupied 77.03 %, shrimp 19.82 % and crab 3.15 % and the average catch per boat per day were found 16.6 kg in Kumira. The highest total catch per boat per day (50 kg) was found in October at Kumira. The lowest catch was found (2 kg) in August at Kumira. The average total catch per landing center per month was found 14805 kg at Kumira. The average catch per fishermen per day was found 3.39 kg at Kumira and the average cost per boat per month was about 7,813 Tk in the study area. Average sale per month was found over 18,713 Tk in Kumira. During the month July and August most of the fishermen were engaged in Hilsa fishing with the Hilsa gill net resulting the total catch was with ESBN lowest in those months.
Distribution Patterns and Consumer Preferences on Demersal Fish in North Mina...AI Publications
North Minahasa Regency is an area of North Sulawesi Province, which has the potential for capture fisheries that is growing significantly with the demand for raw materials for marine products, both for the consumption needs of the people of North Sulawesi in general and specifically in North Minahasa Regency itself, one of the sub-districts in North Minahasa Regency. which is the center of demersal fish capture fisheries production is Kema District. The success of marketing fish catch production is based on a well-targeted and efficient distribution pattern. This is strongly supported by interests and preferences, giving rise to a choice (preference) which one is desired. Culinary tourism in this area began to develop by showing an increasing trend. The number of restaurants or restaurants that offer grilled fish or seafood products has shown people's interest in fish consumption. The current high level of public interest in consuming fish automatically brightens the fisheries sector from upstream to downstream. The purpose of this study was to identify the marketing distribution pattern of demersal fish in North Minahasa Regency and analyze the attitudes of end consumers towards their preferences for demersal fish in North Minahasa Regency. The basic method in this research is a case study and the primary data source comes from fishermen and collectors as fish marketers, who are involved in marketing channels as well as final consumers who use the product. Respondents who are determined are producers, namely fishermen who catch Demersal fish, collectors or suppliers and final consumers in culinary centers who choose processed demersal fish products. Methods Data collection was carried out by sampling, namely: Purposive sampling for the types of producer and collector respondents, Accidental sampling for final consumers who apply their preferences to processed Demersal fish products in culinary centers located in North Minahasa district. Collecting data through interviews and direct observation as well as filling out a list of questions guided by the researcher. Primary and secondary data types, for primary data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively and descriptively quantitatively using data analysis techniques according to consumer attitude preferences. to the final consumer. The validity test was carried out on the snapper, chair, bobara, grouper, and escape variables, it was found that all the calculated r values were greater than r table, which means that all indicators in the questionnaire were declared valid with a moderately correlated to high category. The reliability test on snapper was 0.626, which means high reliability value, as well as for chariot fish the value was 0.669 , 0.721 passed and Goropa 0.600 which was categorized as sufficient for 5% and 1% error levels.
Diversity of Fisheries Resources and Fishing Gear Ownerships on Fishing Captu...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Evaluation of the oyster farming potential of the Cintra bay (southern Morocco)Origins publication
The bay of Cintra is a marine ecosystem located in the southern Moroccan Atlantic known for its
biological richness and therefore for its high fishery productivity. This bay was chosen as a new destination for the
development of aquaculture in the southern regions of Morocco. To highlight its potential in terms of oyster
farming, a first rearing trial of triploid cupped oysters (Crassostrea gigas) as well as parallel monitoring of the
phytoplankton population and ecological parameters were undertaken. The results obtained showed that the oysters
adapt well to the conditions of the new environment where mortality was negligible, or even absent after a month
of launching. In terms of biological performance, the growth of individuals is continuous during the annual cycle
and after eight months the weight could reach 30.5 g which is a minimum weight for marketing. The AFNOR and
Lawrence and Scott indices showed a good physiological state and a better commercial quality of the oysters. The
filling rate of these oysters, with an average weight of 39.7g when lifting, is very high according to the Lawrence and
Scott index (126.3) and the average AFNOR index (around 21.8) rank them in the “Special” category.
In April 1998, a small indigenous community began one of the earliest Community-managed Marine Protected Areas (MPA) in Fiji, beginning a decade of commitment to protecting reef life for future generations. The project was a founder member of the Fiji Locally Managed Marine Areas (FLMMA) network, and one of the few FLMMA projects to include an
income-generating community-managed tourism operation.
Annual biological monitoring since the project’s inception, undertaken by a team of scientists and community members,
utilised in-water survey methods, including Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) for key invertebrate species, Manta Tows for
broad-scale habitat and invertebrate assessment, Point Intercept Transects for coral cover, and Fish Underwater Visual Census (UVC). These surveys demonstrated increased fish populations within the MPA after 3 years, and increased invertebrate populations after 5 years. Fish and invertebrates important to local subsistence and commerce are harvested in the spill-over area near the MPA. Some poaching occurs inside the MPA, so far not significantly impacting overall populations, suggesting the ecosystem is now adequately robust to withstand some harvesting.
Coral growth was retarded by a bleaching event in 2000, but herbivory has reduced macroalgal cover within the MPA,
creating better coral-growth substrate, accelerating coral settlement and recovery in comparison with heavily fished areas where macroalgae covers most available substrate, preventing new coral settlement. A small coral restoration project is thriving inside the MPA.
Socio-economic surveys have shown the MPA to have economic and social importance to the local inhabitants, and the value of the MPA as a reserve for conservation and future fish stocks has been reinforced by the income-generating potential of eco-tourism activities.
Keywords: Community Managed Marine Areas, Ecotourism, Sustainable development, Long-term biological monitoring, Coral bleaching, Habitat phase shift.
Post-harvest handling and quality loss of Indian major carps in the distribut...AbdullaAlAsif1
Post-harvest loss of mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus), catla (Catla catla), rohu (Labeo rohita) and kalibaush (Labeo calbasu) in different distribution channel of Noakhali district, Bangladesh were observed during the month of January 2015 to April 2015. Sensory evaluation method was adopted in order to gather information about quality loss of fish and existing handling condition at different stakeholder level. The observed fish were fresh at fisherman level but as the day progress along with temperature variation fish started losing quality and most of their quality found lost at retailer level. Fisherman supplied fish to beparies at 5% quality loss, further 10%, 20% and 22% loss was observed through aratder, retailer and consumer respectively. DPs varied with the month basis, compared to January-February the DPs were higher in March-April which indicates that temperature rise cause more quality loss of fish. Most of the fishes crossed DP 3.0 at retailer level because of long term exposure to open air coupled with unhygienic condition of markets. Different sizes baskets were used for transportation of fish with or without icing. Live fishes were transported with water in gallon or drum and they could retain their shelf lifelong time than that of dead fish or fish with no icing condition. The unsold fishes were preserved in refrigerator and re-icing was adopted by 70% retailer. The ice ratio of fish: ice was 1:1 in March-April and 2:1 in January February. The more quality loss of fish the more ice was used. Bad handling practices due to transportation and in markets also caused quality deterioration of some fishes. Usually post-harvest loss of fish is not taken under the consideration which eventually because economic loss coupled with food insecurity but proper steps to reduce loss can compensate the post-harvest fish loss.
Stakeholders’ Perception of Fish Decline in the Lagos Lagoon and Effects of S...BRNSS Publication Hub
Lagos Lagoon provides a number of important ecosystem services that include fish supply for the indigenous
fishing communities of Ilajes and Ijaws. The Lagoon is also a sink for pollutants from various point sources,
including sawmilling activities at the Okobaba hub of the lagoon. The perception of stakeholders about the
environmental risks of these anthropogenic activities is important considerations for sustainable management
of this important coastal ecosystem. Organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
are priority pollutants that are associated with anthropogenic activities including the burning of wastes. The
early life stages of fish species are useful bioindicators of pollutant effects for environmental risk assessments.
This study investigated stakeholders’ environmental risks perception of the sawmilling activities on the
Lagos Lagoon. Furthermore, physicochemical parameters and 16 priority PAHs were assessed in surface
water, porewater, and sediment from the study area on the Lagos Lagoon. Further, the embryotoxic effects
of crude and cleaned up sediment organics and porewater extracts on the African sharptooth catfish (Clarias
gariepinus) embryos were evaluated. Most (70–93%) respondents observed fish declines, burn wastes on
the bank of the lagoon and are aware of the environmental and human health risks of their activities. High
molecular weight PAHs dominated the PAHs profile, especially in the sediment. Developmental abnormalities
and decreased hatching success were observed in C. gariepinus embryos exposed to extracts from the test
site compared to the controls though non-significant (P > 0.05). The results show the environmental risks
of sawmill activities on the Lagos Lagoon. There is a need for targeted environmental management and
stakeholders’ engagement to forestall further coastal degradation and promote sustainable fisheries in the
lagoon in support of the UN sustainable development goal three (life below water).
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LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
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Optimization of pelagic fishing efforts in muncar area , indonesia
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.10, 2013
www.iiste.org
Optimization of Pelagic Fishing Efforts in Muncar Area
Indonesia
Ervina Wahyu Setyaningrum (Corresponding author) 1,2 *,Soemarno 1,3
1.Environmental Resources Management Master Program, Graduate School, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia.
2.Department of Fishery Resources Management, Faculty of Fishery and Marine Sciences, University of 17
Agustus, Banyuwangi, Indonesia
3. Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia
* E-mail of the corresponding author : vinayusuf05@yahoo.co.id
Abstract
Marine fisheries production in Banyuwangi is dominated by the Muncar contribution, about 94,03% of total
fishing effort production. The catch fishes were dominated by species of the pelagic fishes which are catched by
the Purse seine, Gillnets, and Liftnets. This study was conducted to analyze the optimum amount of catching
devices in sustainable fishing efforts biologically, technically, social and economically, and environmental
friendly. A descriptive-analytic study involved the Multiple Goal Programming method with the objective
constraints of covering aspects of ecology, biology, technical aspects, social and economic aspects. Data were
collected with the survey method and direct observations in the field, involving 63 fisherman of Purseseine, 51
fishermen of Gillnet and 20 fishermen of Liftnet. Results showed that the sustainability scenario, technical
scenario and social scenario recommends a reduction in the number of Purse seine as many as four units, while
the Gillnet plus 5 units, and Liftnet plus 27 units. Economical profit scenario recommends a reduction in Purse
seine as much as three units, the addition of Gillnet as many as 15 unit and the addition of Liftnet as much as 16
units. Besides the addition of a total fishing efforts, the things that need to be done is to expand the fishing
ground and improvement of the fishing business through the continuous improvement of human resources
competencies.
Keyword: fishing effort, pelagic fishes, Purse seine, Gill net, Lift net
INTRODUCTION
East Java has a sea areas of 200,000 km2, inside are Bali Strait Waters with 1.777,92 km2, in the south is related
to Indonesia-Samudera, and in the north is related to Madura Strait and Java Sea (DKP Banyuwangi, 2011).
Bali Strait of 960 mil-squares has the maximum sustainable potency to catch pelagic fishes wich is dominated by
Lemuru (Lemuru Sardinella) amounted to 46.400 tons and in Muncar about 25.256 tons/year. Muncar is the
largest fish-catching area in East Java province (BPPP, 2004).
Based on the fisheries production in Banyuwangi 2011, Muncar contributed about 94,03%. Results of the
monitoring data in PPPI (Coastal Harbor for fish landing) indicated the 19 species of pelagic fishes. Species of
the catch fishes are ‘lemuru’, ‘tongkol’, ‘cakalang’, ‘tuna’, ‘layang’, ‘slengseng’, ‘kembung’, ‘tembang’, ‘teri’,
‘manyung’, ‘layur’, ‘petek’, ‘cumi-cumi’, and ‘cucut’. The catching devices are Purse Seine, Lift Net and Gill
Net.
Some policies have been conducted to develop a small scale fishery businesses, as supplying working capital
credits, investment of fishes harbor infrastructures and fishes landing place, improvement of equipment and
catching technologies, a fuels price policy and others. These policies have induced the market economy,
modernization of fish catch, increase in fishes production and commercial culture in coastal rural communities.
Increased production of fishes catch results in various impacts, such as: ( 1 ) the more intensive use of fish
resources, (2) the excess fishes catch, (3) concentration at the certain fishing ground, (4) more fluctuating price
of fishes, and (5) fishery agribusiness are less developed (Cholik, 1996 ).
Over exploitated resource utilization occurs when fishing effort is larger than the Maximum Sustainable Yield.
The existing catching-fisheries resources have been exploited excessively. However, it is estimated that marine
fisheries resources as a stock of shrimps, demersal fishes, pelagic fishes and coral-reef fishes have been utilized
38% of its sustainable potencies. In some highly populated coastal areas showed that some of the fishes stock has
suffered overfishing and the fishes stock have declined (Dahuri et al., 2008).
The fisheries development challenge is the sustainability of fishery resources. Fishery resource is the renewable
resources, but the crucial thing is how much fishes can be catched sustainably for the future. “Sustainability”
becomes the key to successful fisheries development in ensuring the sustainability of resources and the welfare
of human communities (Fauzi and Anna, 2002).
Fisheries management correctly will hopefully provide optimum support to economic growth (pro-growth),
improve income per capita (pro-poor), employment opportunities (pro-job), and conservation of natural
resources and sustainable environment (pro-environment (Purwanto, 2011).
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This study was conducted to analyze the amount of optimal catching devices in sustainable catching of pelagic
fishes in terms of biology, ecology, technical, social, and economic aspects in Muncar Banyuwangi.
RESEARCH METHOD
Data Collection
Data were collected directly from the sources, observed the objects and note all of informations. Interview with
the fishing-boat manager and fisherman covers aspects of the biology of pelagic fishes, technical and operational
aspects, social aspects, economic aspect, and environmental friendliness of the catching devices.
The research population are fishermen around the Muncar coastal areas. The sampling method used is the
purposive sampling, based on certain considerations; number of respondents 134 fishermen, consisting of 63
fisherman of Purse seine, 51 fishermen of Gillnet and 20 fishermen of Liftnet.
Data Analysis
Analysis of Biological and Ecological aspects
Analysis performed on this aspect, namely: (a). the kinds of the catched fishes on each type of catching devices
for pelagic fishes (Purseseine, Gillnet, Liftnet); (b) value of diversity index calculated by Method of Shannon
Wiener, with the formula:
H’ = – ∑ pi log2 pi = – 3,32 ∑ pi log pi
Pi = Ratio of the number of the ith fish species (ni) and the number of all of fishes species (N) (ni/N)
Categories valuation of the species biodiversity are:
H’ ≤ 1
: Low level of biodiversity, lower distribution, lower stability of community
1 < H’ <3 : Intermedier level of bio-diversity,moderate distribution, moderate stability of community
H’ ≥ 3
: High level biodiversity, high distribution, stabil community.
Analysis of Technical Aspects
Data collection is carried out by the survey method and directly field observations. Data collected includes the
following:
- the number of materials and tools used in catching operations.
- Oceanographic factors which affect the process of catching operation.
- The amount of fuel in each trip in units of liters, and it is accumulated in one month.
- Length of trip periode (return journey at sea) in units of days.
Analysis of Social Aspects
The Data collected includes:
- Opportunity conflicts on each fishing efforts (Purse seine, Gillnet, Liftnet); its indicators are the average
number of conflicts that appear each month.
- The number of persons in each fishing operation.
Analysis of Economic Aspects
The Data collected includes the following:
- the value of the investment, i.e. the total price of the fishing devices (ship, ctching tools and supporting
tools), in units of rupiahs.
- Operating costs of in every trips, its indicators are the amount of fuel per trip, the number of labor and its
logistics, the amount and price of ice-stones and fresh water in each trip.
- The level of the profit, obtained from the amount of the catch per trip is multiplied with the price of fishes,
reduced operational costs; and it is multiplied by the number of trips in a month.
- Fishing Income per month; it is calculated on the basis of profit-share that had been agreed between the
manager (‘Juragan’) and the labor (‘ABK = Anak Buah Kapal’).
Multiple Goal Programming
Multiple Objective Goal Programming (MOGP) is a mathematical procedure in determining the optimal
alternative activities by way of minimising the total deviation from the multiple goals, so as to obtain optimal
solutions for achieving that multiple goals (Harahab, 2010).
The multiple Goals Programming can be formulated as follows:
Xj = X1, X2, X3
X1 : Purse Seine; X2 : Gill Net; X3 : Bagan .
The objective function is:
n
Minimize: Z = ∑ PiWi (di+ + di-)
i=1
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ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.10, 2013
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Objective constraint:
n
∑ aijXj + di- - di+ = bi
i=1
Pi = priority in achieving objective constraint
Wi = weight for objective constraint
di+ = positive deviation from objective constraint for maximum target
di- = negative deviation from objective constraint for minimum target
b = target should be achieved
i = 1, 2, …, m
Determination of priority goals is required to design the scenarios of alternative activities. The most important
goal was set as a first priority , the next priority is assigned based on the importancy of those goals. In this study
the most preferred is the sustainability of the eco-biological aspects in order to increase the amount of production,
but still pays attention to the social and economic feasibilities.
The Optimization Model used is a linear adetif:
Objective function:
Minimize Z = DA1 + DA2 + DA3 + DA4
Constraint functions:
D1 + a11X1 + a12X2 + a13X3 <= b1
D2 + a21X1 + a22X2 + a23X3 <= b2
D3 + a31X1 + a32X2 + a33X3 <= b3
D4 + a41X1 + a42X2 + a43X3 <= b4
D1: bioecological aspect deviation
D2: technical aspect deviation
D3: social aspect devistion
D4: economic aspect deviation
X1 : Purse Seine catch fish
X2 : Gill Net catch fish
X3: Lift net catch fish
a11: bioecological aspects of Purse seine
a12 : bioecological aspects of Gill net
a13: bioecological aspects of Lift net
a21: technical aspects of Purse seine
a22 : technical aspects of Gill net
a23: technical aspects of Lift net
a31: social aspects of Purse seine
a32: social aspects of Gill net
a33: social aspects of Lift net
a41: economic aspects of Purse seine
a42: economic aspects of Gill net
a43: economic aspects of Bagan (Lift net)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results of survey and data analysis on ecological aspects, biological, technical, social, economic aspects; are
subsequently used in the analysis of the Multiple Goal Programming to determine the optimum number of
fishing devices in Muncar. The analysis by the Multiple Goal Programming involves three scenarios, i.e.
Sustainability Scenarios, Scenarios of economic profit, and technical and social Scenarios.
The sustainability scenario is based on data of biology and ecology (type of fish catches of high economic value,
a high quality fish, environmental friendly and biodiversity safety). Economic profit scenario based on data
about the value of investment, running costs, profitability, income of fishermen per month; and marketing of
catches.
Technical and social scenarios are based on the data of the technical and social aspects (methods of operation of
the catching tools is easy, oceanographic factors that influence fishing effort, amount of fuel, long trip periode,
chance of the conflict and number of fishing team member).
Result of analysis for each objective constraint (Biology, Technical, Social, Ecology and Economic aspects) in
Muncar Banyuwangi are presented in Table 1.
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Vol.3, No.10, 2013
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Table 1. Result of analysis for each objective constraint (Biology, Technical, Social, Ecology and Economic
aspects) in Muncar Banyuwangi.
Objective constraints
Catching fishes
RHS
X1
X2
X3
Bioecological aspects:
Species of catched fishes which are
4
4
5
28
high economic value (number of
species)
High quality of fishes (orgaqnoleptic
5
7
4
9
score)
Biodiversity (Diversity index)
0,46
0.53
0,50
2
Technical aspects:
Simple operation of catching devices 15
5
10
29
(number of materials and tools used)
Oceanographic factors influenced on
6
3
4
10
catched fishes (kinds of
oceanographic factors)
Fuels volume (Litre)
378
295
7
3.611.800
Trip duration (days)
1
3
1
28
Social Aspects:
A high risk of conflict (average
5
3
2
30
number of conflicts)
Number of ABK (person)
43
5
3
12.972
Economic Aspects:
Investment (Rp)
940.868.254
141.470.980 19.822.500 293.091.944.902
Operational cost per trip (Rp)
2.305.159
1.524.569
32.850
1.518.294.504
Fisherman income per month (Rp)
3.492.398
1.622.886
2.193.638
2.422.832.020
Profit level per month (Rp)
1.230.082.271 27.522.457
3.283.200
2.516.620.702.344
Market coverage of fish (Km)
35
100
25
2.000
Number of catching devices (unit)
203
683
276
1.162
X1: Purse seine; X2: Gill net; X3: Lift net; RHS: right hand side.
Sustainability Scenario
This scenario prioritize the biological and ecological sustainability. The pelagic fishing should be taken place in
time forever. The next priorities are the technical aspects, economic and social aspects. The optimal solution for
this scenario is X1 = 199, X2 =700, and X3 = 303. The optimal number of Purse-seine operating in Muncar as
many as 199 units, Gill-net as many as 700 units and Lift-net as many as 303 units. The number of fishing
devices that is currently operating in Muncar is Purse-seine 203 units, Gill-net 704 units and Lift-net 276 units.
Pelagic fishes production in Muncar during 2011 to 2012 pointing out that fisheries resources utilization has
exceeded the MSY. According to Irnawati et al. (2012) it is needed the fishery resources management which are
better and more responsible.
Although the results of the economic analysis shows the Purse-seine is still feasible to operate, but its number
should be reduced to 199 units or minus four units. This is because there is an indication of the decrease in
Purse-seine catches, especially the ‘Lemuru fish” (Lemuru sardinella). Fishing ground of the Muncar Purseseine just around the Bali Strait, together with Purse-seine from other regions, therefor it should be a more
sustainable management strategies.
The number of Gill-net can be plus 17 units, and Lift-net plus 27 units. The addition of Gill-net and Lift-net is
not to be recommended by achieving maximum, and when done the addition should be based on studies of the
potential fishing ground.
Economical Profit Scenario
The main priority of this scenario is to achieve economic profit on the pelagic fishing effort in Muncar. This
scenario gives priority to pelagic fishing effort that generate maximum profit. The next Target is sustainability
and technical & social feasibilities.
The optimum solutions is X 1 = 200, x 2 = X 3 = 698, and 302. Based on the economic profit, the optimum
number of Purse-seine is 200 units, Gill-net as many as 700 units, and Lift-net as much as 302 units.
Based on the exixsting fishing devices in Muncar, it is recommended to reduce number of Purse-seine as many
as three units, to add the Gill-net as many as 15 units, and to add the Lift-net as many as 26 units.
Although the main target to be achieved is the economical advantages of the fishing effort, other targets are the
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Vol.3, No.10, 2013
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eco-biological sustainability and socio-technical feasibilities. Besides the addition of a number of fishing effort,
the important things should be carried out according to Rosalina (2011) are extending the fishing ground and
improving the structure of fishery businesses through continuous improvement of human resources (HR). A
number of the fishermen should be able to switch professions into the aquaculture farming and processing of
fishes products.
Another improvement of livelihood for fishermen is required for fishermen who switched professions to
aquaculture, and for the actor of fishing effort. According to Muhammad (2011), maximum sustainable
utilization of the fishery resources for the short term can be done through improved technology, the production
factor subsidies or increases in the fishes price. In the long run can be done by increasing alternative sources of
income for fishermen, so the fishing pressure can be reduced by reducing the number of fishermen and fishing
efforts.
Technical and Social Scenario
The main priority is the feasibility of technical aspects and social aspects. The goal of this scenario is ‘simplicity’
of the fishing techniques that can be done by many fishermen labor. Implementation of this scenario is expected
to reduce unemployment in coastal areas of Muncar. The next Target is sustainability (biological and ecological
aspects) and economic aspects.
The optimal solution is ; X 1 = x 2 = 199, 700, and X 3 = 303.
Results of this analysis are similar with results of the analysis based on the sustainability scenario.
The decision to reduce number of Purse-seine is considered rational. Purse-seine only operates in the region of
the Straits of Bali just so it is considered to be the cause of over fishing. While the addition of a Gillnet and
Liftnet can be done up to the optimum number. A Gillnet is a selective catching tools, while the Liftnet suggest
the investment value and operational costs relatively low and can produce sufficient catches for fishermen.
Optimum ‘meanings’ depending on objectives to be achieved. According to Muhammad (2011), if the objective
is to achieve the maximum production, the rate of fishery resources utilization should be not-exceed the
maximum sustainable yield (MSY). If the objective is to achieve the maximum social conditions then the
fisheries resources utilization rate should maximize the social outcomes (such as the jobs) (Social Maximum
Yields, MSocY).
In terms of the development of the pelagic fishing effort in Muncar, Banyuwangi Regency, it is better to
implement the policies which can alleviate any fishermen poverty, so that any development policies in fisheries
resource management should be conducted in sinergistically, without exploiting fishery resources in excess.
CONCLUSION
Based on results of the Multiple Goal Programming analysis in optimizing catching devices of pelagic fishery in
Muncar Banyuwangi, it is concluded that:
1. The allocation of total catching tools based on the pelagic resources sustainability scenario is similar to the
social scenario and technical scenario, that is, a reduction number of Purse-seine four units, the addition of
Gillnet 17 units, and the addition of Liftnet 27 units.
2. Based on the economic benefit scenario, the recommendation is a reduction number of Purse seine with
three units, additional Gillnet of 15 units and additional Lift-net of 26 units .
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