Dunaliella was isolated from the Dead Sea and cultivated until reaching 500,000 cells/ml. The microalgae was centrifuged and extracted, yielding 2.1 g/L of dry weight, of which 3-6% was beta-carotene. This beta-carotene was then subjected to enzymatic oxidation to produce tretinoin (vitamin A), which was verified through analysis. Pilot plant investigations were recommended as the next step towards commercializing this profitable process of producing natural biopharmaceuticals from microalgae.
This document provides an introduction and overview of marine plankton diatoms found along the west coast of North America. It begins with a general discussion that describes the key characteristics and structure of diatoms, including their cell walls known as frustules which consist of overlapping valves and connecting bands. The document then discusses diatom biology, physiology, importance as a food source, and methods for collecting and examining them under microscopes. It aims to provide identification of common species found in plankton samples from the region.
Morpho-External Structure of Lichen Flora in the Vicinity of Malingling River, Old Damulog, Damulog, Bukidnon.
Research Adviser: Ms. Jeanalyn C. Agor
Research Consultant: Edsyl Berongoy-Peňas
The research study was conducted to an inventory the lichen flora and its external morphology structure in the vicinity of Malingling River in Old Damulog, Damulog, Bukidnon. Specifically, the study aims to: (1) identify what species of the lichen flora found in the vicinity of Malingling River in Old Damulog, Damulog, Bukidnon; (2) differentiate the lichen flora with respect to: (a) vegetation; (b) color; and (c) family; and (3) determine the importance of lichens of flora to the people, community, and environment.
- Marine microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and cyanobacteria are a rich source of potential antibiotic compounds. Some early antibiotics discovered came from marine bacteria, including 2-(3’,5’-dibromo-2’hydroxphenyl)– 3,4,5-tribromopyrrole.
- Cyanobacteria played an important role in producing oxygen and generating the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere. Many marine microorganisms have adapted to thrive in salt, pressure, and other conditions of the marine environment.
- However, antibiotic resistance has become a serious problem requiring continued search for new antibiotic compounds, such as from additional marine sources that may yield new treatments.
Physiological and molecular bases of drought tolerance in cucurbits (f. cucur...Mohamed Farag
This document summarizes research on drought tolerance in cucurbit plants. It begins by providing background on important cucurbit species and international production levels. It then discusses the physiological mechanisms of drought tolerance, including drought escape, avoidance, and tolerance. Effects of drought stress on cucurbit growth and metabolism are outlined. The document also summarizes breeding and transgenic approaches for improving drought resistance in cucurbits, including a case study on screening a watermelon germplasm collection for drought tolerance. Finally, it describes the isolation and characterization of a respiratory burst oxidase gene involved in the drought response of wild watermelon.
Morphological diversity of marine microorganisms on different isolation mediaITSON
This document summarizes a study on the morphological diversity of microorganisms isolated from different marine sources and media. The researchers found that only about 1% of bacteria from seawater could be cultured, while microorganisms from sediments, sponges and corals were cultured at much lower frequencies of 10-4 to 10-6. When isolating microorganisms from various samples using different media, 14% of isolates exhibited the same morphology on two media, while 33% were duplicated among three media. Using multiple isolation media provided more isolates, though some were not distinguishable, and is concluded to be an effective approach for screening marine sources for new biomaterials.
Iodine and selenium distribution in the local environmentAlexander Decker
This academic article analyzes the levels of iodine and selenium in soil, water, cassava tubers, and Vernonia amygdalina plants from two villages in Anambra State, Nigeria - Nanka village which is experiencing soil erosion, and Oba village. The study found higher levels of iodine and selenium in soil and Vernonia amygdalina samples from Oba village compared to Nanka village. Water samples from Oba also had significantly higher iodine levels than Nanka. The concentrations of iodine and selenium in cassava tubers from both villages were low. The study aims to assess the risk of iodine deficiency disorders in the communities based on their intake of these essential
The document discusses strategies for breeding rice varieties that are tolerant to abiotic stresses caused by climate change. It describes stress tolerance breeding efforts for heat, drought, flooding, and salinity. For each stress, key genes have been identified, such as SUB1A for flood tolerance and DRO1 for deeper root growth and drought tolerance. Marker-assisted backcrossing is being used to introgress stress tolerance genes into popular rice varieties to develop climate-resilient crops. Overall, the document emphasizes the need for stress tolerant rice to ensure food security amidst climate change impacts.
This document summarizes heterocyst differentiation in cyanobacteria. Heterocysts are specialized cells that allow cyanobacteria to fix nitrogen in aerobic conditions. In the absence of combined nitrogen, cyanobacteria like Anabaena produce heterocysts at regular intervals along filaments. Heterocysts stop producing oxygen and develop additional envelope layers to protect the nitrogenase enzyme from oxygen. They rely on nearby vegetative cells for energy and carbon in return for fixed nitrogen. 2-oxoglutarate signals nitrogen deprivation and the transcriptional regulator NtcA induces genes for heterocyst development and nitrogen assimilation.
This document provides an introduction and overview of marine plankton diatoms found along the west coast of North America. It begins with a general discussion that describes the key characteristics and structure of diatoms, including their cell walls known as frustules which consist of overlapping valves and connecting bands. The document then discusses diatom biology, physiology, importance as a food source, and methods for collecting and examining them under microscopes. It aims to provide identification of common species found in plankton samples from the region.
Morpho-External Structure of Lichen Flora in the Vicinity of Malingling River, Old Damulog, Damulog, Bukidnon.
Research Adviser: Ms. Jeanalyn C. Agor
Research Consultant: Edsyl Berongoy-Peňas
The research study was conducted to an inventory the lichen flora and its external morphology structure in the vicinity of Malingling River in Old Damulog, Damulog, Bukidnon. Specifically, the study aims to: (1) identify what species of the lichen flora found in the vicinity of Malingling River in Old Damulog, Damulog, Bukidnon; (2) differentiate the lichen flora with respect to: (a) vegetation; (b) color; and (c) family; and (3) determine the importance of lichens of flora to the people, community, and environment.
- Marine microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and cyanobacteria are a rich source of potential antibiotic compounds. Some early antibiotics discovered came from marine bacteria, including 2-(3’,5’-dibromo-2’hydroxphenyl)– 3,4,5-tribromopyrrole.
- Cyanobacteria played an important role in producing oxygen and generating the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere. Many marine microorganisms have adapted to thrive in salt, pressure, and other conditions of the marine environment.
- However, antibiotic resistance has become a serious problem requiring continued search for new antibiotic compounds, such as from additional marine sources that may yield new treatments.
Physiological and molecular bases of drought tolerance in cucurbits (f. cucur...Mohamed Farag
This document summarizes research on drought tolerance in cucurbit plants. It begins by providing background on important cucurbit species and international production levels. It then discusses the physiological mechanisms of drought tolerance, including drought escape, avoidance, and tolerance. Effects of drought stress on cucurbit growth and metabolism are outlined. The document also summarizes breeding and transgenic approaches for improving drought resistance in cucurbits, including a case study on screening a watermelon germplasm collection for drought tolerance. Finally, it describes the isolation and characterization of a respiratory burst oxidase gene involved in the drought response of wild watermelon.
Morphological diversity of marine microorganisms on different isolation mediaITSON
This document summarizes a study on the morphological diversity of microorganisms isolated from different marine sources and media. The researchers found that only about 1% of bacteria from seawater could be cultured, while microorganisms from sediments, sponges and corals were cultured at much lower frequencies of 10-4 to 10-6. When isolating microorganisms from various samples using different media, 14% of isolates exhibited the same morphology on two media, while 33% were duplicated among three media. Using multiple isolation media provided more isolates, though some were not distinguishable, and is concluded to be an effective approach for screening marine sources for new biomaterials.
Iodine and selenium distribution in the local environmentAlexander Decker
This academic article analyzes the levels of iodine and selenium in soil, water, cassava tubers, and Vernonia amygdalina plants from two villages in Anambra State, Nigeria - Nanka village which is experiencing soil erosion, and Oba village. The study found higher levels of iodine and selenium in soil and Vernonia amygdalina samples from Oba village compared to Nanka village. Water samples from Oba also had significantly higher iodine levels than Nanka. The concentrations of iodine and selenium in cassava tubers from both villages were low. The study aims to assess the risk of iodine deficiency disorders in the communities based on their intake of these essential
The document discusses strategies for breeding rice varieties that are tolerant to abiotic stresses caused by climate change. It describes stress tolerance breeding efforts for heat, drought, flooding, and salinity. For each stress, key genes have been identified, such as SUB1A for flood tolerance and DRO1 for deeper root growth and drought tolerance. Marker-assisted backcrossing is being used to introgress stress tolerance genes into popular rice varieties to develop climate-resilient crops. Overall, the document emphasizes the need for stress tolerant rice to ensure food security amidst climate change impacts.
This document summarizes heterocyst differentiation in cyanobacteria. Heterocysts are specialized cells that allow cyanobacteria to fix nitrogen in aerobic conditions. In the absence of combined nitrogen, cyanobacteria like Anabaena produce heterocysts at regular intervals along filaments. Heterocysts stop producing oxygen and develop additional envelope layers to protect the nitrogenase enzyme from oxygen. They rely on nearby vegetative cells for energy and carbon in return for fixed nitrogen. 2-oxoglutarate signals nitrogen deprivation and the transcriptional regulator NtcA induces genes for heterocyst development and nitrogen assimilation.
Effect of drought stress on secondary metabolite production of ma psChandrakant Ballolli
This document discusses a study on the effects of drought stress on the medicinal plants Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum americanum. The study subjected the plants to different levels of water stress (125%, 100%, 75%, and 50% of field water capacity) and measured various growth and yield parameters. The results showed that drought stress reduced the fresh weight, dry weight, essential oil percentage, and essential oil yield of both plant species. However, the essential oil composition was altered by drought, with increases in certain aroma compounds that have medicinal properties, such as methyl chavicol, linalool, and eugenol. Therefore, drought stress can positively influence medicinal plant secondary metabolite production while reducing growth
This document discusses soil microbiology and the nitrogen cycle. It begins by explaining that soil contains hundreds of millions to billions of microbes per gram, with bacteria being the most numerous. The growth and activities of soil microbes are controlled by factors like organic carbon, moisture, aeration, pH, temperature, and nutrients. Soil microbes play important roles in soil structure, converting nutrients into plant-available forms, and directly and indirectly promoting plant growth. The nitrogen cycle is then described, including the key processes of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, and anammox that transform nitrogen between its different chemical forms and maintain the environment.
This study documented visual symptoms of nutrient deficiencies in hydroponically grown butterhead lettuce. Lettuce seeds were grown in various nutrient solutions deficient in individual macro- and micro-nutrients. Deficiencies of N, P, K, and Mg led to noticeable symptoms on mature leaves. Deficiencies of Ca, Fe, and B primarily affected new growth. S deficiency resulted in uniform chlorosis across entire leaves. Specific visual symptoms were described and photographed for each deficient nutrient element. The results provide identification resources for common nutrient disorders in hydroponic lettuce.
Genetic engineering for nitrogen fixation and nutrient uptakeSuresh Antre
This document discusses genetic engineering strategies for improving nitrogen fixation and nutrient uptake in plants. It describes engineering symbiotic nitrogen fixation by optimizing colonization and carbon/nitrogen exchange between microsymbionts and plant cells. It also discusses improving phosphorus and nitrate uptake through modifying transporter genes and developing phosphite-based fertilization systems. Genome-wide association studies identified genes related to phosphorus efficiency in soybean, including one gene GmACP1 that explained 41% of phenotypic variation. Overall, the document outlines various genetic engineering approaches for enhancing nutrient acquisition in crops.
Class 12 Cbse Biology Sample Paper 2012-13Sunaina Rawat
- Develop extensive root systems to absorb water from deeper soil layers.
du
- Have thick cuticle and sunken stomata to reduce transpiration.
- Possess water storage tissues like succulents.
.e
- Droop or shed leaves during drought.
w
w
Animals:
- Migrate to areas with available water.
w
- Enter state of aestivation or hibernation during drought.
- Concentrate urine to reduce water loss.
- Obtain water from metabolic processes like respiration.
28. (a) Labelled diagram of sectional view of human ovary showing:
- Ovarian surface
Culture of blue green algae and its importanceKartik Mondal
This document discusses blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) and its culture. It provides details on:
- The composition and properties of blue-green algae, including its nutrient and amino acid content.
- How to culture blue-green algae through various methods, such as using cement raceways with agitation and specific temperature, light, and nutrient conditions.
- The applications of blue-green algae as a health food and in fields like cosmetics, nutrition, and therapeutics due to its antioxidant and other beneficial properties.
Group 1 isolated two mycobacteriophages, Incognito and Serotinus, from soil samples collected in Puerto Rico. Incognito was isolated from soil under a plantain tree in Hatillo, Puerto Rico and purified. Serotinus was isolated from soil underneath a decaying fruit in Cayey, Puerto Rico and also purified. Both phages were named and medium titer phage lysates were obtained and characterized.
Nursesí practices and perception of delirium in the intensive care units of ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed critical care nurses' practices and perceptions of delirium among critically ill patients in Egyptian intensive care units. The study found that nurses ranked delirium assessment as their fourth priority and that more than half of nurses never assessed for delirium in patients. All nurses reported never receiving training on assessing or managing delirium. While delirium is common in ICU patients and associated with poor outcomes, the study results indicate that it remains under-recognized and under-assessed among ICU patients in Egypt due to lack of protocols, tools, and education for nurses. The study highlights the need to incorporate delirium assessment and management into nursing education and daily ICU care to improve outcomes for critically ill patients.
Presentacion ambientes de aprendizaje mediados por ticglolusa
Este documento describe el diseño de un ambiente de aprendizaje mediado por TIC para promover una convivencia escolar sana. El ambiente de aprendizaje se centra en objetivos cognitivos, procedimentales y actitudinales relacionados con comprender la importancia del buen trato, crear un comité de resolución de conflictos y resolver diferencias de manera pacífica. El ambiente de aprendizaje utilizará herramientas TIC como videos, cuentos y aplicaciones de tableta para desarrollar habilidades de trabajo en equipo y resolución
Performance analysis of companies go public in indonesiaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the stock performance of two Indonesian companies, PT Berlian Laju Tanker and PT Suryainti Permata, that conducted stock buyback policies in 2007. It finds that for PT Berlian Laju Tanker, there was no significant difference in stock returns before and after the buyback policy, while for PT Suryainti Permata there was a difference. For abnormal returns and cumulative abnormal returns, PT Berlian Laju Tanker showed no difference before and after, but PT Suryainti Permata did show differences. The document uses an event study methodology to analyze daily stock price data over periods before and after the buyback announcements to test the impact
Modelling the role of trust and commitment in predicting channel conflict eff...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that models the role of trust and commitment in predicting the effects of channel conflicts. The paper proposes that higher levels of trust and commitment between channel members make conflicts more likely to result in increased efficiency, while lower trust and commitment make conflicts more likely to reduce efficiency. The document provides background on channel conflicts, including causes and types. It also defines trust and commitment, which are posited as determining whether conflicts have positive or negative effects on channel performance.
Isolation and characterization of estra–2ll–en –17–ol, 3yl benzoate from mucu...Alexander Decker
This study isolated and characterized a new steroid, Estra–2ll–en –17–ol, 3yl benzoate, from the seeds of Mucuna pruriens. The structure was elucidated using NMR spectroscopy, IR, and MS spectra. Chromatographic techniques were used to isolate the compound from the chloroform extract of the seeds. Analysis of the IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectra confirmed the compound's structure. Mass spectrometry showed a molecular ion peak consistent with the molecular formula C29H34O4. The isolated compound has properties similar to estradiol, a sex hormone, which may explain traditional uses of M. pruriens seeds. This contributes to the scientific
This document summarizes a research study that examined the effects of parental education level, age, and grade level on the self-esteem of Turkish adolescents. The study involved 2,213 adolescents between the ages of 10-14 who completed a self-esteem questionnaire. The results showed that parental education level had a significant positive effect on adolescent self-esteem, with higher parental education correlating with higher adolescent self-esteem. However, there were no significant differences found in adolescent self-esteem based on age or grade level. The findings suggest parental education plays a role in influencing the development of self-esteem during adolescence in Turkey.
Knowledge management and organizational resilience in nigerian manufacturing ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that examined the relationship between knowledge management and organizational resilience in Nigerian manufacturing organizations. The study found a positive and significant relationship between knowledge management practices (including knowledge acquisition, storage, sharing, and utilization) and organizational resilience factors like adaptation, resourcefulness, and learning. It was concluded that strengthening knowledge management practices can enhance organizational resilience. The study recommends that organizations focus on knowledge acquisition, storage, sharing and utilization to help ensure their resilience.
Oscillatory flow and particle suspension in a fluid through an elastic tubeAlexander Decker
This document presents a mathematical model for oscillatory flow and particle suspension in a fluid through an elastic tube. It extends an earlier model by Womersley to account for the presence of particles in the fluid (like blood cells in blood flow).
The model considers the fluid phase, particulate phase, and elastic tube wall equations of motion. Assumptions are made about fluid incompressibility, negligible inertia terms, and harmonic pressure waves. Governing equations are derived for both fluid and particulate phases, along with continuity equations.
The frequency equation solution is obtained using Bessel functions. It has a different structure than Womersley's solution due to the added particulate phase. Setting the particle density to zero recovers Womers
Human Resources Internship 2015 (Resume add on)Brittany Perry
This internship with Stewart Home & School focuses on human resources processes including hiring, payroll, benefits administration, workers' compensation, and employee relations. The intern will assist with application processing, new hire paperwork, payroll entry and processing, enrolling employees in 401k and health plans, handling workers' comp claims, and documenting disciplinary issues.
Low cost construction through the use of pulverized bone foamed aerated concr...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated using pulverized bone as a partial replacement for cement in foamed aerated concrete (PB-FAC) to produce a more affordable building material. The researchers created PB-FAC mixes with 0-20% cement replacement by pulverized bone. They tested the mixes for workability, density, compressive strength, tensile strength, water absorption, and cost. Results showed adequate strength and water absorption even with 20% cement replacement, as well as a cost reduction of up to 36% compared to normal concrete of equal strength. The study concluded that PB-FAC has potential as a strong, affordable construction material.
Effect of drought stress on secondary metabolite production of ma psChandrakant Ballolli
This document discusses a study on the effects of drought stress on the medicinal plants Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum americanum. The study subjected the plants to different levels of water stress (125%, 100%, 75%, and 50% of field water capacity) and measured various growth and yield parameters. The results showed that drought stress reduced the fresh weight, dry weight, essential oil percentage, and essential oil yield of both plant species. However, the essential oil composition was altered by drought, with increases in certain aroma compounds that have medicinal properties, such as methyl chavicol, linalool, and eugenol. Therefore, drought stress can positively influence medicinal plant secondary metabolite production while reducing growth
This document discusses soil microbiology and the nitrogen cycle. It begins by explaining that soil contains hundreds of millions to billions of microbes per gram, with bacteria being the most numerous. The growth and activities of soil microbes are controlled by factors like organic carbon, moisture, aeration, pH, temperature, and nutrients. Soil microbes play important roles in soil structure, converting nutrients into plant-available forms, and directly and indirectly promoting plant growth. The nitrogen cycle is then described, including the key processes of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, and anammox that transform nitrogen between its different chemical forms and maintain the environment.
This study documented visual symptoms of nutrient deficiencies in hydroponically grown butterhead lettuce. Lettuce seeds were grown in various nutrient solutions deficient in individual macro- and micro-nutrients. Deficiencies of N, P, K, and Mg led to noticeable symptoms on mature leaves. Deficiencies of Ca, Fe, and B primarily affected new growth. S deficiency resulted in uniform chlorosis across entire leaves. Specific visual symptoms were described and photographed for each deficient nutrient element. The results provide identification resources for common nutrient disorders in hydroponic lettuce.
Genetic engineering for nitrogen fixation and nutrient uptakeSuresh Antre
This document discusses genetic engineering strategies for improving nitrogen fixation and nutrient uptake in plants. It describes engineering symbiotic nitrogen fixation by optimizing colonization and carbon/nitrogen exchange between microsymbionts and plant cells. It also discusses improving phosphorus and nitrate uptake through modifying transporter genes and developing phosphite-based fertilization systems. Genome-wide association studies identified genes related to phosphorus efficiency in soybean, including one gene GmACP1 that explained 41% of phenotypic variation. Overall, the document outlines various genetic engineering approaches for enhancing nutrient acquisition in crops.
Class 12 Cbse Biology Sample Paper 2012-13Sunaina Rawat
- Develop extensive root systems to absorb water from deeper soil layers.
du
- Have thick cuticle and sunken stomata to reduce transpiration.
- Possess water storage tissues like succulents.
.e
- Droop or shed leaves during drought.
w
w
Animals:
- Migrate to areas with available water.
w
- Enter state of aestivation or hibernation during drought.
- Concentrate urine to reduce water loss.
- Obtain water from metabolic processes like respiration.
28. (a) Labelled diagram of sectional view of human ovary showing:
- Ovarian surface
Culture of blue green algae and its importanceKartik Mondal
This document discusses blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) and its culture. It provides details on:
- The composition and properties of blue-green algae, including its nutrient and amino acid content.
- How to culture blue-green algae through various methods, such as using cement raceways with agitation and specific temperature, light, and nutrient conditions.
- The applications of blue-green algae as a health food and in fields like cosmetics, nutrition, and therapeutics due to its antioxidant and other beneficial properties.
Group 1 isolated two mycobacteriophages, Incognito and Serotinus, from soil samples collected in Puerto Rico. Incognito was isolated from soil under a plantain tree in Hatillo, Puerto Rico and purified. Serotinus was isolated from soil underneath a decaying fruit in Cayey, Puerto Rico and also purified. Both phages were named and medium titer phage lysates were obtained and characterized.
Nursesí practices and perception of delirium in the intensive care units of ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed critical care nurses' practices and perceptions of delirium among critically ill patients in Egyptian intensive care units. The study found that nurses ranked delirium assessment as their fourth priority and that more than half of nurses never assessed for delirium in patients. All nurses reported never receiving training on assessing or managing delirium. While delirium is common in ICU patients and associated with poor outcomes, the study results indicate that it remains under-recognized and under-assessed among ICU patients in Egypt due to lack of protocols, tools, and education for nurses. The study highlights the need to incorporate delirium assessment and management into nursing education and daily ICU care to improve outcomes for critically ill patients.
Presentacion ambientes de aprendizaje mediados por ticglolusa
Este documento describe el diseño de un ambiente de aprendizaje mediado por TIC para promover una convivencia escolar sana. El ambiente de aprendizaje se centra en objetivos cognitivos, procedimentales y actitudinales relacionados con comprender la importancia del buen trato, crear un comité de resolución de conflictos y resolver diferencias de manera pacífica. El ambiente de aprendizaje utilizará herramientas TIC como videos, cuentos y aplicaciones de tableta para desarrollar habilidades de trabajo en equipo y resolución
Performance analysis of companies go public in indonesiaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the stock performance of two Indonesian companies, PT Berlian Laju Tanker and PT Suryainti Permata, that conducted stock buyback policies in 2007. It finds that for PT Berlian Laju Tanker, there was no significant difference in stock returns before and after the buyback policy, while for PT Suryainti Permata there was a difference. For abnormal returns and cumulative abnormal returns, PT Berlian Laju Tanker showed no difference before and after, but PT Suryainti Permata did show differences. The document uses an event study methodology to analyze daily stock price data over periods before and after the buyback announcements to test the impact
Modelling the role of trust and commitment in predicting channel conflict eff...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that models the role of trust and commitment in predicting the effects of channel conflicts. The paper proposes that higher levels of trust and commitment between channel members make conflicts more likely to result in increased efficiency, while lower trust and commitment make conflicts more likely to reduce efficiency. The document provides background on channel conflicts, including causes and types. It also defines trust and commitment, which are posited as determining whether conflicts have positive or negative effects on channel performance.
Isolation and characterization of estra–2ll–en –17–ol, 3yl benzoate from mucu...Alexander Decker
This study isolated and characterized a new steroid, Estra–2ll–en –17–ol, 3yl benzoate, from the seeds of Mucuna pruriens. The structure was elucidated using NMR spectroscopy, IR, and MS spectra. Chromatographic techniques were used to isolate the compound from the chloroform extract of the seeds. Analysis of the IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectra confirmed the compound's structure. Mass spectrometry showed a molecular ion peak consistent with the molecular formula C29H34O4. The isolated compound has properties similar to estradiol, a sex hormone, which may explain traditional uses of M. pruriens seeds. This contributes to the scientific
This document summarizes a research study that examined the effects of parental education level, age, and grade level on the self-esteem of Turkish adolescents. The study involved 2,213 adolescents between the ages of 10-14 who completed a self-esteem questionnaire. The results showed that parental education level had a significant positive effect on adolescent self-esteem, with higher parental education correlating with higher adolescent self-esteem. However, there were no significant differences found in adolescent self-esteem based on age or grade level. The findings suggest parental education plays a role in influencing the development of self-esteem during adolescence in Turkey.
Knowledge management and organizational resilience in nigerian manufacturing ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that examined the relationship between knowledge management and organizational resilience in Nigerian manufacturing organizations. The study found a positive and significant relationship between knowledge management practices (including knowledge acquisition, storage, sharing, and utilization) and organizational resilience factors like adaptation, resourcefulness, and learning. It was concluded that strengthening knowledge management practices can enhance organizational resilience. The study recommends that organizations focus on knowledge acquisition, storage, sharing and utilization to help ensure their resilience.
Oscillatory flow and particle suspension in a fluid through an elastic tubeAlexander Decker
This document presents a mathematical model for oscillatory flow and particle suspension in a fluid through an elastic tube. It extends an earlier model by Womersley to account for the presence of particles in the fluid (like blood cells in blood flow).
The model considers the fluid phase, particulate phase, and elastic tube wall equations of motion. Assumptions are made about fluid incompressibility, negligible inertia terms, and harmonic pressure waves. Governing equations are derived for both fluid and particulate phases, along with continuity equations.
The frequency equation solution is obtained using Bessel functions. It has a different structure than Womersley's solution due to the added particulate phase. Setting the particle density to zero recovers Womers
Human Resources Internship 2015 (Resume add on)Brittany Perry
This internship with Stewart Home & School focuses on human resources processes including hiring, payroll, benefits administration, workers' compensation, and employee relations. The intern will assist with application processing, new hire paperwork, payroll entry and processing, enrolling employees in 401k and health plans, handling workers' comp claims, and documenting disciplinary issues.
Low cost construction through the use of pulverized bone foamed aerated concr...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated using pulverized bone as a partial replacement for cement in foamed aerated concrete (PB-FAC) to produce a more affordable building material. The researchers created PB-FAC mixes with 0-20% cement replacement by pulverized bone. They tested the mixes for workability, density, compressive strength, tensile strength, water absorption, and cost. Results showed adequate strength and water absorption even with 20% cement replacement, as well as a cost reduction of up to 36% compared to normal concrete of equal strength. The study concluded that PB-FAC has potential as a strong, affordable construction material.
Perceived citizens’ reaction over local governments’ financial mismanagement ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on citizens' reactions to financial mismanagement by local governments in Imo State, Nigeria. The study surveyed 1840 citizens across 13 local government areas to understand what actions citizens would take if local government funds were misappropriated. Citizens expressed they would take dangerous actions like killing leaders or not voting for them. The study recommends monitoring of local government finances to ensure funds are used for community development.
El documento discute que cuando un día de descanso ordinario coincide con un día de descanso obligatorio establecido por ley, el trabajador no tiene derecho a un doble pago. La ley solo requiere que el trabajador reciba un salario completo en los días de descanso obligatorio para que pueda subsistir aunque no trabaje, por lo que no hay razón legal para pagar doble cuando los descansos coinciden.
The document discusses evaluating the effectiveness of smoke-free policies. It describes how secondhand smoke exposure has been established to cause disease and death. A key intervention to reduce tobacco's health burden is protecting people from secondhand smoke exposure. The World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control aims to create 100% smoke-free environments through legislation. Evaluating policies requires understanding how secondhand smoke is measured through biomarkers, atmospheric markers, and questionnaires.
Organisational climate and corporate performanceAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between organizational climate and corporate
performance in the Nigerian oil industry. The study utilized questionnaires and interviews with 382 employees from
seven major oil companies in Nigeria. The findings revealed a positive and significant relationship between
organizational climate dimensions of recognition for achievement, organizational support, and cohesion with corporate
performance. Specifically, these three dimensions of organizational climate were found to have a positive influence on
corporate performance. The implications of these findings for management practice are also discussed.
Este documento trata sobre la gestión del talento humano por competencias. Explica que en la era actual, el talento humano es más importante que el capital para el éxito de las organizaciones debido al cambio tecnológico y la economía del conocimiento. También describe factores como la organización del trabajo en equipos autónomos, la falta de jerarquías y la importancia de las relaciones laborales para consolidar el talento humano. Finalmente, resalta que el desarrollo del talento individual depende de la interacción con la organización y de que esta
An oceanographic survey was carried out off the south east coast of Ireland in July 2015 to investigate the origin and transport of toxic Dinophysis blooms. High cell densities of Dinophysis acuta and Dinophysis acuminata were observed near the Celtic Sea Front, with concentrations increasing significantly from previous sampling in June. Water samples collected at different depths and stations using Niskin bottles indicated that these populations were being transported along coastal currents, potentially impacting shellfish aquaculture areas over 200km from their source. The aim was to better understand the distribution and transport of Dinophysis populations through the water column and along coastal jets to inform monitoring and mitigation of harmful algal blooms.
This document summarizes a student project that aimed to identify local algal species for use in biofuel production. The student collected algae samples from various sites, cultured them, and identified several species microscopically. Scenedesmus was the most prevalent species found. The project provides an initial investigation into harvesting local algae for biofuels. While more data is needed, findings suggest benefits to using local algae and certain prevalent species like Scenedesmus and filamentous Oedogonium gracilis may be suitable for further study.
This document discusses using environmental DNA (eDNA) to analyze zooplankton distribution in Monterey Bay, California from 2010-2015. Water samples were collected and eDNA was extracted and sequenced to identify species. Results found copepods but little krill DNA. This could be due to methodological errors or krill DNA being misidentified as flies. While eDNA has potential, improvements are needed as it is a new technique prone to errors. Climate change is reducing biodiversity, making monitoring important for conservation.
Utilization of Multiple Habitat Sampling Protocol for Macroinvertebrates as Indicators of Water
Quality in Stream Ecosystem in Lawis,
Buruun, Iligan City
11.assessment of growth support potentials of different substrates for the cu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed four different substrates (banana leaves, sawdust, palm trunk fiber, and coconut coir) for cultivating the straw mushroom (Volvoriella volvaceae). Banana leaves and sawdust supported mushroom growth, while palm trunk fiber and coconut coir did not. Banana leaves had higher biological efficiency (19.93%) than sawdust (10.05%), and produced higher mushroom yields. Proximate analysis showed banana leaves substrates had larger reductions in fiber and increases in protein after cultivation compared to sawdust. The study provides information on appropriate substrates and cultivation techniques for mushroom farming in Nigeria.
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The International Journal of Computational Science, Information Technology and Control Engineering (IJCSITCE) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes quality articles which make innovative contributions in all areas of Computational Science, Mathematical Modeling, Information Technology, Networks, Computer Science, Control and Automation Engineering. IJCSITCE is an abstracted and indexed journal that focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Scientific Computing, Modeling and Simulation, Information Technology, Computer Science, Networks and Communication Engineering, Control Theory and Automation. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced techniques in computational science, information technology, computer science, chaos, control theory and automation, and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
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Production of natural biopharmaceuticals from the microalgae living in the dead sea
1. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
0948
Vol. 3, No.10, 2013
www.iiste.org
Production of Natural Biopharmaceuticals from the Microalgae
he
Living in the Dead Sea
Sadeq Emeish
Al-Balqa' Applied University,Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Balqa'
P.O.Box (15008), 11134 Marka, Amman
Amman-Jordan
*E-mail:s_emeish@yahoo.com
Abstract
This study investigates the feasibility of β
β-carotene production from Dunaliella isolated from the Dead Sea
employing a number of interdependent steps and focusing on the laboratory scale cultures. Then the produced
Beta Carotene was subjected to enzymatic oxidation to produce tretinoin (vitamin A). The produced vitamin A
a
was verified using proper analysis.Dunaliella was isolated from the Dead Sea and cultivated using a certain media
Dunaliella
until the cell count was 500,000 cell/ml. The cultivation step was monitored and video captured using a digital
cell/ml.
microscope with USB camera, then it was centrifuged and extracted using organic solvents and oils like jojoba.
The amount of dry weight was 2.1 g/L of which 3
3-6% was Beta Carotene.Freeze drying step was performed to
Freeze
obtain Beta Carotene as powder. The analysis of the powder was carried out by the research and development
department at one of the local biopharmaceutical companies. It was evident that pilot plant investigations should be
the next step on the way of commercialization of such a profitable process,.
Key Words: Biopharmaceuticals, Microalgae, Beta Carotene, Cultivation, Dunaliella, Vitamin A.
1. Introduction
1.1 General:
The unicellular biflagellate algae "Dunaliella" is the richest natural source of the carotenoid β-carotene.βcarotene is generally regarded as the most commercially important and widely used carotenoid . It is used as a
d
food coloring agent, an antioxidant and an important and safe pro-vitamin A source. Nowadays there is a global
vitamin
tendency to develop a cancer fighter medicine based on the antioxidation feature of β carotene. The halophilic
β-carotene.
species of Dunaliella also accumulates high concentrations of glycerol. Dunaliella was first proposed as a
glycerol.
commercial source of β-carotene and latter as a source of glycerol (Chidambara, 2005).
carotene
β-carotene from Dunaliella is now being produced on a commercial scale in Australia, t
the USA and
Israel.(Oren, 1999).
1.2 Description of Dunaliella
What is Dunaliella?
Fig (1.2.1): A photo of Dunaliella cell, showing its main organs.
6
2. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
0948
Vol. 3, No.10, 2013
www.iiste.org
It is a unicellular, bi-flagellate, naked green alga which is morphologically similar to chlamydomonas with the
flagellate,
main difference being the absence of a cell wall in Dunaliella.
It has two flagella of equal length and a single cup shaped chloroplast. In Dunaliella Salina and Dunaliella Parva
cup-shaped
the chloroplast accumulates large quantities of β carotene (as droplets) so that the cells appear orange
β-carotene
orange-red rather
than green. (Avron et al, 1999). The first description of the genus was given by Teodoresco who reported
occurrence of the organism we know today as Dunaliella . At present a total of 29 species as well as a number of
varieties and forms are recognized. Cell shape in this genus is very variable, being oval, spherical, cylindrical,
ed.
ellipsoidal, egg-pear-or spindle shaped. Cell in any given species may change shape with changing conditions,
or
often coming spherical under unfavorable conditions. Cell size also varies with growth conditions and light
intensity(Ben-Amotz et al, 2012).
Dunaliella species are commonly observed in salt lakes in all parts of the world from tropical to temperate to
polar regions where they often impart an orange
orange-red color to the water.
When exposed to stress conditions such as high light intensity or nutrient starvation, two stereoisomers of β
βcarotene, all-trans and 9-cis β-carotene, accumulated, reaching up to 14% of the cell's dry weight, with the
carotene,
pigment being deposited into plastid.(Emeish, 2012)
astid.(Emeish,
We now know that not all Dunaliella species produce massive amounts of carotene and those that can do so only
under suitable conditions.The following figures illustrates some of Dunaliella types.
Fig. (1.2.3): A photo of different Dunaliella types.
Fig. (1.2.3): A photo of different Dunaliella types.
7
3. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
0948
Vol. 3, No.10, 2013
www.iiste.org
1.3 β –carotene
1.3.1 Structure:
Fig. (1.3.1): β-carotene structureC40H56
Its chemical composition is:
1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octadeca-nonaene-1,18-diyl)bis[2,6,6
diyl)bis[2,6,61,1'-(3,7,12,16-16-Tetramethyl-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17
trimethylcyclohexane].
And its molecular weight is 536.87 g.
Fig.(1.3.2)Produced Beta Carotene photo under microscope
The pigment responsible for the brightly red coloration displayed by Dunaliella was recognized already very
early as a carotenoid. (Abusara et al, 2011).It can be found in carrot, orange, and many other yellow, orange or
red colored fruits and vegetables. It also accumulates in large quantities in the chloroplast of Dunaliella cells as
droplets so that the cells appear orange
orange-red rather than green.
A typical composition, specialize the Dunaliella β-carotene from other sources, expressed as percentage of total
tion,
β-carotene is: 10% 15-cis- β-carotene, 41% 9
carotene,
9-cis- β-carotene, 42% all-trans- β-carotene, and 6% other isomers.
carotene,
(Avron et al, 1997)
In the alga, this β-carotene seems to act a sun screen to protect the chlorophyll and the cell DNA from high
irradiance, which characterizes the normal habitat of Dunaliella.
1.3.2 Biosynthesis of β-carotene:
The general biosynthesis of β-carotene can be divided into four stages:
carotene
1. Formation of Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGDP) from Mevalonic acid.
2. Condensation to form phytoene.
3. Desaturation of phytoene to lycopene.
4. Cyclization of lycopene to form β
β-carotene.
The unique caroteneogenesis in Dunaliella has been used to study the last two stages, (3) and (4), by applying
rapid solvent extraction.
1.4 Literature review
A hundred years have passed since the description of the genus Dunaliella, the unicellular alga which is
responsible for most of the primary production of various types of compounds and phenomena in hypersaline
various
environments worldwide as salt mushroom formation phenomena within the Dead Sea solar ponds.(Daghistani et
al, 2003).
Dunal
First sighted in 1838 in saltern evaporation ponds in south France by Michel Flix Dunal who reported occurrence
of the organism we know today as Dunaliella Salina in the salterns of Montpellier, on the coast of France.
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In the century that has elapsed since its formal description the genus Dunaliella has become a convenient model
organism for the study of salt adaptation in alga. The establishment of the concept of organic compatible solutes
to provide osmotic balance was largely based on the study of Dunaliella species. Moreover, the massive
accumulation of β-carotene by some strains under suitable growth conditions has led to interesting
biotechnological applications.
In the course of 19th century, Dunal's red flagellate alga has been observed by other biologists as well in salt
lakes and hypersaline sites in many countries. Different names were attached to the organism by each
investigator.(Emeish et al, 2003).
It was named after its discoverer by Teodoresco in 1905, this year saw the publication of two papers presenting
in-depth descriptions of Dunaliella as anew genus one by Teodoresco and the second by Carla Hamburger.
Teodoresco studied materials collected from a Romanian salt lake, while Hamburger worked with samples sent
to her from salterns of Sardinia. Both authors presented detailed drawings of the organisms and provided
extensive information on its morphology, cell structure, reproduction, behavior and ecology.
A formal description of the genus Dunaliella, observed by Dunal who had first seen these organisms in salterns
in France almost seventy years earlier was published in 1906.
In the Dead Sea, Dunaliella cells have been reported since 1940s.
The first quantitative estimates of the Dunaliella population in the lake were made in 1964 and showed very high
numbers up to 4 x104cells per ml of surface water.
Stephens and Gillespie in 1976 reported measurements of the primary production in the south arm of Great Salt
Lake performed in 1973.
An in-depth taxonomic treatment of the genus was given in Massyuk's 1973 monograph.
Dead Sea from 1980 onwards has yielded a clear picture of the factors that determine development of the alga in
this unusual environment.
A Master thesis under the title of:
"Optimal Growth Conditions for the Production of β-Carotene and Glycerol from a Halophilic Alga Dunaliella
Species Isolated from the Dead Sea" was presented In January, 2004 by Nader Abu Sara from Jordan University
of Science and Technology .(Abusara,2004).
In that research Dunaliella species were isolated from scattered ponds of the southern part of the Dead Sea and
the conditions that gave the highest growth and β-carotene production were studied.
Also the effects of different physical (temperature and light intensity) and chemical (different nitrogenous and
sulfate compounds) factors on the growth and carotenoids production rates were reported. (Wheater, 2007).
With a study published in 2004 by Liska, Dunaliella research has entered the era of modern proteomics.
That was a worthy conclusion of the first century of Dunaliella research, and provides us with a preview of the
kind of information that may be obtained in the coming years.
1.5 The Dead Sea
1.5.1 Ecology:
The Dead Sea is a terminal lake in the Syrian-African rift valley with a rhomb–shaped.
The Dead Sea water level (425 m below mean sea water is the lowest exposed surface on earth; which is 76 km
long, up to 18 km wide and 400 m deep, while its bottom (825 m below mean seawater level) forms the lowest
continental surface.
The Dead Sea has a unique Ca-chloride composition [i.e., Ca2+ > (SO42- + HCO3-)] forming one of the world's
saltiest lake with a total dissolved salt concentration of 340 g /L and a density of about 1.235 g /ml. At that time,
the lake was stratified and consisted of 2 basins: a deep one on the north and a shallow one in the south, in 1976,
the southern basin were detached and today the area is occupied by a series of evaporation ponds that are filled
by pumping water from the northern basin.(Haugen, 1986).The rise and decline of a bloom of the algae in the
Dead Sea is well observed. In the beginning of 1980 a massive amount of fresh water from the Jordan river and
rain floods in flowed to the lake causes a sufficient dilution of the upper water layers, and as a consequence a
dense Dunaliella bloom developed; the algal bloom remained present for a few months only.During the winter of
1991-1992 another massive amounts of rain water being transported to the Dead Sea, which caused an increase
in level of almost 2 m. A dilution of the upper 5 meters to a salinity as low as 245 g / L triggered a short-lived
mass development of Dunaliella and a prolonged bloom of red algae.(Emeish et al, 2003)
The negative water balance of the Dead Sea since 1930 to 1999 has resulted in a decrease in its water level by
about 20 m, this has been a companied by an increase in the salinity of the brine and by various change in the
chemical and physical characteristics of the lake.
1.5.2 Dunaliella in the Dead Sea:
The eukaryotic alga Dunaliella was first reported to be present in the Dead Sea in 1940 by Elzari-Volcani.
(Oren.1999).
Twenty different species of microalgae and halophilic bacteria were isolated and identified from eastern shores
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of the Dead Sea.
Multispectral LANDSAT images of the Dead Sea area were analyzed to obtain spatial and temporal information
on the development of the algae bloom.
Two images were obtained: the first, on April 15 1992 at the beginning of Dunaliella bloom, and the second, on
June 22 from the same year, when the algal bloom had declined and the Dead Sea appeared red. For comparison,
a LANDSAT image was also obtained on May, 5, 1991, at the time when algae were absent. The spectral
distribution of the reflected solar radiation is modified by pigments present in the micro algae.The main
interaction commonly measured is the absorption of sunlight by the red band of chlorophyll contained in the
algal plastid.
2. Methodology:
2.1Cultivation:
The microalgae was cultivated in a 5 litters vessels exposed to neon lamp from upper and lower sides at room
temperature (about 25ºC) which kept constant during the different seasons. Ordinary air was supplied.
Modified Johnson medium (table 2.1.1) was used as nutrient source for algae cultivation.The cultivation of
Dunaliella was monitored by using a digital microscope with USB camera connected to computer to follow the
algal cultivation under different light intensities .
Table 2.1.1: Modified Johnson Medium (Borowitzka, 1990)
To 5 L of distilled water add :
NaCl
24% per unit volume
MgCl2.6H2O
7.65g
MgSO4.7H2O
2.6g
KCl
1.02g
CaCl2.2H2O
1.02g
KNO3
5.1g
NaHCO3
0.2g
KH2PO4
0.2g
Fe-solution
51ml
Trace- element solution
51ml
Na2EDTA
945mg
FeCl3.6H2O
1220mg
H3BO3
305mg
(NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O
190mg
CuSO4.5H2O
30mg
CoCl2.6H2O
25.5mg
ZnCl2
20.5mg
MnCl2.4H2O
20.5mg
Adjust PH to 7.5 with HCl
2.2 Cell Counting:
To be sure that the cells are ready to be harvested, cell counting step was undertaken.Counting of Dunaliella
cells was performed using a Hemocytometer slide of 0.1 mm depth. No sample dilution has been done, 100 µl of
the culture was taken and tested to count the cell number, and the trial was repeated 3 times.
A simple filtration followed by long spontaneous drying in dark was used to approximate the algal cell density.
2.3 Harvesting:
After the cultivation media reaches to a suitable cells density it was isolated from the cultivation media and
transferred into smaller vessels.
2.4 Centrifugation:
Then 25 ml culture media was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5 min. The sample was re suspended in 5ml distilled
water.
Continues flow centrifuge of type HERMLE z300 rotates by 4000 rpm was employed to perform the mentioned.
2.5 Extraction:
β-carotene was extracted with hexane, ether, jojoba oil or light vegetable oil separately by adding 25 ml cell
suspension to 15 ml solvent. When the extraction was performed, oil was heated to 70ºC; after it was cooled
down to 40º C, then β -carotene was added.(See Fig.(2.5.1))
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Figure (2.5.1) Extraction of β-carotene
2.6 Freeze Drying:
β-carotene crystallization was accomplished using freeze dryer equipment at 0.32 hpa pressure and -85°C
temperature for four hours.
2.7 Spectrophotometer Analysis
Scanning of the absorption spectrum of the hexane extracted pigments present in the supernatant was recorded at
the wavelengths 350 – 700 nm using a scanning spectrophotometer. β-carotene was estimated spectro photo
metrically at wave lengths 454 and 480 nm according to pharmacopeia, and then the concentration was
determined .
5. The absorbance of the final solution is then measured at 440 nm against a cyclo hexane blank, and a
spectrophotometer plot was obtained.
2.8 Enzymatic Oxidation
It is a process by which the enzyme is used as a catalyst in the oxidation reaction, to allow a new pathway for the
reaction to occur. The enzymatic oxidation reaction occurs in a different potential range depending on the
material reacted and the product produced. The produced Beta Carotene was transferred into a one liter capacity
bioreactor and was subjected to enzymatic oxidation under inert atmosphere and at 37 C0 , and then subjected to
freeze drying for 24 hours, and the
product was tretinoin (vitamin A). It was analyzed properly.The structure of vitamin A is shown in Figure (2.8.1).
Fig.(2.8.1)The structure of vitamin A
Astaxanthin, the structure of which structure is shown in Figure (2.8.2) can be found in certain percentages in
Beta Carotene and associated with vitamin A.
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Fig.(2.8.2) Astaxanthin increases muscles endurance and strengthens the body's immune system.
2.9 Infrared Spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is the spectroscopy that deals with the infrared region of the
electromagnetic spectrum, that is light with a longer wavelength and lower frequency than visible light. It covers
a range of techniques, mostly based on absorption spectroscopy]. IR spectrometers can accept a wide 64 range of
sample types such as gases, liquids, and solids. The infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is usually
divided into three regions related to the visible spectrum:
a. The near-infrared: the wavelength is approximately 0.8–2.5 µm.
b. The mid-infrared: the wavelength is approximately 2.5–25 µm.
c. The far-infrafred: the wavelength is approximately 25–1000 µm.
3.Results and Discussions
.
a. Results:
3.1 Cultivation:
Dunaliella cells were found in samples collected from the Dead Sea. The cells were observed under digital
microscope with USB camera.
The Dunaliella cells were cultivated in an inorganic medium (Johnson media); ordinary air was supplied at room
temperature 25±2 under high illumination.
3.2 Cell counting:
The number of Dunaliella cells was found to be about 500,000cell/ml using Hemocytometer slide under
microscope .Cell filtration was performed for five samples and a sequential curve was plotted with slope near to
0.0407 (approximately horizontal line resulted) and an intercept of 2.1129 indicating a cell density of 2.1129 g
dry weight per litter see Fig. (4.2.1).1 m3 cultivation media was found to contain approximately 114.1 g βcarotene.
Sequencial curve
y = 0.0407x + 2.1129
10
g dry weight/L
8
6
4
2
0
0
1
2
3
4
Sample #
5
Fig (3.2.1): Sequential curve of filtered samples
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Fig (3.3.1): β-carotene extracted with jojoba oil
3.4 Freeze Drying:
A centrifuged suspended in distilled water samples were dried using freeze
dryer device at a temperature of -85 °C and 0.32 hpa pressure, the run time was four hours to obtain crystals. 1g
Beta Carotene powder was obtained.
3.5Spectro photometric Analysis:
Scanning spectrum of the extracted pigments is shown in Fig. 4.5.1.
The highest peak was appeared at 440 nm wave length and indicated an optical density value near to 2.7.The
shorter peak indicates related carotenoids such as 9-cis, 13-cis, and 15-cis Astaxanthin.
b. Discussions:
Absorption Spectra of the Pigments
3
2.5
Absorbance
O p tic a l D e n s it y
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
350
400
450
500
550
Wave Lenght (nm)
600
650
700
Fig. (3.5.1) Absorption spectra of Beta Carotene extracted with hexane.
Although β-carotene can be synthesized or extracted from other natural sources such as carrots,
Dunaliella is still the richest and best natural source of this carotenoid. The most suitable media for the isolated
Dunaliella species lab scale cultivation was found to be Modified Johnson Medium, which gave the highest
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growth and β-carotene production. Pigment analysis using spectrophotometer indicates the presence of βcarotene, in addition to other related pigments. As can be seen from Figure (4.2.1) the dry weight per liter
cultivation media was 2.1 gram of which 5.8% was β-carotene. Then in 1m3 cultivation media 114.1 g highly
pure β-carotene exists. To obtain 1 kg of highly purified β-carotene we need 8.8 m3 cultivation media, its price is
about 5000 US$/kg. The low cell densities achieved by the algae and their small cell size however, make
harvesting more difficult and costly.
The best method for concentration the algal material without smashing its clusters was found to be gathering it in
a separatory funnel and permit it to sediment by gravity force. The best extraction solvents were hexane, ether,
jojoba oil or light vegetable oil for dietary use.
It was noted that sun-dried or heat dried samples of Dunaliella were rapidly degraded in terms of keeping βcarotene not oxidized, so freeze drying process was employed and showed high efficiency in drying samples
without oxidizing any part of β-carotene.
Further more the use of β-carotene as a food or food additive and a nutritional supplement means that a high
quality product is required .This means that great care must be taken in the extraction and formulation steps.
The extracted beta carotene was subjected to enzymatic oxidation using 15,15’-beta- beta carotene dioxygenase
enzyme with a purity of 99.9 %, for one hour at 37 °C with and without nitrogen atmosphere.
The product was analyzed by using IR- Spectrophotometer and UV- Spectro photometry to detect the presence
of beta-carotene and Vitamin A at a specific wave length. The wave number of IR spectrometer can be identified
by the sharpest peak appears at the chromatogram, the wave number affected by many variables such as
concentration, temperature. The appearance of more than one peak indicates the presence of cartenoids besides
vitamin A.
After the enzymatic oxidation, the samples were analyzed by IR –Spectrophotometer, the results obtained at
wave number 1636.19cm-1 and with the presences of broad peaks at the wave number 625.82,2082.66,3447.87
cm-1. While pure Vitamin A have a wave number range ( 1512.03 -2920.02 ) cm-1. This indicated that the result
obtained in the range of the standard Vitamin A. Figure (4.5.2) shows the produced natural vitamin A.
Figure (3.5.2) The produced natural vitamin A
4.Conclusions and Recommendations
4.1 Conclusions
1. Dunaliella salina was cultivated using a certain media and the cell count was performed to be 500,000 cells
per ml after two weeks of cultivation.
2. Beta- carotene was extracted using n-hexane, jojoba oil and ethanol as a solvent.
3. UV- visible spectro photometric analysis was carried out for beta carotene.
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4.The produced β-carotene was associated with related carotenoids such as 9-cis, 13-cis, and 15-cis Astaxanthin.
5. The enzymatic oxidation was carried out using a fermenter with and without nitrogen and with the enzyme
15,15’-beta- beta carotene dioxygenase.
6. The freeze drying step was performed at Jordan Bio- Industries Center (JOVAC).
7. The resulted vitamin A powder was analyzed using IR and UV-spectro photometric analysis at one of the local
pharmaceutical companies.
8. The resulted natural vitamin A powder was within the expected limits as far as the quality and quantity
analysis are concerned.
9. According to the obtained results a spin off company will be established with BASF/The Chemical
Company/Germany, to produce natural vitamin A for the whole world.
4.2 Recommendations
1. Using a pilot plant of a fully controlled fermentor to carry out the enzymatic oxidation step.
2. Using a local cultivation media in the cultivation step.
3. Putting more emphasis on the purification steps.
4. Using two different enzymes to produce natural Astaxanthin from natural beta carotene.
5. A mixture of n-decane and CH2CH2Cl is be used as a solvent in the extraction process.
5. References
Oren, A. 1999. Microbiology and biogeochemistry of halophilic microorganisms-an overview. In: Microbiology
and biogeochemistry of hypersaline environments. Oren, A. (Edit). CRC Press. London. Pp1-10.
Oren, A. 1999b. The Rise and decline of a bloom of halophilic algae and Archaea in the Dead Sea: 1992-1995.
In: Microbiology and biogeochemistry of hypersaline environments. Oren, A. (Edit). CRC Press. London. pp
129- 139.
Mordhay Avron& Ami Ben-Amotz, Morphology .In: Dunaliella physiology, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology.
CRC press Boca Raton Ann Arbor London Tokyo
Nader Faried J. AbuSara, a thesis under the title "Optimal Growth Conditions for the Production of β-carotene
and Glycerol from a Halophilic Microalgae Dunaliella sp. Isolated from the Dead Sea" Jordan University of
Science and Technology (J.U.S.T) January, 2004.
Mordhay Avron , Amin Ben-Amotz , Dunaliella Physiology , Biochemistry , And Biotechnology , Haifa, Israel /
1997.
Caroline Wheater , Beta-carotene: Webster's Timeline History, Icon Group International , 1946 - 2007 .
Richard Passwater , β-carotene and Other Carotenoids (Keats Good Health Guides) , Georgiana GordonStrachan ,1988.
Leiv Haugen and Terje Bjornson , Beta Carotene: Dietary Sources, Cancer and Cognitio, Icon Group
International , 1986 .
Emeish, S., Daghistani, H., Barjakli, Y., Halophilic Algae and Bacteria of the Dead Sea as a renewable source
of valuable chemicals, Journal of Applied Science, 2003, Volume 5, No.2, P.15-26.
AbuSara, N., Emeish, S.,Sallal, A., The Effect Of Certain Environmental Factors on Growth and Beta Carotene
Production by Dunaliella s.p. Isolated from the Dead Sea, Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, Volume 1,
Number 1, 2011, P.29-36
Emeish, S.,Production of Natural Beta Carotene from Dunaliella Living in the Dead Sea, Jordan Journal of Earth
and Environmental Sciences (JJEES), 2012.
Daghistani, H., Emeish, S., Preliminary Study of the Halophilic Microorganisms of the Dead Sea,
Dirasat, Volume 30, No. 2, 2003,75-86.
Borowitzka, M., A., The mass culture of Dunaliella salina, algal biotechnology laboratory, school of biological
and environmental sciences, Murdoch university, Murdoch, 1990, W.A.6150, Australia.
Chidambara, K., N., Production of β-carotene from cultured Dunaliella sp. And evaluation of biological
activities, Thesis submitted to the university of Mysore, 2005, India.
Ben-Amotz, A., Mori, N., Method for producing β-carotene rich Dunaliella powder, Patent application number
20120288519, 2012.
15
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