North Minahasa Regency is an area of North Sulawesi Province, which has the potential for capture fisheries that is growing significantly with the demand for raw materials for marine products, both for the consumption needs of the people of North Sulawesi in general and specifically in North Minahasa Regency itself, one of the sub-districts in North Minahasa Regency. which is the center of demersal fish capture fisheries production is Kema District. The success of marketing fish catch production is based on a well-targeted and efficient distribution pattern. This is strongly supported by interests and preferences, giving rise to a choice (preference) which one is desired. Culinary tourism in this area began to develop by showing an increasing trend. The number of restaurants or restaurants that offer grilled fish or seafood products has shown people's interest in fish consumption. The current high level of public interest in consuming fish automatically brightens the fisheries sector from upstream to downstream. The purpose of this study was to identify the marketing distribution pattern of demersal fish in North Minahasa Regency and analyze the attitudes of end consumers towards their preferences for demersal fish in North Minahasa Regency. The basic method in this research is a case study and the primary data source comes from fishermen and collectors as fish marketers, who are involved in marketing channels as well as final consumers who use the product. Respondents who are determined are producers, namely fishermen who catch Demersal fish, collectors or suppliers and final consumers in culinary centers who choose processed demersal fish products. Methods Data collection was carried out by sampling, namely: Purposive sampling for the types of producer and collector respondents, Accidental sampling for final consumers who apply their preferences to processed Demersal fish products in culinary centers located in North Minahasa district. Collecting data through interviews and direct observation as well as filling out a list of questions guided by the researcher. Primary and secondary data types, for primary data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively and descriptively quantitatively using data analysis techniques according to consumer attitude preferences. to the final consumer. The validity test was carried out on the snapper, chair, bobara, grouper, and escape variables, it was found that all the calculated r values were greater than r table, which means that all indicators in the questionnaire were declared valid with a moderately correlated to high category. The reliability test on snapper was 0.626, which means high reliability value, as well as for chariot fish the value was 0.669 , 0.721 passed and Goropa 0.600 which was categorized as sufficient for 5% and 1% error levels.
A Consumer Preferences in Culinary Tourism Fresh Tuna Fish Chest and Jaw Bone...AI Publications
The fishery products produced are not necessarily only for export purposes but are intended for national consumption. This research aims to analyze consumer preferences for processed fresh tuna products, namely the breast and jaw portions of tuna and identify consumer attitudes towards their choice of processed fresh tuna. The data in this research are primary data and secondary data. The sampling technique is based on purposive sampling and accidental sampling. Quantitative descriptive data analysis was carried out to analyze consumer attitude preferences. Based on the results of data processing between the menu attributes of tuna jaws and breasts, it turns out that consumers prefer tuna jaws compared to tuna breasts, the reason most likely lies in the sensation they get when eating tuna jaws. Even if asked about taste, both are equally tasty. The results obtained in this research show consumer preferences for tuna jaw and breast products on the food menu. Respondents preferred the processed Tuna Jaw menu where a utility (positive) value was obtained of 0.470 compared to the Tuna Breast menu with a utility (negative) of -0.470. In food variants, respondents preferred processed Burn Rica where the utility value was obtained at 3,690 compared to Woku at -0.642 and gravy at only -3,048. In the food price variable, respondents prefer food at a price of 50 thousand, where the utility value is 0.873 compared to the price of 45 thousand, the utility is 0.617, whereas at the price of 40 thousand it is only -0.995, and at the price of 60 thousand the utility value is -0.495, both of which are negative. The conclusion of this research is that consumer preferences for processed fresh tuna jaw and tuna breast fish products show that consumers prefer the processed Jaw Tuna menu where a utility value (positive) is obtained of 0.470 compared to the Tuna Breast menu with a utility (negative) of -0.470 .
Marketing of fish and fishery products in Dinajpur and livelihoods of the fis...AbdullaAlAsif1
Marketing of fish and fishery products in Dinajpur and livelihoods of the fish retailers were studied during the period from January to May, 2013. A total of 60 fish retailers were interviewed for obtaining pertinent data. A survey questionnaire was developed, pre-tested and finally used for collection of data. The collected data were tabulated using conventional statistical tools. The result showed that the livelihoods of a large number of people are associated with fish and fishery products distribution and marketing in six different markets. Three types of marketing channel were found to be operated in the selected markets. The shorter marketing chain which included the fish farmers, retailers and consumers was found to be more beneficial to the fish producers. Fish traders in village markets generally operate a capital of around TK. 8,000-10,000 and traders in town markets a capital of around TK. 10,000-20,000 per day. It was found that most of the fish traders used their own money. Price of fish depends on market structure, species, and freshness, supply demand of fish and size of fishes. There are seasonal variation in prices with the highest in summer (March to May), and lowest in pre-winter: (September to November) during the fish harvesting season. Different types of dried and salted fish were sold in the markets. Traders have broadly improved their food consumption facilities, standard of living, and purchasing power as an economic sector. However, the unhygienic conditions of the marketplace, lack of ice facilities, poor infrastructure, inadequate storage and poor transportation facilities were reported to be the major constraints hindering the marketing system in the surveyed areas. It is therefore necessary to provision of governmental, institutional and banking assistance for improvement of the marketing system.
Analysis of Living Stages of Traditional Fishermen in Belang District Southea...AI Publications
The purposive of this study, namely to find out how much and what are the sources of income for traditional fishermen's families in Belang District, and the expenses of traditional fishermen's families in Belang District is, te last step is to find out how the standard of living of traditional fishermen's families in Belang District is. The Method used in this research is a survey method. The population in this study are traditional fishermen in Belang District. The data collection method used is Sampling . The sampling method is using a quataed Multi-Stages Purposive Sampling, with the number of sample villages being 15 villages and the sample fishermen taken are fishermen with fishing rods and nets as much as 10% of the total population in each sample village. The data collected consists of primary data and secondary data. Primary data was collected through observation and interviews guided by questionnaires. Secondary data were obtained from the Belang District of office and related to this research. The data analysis used is descriptive qualitative and quantitative analysis. The standard of living of traditional fishing families is analyzed using the Engel index. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that the income of traditional fishermen's families in Belang District comes from their main job as fishermen, side jobs outside the field of fisheries. The total incomes of traditional fishermen's families in Belang District on average for one year is Rp.53,394,000. There are 2 types of expenditures for traditional fishermen's families in Belang District, namely expenditures for food and expenditures for non-food such as clothing, housing, health, education, electricity, transportation and others. The total average expenditure for one year is Rp. 53,394,000, which is divided into expenditures for food needs of Rp. 32,284,500 and expenditures for non-food needs which are Rp. 21,109,500. The results of the analysis of the Engel index are 60 0.46% , meaning that the total income of traditional fishermen in Belang District is 60.46% used to meet food needs only. The proportion for food, which is 39,54 % . This is indicates that the standard of living of traditional fishermen in Belang District is still relatively low because more than half of their income is only sufficient to meet food needs.
Post-harvest handling and quality loss of Indian major carps in the distribut...AbdullaAlAsif1
Post-harvest loss of mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus), catla (Catla catla), rohu (Labeo rohita) and kalibaush (Labeo calbasu) in different distribution channel of Noakhali district, Bangladesh were observed during the month of January 2015 to April 2015. Sensory evaluation method was adopted in order to gather information about quality loss of fish and existing handling condition at different stakeholder level. The observed fish were fresh at fisherman level but as the day progress along with temperature variation fish started losing quality and most of their quality found lost at retailer level. Fisherman supplied fish to beparies at 5% quality loss, further 10%, 20% and 22% loss was observed through aratder, retailer and consumer respectively. DPs varied with the month basis, compared to January-February the DPs were higher in March-April which indicates that temperature rise cause more quality loss of fish. Most of the fishes crossed DP 3.0 at retailer level because of long term exposure to open air coupled with unhygienic condition of markets. Different sizes baskets were used for transportation of fish with or without icing. Live fishes were transported with water in gallon or drum and they could retain their shelf lifelong time than that of dead fish or fish with no icing condition. The unsold fishes were preserved in refrigerator and re-icing was adopted by 70% retailer. The ice ratio of fish: ice was 1:1 in March-April and 2:1 in January February. The more quality loss of fish the more ice was used. Bad handling practices due to transportation and in markets also caused quality deterioration of some fishes. Usually post-harvest loss of fish is not taken under the consideration which eventually because economic loss coupled with food insecurity but proper steps to reduce loss can compensate the post-harvest fish loss.
Margin Analysis of Marketing, Julung-Julung Fish (Hyporhamphus Affinis), in K...IJAEMSJORNAL
The purpose of this study was to determine the number of marketing channels and the amount of margin in each marketing channel to determine the efficiency of marketing and the added value received by each marketing actor of Julung-Julung fish in Kinabuhutan Village. The population in this study were fishermen catching julung-julung fish, fish processors, middlemen and retailers. Data was collected using the census method for fishermen and fish processors, while traders used purposive sampling. The data collected in the form of primary data and secondary data. Primary data collection techniques with observation and interviews. The data obtained were analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis and qualitative descriptive analysis. Quantitative descriptive analysis using marketing margin analysis. Based on the research results, it is known that there are only 2 marketing channels for fresh julung-julung fish in Kinabuhuta Village, namely from fishermen to consumers and from fishermen to fish processors. Both channels have a marketing margin of 0 which means that the channel is efficient because the price paid by consumers is the same as that received by fishermen. The marketing channels for smoked Julung-Julung fish are 4 marketing channels with marketing areas, Kinabuhutan, Likupang, Bitung, Airmadidi, Manado and Tomohon. Based on the results of the margin analysis, it is known that the farther the distance between producers and consumers, the longer the marketing channel and the larger the marketing margin, making it more inefficient. In this study, the marketing channel no. 1 with the marketing area to Tomohon is inefficient because the price paid by the final consumer is the most expensive so that the largest marketing margin is Rp. 12,000,-. While the most efficient which is marketed in the production area is channel 4 because the margin is 0. The added value received by fishermen is Rp. 4,500, -. Per 20 fish, the fish processing producer is Rp. 7,850,-, while the middlemen and retailers vary according to the marketing area. The lowest marketing costs are those that are marketed in the production area in Kinabuhutan, namely 0 and the largest is the farthest, Tomohon.
Performances of resource poor households in aquaculture practices in sadar up...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to evaluate the performances of resource poor farmers in fish farming at their homestead ponds in Sadar Upazila under Meherpur district from July to October 2015. Participatory Rural Appraisal tools such as questionnaire interview, cross check interview and secondary information were used to assess the performances in aquaculture activities. Thirty pond fish farmers were purposively selected, among them 10, 5, 5, and 10 participants were involved with carp-mola, carp-tilapia and carp-shing polyculture and vietnam koi mono-culture respectively. The result showed that the majority of the farmers (33.33%) had 51-100 decimal cultivable land followed by 20 and 16.67% participants who possessed 151-200 and >300 decimal of land respectively. It was found that the highest percentage of participants (73.33%) primary occupation was agriculture followed by fish farming (3.33%). A majority of the farmers (53.33%) started fish farming only before 1-5 years influenced by the positive result of fish culture by the villagers and 20% each have started before 6-10 and 11-15 years back. Only 6.67% farmers started fish culture in 16 years before who were the pioneers of fish farming in the region. The average pond size in the area was found 15 decimal with a range of 7 to 35. Before starting fish culture all the farmers got training and inputs support for fish culture from a local NGO called Daridra Bimochon Sangstha (DBS). Prior to start fish farming all of the farmers followed standard procedure of pond preparation and fish fry release in their ponds. Majority farmers (90%) applied homemade feed, whereas rest applied commercial feed to their fish. By contrast, 90% farmers used to feed their fish and rest was reluctant to provide feed to the fish. Almost twenty seven percent respondents annual income was between BDT 61,000 to 80,000 followed by 20 and 10% whose income was 100000-150000 and >150000 BDT per year. During the culture operation, farmers usually had some problems such as pond drying, disease outbreak, dike erosion, shade of tree over the ponds, theft, snakes eating the fish etc.
Availability of fish species in fish markets and fish marketing in Noakhali d...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to know the fish markets and marketing practices in Noakhali district for a period of 5 months; November 2014 to March, 2015. Five types of marketing channels were found in this study and most were similar in nature as marketing places were in same town and not far apart. The average cost by a retailer to trade fish was estimated at Tk. 171.6 /day. This cost included rent of trading spot, ice and local transportation. The average income of retailers in three markets was estimated at Tk. 640/day/retailer. It was found that 21% of fish supplied in the markets were carps (Indian and Exotic), 17.3% marine fish, 15.7% hilsa, 12.7% catfish, 11.3% small fish, 11% Tilapia and pungus, 7% others mix species and 4% prawn. It was reported that availability fish species in three different markets round the year ranged from 55 to 72. However, during the study period, a total of 39 fish species under 24 families were found in three markets. It was found that marine fish comprises average 33% and freshwater fish comprises average 67% in the three markets. The price of fish depends on market structure, species quality, size, weight and season. The price of galda and bagda were varied from 580±10 to 560±8 Tk. /kg, and 370±10 to 350±5 Tk. /kg respectively. The price of catla, tilapia, ilish, Thai pangus and silver carp were varied from 390±10 to 360±8 Tk. /kg, 165±5 to 150±8 Tk. /kg, 900±10 to 860±5 Tk. /kg, 140±10 to 125±5 Tk. /kg, and 160±8 to 155±5 Tk./kg, respectively. In Noakhali, around 50-180 retailers were involved in each market. It was found that the daily supply of fish in Municipal market, Datter hat and Sonapur was about 12-13, 7-8 and 2.5-3ton, respectively. Inadequate infrastructure, transportation, shortage of ice in peak season, hygienic condition and packaging facilities were cited as main constraints. It was found that 80% of the fish retailers have improved their livelihood status through fish trading to a certain degree.
A Consumer Preferences in Culinary Tourism Fresh Tuna Fish Chest and Jaw Bone...AI Publications
The fishery products produced are not necessarily only for export purposes but are intended for national consumption. This research aims to analyze consumer preferences for processed fresh tuna products, namely the breast and jaw portions of tuna and identify consumer attitudes towards their choice of processed fresh tuna. The data in this research are primary data and secondary data. The sampling technique is based on purposive sampling and accidental sampling. Quantitative descriptive data analysis was carried out to analyze consumer attitude preferences. Based on the results of data processing between the menu attributes of tuna jaws and breasts, it turns out that consumers prefer tuna jaws compared to tuna breasts, the reason most likely lies in the sensation they get when eating tuna jaws. Even if asked about taste, both are equally tasty. The results obtained in this research show consumer preferences for tuna jaw and breast products on the food menu. Respondents preferred the processed Tuna Jaw menu where a utility (positive) value was obtained of 0.470 compared to the Tuna Breast menu with a utility (negative) of -0.470. In food variants, respondents preferred processed Burn Rica where the utility value was obtained at 3,690 compared to Woku at -0.642 and gravy at only -3,048. In the food price variable, respondents prefer food at a price of 50 thousand, where the utility value is 0.873 compared to the price of 45 thousand, the utility is 0.617, whereas at the price of 40 thousand it is only -0.995, and at the price of 60 thousand the utility value is -0.495, both of which are negative. The conclusion of this research is that consumer preferences for processed fresh tuna jaw and tuna breast fish products show that consumers prefer the processed Jaw Tuna menu where a utility value (positive) is obtained of 0.470 compared to the Tuna Breast menu with a utility (negative) of -0.470 .
Marketing of fish and fishery products in Dinajpur and livelihoods of the fis...AbdullaAlAsif1
Marketing of fish and fishery products in Dinajpur and livelihoods of the fish retailers were studied during the period from January to May, 2013. A total of 60 fish retailers were interviewed for obtaining pertinent data. A survey questionnaire was developed, pre-tested and finally used for collection of data. The collected data were tabulated using conventional statistical tools. The result showed that the livelihoods of a large number of people are associated with fish and fishery products distribution and marketing in six different markets. Three types of marketing channel were found to be operated in the selected markets. The shorter marketing chain which included the fish farmers, retailers and consumers was found to be more beneficial to the fish producers. Fish traders in village markets generally operate a capital of around TK. 8,000-10,000 and traders in town markets a capital of around TK. 10,000-20,000 per day. It was found that most of the fish traders used their own money. Price of fish depends on market structure, species, and freshness, supply demand of fish and size of fishes. There are seasonal variation in prices with the highest in summer (March to May), and lowest in pre-winter: (September to November) during the fish harvesting season. Different types of dried and salted fish were sold in the markets. Traders have broadly improved their food consumption facilities, standard of living, and purchasing power as an economic sector. However, the unhygienic conditions of the marketplace, lack of ice facilities, poor infrastructure, inadequate storage and poor transportation facilities were reported to be the major constraints hindering the marketing system in the surveyed areas. It is therefore necessary to provision of governmental, institutional and banking assistance for improvement of the marketing system.
Analysis of Living Stages of Traditional Fishermen in Belang District Southea...AI Publications
The purposive of this study, namely to find out how much and what are the sources of income for traditional fishermen's families in Belang District, and the expenses of traditional fishermen's families in Belang District is, te last step is to find out how the standard of living of traditional fishermen's families in Belang District is. The Method used in this research is a survey method. The population in this study are traditional fishermen in Belang District. The data collection method used is Sampling . The sampling method is using a quataed Multi-Stages Purposive Sampling, with the number of sample villages being 15 villages and the sample fishermen taken are fishermen with fishing rods and nets as much as 10% of the total population in each sample village. The data collected consists of primary data and secondary data. Primary data was collected through observation and interviews guided by questionnaires. Secondary data were obtained from the Belang District of office and related to this research. The data analysis used is descriptive qualitative and quantitative analysis. The standard of living of traditional fishing families is analyzed using the Engel index. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that the income of traditional fishermen's families in Belang District comes from their main job as fishermen, side jobs outside the field of fisheries. The total incomes of traditional fishermen's families in Belang District on average for one year is Rp.53,394,000. There are 2 types of expenditures for traditional fishermen's families in Belang District, namely expenditures for food and expenditures for non-food such as clothing, housing, health, education, electricity, transportation and others. The total average expenditure for one year is Rp. 53,394,000, which is divided into expenditures for food needs of Rp. 32,284,500 and expenditures for non-food needs which are Rp. 21,109,500. The results of the analysis of the Engel index are 60 0.46% , meaning that the total income of traditional fishermen in Belang District is 60.46% used to meet food needs only. The proportion for food, which is 39,54 % . This is indicates that the standard of living of traditional fishermen in Belang District is still relatively low because more than half of their income is only sufficient to meet food needs.
Post-harvest handling and quality loss of Indian major carps in the distribut...AbdullaAlAsif1
Post-harvest loss of mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus), catla (Catla catla), rohu (Labeo rohita) and kalibaush (Labeo calbasu) in different distribution channel of Noakhali district, Bangladesh were observed during the month of January 2015 to April 2015. Sensory evaluation method was adopted in order to gather information about quality loss of fish and existing handling condition at different stakeholder level. The observed fish were fresh at fisherman level but as the day progress along with temperature variation fish started losing quality and most of their quality found lost at retailer level. Fisherman supplied fish to beparies at 5% quality loss, further 10%, 20% and 22% loss was observed through aratder, retailer and consumer respectively. DPs varied with the month basis, compared to January-February the DPs were higher in March-April which indicates that temperature rise cause more quality loss of fish. Most of the fishes crossed DP 3.0 at retailer level because of long term exposure to open air coupled with unhygienic condition of markets. Different sizes baskets were used for transportation of fish with or without icing. Live fishes were transported with water in gallon or drum and they could retain their shelf lifelong time than that of dead fish or fish with no icing condition. The unsold fishes were preserved in refrigerator and re-icing was adopted by 70% retailer. The ice ratio of fish: ice was 1:1 in March-April and 2:1 in January February. The more quality loss of fish the more ice was used. Bad handling practices due to transportation and in markets also caused quality deterioration of some fishes. Usually post-harvest loss of fish is not taken under the consideration which eventually because economic loss coupled with food insecurity but proper steps to reduce loss can compensate the post-harvest fish loss.
Margin Analysis of Marketing, Julung-Julung Fish (Hyporhamphus Affinis), in K...IJAEMSJORNAL
The purpose of this study was to determine the number of marketing channels and the amount of margin in each marketing channel to determine the efficiency of marketing and the added value received by each marketing actor of Julung-Julung fish in Kinabuhutan Village. The population in this study were fishermen catching julung-julung fish, fish processors, middlemen and retailers. Data was collected using the census method for fishermen and fish processors, while traders used purposive sampling. The data collected in the form of primary data and secondary data. Primary data collection techniques with observation and interviews. The data obtained were analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis and qualitative descriptive analysis. Quantitative descriptive analysis using marketing margin analysis. Based on the research results, it is known that there are only 2 marketing channels for fresh julung-julung fish in Kinabuhuta Village, namely from fishermen to consumers and from fishermen to fish processors. Both channels have a marketing margin of 0 which means that the channel is efficient because the price paid by consumers is the same as that received by fishermen. The marketing channels for smoked Julung-Julung fish are 4 marketing channels with marketing areas, Kinabuhutan, Likupang, Bitung, Airmadidi, Manado and Tomohon. Based on the results of the margin analysis, it is known that the farther the distance between producers and consumers, the longer the marketing channel and the larger the marketing margin, making it more inefficient. In this study, the marketing channel no. 1 with the marketing area to Tomohon is inefficient because the price paid by the final consumer is the most expensive so that the largest marketing margin is Rp. 12,000,-. While the most efficient which is marketed in the production area is channel 4 because the margin is 0. The added value received by fishermen is Rp. 4,500, -. Per 20 fish, the fish processing producer is Rp. 7,850,-, while the middlemen and retailers vary according to the marketing area. The lowest marketing costs are those that are marketed in the production area in Kinabuhutan, namely 0 and the largest is the farthest, Tomohon.
Performances of resource poor households in aquaculture practices in sadar up...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to evaluate the performances of resource poor farmers in fish farming at their homestead ponds in Sadar Upazila under Meherpur district from July to October 2015. Participatory Rural Appraisal tools such as questionnaire interview, cross check interview and secondary information were used to assess the performances in aquaculture activities. Thirty pond fish farmers were purposively selected, among them 10, 5, 5, and 10 participants were involved with carp-mola, carp-tilapia and carp-shing polyculture and vietnam koi mono-culture respectively. The result showed that the majority of the farmers (33.33%) had 51-100 decimal cultivable land followed by 20 and 16.67% participants who possessed 151-200 and >300 decimal of land respectively. It was found that the highest percentage of participants (73.33%) primary occupation was agriculture followed by fish farming (3.33%). A majority of the farmers (53.33%) started fish farming only before 1-5 years influenced by the positive result of fish culture by the villagers and 20% each have started before 6-10 and 11-15 years back. Only 6.67% farmers started fish culture in 16 years before who were the pioneers of fish farming in the region. The average pond size in the area was found 15 decimal with a range of 7 to 35. Before starting fish culture all the farmers got training and inputs support for fish culture from a local NGO called Daridra Bimochon Sangstha (DBS). Prior to start fish farming all of the farmers followed standard procedure of pond preparation and fish fry release in their ponds. Majority farmers (90%) applied homemade feed, whereas rest applied commercial feed to their fish. By contrast, 90% farmers used to feed their fish and rest was reluctant to provide feed to the fish. Almost twenty seven percent respondents annual income was between BDT 61,000 to 80,000 followed by 20 and 10% whose income was 100000-150000 and >150000 BDT per year. During the culture operation, farmers usually had some problems such as pond drying, disease outbreak, dike erosion, shade of tree over the ponds, theft, snakes eating the fish etc.
Availability of fish species in fish markets and fish marketing in Noakhali d...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to know the fish markets and marketing practices in Noakhali district for a period of 5 months; November 2014 to March, 2015. Five types of marketing channels were found in this study and most were similar in nature as marketing places were in same town and not far apart. The average cost by a retailer to trade fish was estimated at Tk. 171.6 /day. This cost included rent of trading spot, ice and local transportation. The average income of retailers in three markets was estimated at Tk. 640/day/retailer. It was found that 21% of fish supplied in the markets were carps (Indian and Exotic), 17.3% marine fish, 15.7% hilsa, 12.7% catfish, 11.3% small fish, 11% Tilapia and pungus, 7% others mix species and 4% prawn. It was reported that availability fish species in three different markets round the year ranged from 55 to 72. However, during the study period, a total of 39 fish species under 24 families were found in three markets. It was found that marine fish comprises average 33% and freshwater fish comprises average 67% in the three markets. The price of fish depends on market structure, species quality, size, weight and season. The price of galda and bagda were varied from 580±10 to 560±8 Tk. /kg, and 370±10 to 350±5 Tk. /kg respectively. The price of catla, tilapia, ilish, Thai pangus and silver carp were varied from 390±10 to 360±8 Tk. /kg, 165±5 to 150±8 Tk. /kg, 900±10 to 860±5 Tk. /kg, 140±10 to 125±5 Tk. /kg, and 160±8 to 155±5 Tk./kg, respectively. In Noakhali, around 50-180 retailers were involved in each market. It was found that the daily supply of fish in Municipal market, Datter hat and Sonapur was about 12-13, 7-8 and 2.5-3ton, respectively. Inadequate infrastructure, transportation, shortage of ice in peak season, hygienic condition and packaging facilities were cited as main constraints. It was found that 80% of the fish retailers have improved their livelihood status through fish trading to a certain degree.
Exchange Rate of Fishermen Business Fishing in Kalinaun Village, East Likupan...AI Publications
Kalinaun Village is one of the villages located in East Likupang District, North Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Fisherman. The analysis used in this research is a descriptive quantitative analysis and descriptive qualitative. The economic situation in the form of fishing rods owned by fishermen in Kalinaun village is their own. The initial capital of Rp. 10,000,000 – Rp. 15,000,000 with a percentage of 80 %. the largest investment cost spent on the purchase of a rainbow boat was Rp. 7,500,000, - with a percentage of 70.09% of the total investment cost and the smallest cost for the purchase of a catinting machine was Rp. 3,200,000, - with a percentage of 29.91%. Fishermen go to sea also vary between 1 – 6 times a week, but on average 4 times a week go to sea. Their income as fishermen is only Rp. 48,000,000 in a year. The profit rate in a year is Rp. 41.930.000, - is the profit earned and can be used for saving or making/procuring new fishing units. The caught fish are marketed to the Girian Village or some consumers come to the fish landing site/beside the beach.
Analysis of the Role and Contribution of Fishermen’s Wives to Family Income i...AI Publications
Jayakarsa Village is a coastal village located in West Likupang District which is one of the tourist destinations in North Sulawesi and even in Indonesia. In this village there are still fishing communities who use the traditional fishing gear jubi or arrows to meet their needs. The aim of the research is to identify and analyze the amount and sources of income of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village, West Likupang District, and analyze the amount and type of expenditure of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village, West Likupang District, as well as analyze the standard of living of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village, West Likupang District. The research location was carried out in Jayakarsa Village, West Likupang District using basic survey methods. The population in this research is jubi fishermen who have families in Jayakarsa Village totaling 30 people. The data collection method uses the census method, namely taking the entire population to be used as respondents. Data consists of primary data and secondary data. Primary data collection was carried out by means of interviews using questionnaires and observations. Collecting secondary data is by quoting data from related agencies or data from previous research results. The data obtained will be processed and analyzed descriptively qualitatively and descriptively quantitatively. Qualitative descriptive analysis is used to provide discussions of qualitative data related to existing theory. The data is analyzed and then interpreted as research results. The research results show that the income of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village comes from their main job as crew members on the Pajeko Ship and side jobs. Jubi fishermen's expenditure consists of total food expenditure plus total non-food expenditure. Analysis of the Engel Index obtained was 65.9%, which means that 65.9% of the total income of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village is used to meet food needs. This means that the level of welfare of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village is still relatively low.
Availability and potentiality of small indigenous species of fish throughout ...AbdullaAlAsif1
This study was conducted with aiming to know the present status of small indigenous fish species (SIS) in Oxbow Lakes/baors and rivers as well as the availability of SIS of fish and their potentiality in the study area. Regular data were collected from some important fish landing center cum markets, Oxbow Lakes and rivers of the study area. The availability of small indigenous species (SIS) of fish declined to a great extent over the years and many of them are rare or endangered due to death of rivers and baors were brought under aquaculture. Besides these, Many of SIS of fish were being increasingly used as trash fish for fish feed purpose. As an over populated country, demand of SIS of fish is increasing day by day. After 1990s almost all Oxbow Lakes have been gradually trying to bring under aquaculture through local community or Department of Fisheries. The most significant message of this study is that, some vulnerable and endangered SIS of fish are locally abundant both in fish landing center, baors and rivers. So they must be conserved for their bioavailability and nutrition throughout the country that would be most intelligent efforts in favor of global ichthyo-biodiversity conservation.
Status of polyculture Pangasius hypophthalmus with carps in Jhikargacha Upazi...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted in Jhikargacha sub-district of Jessore district with the view to evaluating status of polyculture of Pangasius hypophthalmus with carps from July to December 2012. The mean age and experience of the respondents was 41.28±12.19 and 9.48±3.12 years respectively. Culture pond size was 0.41±0.21 ha (0.343 to 0.478 at 95% CL). 67.50% culture ponds were leased ponds and mean yearly lease value was 535364.70±468224.20 BDT/ha. All the ponds were rectangular in shape and perennial in nature. During preparation of pond, all the ponds were dried by draining out the water. Liming was done at 229.30±118.70 kg/ha (pre-stocking) and 250 kg/ha (post-stocking). Application rate of various fertilizers during post stocking management were recorded as- 155.12±79.10 kg/ha (cow dung); 158.27±79.85 kg/ha (urea); and 79.90±42.93 kg/ha (TSP). Five species of fishes were found to be stocked at the rate of 7377 individuals/ha including 93.10% P. hypophthalmus seeds and 6.90% other carps. Supplementary feeding was done daily and the application rates were 444.23±236.41 kg/ha (rice bran), 228.29±116.96 kg/ha (mustard oil cake), and 912.91±468.05 kg/ha (commercial pangus feeds, pellet). Average fish production was found 6672.84 kg/ha. All the fishes grown in the study area were marketed to fish landing centers and markets of three districts- Chuadanga (47.50%), Dhaka (30%) and Jessore (22.50%). The average cost-benefit ratio was 1:1.15. High mortality, low growth of seeds, and high input price were the major problems.
Contribution of aquaculture on livelihood development of fish farmer at Noakh...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the contribution of aquaculture on livelihood status of fish farmer at Noakhali sadar upazila. This research work was carried out during the period of February 2013 to July 2013. A total of 50 fish farmers were interviewed with a well-structured questionnaire. The survey revealed that average pond size was 0.48 ha with 40% of the farmers having ponds of single ownership, 20% having ponds of multiple-ownership, 30% having ponds of single lease and 10% having ponds of multiple leases. Poly culture of Indian major carps and exotic carps has been practiced by most of the farmers. Fish fingerlings were stocked from April to June and average stocking density was 12,370 fingerlings/ha. The average fish production cost was Tk 69,870/ha/yr. Although the living condition of the rural fish farmers were poor, livelihood outcomes were found positive and 88% of the farmers have improved their socioeconomic conditions through fish farming. The gross income and net profit were Tk. 1, 06,400 and Tk. 1, 00,000/ha/yr respectively. The average monthly income was in range of BDT 15,000-25,000. Their basic need like food, cloth, house, education and medical facility had changed after fish farming. The households have broadly improved their food consumption, family education, standards of living, purchasing power, choice and economic ability through fish farming. The constraints for sustainable pond fish farming in the areas were lack of technical knowledge of the farmers, disease of fishes, multiple ownership of the pond, higher production cost (mainly seeds and feed), insufficient supply of fry and fingerlings, lack of money and credit facilities and inadequate extension services. It is therefore essential to provide the necessary training facilities with institutional and organizational supports, credit facilities and extension services for sustainable fish production and livelihoods of rural fish farmers.
Socio-economic status of fish retailers in Jashore sadar, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted to determine the fish retailer's livelihood and socioeconomic status in three markets of Jashore for a period of six months from February to August, 2016. The average net profit of fish retailers was found higher in Boro bazaar (Tk.350) followed by Palbari bazaar (Tk.325), Chuadanga Bus Stand bazaar (TK.275). The average age groups of 20-65 years were found among the markets. The study shows that 53% fish retailers had nuclear family and 47% had joint family. Most of the housing conditions were kacha (69%) and Muslim fish retailers were predominant in all markets. Among the total 45 traders interviewed, 42% were illiterate, 31% have primary level education, 24% have secondary level education and none of them had bachelor level of education. It was found that fish retailers of Boro bazaar and Palbari bazaar sold an average of 35 kg fish daily, compared with Chuadanga Bus Stand bazaar 15 kg per day. The daily supply of fish in Boro bazaar can be estimated at 1.6 MT (25 retailers' × 65 kg) while 0.3 MT (15 retailers × 20 kg) and 0.45 MT (15 retailers × 30 kg) in C.B Bazar and Palbari bazaar respectively. Improvement in basic infrastructure such as, clean water supply, sanitation facilities, adequate drainage and ice facilities are recommended by the present study.
Marketing channels of mud crab (Scylla serrata) at Nijhum Dwip, Noakhali, Ban...AbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted to assess the marketing and value chain of crab from Nijhum Dwip Island in Noakhali region during July 2015 to December 2015. Data were collected through questionnaire interview and tools of participatory rural appraisal such as focus group discussion. The Meghna estuary, tidal rivers and mangroves were the main sources of crab. Local people including the fishermen can collect the crabs and crab lets. The grading system varied depending on sex and size of the crab. The highest average price was found to be 200 BDT/kg for FF1 grade of female while the minimum price was found to be 500 BDT/kg for XXL grade of male. Crabs were mainly available in April, May, June, July, August, September, and October. It was found that 70% crab catchers were from the age group of 12-28 years, which were the main working force in the society. In the study area, 60% of the crab marketers had monthly income of BDT 9,000-20,000, the farmers living conditions were not up to the mark but the survey suggests that most of the crab marketers and exporters increased their income level. If crab fattening can be established, training can be provided, institutional and policy support can be offered to the farmers and good marketing facilities can be developed, crab can be an alternative source of income and sustainable livelihood for the coastal poor people.
Fish fermentation in Lalpur, Brahmanbaria district: ecological implication an...AbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted to evaluate the present status of the production of traditional fermented fish product-shidal (Chapa shutki or shidol) in Lalpur, Ashuganj Union, Brahmanbaria district and its ecological implication and value chain during June to November, 2016. Shidal is produced by natural fermentation process of fresh water punti and marine phaisha and poa fish during winter (October to January). It was found that the Shidal production from freshwater fish in Lalpur has been shrinking gradually due to a decline in fish production from the Meghna River Basin and low supply of raw fishes from others areas. The fishers noted the local extinction of large numbers of once common fish with a gradually low supply of punti and a declining average size among the fishes that are still captured. It was found that not only the total volume of catch decreased but there have been a marked decline in catch per unit effort (CPUF) over the last ten years. During the fermentation season, every day 2-4 ton of raw punti are sold in Lalpur Fish Landing Center and the price of punti varies with grade, season and quality. On an average 4 kg of fresh punti produces 1.2 kg of dry punti and 1.2 kg of dry punti produces 1.44 kg of shidal. It was observed that there were two types of punti used for making shidal in Lalpur-with scales and without scales. The prices of shidal were Tk 800/kg, Tk 500/kg, and Tk 500/kg produced from punti, poa and phaisha, respectively. There are nearly 250 dangaries (fish processing place) for Shidal production and each of the danagaries produce 100-150 motkas (each motka contains 36-40 kg of shidal) of shidal in a season. One motka is sold in Tk. 20,000-24,000 when there is no salt used but Tk. 16,000 per motka when salt is used. It was found that around 2000 people were employed in Shidal production and another 200 people worked in filling in the motka in Lalpur. No chemical are used to make Shidal but some salt is applied during Shidal processing. It was observed that there was no fixed marketing channel for Shidalshutki. Seventy percent (70%) of the Shidal are produced for the domestic market. Shidal produced from small sized punti are exported to India but Shidal produced from marine fishes has never been exported. Although people prefer Shidal made from punti, but due to its gradual disappearance from the natural water bodies, they are forced to consume Shidal prepared from marine poa or phaisa.
Fry production and its marketing system of North-West fisheries extension pro...AbdullaAlAsif1
In order to understand the present status of hatcheries, questionnaire interview and participatory rural appraisal tools were used in North-west Fisheries Extension Project (NFEP), Parbatipur during the period from July to December 2015. There are two hatcheries in NFEP, Parbatipur- a carp hatchery and a prawn hatchery. The production of spawn was around 611 kg in the year 2015. According to the target hatchery manager collected brood fish from rivers and other sources which he maintained in their brood stock ponds with proper management. The hatchery manager maintained proper age and weight of broods for spawning and followed the guideline of hatchery operation so that the quality of spawn and fry were good. It was found that the hatcheries produced fish seed of a variety of species such as Indian major carps, carpio, sarpunti, silver carp, grass carp, magur, shing as well as freshwater prawn. The hatchery production activities took place starting from February and continued up to September. The quantity of fish seed produce varied from 25 to 75 kg per hatching cycle depending on size and facilities of hatcheries. The price of fry in NFEP was being fixed by the hatchery manager. However, the price variation was seen due to seasonal variation, species and demand. The average price of fish seed was highest in monsoon and lowest in winter. A number of middlemen were involved in the fry marketing channel of NFEP at Parbatipur. They were responsible for increasing the price of fry at each stage of marketing channel.
Bio-economic analysis of ESBN fishery of Kumira, the coastal area of Chittago...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present investigation was conducted from May to December 2005 at Kumira, the representative area of Chittagong coast for bio-socioeconomic analysis of ESBN fishery. In catch composition of Kumira, it was observed that finfish occupied 77.03 %, shrimp 19.82 % and crab 3.15 % and the average catch per boat per day were found 16.6 kg in Kumira. The highest total catch per boat per day (50 kg) was found in October at Kumira. The lowest catch was found (2 kg) in August at Kumira. The average total catch per landing center per month was found 14805 kg at Kumira. The average catch per fishermen per day was found 3.39 kg at Kumira and the average cost per boat per month was about 7,813 Tk in the study area. Average sale per month was found over 18,713 Tk in Kumira. During the month July and August most of the fishermen were engaged in Hilsa fishing with the Hilsa gill net resulting the total catch was with ESBN lowest in those months.
Ideally, the role of data collection is to support the monitoring of stated objectives and support for management processes. States should ensure that timely, complete, and reliable statistics on catch and fishing efforts are collected and maintained in accordance with applicable international standards and practices and in sufficient detail to allow sound statistical analysis. Such data should be updated regularly and verified through an appropriate system.
The Correlation between Mangrove and the Increasing Capture Fisheries and Sea...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
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Kalinaun Village is one of the villages located in East Likupang District, North Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Fisherman. The analysis used in this research is a descriptive quantitative analysis and descriptive qualitative. The economic situation in the form of fishing rods owned by fishermen in Kalinaun village is their own. The initial capital of Rp. 10,000,000 – Rp. 15,000,000 with a percentage of 80 %. the largest investment cost spent on the purchase of a rainbow boat was Rp. 7,500,000, - with a percentage of 70.09% of the total investment cost and the smallest cost for the purchase of a catinting machine was Rp. 3,200,000, - with a percentage of 29.91%. Fishermen go to sea also vary between 1 – 6 times a week, but on average 4 times a week go to sea. Their income as fishermen is only Rp. 48,000,000 in a year. The profit rate in a year is Rp. 41.930.000, - is the profit earned and can be used for saving or making/procuring new fishing units. The caught fish are marketed to the Girian Village or some consumers come to the fish landing site/beside the beach.
Analysis of the Role and Contribution of Fishermen’s Wives to Family Income i...AI Publications
Jayakarsa Village is a coastal village located in West Likupang District which is one of the tourist destinations in North Sulawesi and even in Indonesia. In this village there are still fishing communities who use the traditional fishing gear jubi or arrows to meet their needs. The aim of the research is to identify and analyze the amount and sources of income of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village, West Likupang District, and analyze the amount and type of expenditure of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village, West Likupang District, as well as analyze the standard of living of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village, West Likupang District. The research location was carried out in Jayakarsa Village, West Likupang District using basic survey methods. The population in this research is jubi fishermen who have families in Jayakarsa Village totaling 30 people. The data collection method uses the census method, namely taking the entire population to be used as respondents. Data consists of primary data and secondary data. Primary data collection was carried out by means of interviews using questionnaires and observations. Collecting secondary data is by quoting data from related agencies or data from previous research results. The data obtained will be processed and analyzed descriptively qualitatively and descriptively quantitatively. Qualitative descriptive analysis is used to provide discussions of qualitative data related to existing theory. The data is analyzed and then interpreted as research results. The research results show that the income of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village comes from their main job as crew members on the Pajeko Ship and side jobs. Jubi fishermen's expenditure consists of total food expenditure plus total non-food expenditure. Analysis of the Engel Index obtained was 65.9%, which means that 65.9% of the total income of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village is used to meet food needs. This means that the level of welfare of jubi fishermen in Jayakarsa Village is still relatively low.
Availability and potentiality of small indigenous species of fish throughout ...AbdullaAlAsif1
This study was conducted with aiming to know the present status of small indigenous fish species (SIS) in Oxbow Lakes/baors and rivers as well as the availability of SIS of fish and their potentiality in the study area. Regular data were collected from some important fish landing center cum markets, Oxbow Lakes and rivers of the study area. The availability of small indigenous species (SIS) of fish declined to a great extent over the years and many of them are rare or endangered due to death of rivers and baors were brought under aquaculture. Besides these, Many of SIS of fish were being increasingly used as trash fish for fish feed purpose. As an over populated country, demand of SIS of fish is increasing day by day. After 1990s almost all Oxbow Lakes have been gradually trying to bring under aquaculture through local community or Department of Fisheries. The most significant message of this study is that, some vulnerable and endangered SIS of fish are locally abundant both in fish landing center, baors and rivers. So they must be conserved for their bioavailability and nutrition throughout the country that would be most intelligent efforts in favor of global ichthyo-biodiversity conservation.
Status of polyculture Pangasius hypophthalmus with carps in Jhikargacha Upazi...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted in Jhikargacha sub-district of Jessore district with the view to evaluating status of polyculture of Pangasius hypophthalmus with carps from July to December 2012. The mean age and experience of the respondents was 41.28±12.19 and 9.48±3.12 years respectively. Culture pond size was 0.41±0.21 ha (0.343 to 0.478 at 95% CL). 67.50% culture ponds were leased ponds and mean yearly lease value was 535364.70±468224.20 BDT/ha. All the ponds were rectangular in shape and perennial in nature. During preparation of pond, all the ponds were dried by draining out the water. Liming was done at 229.30±118.70 kg/ha (pre-stocking) and 250 kg/ha (post-stocking). Application rate of various fertilizers during post stocking management were recorded as- 155.12±79.10 kg/ha (cow dung); 158.27±79.85 kg/ha (urea); and 79.90±42.93 kg/ha (TSP). Five species of fishes were found to be stocked at the rate of 7377 individuals/ha including 93.10% P. hypophthalmus seeds and 6.90% other carps. Supplementary feeding was done daily and the application rates were 444.23±236.41 kg/ha (rice bran), 228.29±116.96 kg/ha (mustard oil cake), and 912.91±468.05 kg/ha (commercial pangus feeds, pellet). Average fish production was found 6672.84 kg/ha. All the fishes grown in the study area were marketed to fish landing centers and markets of three districts- Chuadanga (47.50%), Dhaka (30%) and Jessore (22.50%). The average cost-benefit ratio was 1:1.15. High mortality, low growth of seeds, and high input price were the major problems.
Contribution of aquaculture on livelihood development of fish farmer at Noakh...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted to assess the contribution of aquaculture on livelihood status of fish farmer at Noakhali sadar upazila. This research work was carried out during the period of February 2013 to July 2013. A total of 50 fish farmers were interviewed with a well-structured questionnaire. The survey revealed that average pond size was 0.48 ha with 40% of the farmers having ponds of single ownership, 20% having ponds of multiple-ownership, 30% having ponds of single lease and 10% having ponds of multiple leases. Poly culture of Indian major carps and exotic carps has been practiced by most of the farmers. Fish fingerlings were stocked from April to June and average stocking density was 12,370 fingerlings/ha. The average fish production cost was Tk 69,870/ha/yr. Although the living condition of the rural fish farmers were poor, livelihood outcomes were found positive and 88% of the farmers have improved their socioeconomic conditions through fish farming. The gross income and net profit were Tk. 1, 06,400 and Tk. 1, 00,000/ha/yr respectively. The average monthly income was in range of BDT 15,000-25,000. Their basic need like food, cloth, house, education and medical facility had changed after fish farming. The households have broadly improved their food consumption, family education, standards of living, purchasing power, choice and economic ability through fish farming. The constraints for sustainable pond fish farming in the areas were lack of technical knowledge of the farmers, disease of fishes, multiple ownership of the pond, higher production cost (mainly seeds and feed), insufficient supply of fry and fingerlings, lack of money and credit facilities and inadequate extension services. It is therefore essential to provide the necessary training facilities with institutional and organizational supports, credit facilities and extension services for sustainable fish production and livelihoods of rural fish farmers.
Socio-economic status of fish retailers in Jashore sadar, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted to determine the fish retailer's livelihood and socioeconomic status in three markets of Jashore for a period of six months from February to August, 2016. The average net profit of fish retailers was found higher in Boro bazaar (Tk.350) followed by Palbari bazaar (Tk.325), Chuadanga Bus Stand bazaar (TK.275). The average age groups of 20-65 years were found among the markets. The study shows that 53% fish retailers had nuclear family and 47% had joint family. Most of the housing conditions were kacha (69%) and Muslim fish retailers were predominant in all markets. Among the total 45 traders interviewed, 42% were illiterate, 31% have primary level education, 24% have secondary level education and none of them had bachelor level of education. It was found that fish retailers of Boro bazaar and Palbari bazaar sold an average of 35 kg fish daily, compared with Chuadanga Bus Stand bazaar 15 kg per day. The daily supply of fish in Boro bazaar can be estimated at 1.6 MT (25 retailers' × 65 kg) while 0.3 MT (15 retailers × 20 kg) and 0.45 MT (15 retailers × 30 kg) in C.B Bazar and Palbari bazaar respectively. Improvement in basic infrastructure such as, clean water supply, sanitation facilities, adequate drainage and ice facilities are recommended by the present study.
Marketing channels of mud crab (Scylla serrata) at Nijhum Dwip, Noakhali, Ban...AbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted to assess the marketing and value chain of crab from Nijhum Dwip Island in Noakhali region during July 2015 to December 2015. Data were collected through questionnaire interview and tools of participatory rural appraisal such as focus group discussion. The Meghna estuary, tidal rivers and mangroves were the main sources of crab. Local people including the fishermen can collect the crabs and crab lets. The grading system varied depending on sex and size of the crab. The highest average price was found to be 200 BDT/kg for FF1 grade of female while the minimum price was found to be 500 BDT/kg for XXL grade of male. Crabs were mainly available in April, May, June, July, August, September, and October. It was found that 70% crab catchers were from the age group of 12-28 years, which were the main working force in the society. In the study area, 60% of the crab marketers had monthly income of BDT 9,000-20,000, the farmers living conditions were not up to the mark but the survey suggests that most of the crab marketers and exporters increased their income level. If crab fattening can be established, training can be provided, institutional and policy support can be offered to the farmers and good marketing facilities can be developed, crab can be an alternative source of income and sustainable livelihood for the coastal poor people.
Fish fermentation in Lalpur, Brahmanbaria district: ecological implication an...AbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted to evaluate the present status of the production of traditional fermented fish product-shidal (Chapa shutki or shidol) in Lalpur, Ashuganj Union, Brahmanbaria district and its ecological implication and value chain during June to November, 2016. Shidal is produced by natural fermentation process of fresh water punti and marine phaisha and poa fish during winter (October to January). It was found that the Shidal production from freshwater fish in Lalpur has been shrinking gradually due to a decline in fish production from the Meghna River Basin and low supply of raw fishes from others areas. The fishers noted the local extinction of large numbers of once common fish with a gradually low supply of punti and a declining average size among the fishes that are still captured. It was found that not only the total volume of catch decreased but there have been a marked decline in catch per unit effort (CPUF) over the last ten years. During the fermentation season, every day 2-4 ton of raw punti are sold in Lalpur Fish Landing Center and the price of punti varies with grade, season and quality. On an average 4 kg of fresh punti produces 1.2 kg of dry punti and 1.2 kg of dry punti produces 1.44 kg of shidal. It was observed that there were two types of punti used for making shidal in Lalpur-with scales and without scales. The prices of shidal were Tk 800/kg, Tk 500/kg, and Tk 500/kg produced from punti, poa and phaisha, respectively. There are nearly 250 dangaries (fish processing place) for Shidal production and each of the danagaries produce 100-150 motkas (each motka contains 36-40 kg of shidal) of shidal in a season. One motka is sold in Tk. 20,000-24,000 when there is no salt used but Tk. 16,000 per motka when salt is used. It was found that around 2000 people were employed in Shidal production and another 200 people worked in filling in the motka in Lalpur. No chemical are used to make Shidal but some salt is applied during Shidal processing. It was observed that there was no fixed marketing channel for Shidalshutki. Seventy percent (70%) of the Shidal are produced for the domestic market. Shidal produced from small sized punti are exported to India but Shidal produced from marine fishes has never been exported. Although people prefer Shidal made from punti, but due to its gradual disappearance from the natural water bodies, they are forced to consume Shidal prepared from marine poa or phaisa.
Fry production and its marketing system of North-West fisheries extension pro...AbdullaAlAsif1
In order to understand the present status of hatcheries, questionnaire interview and participatory rural appraisal tools were used in North-west Fisheries Extension Project (NFEP), Parbatipur during the period from July to December 2015. There are two hatcheries in NFEP, Parbatipur- a carp hatchery and a prawn hatchery. The production of spawn was around 611 kg in the year 2015. According to the target hatchery manager collected brood fish from rivers and other sources which he maintained in their brood stock ponds with proper management. The hatchery manager maintained proper age and weight of broods for spawning and followed the guideline of hatchery operation so that the quality of spawn and fry were good. It was found that the hatcheries produced fish seed of a variety of species such as Indian major carps, carpio, sarpunti, silver carp, grass carp, magur, shing as well as freshwater prawn. The hatchery production activities took place starting from February and continued up to September. The quantity of fish seed produce varied from 25 to 75 kg per hatching cycle depending on size and facilities of hatcheries. The price of fry in NFEP was being fixed by the hatchery manager. However, the price variation was seen due to seasonal variation, species and demand. The average price of fish seed was highest in monsoon and lowest in winter. A number of middlemen were involved in the fry marketing channel of NFEP at Parbatipur. They were responsible for increasing the price of fry at each stage of marketing channel.
Bio-economic analysis of ESBN fishery of Kumira, the coastal area of Chittago...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present investigation was conducted from May to December 2005 at Kumira, the representative area of Chittagong coast for bio-socioeconomic analysis of ESBN fishery. In catch composition of Kumira, it was observed that finfish occupied 77.03 %, shrimp 19.82 % and crab 3.15 % and the average catch per boat per day were found 16.6 kg in Kumira. The highest total catch per boat per day (50 kg) was found in October at Kumira. The lowest catch was found (2 kg) in August at Kumira. The average total catch per landing center per month was found 14805 kg at Kumira. The average catch per fishermen per day was found 3.39 kg at Kumira and the average cost per boat per month was about 7,813 Tk in the study area. Average sale per month was found over 18,713 Tk in Kumira. During the month July and August most of the fishermen were engaged in Hilsa fishing with the Hilsa gill net resulting the total catch was with ESBN lowest in those months.
Ideally, the role of data collection is to support the monitoring of stated objectives and support for management processes. States should ensure that timely, complete, and reliable statistics on catch and fishing efforts are collected and maintained in accordance with applicable international standards and practices and in sufficient detail to allow sound statistical analysis. Such data should be updated regularly and verified through an appropriate system.
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IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
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The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
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Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
The objective os this study is to present Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Thailand and Vietnam with SLM practices. Farmer’s adoption and investment in SLM is a key for controlling land degradation, enhancing the well-being of society, and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations (World Bank, 2006; FAO, 2018). And agriculture remains an essential element of lives of many farmers in term of the strong cultural and symbolic values that attach current working generation to do and to spend time for it but not intern of income generating.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
The ethanolic extract of canarium solomonense leaves (ecsl) was studied for its neuroprotective activity. The neuroprotective activity of ECSL was found to have a significant impact on neuronal cell death triggered by hydrogen peroxide (MTT assay) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is frequently used to induce cognitive impairment in laboratory animals. Injections of scopolamine influence multiple cognitive functions, including motor function, short-term memory, and attention. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was evaluated. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, ECSL was found to have a substantial effect on the memory of scopolamine- induced amnesic rats. Our experimental data indicated that ECSL can reverse scopolamine induced amnesia and assist with memory issues.
The goal of neuroprotection is to shield neurons against damage, whether that damage is caused by environmental factors, pathogens, or neurodegenerative illnesses. Inhibiting protein-based deposit buildup, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as well as rectifying abnormalities of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine, are some of the ways in which medicinal herbs have neuroprotective effects [1-3]. This review will focus on the ways in which medicinal herbs may protect neurons.
A phytochemical and pharmacological review on canarium solomonenseAI Publications
The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally canarium solomonense have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for canarium solomonense as discussed in this review include antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity.
Influences of Digital Marketing in the Buying Decisions of College Students i...AI Publications
This research investigates the influence of digital marketing channels on purchasing decisions among college students in Ramanathapuram District. The study highlights that social media marketing, online advertising, and mobile marketing exhibit substantial positive effects on purchase decisions. However, email marketing's impact appears to be more complex. Moreover, the study explores how demographic variables like gender and academic level shape these effects. Notably, freshman students display varying susceptibility to specific digital marketing messages compared to their junior, senior, or graduate counterparts. These findings offer crucial insights for marketers aiming to tailor their strategies effectively to the preferences and behaviors of college students. By understanding the differential impacts of various digital marketing channels and considering demographic nuances, marketers can refine their approaches, optimize engagement, and ultimately enhance the effectiveness of their campaigns in targeting this demographic.
A Study on Performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural...AI Publications
The Karnataka State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Limited is the apex bank of all the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development banks in the state. All the PCARD Banks in the state are affiliated to it. The KSCARD Bank provides financial accommodation to the PCARD Banks for their lending operations. In order to quick sanction and disbursement of loans and supervision over the PCARD Banks the KSCARD Bank has opened district level branches. Bank has established Women Development Cell to promote entrepreneurship among women in 2005. The Bank is identifying women borrowers in the rural areas by assigning suitable projects to motivate their self-confidence to lead independent life. Progress made in financing women entrepreneurs women.
Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
A retrospective study on ovarian cancer with a median follow-up of 36 months ...AI Publications
Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
More analysis on environment protection and sustainable agriculture - A case ...AI Publications
This study presents a case of tea and coffee crops , esp. environment protection and sustainable agriculture in Son La and Thai Nguyen of Vietnam. Research results show us that The process of having an agricultural product goes through many steps such as planting, planning, harvesting, packing, transporting, storing and distributing. - The State adopts policies to encourage innovation of agricultural production models and methods towards sustainability, adapting to climate change, saving water, and limiting the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. chemicals and products for environmental treatment in agriculture; develop environmentally friendly agricultural models. Our research limitation is that we can expand for other crops, industries and markets as well.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Cultivating Proactive Cybersecurity Culture among IT Professional to Combat E...AI Publications
In the current digital landscape, cybercriminals continually evolve their techniques to execute successful attacks on businesses, thus posing a great challenge to information technology (IT) professionals. While traditional cybersecurity approaches like layered defense and reactive security have helped IT professionals cope with traditional threats, they are ineffective in dealing with evolving cyberattacks. This paper focuses on the need for a proactive cybersecurity culture among IT professionals to enable them combat evolving threats. The paper emphasis that building a proactive security approach and culture can help among IT professionals anticipate, identify, and mitigate latent threats prior to them exploiting existing vulnerabilities. This paper also points out that as IT professionals use reactive security when dealing with traditional attacks, they can use it collaboratively with proactive security to effectively protect their networks, data, and systems and avoid heavy costs of dealing with cyberattack’s aftermaths and business recovery.
The Impacts of Viral Hepatitis on Liver Enzymes and BilrubinAI Publications
Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Several different viruses cause hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause acute infections. The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause acute and chronic infections. Hepatitis A causes only acute infection and typically gets better without treatment after a few weeks. The hepatitis A virus spreads through contact with an infected person’s stool. Protection by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis E is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. Some types of hepatitis E virus are spread by drinking water contaminated by an infected person’s stool. Other types are spread by eating undercooked pork or wild game. Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic infection. Recommendation for screening for hepatitis B in pregnant women or in those with a high chance of being infected. Protection from hepatitis B by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis C can cause acute or chronic infection. Doctors usually recommend one-time screening of all adults ages 18 to 79 for hepatitis C. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent liver damage. The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect those who have a hepatitis B virus infection. A coinfection occurs when both hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections at the same time. A superinfection occurs already have chronic hepatitis B and then become infected with hepatitis D. The aim of this study is to find the effect of each type of viral hepatitis on the bilirubin (TB , DSB) , and liver enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP,GGT among viral hepatitis patients. 200 patients were selected from the viral hepatitis units in the central public health laboratory in Baghdad city, all the chosen cases were confirmed as a positive samples , they are classified into four equal group each with fifty individual and with a single serological viral hepatitis type either; anti-HAV( IgM ) , HBs Ag , anti-HCV ,or anti-HEV(IgM ). All patients were tested for; serum bilirubin ( TB ,D.SB ) , AST , ALT , ALP , GGT. Another fifty quite healthy and normal person was selected as a control group for comparison. . Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBVAST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver cell damage than AST, It is relatively specific for hepatocyte necrosis with a marked elevations in viral hepatitis. Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBV.AST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver
Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
2. Longdong et al. International Journal of Forest, Animal and Fisheries Research (IJFAF)
6(5)-2022
Int. J. Forest Animal Fish. Res.
www.aipublications.com/ijfaf Page | 18
fishing industry in Eastern Indonesia. (BPS, MINUT
2020).
It has an area of 955.32 km2, North Minahasa Regency has
its capital city in Airmadidi. Known as a district that has a
range of large and small islands scattered in the waters of
North Sulawesi. A total of 47 islands have been recorded
and have been named (Kemendagri, 2020). As an
archipelagic region, this area is certainly inseparable from
the development of the fisheries sector, especially capture
fisheries. One of the sub-districts that is the center of
Demersal fish capture fisheries production is Kema
District. Marketing distribution of capture production from
fishing fleets in Kema District has spread to several areas
outside North Minahasa Regency.
Based on the statistics-KKP 2020, it is recorded that fish
consumption in North Sulawesi Province from 2017 to
2019 has increased, where fish consumption in 2017 was
60.24, in 2018 it rose to 62.63 and in 2019 it became 66.75
kg/capita/year. The development of culinary centers in one
area is closely related to the increase in tourism in that
area, culinary centers cannot be separated from the variety
of food menus that are sold. Fishery products are known to
be very complete so that they give their own color as an
attraction for tourists, whether they come from fishing
production or aquaculture production, both from
freshwater fish and seawater fish.
Groups of demersal fish (including corals) are fish species
that most of their lives are on the bottom or near the
bottom of the waters. The most common demersal fish
known to the public include; red snapper, white pomfret,
manyung, kuniran, kurisi, gulamah, layur, beloso and
peperek. Due to its position as a very important fishery
export commodity and the different biological
characteristics of fish in general, the stock assessment is
carried out separately. (BPPL, KKP 2019)
Based on Capture Fisheries Statistics (2012) several types
of demersal fish that were dominantly landed from WPP
715 were lencam: 7,531 tons (26.34%), kuwe: 3,646 tons
(12.75 %), white snapper: 3,537 tons (12.37% ) and red
snapper 3,282 tons (11,48%). Meanwhile, the composition
of reef fish species consisted of yellowtail: 4,566 tons
(42.11%), coral grouper: 2,915 tons (26.89%), and sunu
grouper: 1,587 tons (14.64%). The distribution of demersal
fish resources is relatively narrow covering the coastal
areas of Tarakan Belinyu and Nunukan in East Kalimantan
and Likupang Bay and around the Sangir Talaud islands in
North Sulawesi. (BPPL, KKP 2019)
Considering that fishery commodities have distinctive
characteristics, namely easily damaged, non-uniform,
seasonal, producing areas are generally on the coast and
have a wider and refrigerated space for storage, marketing
of fishery products in general has the potential to be
inefficient (Abidin, 2015). to pay attention to the exact
distribution pattern, which according to Kotler, P. &
Keller, K.L. (2012), distribution is a process of delivering
finished goods from producers to consumers when needed.
Distribution channel according to Kotler and Armstrong
(2001), is a set of interdependent organizations involved in
the process of providing a product or service, for use or
consumption by consumers or business users. Likewise,
Assauri (2013) also states that distribution channels are
institutions whose activities are to market products, in the
form of goods and services from producers to consumers.
Research conducted by Triyana A (2010) explains that the
preferences formed by consumers based on the attributes
of price, size and freshness are very dependent on the
efficiency of a distribution channel that is caught.
According to Gazali (2016) who examined consumer
preferences for marine products, the attributes that have a
real influence on consumer attitudes in choosing fish
products are product quality and diversity.
II. RESEARCH METHODS
1. Basic Method
The basis of the method is a case study and the primary
data source comes from fishermen and collector traders as
fish marketers. which. Bungin, (2010) stated that the
qualitative descriptive format is generally carried out in
research in the form of case studies. This research focuses
intensively on one particular object obtained from all
related parties. Case study research will lack depth if it is
only focused on a certain phase or one particular aspect
before obtaining a general description of the case
(Nawawi, 2003).
2 Types and sources of data
The types of data are primary data and secondary data.
Primary data obtained directly from data sources, namely;
fishermen, collectors, restaurant owners and consumers as
the final users of the products produced. Secondary data
was obtained through the Central Statistics Agency (BPS,
Department of Fisheries and Marine Affairs, Ministry of
Maritime Affairs and Fisheries and other supporting data
obtained through the website of the relevant government
office.
3 Data Retrieval Methods
The data collection method uses a sampling technique
based on purphosive sampling for fishermen respondents
and collectors traders, each of which will be taken 5
respondents with the researcher's assumption that the
information to be obtained is the same for the
completeness of qualitative and quantitative data.
3. Longdong et al. International Journal of Forest, Animal and Fisheries Research (IJFAF)
6(5)-2022
Int. J. Forest Animal Fish. Res.
www.aipublications.com/ijfaf Page | 19
Meanwhile, for consumers using the accidental sampling
method, or sampling by chance, where data is taken by
chance when consumers are met while buying products
without prior planning (Sugiyono, 2009).
4. Data collection technique
Data collection techniques in this study were structured
interviews, observation and filling out a list of questions
directed by the data collection team. The interviews were
conducted by asking several questions systematically and
the questions asked had been compiled.
5. Data analysis
Quantitative descriptive data analysis to analyze consumer
attitude preferences towards types of demersal fish that
have been processed in their choice for consumption. The
sample here is the consumer and the variables used are:
taste, price, type of cuisine as the independent variable and
purchasing decisions which are the dependent variable.
Because in this study, multivariate analysis was carried
out, in sampling, the number of samples was at least 10
times the number of variables studied. So the number of
samples taken is 40 samples. This study uses a scale with a
Likert Scale, which uses scores and indexes from very low
to very high (Sekaran, 2006). The analytical tool is
multiple linear regression analysis. Sugiyono (2008), states
that to test the associative/relationship hypothesis using
product moment correlation, multiple correlation, partial
correlation, and regression analysis using interval data
III. RESEARCH RESULT
1 General Condition
North Minahasa Regency, which was divided from
Minahasa Regency in 1995, continues to develop with
natural resources that support the development of this
Regency. As a district directly adjacent to Bitung city as a
fishing industry city, North Minahasa Regency also has
fish unloading centers including in Likupang sub-district
and Kema sub-district.
Kema is a sub-district in the northern Minahasa Regency
of North Sulawesi Province which is bordered by Bitung
City to the north and the Maluku Sea to the east and
Kombi District to the south. Kema Village which is
located in Kema District is currently divided into 3
villages, namely Kema 1, Kema 2 and Kema 3 villages.
The capital of the sub-district and the fishing port are
located in the village of Kema 3. This fishing port is a
local port that supplies caught marine fish, both pelagic
fish species and demersal fish or reef fish. This fishing
port is designated as a fish landing base (PPI) which is the
only fish landing base in North Minahasa district where
Demersal fish are unloaded. Most of these fishery actors
live in 3 villages, namely Kema 1, Kema 2 and Kema 3, so
the special distribution pattern for Demersal fish catches
starts from these three Kema villages. There are
approximately 25 active fleets with various sizes ranging
from 20-30GT which on average will provide
approximately 30 tons of catch in one trip.
Table 1. Table of production of Demersal Fish in Minut 2021.
Table 1 shows the production of demersal fish catching
except for Kuwe batu (Seriola dumeril) and white Kuwe
(Caranx ignobilis) which is better known as Bobara fish,
by the people of North Minahasa Regency and even for the
entire province of North Sulawesi. This is because the 2
types of fish have been cultivated around Likupang waters.
Based on data on the development of aquaculture
production in 2021, aquaculture production for grouper is
60.40 tons from the production target of 120.30 tons and
Kuwe batu fish is 269.57 tons from the production target
of 3,456.92 tons (DKP Minut, 2021).
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2 Distribution Process
Based on the research objectives, the distribution agencies
that apply to the Demersal fishing business in Kema are:
Fishermen Entrepreneurs who own fishing fleets, large and
small collectors traders, retailers and consumers. Before
the final consumers who enjoy the final product of this
Demersal fish, which are also classified as consumer
institutions consist of processing factories, markets,
restaurants and catering entrepreneurs. This distribution
agency is categorized as a consumer institution because it
has carried out the processing first and then reaches the
final consumer level. For complete patterned as picture 1
below:
traders have existed for a long time to create economic value.
Fig.1. Distribution pattern of demersal fish at the port of unloading fishery kema
The distribution pattern above illustrates that there are
three levels of distribution channels that are formed to the
final consumer. The distribution channels include:
fishermen producers directly to processing factories for
export orientation. Furthermore, from fishing producers to
wholesale traders to be distributed to factories, restaurants
and retailers who then enter the modern market. In the next
section, the distribution process begins with small traders
distributing products to retailers, catering entrepreneurs
and restaurants and then entering the traditional markets.
3 Consumers' Attitudes Towards Their Preferences on
Demersal Fish
This study also aims to analyze consumer attitudes towards
their preferences in choosing to consume Demersal fish.
To limit data collection, this study only took 5 types of
demersal fish which were mostly found in restaurants
around culinary centers in North Minahasa district.
Respondent sample data taken were 15 respondents,
namely consumers who were found while ordering dishes
in the form of fish products from the 5 types of fish. 4
categories of questions regarding taste, nutrition, price and
habits that determine consumers to choose between these 5
types of fish, namely fish: Snapper Lutjanidae ), Goropa
Epinephelidae , Seahorse Nemipterus nematophorus,
Bobara Caranx ignobilis ) and Lolosi (Caesio chrysozona).
3.1 Consumer Attitude Test
a. Snapper (Lutjanidae)
Table 2. Data Validation Test for Snapper data
Variable r-count r-table decision
Flavor 0.748 0.514 Valid Enaough
Nutrition 0.764 0.514 Valid Enough
Price 0.815 0.514 Valid High
Habit 0.782 0.514 Valid Enough
The test results show that the instrument as outlined in the
questionnaire has a corrected item value greater than the r
table value of 0.514 (alpha value > r table). In the validity
fisherman producer
traditional
market
restaurant
Factory
factory
retailer restaurant
big collectors small collectors
retailer catering
entrepreneur
modern
market
5. Longdong et al. International Journal of Forest, Animal and Fisheries Research (IJFAF)
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test carried out on the snapper variable, it was found that
all the calculated r values were greater than r table, which
means that all indicators on the questionnaire were
declared valid with a moderately correlated to high
category. Likewise with the reliability test. The reliability
of snapper is 0.626, which means a high reliability value,
for an error rate of 5% or 1%.
Table 3. Reliability Test (Snapper)
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
X1 15 72 4.800 0.171
X2 15 68 4.533 0.267
X3 15 4.400 0.257
X4 15 67 4.467 0.267
Table 4. Anova: Single Factor (Snapper)
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 1.38 3 0.46 1.92 0.12 2.77
Within Groups 13.467 56 0.240
Total 14.850 59
The F value of 1,92 is smaller than the F table of 2,77.
This shows that the average of the four treatments X1-X4,
does not affect the decision to consume snapper, or taste,
price, nutrition and habits are not reasons for consumers to
decide to consume this type of snapper.
b. Goropa fish (Epinephelidae)
Table 5. Data Validation Test for Goropa data
Variable r-count r-table decision
Flavor 0.694 0.514 Valid Enough
Nutrition 0.834 0.514 Valid High
Price 0.867 0.514 Valid High
Habit 0.626 0.514 Valid Enough
Goropa's reliability is 0.600, which means the reliability
value is quite good.
Table 6. Reliability Test (Goropa)
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
X1 15 73 4.867 0.124
X2 15 70 4.667 0.238
X3 15 68 4.533 0.267
X4 15 65 4.333 0.238
Table 7. Anova: Single Factor (Goropa)
Source of
Variation SS df MS F
P-
value
F
crit
Between Groups 2.27 3 0.76
3.4
9 0.02 2.77
Within Groups
12.13
3
5
6
0.21
7
Total
14.40
0
5
9
The F value of 3,49 is greater than the F table of 2,77.
c. Chariot Fish ( Nemipterus nematophorus )
Table 8. Data Validation Test for Chair data
Variable r-count r-table decision
Flavor 0.828 0.514 Valid High
Nutrition 0.828 0.514 Valid High
Price 0.852 0.514 Valid High
Habit 0.852 0.514 Valid High
The reliability of the chair is 0.669, which means a high
reliability value.
Table 9. Reliability Test (Seat)
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Flavor 15 63 4.200 0.171
Nutrition 15 63 4.200 0.171
Price 15 61 4.067 0.067
Habit 15 61 4.067 0.067
Table 10. Anova: Single Factor (Chair)
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 0.27 3 0.09 0.75 0.53 2.77
Within Groups 6.667 56 0.119
Total 6.933 59
The F value of 0.747 is smaller than the F table of 2.769.
d. Bobara Fish (Caranx ignobilis)
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Table 11. Data Validation Test for Bobara data
Variable r-count r-table decision
Taste 0.791 0.514 Valid Enough
Nutrition 0.531 0.514 Valid Slightly Low
Price 0.736 0.514 Valid Enough
Habit 0.792 0.514 Valid Enough
Bobara's reliability is 0.541 which means the reliability
value is low.
Table 12. Reliability Test (Bobara)
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Flavor 15 72 4.800 0.171
Nutrition 15 71 4.733 0.210
Price 15 67 4.467 0.267
Habit 15 66 4.400 0.257
Table 13. Anova: Single Factor (Bobara)
Source of
Variation SS df MS F
P-
value
F
crit
Between
Groups
1.73
3 3
0.57
8
2.55
4 0.064
2.76
9
Within Groups
12.6
67
5
6
0.22
6
Total
14.4
00
5
9
The F value of 2,554 is smaller than the F table of 2,769.
e. Lolosi Fish (Caesio chrysozona)
Table 14. Data Validation Test for Passage data
Variable r-count r-table decision
Flavor 0.795 0.514 Valid Enough
Nutrition 0.956 0.514 Valid High
Price 0.846 0.514 Valid High
Habit 0.956 0.514 Valid High
The pass reliability is 0.721 which means a high reliability
value.
Table 15. Reliability Test (Pass)
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Flavor 15 64 4.267 0.210
Nutrition 15 62 4.133 0.124
Price 15 63 4.200 0.171
Habit 15 62 4.133 0.124
Table 16. Anova: Single Factor (Pass)
Source of
Variation SS df MS F
P-
value
F
crit
Between Groups 0.18 3 0.06
0.3
9 0.76 2.77
Within Groups
8.80
0
5
6
0.15
7
Total
8.98
3
5
9
The F value of 0.39 is smaller than the F table of 2.77.
The test results show that the instruments contained in the
questionnaire, for the 5 fish variables have a corrected item
value greater than the r table value of 0.514 (alpha value >
r table). In the validity test conducted on the snapper,
chair, bobara, grouper, and escape variables, it was found
that all the calculated r values were greater than r table,
which means that all indicators in the questionnaire were
declared valid with a moderate to high correlation
category. Likewise with the reliability test. Reliability on
snapper is 0.626 which means high reliability value, as
well as for chariot fish the value is 0.669 , 0.721 escapes
and Goropa 0.600 which is categorized as sufficient for an
error level of 5% or 1%. Only bobara fish have a low
reliability value of 0.541 which indicates that there is a
more precise instrument that should be used to measure
consumer decisions when buying this fish product.
3.2 Likert Index of 5 Types of Fish
Table 17. Likert scale on four attitude dimensions (Index)
based on average.
INDEX Taste Nutrition Price Habit Average
Kakap 14.40 13.60 13.20 13.40 13.65
Goropa 14.60 14.00 13.60 13.00 13.80
Kerusi 12.60 12.60 12.20 12.20 12.40
Bobara 14.40 14.20 13.40 13.20 13.80
Lolosi 12.80 12.40 12.60 12.40 12.55
7. Longdong et al. International Journal of Forest, Animal and Fisheries Research (IJFAF)
6(5)-2022
Int. J. Forest Animal Fish. Res.
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Fig.2. Likert diagram for fish species based on average
Table 18. Likert scale on four dimensions of attitude in Percentage
INDEX Taste Nutrition Price Habit Average
Kakap 96.00 90.67 88.00 89.33 91.00
Goropa 97.33 93.33 90.67 86.67 92.00
Kerusi 84.00 84.00 81.33 81.33 82.67
Bobara 96.00 94.67 89.33 88.00 92.00
Lolosi 85.33 82.67 84.00 82.67 83.67
Fig.3. Likert diagram for fish species by percentage
The partial test of each attitude dimension showed that
taste, nutrition, price and habit factors did not actually
influence the purchase decision or the decision to consume
demersal fish. There were several inputs that were found
when conducting accidental interviews with restaurant
owners, that the most important factor was the level of
freshness of the fish. Adawyah (2007), fresh fish is fish
that still has the same characteristics as live fish, in terms
8. Longdong et al. International Journal of Forest, Animal and Fisheries Research (IJFAF)
6(5)-2022
Int. J. Forest Animal Fish. Res.
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of appearance, smell, taste, and texture. One of the
parameters to determine the freshness of fish is
organoleptic assessment. Thus, this shows that although
the people's diet always likes to eat fish, the level of
freshness is something that remains a consideration.
IV. CONCLUSION
1. There are 3 levels of distribution patterns of demersal
fish marketing in North Minahasa Regency which are
described through distribution channels that are
formed to the final consumer. The first channel is
fishing producers to large collectors, factories and
small collectors. At the second level, the distribution
process originates from wholesalers who distribute
products to processing factories, restaurants and
retailers for both traditional and modern markets. At
the third level from the fishermen producers directly
to the factory.
2. The instruments contained in the questionnaire, for
the 5 fish variables have a corrected item value
greater than the r table value of 0.514 (alpha value > r
table). In the validity test conducted on the snapper,
chair, bobara, grouper, and escape variables, it was
found that all the calculated r values were greater
than r table, which means that all indicators in the
questionnaire were declared valid with a moderate to
high correlation category. Likewise with the
reliability test. Reliability on snapper is 0.626 which
means high reliability value, as well as for chariot
fish the value is 0.669 , 0.721 escapes and Goropa
0.600 which is categorized as sufficient for an error
level of 5% or 1%. Only bobara fish have a low
reliability value of 0.541 which indicates that there is
a more precise instrument that should be used to
measure consumer decisions when buying this fish
product.
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