A detail and straight forward information about th CD and ORD
and Also about the polarization of light i.e. plane polarized light and circular polarized light
A detail and straight forward information about th CD and ORD
and Also about the polarization of light i.e. plane polarized light and circular polarized light
described about optical activity, specific rotation, angle of rotation and circular dichroism and differences between ORD and CD and applications of ORD AND CD,
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Two dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (2D NMR) refers to a set of multi pulse techniques which were introduced to overcome the complex spectra obtained with NMR.
It is a set of NMR methods which give data plotted in a space defined by two frequency axes rather than one.
this ppt contain all basic information related to the mass spectrometry like introduction, principle of MS, type of ions, fragmentation processes eg. mcLafferty rearrangement, alpha clevage, sigma bond clevage, retro-diels-alder reaction
described about optical activity, specific rotation, angle of rotation and circular dichroism and differences between ORD and CD and applications of ORD AND CD,
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Two dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (2D NMR) refers to a set of multi pulse techniques which were introduced to overcome the complex spectra obtained with NMR.
It is a set of NMR methods which give data plotted in a space defined by two frequency axes rather than one.
this ppt contain all basic information related to the mass spectrometry like introduction, principle of MS, type of ions, fragmentation processes eg. mcLafferty rearrangement, alpha clevage, sigma bond clevage, retro-diels-alder reaction
Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy or vibrational spectroscopy) involves the interaction of infrared radiation with matter. It covers a range of techniques, mostly based on absorption spectroscopy. As with all spectroscopic techniques, it can be used to identify and study chemicals
Model the vector nature of light (Linear, Circular, Mueller/Stokes/Jones Matrix, Poincaré sphere ) and optical components that manipulate polarization (e.g., polarizing filters and quarter-wave plates).
Similar to Optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism presentation (20)
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Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
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Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. SOME IMPORTANT BASICS TO BE
REMEMBERED IN ORD:
• LIGHT: It is an electromagnetic radiation consists of both
vibrating electric and magnetic vectors perpendicular to
each other & having the wavelength of 4000-7700
angstroms.
• Study of light is called Optics.
• WAVE LENGTH: The distance between successive crests
or peaks of a wave. It is denoted by “ λ ”.
• CHROMOPHORE: An atom or group whose presence is
responsible for the colour of a compound.
3. OPTICAL ROTATORY DISPERSION (ORD)
• DEFINITION: Rate of change of specific rotation with
change in wave length is called as ORD. It is used for
structural determination of carbonyl compounds.
• FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ORD:
• Plane polarized light.
• Optical activity
• Specific rotation.
• Circular Birefrengence.
• Optical Rotation.
4. PLANE POLARIZED LIGHT
• Light from ordinary lamp consists of waves vibrating in
many different planes.
• When it is passed through polaroid lense it is found to
vibrate in one plane is said to be plane polarised light or
polarised light.
5. OPTICAL ACTIVITY
• The compounds which are having the ability to
rotate the plane of polarised light are called
optically active compounds.
• This property of compound is called optical
activity.
• It is measured by Polarimeter.
• Compound which rotates plane of polarised
light to right (clock wise) is called
DEXTROROTATORY & is denoted by (+) sign.
6. • If the compound rotates plane of polarised light
towards left side (anti clock wise) is called
LEVOROTATORY & is denoted by (-) sign.
• Image of Polarimeter :
7. • When a ray of monochromatic polarized light
strikes a solution, several phenomenon’s occurs
like –
• 1. Reflection on the surface.
• 2. Refraction.
• 3. Rotation of plane polarization
• 4. Absorption.
8. SPECIFIC ROTATION
It is defined as the rotation produced by a solution of
length 10cm & unit concentration (1gm/ml) for given
wavelength of light at the given temperature. It is
denoted by α.
IT DEPENDES ON VARIOUS FACTORS LIKE:
• Nature of substance.
• Length of the column.
• Conc. of the sol.
• Temp of the sol.
• Nature of the solvent.
• Wavelength of the light used.
9. CIRCULAR BIREFRINGENCE
• If two equal & opposite beams of CPL & PPL passes
through an optically active compound it result in
characteristic phenomenon is called Circular
Birefringence.
10.
11. OPTICAL ROTATION
• When a plane polarized light(PPL)t is passed through
optically active compound due to it’s Circular
Birefrigence results in unequal rate of propagation of
left & right circularly polarized rays.
• This unequal rate of propagation of both left & right
circularly polarized light deviates the PPL from it’s
original direction & it is called as OPTICAL
ROTATION.
• Optical rotation caused by compound changed with
wavelength of light was first noted by Biot in 1817.
12. CIRCULAR DICHROISM
• Circular Dichroism occurs when the two circularly
polarized components of PPL are absorbed differentially.
• When the component emerges out there is an imbalance
in their strength & the resultant two will not be linearly
polarized but elliptically polarized & this phenomenon is
called as CIRCULAR DICHROISM
13.
14. COTTON CURVES
• French physicist discovered it & he described it as, The
combination of circular dichroism and circular
birefringence is known as cotton effect.
• Djerassi & Klyne suggested that rotatory dispersion
curves should be classified in to two main types:
1. Plain curves.
2. Cotton effect curves/ anomalous curves.
15. PLAIN CURVES ANOMALOUS
CURVES
• These curves will show the high
peaks & troughs which depends
on the absorbing groups. So they
are called as Anomalous
dispersion of optical rotation.
• These curves will obtain for the
compounds which are having
asymmetric carbon &
chromophore which absorbs near
UV region.
• These are again divided into 2
types, they are :
1. Single cotton effect curves
2. Multiple cotton effect curves.
• These are normal or plain curves.
• These curves occurs at
absorption maximum.
• The curves obtained do not
contain any peak or inflections
and that the curve do not cross
the zero rotation line.
• These curves obtained for
compounds which don’t have
any absorption in wavelength
where optically active
compounds are examined.
• Ex: Hydrocarbons, Alcohols etc.
19. DIFFERENCE B/W ORD & CD
ORD CD
PLANE POLARIZED LIGHT
DISPERSIVE PHENOMENA
PLANE POLARIZED IS USED & IS NOT
CONVERTED TO ELLIPTICAL LIGHT
GRAPHS ARE OBTAINED BY SPECIFIC
ROTATION V/S WAVELENGTH
CIRCULARLY POLARIZED LUGHT
ABSORPTIVE PHENOMENA
CIRCULAR POLARIZED LIGHT IS USED & IS
CONVERTED TO ELLIPICITY
GRAPHS ARE OBTAINED MOLAR ELLIPICITY
V/S WAVE LENGTH
20. ADVANTAGES
• Simple and quick experiments
• No extensive preparation
• Relatively low concentrations/amounts of sample
• Microsecond time resolution
• Any size of macromolecule
• Better resolution
• Better sensitivity
• Easier to assign
21. APPLICATIONS
• CD/ORD of protein.
• Qualitative analysis of molecules.
• Enzyme co-factor evaluation.
• CD/ORD of proteins.
• CD as finger printing.
• CD/ORD of nucleic acids.
• CD of B-DNA is different as compared to A-DNA.
• Evidence for base stacking.
