OPTICAL FIBER
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Optical fibers are thin flexible fibers made of glass or plastic that transmit light along their length. They work by the phenomenon of total internal reflection which keeps light trapped inside the core of the fiber. Optical fibers are used for long distance telecommunication networks and have advantages over electrical cables in transmitting signals over longer distances with less loss. They are also used for applications such as illumination, imaging, sensing and transmitting power.
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This document summarizes Mrudula Ghosh's presentation on optical fiber communication. It begins with an introduction to optical fibers, including their history, structure, working principle, and classification. It then discusses optical fiber communication systems and their components. The main advantages of optical fiber include high bandwidth, electrical isolation, low loss, small size, high security, and low power consumption. Disadvantages include high initial installation costs and limitations to point-to-point communication. Applications of optical fiber span telecommunications, civil infrastructure, military uses, and broadband networks. In conclusion, while optical fiber communication has some negatives, it has revolutionized the field of communication.
Brief over view of fiber optic cable advantages over copper
Fiber optic cable has several advantages over copper cable including higher speed, greater bandwidth, ability to transmit signals over longer distances without needing to be refreshed or strengthened, and greater resistance to electromagnetic noise. Fiber optic uses light pulses instead of electronic pulses to transmit information down fiber lines. Signals are transmitted through the fiber using the principle of total internal reflection, where light bouncing inside the fiber core is reflected back rather than escaping. This allows signals to be transmitted over long distances with minimal loss.
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Optical fibers transmit light between ends of a flexible glass or plastic fiber. They consist of a core and cladding layer, with the core having a higher refractive index to keep light confined via total internal reflection. This allows transmission over longer distances and higher bandwidths than electrical cables. Optical fibers come in single mode, graded index multimode, and step index multimode types depending on core size and refractive index profile. Their advantages include high bandwidth, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and low attenuation over long distances.
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- 1. Optical Fiber An optical fibre is a flexible, transparentfibre made by drawing glass(silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair. Optical fibres are used most often as a means to transmitlight between the two ends of the fibre and find wide usage in fibre-optic communication, where they permit transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than electrical cables. Fibres are used instead of metal wires becausesignals travel along them with less loss; in addition, fibres are immune to electromagnetic interference, a problem fromwhich metal wires suffer. Fibres arealso used for illumination and imaging and are often wrapped in bundles so they may be used to carry light into, or images out of confined spaces, as in the caseof a fiberscope. Specially designed fibres arealso used for a variety of other applications, some of them being fibre optic sensors and fibrelasers. Construction Optical fibres typically include a coresurrounded by a transparentcladding material with a lower index of refraction. Light is kept in the coreby the phenomenon of total internal reflection which causes the fibreto act as a waveguide. Fibres that supportmany propagation paths or transversemodes are called multi-mode fibres, while those that supporta single mode are called single-mode fibres (SMF). Multi-mode fibres generally havea wider core diameter and are used for short-distancecommunication links and for applications wherehigh power must be transmitted. Single-modefibres are used for mostcommunication links longer than 1,000 meters (3,300 ft).
- 2. Types Multi-mode Fibre Fibre with large corediameter (greater than 10 micrometres) may be analysed by geometrical optics. Such fibre is called multi-mode fibre, from the electromagnetic analysis. In a step-index multi-mode fibre, rays of light are guided along the fibrecore by total internal reflection.
- 3. The propagationof lightthrougha multi-mode optical fibre. Single-mode Fibre Fibre with a core diameter less than aboutten times the wavelength of the propagating light cannotbe modelled using geometric optics. Instead, it must be analysed as an electromagnetic waveguidestructure, by solution of Maxwell’s equations as reduced to the electromagnetic waveequation. The electromagnetic analysis may also be required to understand behaviours such as speckle that occur when coherent light propagates in multi-mode fibre. As an optical waveguide, the fibre supports oneor more confined transverse mode by which light can propagate along the fibre. Fibre supporting only one mode is called single-modeor mono-modefibre. The behaviour of larger-core multi-mode fibre can also be modelled using the waveequation, which shows that such fibresupports morethan one mode of propagation.
- 4. The structure of a typical single-mode fibre. 1. Core: 8 µm diameter 2. Cladding: 125 µm dia. 3. Buffer: 250 µm dia. 4. Jacket: 400 µm dia. Attenuation Attenuation in fibre optics, also known as transmission loss, is thereduction in intensity of the light beam as it travels through the transmission medium. Attenuation coefficients in fibre optics usually use units of dB/km through the medium due to the relatively high quality of transparency of modern optical transmission media. The medium is usually a fibre of silica glass that confines the incident light beam to the inside. Attenuation is an important factor limiting the transmission of a digital signal across largedistances. Thus, much research has gone into both limiting the attenuation and maximizing the amplification of the optical signal. Empirical research has shown that attenuation in optical fibreis caused primarily by both scattering and absorption. Single-modeoptical fibres can be made with extremely low loss. Applications Communication Optical fibre is used as a medium for telecommunication and computer networking becauseit is flexible and can be bundled as cables. Itis especially advantageous for long-distancecommunications, becauseinfrared propagates through the fibrewith much lower attenuation compared to electrical cables. This allows long distances to be spanned with few repeaters. Sensors Fibres have many uses in remote sensing. In someapplications, the sensor is itself an optical fibre. In other cases, fibre is used to connect a non-fibreoptic sensor to a measurementsystem. Depending on the application, fibre may be
- 5. used because of its small size, or the fact that no electrical power is needed at the remote location. Optical fibres can be used as sensors to measure strain, temperature, pressure, and other quantities by modifying a fibre so that the property to measure modulates the intensity, phase, polarization, wavelength, or transittime of light in the fibre. Common uses for fibre optic sensors includeadvanced intrusion detection security systems. Thelight is transmitted along a fibreoptic sensor cable placed on a fence, pipeline, or communication cabling, and the returned signal is monitored and analysed for disturbances. Power Transmission Optical fibre can be used to transmitpower using a photovoltaic cell to convert the light into electricity. While this method of power transmission is notas efficient as conventional ones, it is especially usefulin situations whereit is desirable.