The document discusses evaluation of the optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer. It provides details on the anatomy and characteristics examined, including the intra-papillary and para-papillary regions. Glaucomatous damage results in characteristic signs in these areas like retinal nerve fiber layer defects. Newer imaging techniques like stereo-photogrammetry, scanning laser technologies, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) allow for early diagnosis by focusing on the retinal nerve fiber layer and optic disc. OCT is particularly useful for evaluating pre-perimetric glaucoma and monitoring macular changes.
Most retinal surgeons are trained to create formal retinal drawings of the fundus.
Retinal drawings are useful to document pathology, although more and more people now prefer fundus photographs.
Can be used for serial follow up of patients to document changes in the pathology.
Scleral contact lenses , types, uses in various ocular conditions.
An in-depth and unbiased details of these lenses as a therapeutic and also as a drug - delivery system in modern ophthalmology.
A must read for all Ophthalmologists and Optometrists.
Retinal vasculitis refers to the inflammation of the retinal vessel resulting in evident clinical manifestations i.e. vascular sheathing, leakage and occlusion. This presentation covers the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and management of this spectrum of retinal disease.
This ppt describe about the incidence, diagnosis and management of maculopathy in caaes of pathological myopia.
Data collected and created by Vivek Chaudhary
For queries : vivek977optom@gmail.com
Most retinal surgeons are trained to create formal retinal drawings of the fundus.
Retinal drawings are useful to document pathology, although more and more people now prefer fundus photographs.
Can be used for serial follow up of patients to document changes in the pathology.
Scleral contact lenses , types, uses in various ocular conditions.
An in-depth and unbiased details of these lenses as a therapeutic and also as a drug - delivery system in modern ophthalmology.
A must read for all Ophthalmologists and Optometrists.
Retinal vasculitis refers to the inflammation of the retinal vessel resulting in evident clinical manifestations i.e. vascular sheathing, leakage and occlusion. This presentation covers the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and management of this spectrum of retinal disease.
This ppt describe about the incidence, diagnosis and management of maculopathy in caaes of pathological myopia.
Data collected and created by Vivek Chaudhary
For queries : vivek977optom@gmail.com
The basic concepts about refractive errors and their corrective options are explained in this lecture. It was taken at Central Park Medical College Lahore Pakistan for fourth year medical students
True vs. pseudo papilledema, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. HydeWafik Bahnasy
◘ The term “ has been restricted to the description of optic disc swelling secondary to increased ICP
◘ Papilledema is the hallmark sign of IIH with or without associated retinal hemorrhages, folds, cotton wool spots, and exudates
◘ Papilledema results in dysfunction of the swollen ON fibers followed by progressive loss of the retinal nerve fibers, and lastly optic atrophy
◘ The threat of vision loss is correlated with the severity of papilledema
Slides do curso avançado de atualização em implante de Anel de Ferrara, elaborado por Ferrara Ophtalmics. Para material completo, acesse www.aneldeferrara.com.br
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
1. Optic nerve Head &Optic nerve Head &
retinal nerve fiberretinal nerve fiber
EvaluationEvaluation
Dr Milind M SabnisDr Milind M Sabnis
Date: 2 Sept 2018Date: 2 Sept 2018
2. IntroductionIntroduction
The glaucomatous changes are in theThe glaucomatous changes are in the intra-intra-
papillary & para-papillarypapillary & para-papillary region of the opticregion of the optic
nerve head & retinal nerve fiber layer.nerve head & retinal nerve fiber layer.
Intra-papillary changes –Intra-papillary changes –
-disc size-disc size
-disc shape-disc shape
-rim size & cup size-rim size & cup size
-rim shape(Vessel signs)-rim shape(Vessel signs)
4. Retinal nerve fibersRetinal nerve fibers
There are 1.2 million RNFs which formThere are 1.2 million RNFs which form
the optic nerve head(optic disc)the optic nerve head(optic disc)
Within the retina -Within the retina -
5. Within the optic nerve head –Within the optic nerve head –
7. Glaucomatous damageGlaucomatous damage
Glaucomatous damage results in characteristicGlaucomatous damage results in characteristic
signs in retinal nerve fiber layer,parapapillarysigns in retinal nerve fiber layer,parapapillary
area & the optic nerve head.area & the optic nerve head.
8. Retinal nerve fiber layerRetinal nerve fiber layer :-:-
-defects may be local or diffuse.-defects may be local or diffuse.
-early localised damage is characterised by slit-early localised damage is characterised by slit
defects in the retinal nerve fiber layer.defects in the retinal nerve fiber layer.
9. As glaucoma damage progresses,theAs glaucoma damage progresses,the
defects become larger.defects become larger.
The atrophic area becomes darker,due toThe atrophic area becomes darker,due to
enhanced visualisation of the RPE.enhanced visualisation of the RPE.
10. Parapapillary changesParapapillary changes :-:-
-chorioretinal atrophy surrounding the optic-chorioretinal atrophy surrounding the optic
disc,consists of 2 zonesdisc,consists of 2 zones
-an inner ‘beta’ zone,bordering the optic disc &-an inner ‘beta’ zone,bordering the optic disc &
surrounded by ‘alpha’ zone.surrounded by ‘alpha’ zone.
11. The beta zone –The beta zone –
-chorioretinal atrophy with visibility of sclera &-chorioretinal atrophy with visibility of sclera &
large choroidal blood vessels.large choroidal blood vessels.
The alpha zoneThe alpha zone ––
-displays irregular hyper & hypo-pigmenttation-displays irregular hyper & hypo-pigmenttation
of the retinal pigment epitheliumof the retinal pigment epithelium..
12. The Optic DiscThe Optic Disc
The optic disc is slightly oval.The optic disc is slightly oval.
Myopics have large optic disc as compared toMyopics have large optic disc as compared to
hyperopics.hyperopics.
An abnormal shape correlates with an increasedAn abnormal shape correlates with an increased
incidence of corneal astigmatism & amblyopia.incidence of corneal astigmatism & amblyopia.
14. In normal eyes, the optic disc is verticallyIn normal eyes, the optic disc is vertically
oval & the optic cup is horizontally oval.oval & the optic cup is horizontally oval.
15. ‘‘ISNT’ ruleISNT’ rule
The neuro-retinal rim is widest in theThe neuro-retinal rim is widest in the
InferiorInferior disc regiondisc region SuperiorSuperior discdisc
regionregion NasalNasal disc areadisc area TemporalTemporal
disc areadisc area
16. In glaucoma,the neuro-retinal rim is lost in allIn glaucoma,the neuro-retinal rim is lost in all
sections of the of the optic disc, depending uponsections of the of the optic disc, depending upon
the stage of the disease.....the stage of the disease.....
Infero-temporalInfero-temporal Supero-temporalSupero-temporal
Temporal horizontalTemporal horizontal Infero-nasalInfero-nasal
Supero-nasalSupero-nasal
17. Disc haemorrhageDisc haemorrhage
Disc hemorrhage is a common sign of OpticDisc hemorrhage is a common sign of Optic
nerve damage.nerve damage.
Present in 4-7 % of glaucomatous patients.Present in 4-7 % of glaucomatous patients.
18. In early glaucoma,they are usually present inIn early glaucoma,they are usually present in
infero-temporal & supero-temporal tegion.infero-temporal & supero-temporal tegion.
They are suggestive ofThey are suggestive of glaucoma progressionglaucoma progression..
They can also present in conditions like bloodThey can also present in conditions like blood
dyscrasias,DM,hypertension.dyscrasias,DM,hypertension.
19. Glaucomatous optic nerve damageGlaucomatous optic nerve damage
Shape of the neuro-retinal rim –Shape of the neuro-retinal rim –
-NRR thinning-NRR thinning
-peripapillary atrophy-peripapillary atrophy
Size of optic cup in relation to optic disc :-Size of optic cup in relation to optic disc :-
-glaucomatous cupping ( CD > 0.3)-glaucomatous cupping ( CD > 0.3)
-asymmtery in CD in fellow eyes( difference > 0.2)-asymmtery in CD in fellow eyes( difference > 0.2)
20. Occurrence of retinal nerve fiber layer defects &Occurrence of retinal nerve fiber layer defects &
hemorrhages.hemorrhages.
Decreased diameter of the retinal arteriolesDecreased diameter of the retinal arterioles
including the presence of focal arteriolarincluding the presence of focal arteriolar
narrowing.narrowing.
Enlargement of optic cup & loss of neuro-Enlargement of optic cup & loss of neuro-
retinal rim may also be found in arteritic antretinal rim may also be found in arteritic ant
ischaemic optic neuropathy & in pts withischaemic optic neuropathy & in pts with
intrasellar tumours.intrasellar tumours.
21. Subtypes of glaucomatous damageSubtypes of glaucomatous damage
Type I – focal ischaemicType I – focal ischaemic
Type II – myopic glaucomatousType II – myopic glaucomatous
Type III – senile scleroticType III – senile sclerotic
Type IV – concentrically enlargingType IV – concentrically enlarging
Type V – mixedType V – mixed
22. Newer imaging techniquesNewer imaging techniques
These newer techniques focus on early diagnosisThese newer techniques focus on early diagnosis
of glaucoma.of glaucoma.
These are –These are –
-stereo-photogrammetry-stereo-photogrammetry
-raster photography-raster photography
-OCT-OCT
23. Stereo-photogrammetryStereo-photogrammetry
Utilises the basic principle of stereopsisUtilises the basic principle of stereopsis
Disparity between corresponding points ofDisparity between corresponding points of
stereo pair images are used to generate contourstereo pair images are used to generate contour
lines & 3D contour maps.lines & 3D contour maps.
24. Confocal laser scanningConfocal laser scanning
It is a technique for obtaining high resolutionIt is a technique for obtaining high resolution
images by using a focused laser beam to scanimages by using a focused laser beam to scan
over the area of the fundus.over the area of the fundus.
Instruments :-Instruments :-
-HRT-HRT
-Rodenstoc 101 confocal scanning laser-Rodenstoc 101 confocal scanning laser
ophthalmoscopeophthalmoscope
-Nerve fiber layer analyser.-Nerve fiber layer analyser.
25. Heidelberge retinal tomographHeidelberge retinal tomograph
It is a confocal scanning laserIt is a confocal scanning laser
ophthalmoscope system which providesophthalmoscope system which provides
3D image & quantitative assesment of3D image & quantitative assesment of
optic nerve head.optic nerve head.
In printout 2 types of images areIn printout 2 types of images are
provided,topography image & reflectanceprovided,topography image & reflectance
image of the fundus.image of the fundus.
26.
27.
28. Contour lineContour line :-:-
-this line limits the optic disc or represents the-this line limits the optic disc or represents the
optic disc margin.optic disc margin.
-it is represented from 0-it is represented from 000
to 360to 36000
-0-000
being the horizontal temporal point & runsbeing the horizontal temporal point & runs
clowckwise in rt eye & anticlockwise in the leftclowckwise in rt eye & anticlockwise in the left
eye.eye.
-therefore 90-therefore 9000
is superior,180is superior,18000
is nasal,270is nasal,27000
isis
inferior & 360inferior & 36000
is temporal.is temporal.
29. Standard reference plane :-Standard reference plane :-
-it is defined as the plane situated 50u deeper to-it is defined as the plane situated 50u deeper to
the avg height of the 6the avg height of the 600
segment of the contoursegment of the contour
lineline between 350between 35000
to 356to 35600
-this segment is supposed to represent the-this segment is supposed to represent the
papillomacular bundle which is expected topapillomacular bundle which is expected to
remain stable during course of glaucoma.remain stable during course of glaucoma.
-all the structures above SRP within the contour-all the structures above SRP within the contour
line is considered as NRR & below SRP is opticline is considered as NRR & below SRP is optic
cup.cup.
30. Various parts of the HRTVarious parts of the HRT
General information :-General information :-
-patients name,age,ID no-patients name,age,ID no
-dioptric power used to focus the image-dioptric power used to focus the image
-scan depth-scan depth
-IOP-IOP
31. Topography image :-part ITopography image :-part I
-this is 2D representation of the 3D image in-this is 2D representation of the 3D image in
colour coded map.colour coded map.
-the darker colour represents more elevated-the darker colour represents more elevated
surface & lighter colour represents depressedsurface & lighter colour represents depressed
surface.surface.
-the area within the contour line represents the-the area within the contour line represents the
optic disc,where as red area is cup.optic disc,where as red area is cup.
-the green(uniform height) & blue(sloping)-the green(uniform height) & blue(sloping)
represents the NRR.represents the NRR.
32.
33. Horizontal height profile graph – part IIIHorizontal height profile graph – part III
-Y axis denotes the cup depth & Z-axis denotes-Y axis denotes the cup depth & Z-axis denotes
the rim thickness.the rim thickness.
- Red horizontal line represents the SRP.- Red horizontal line represents the SRP.
- Vertical height profile graph –part IV- Vertical height profile graph –part IV
-two black represents the disc margin & vertical-two black represents the disc margin & vertical
line shows the SRP.line shows the SRP.
34. Reflectance image :- VReflectance image :- V
-The image is used to draw the contour line.-The image is used to draw the contour line.
-the optic disc is divided into 6 sectors –-the optic disc is divided into 6 sectors –
temporal,sup temporal,sup nasal,nasal inftemporal,sup temporal,sup nasal,nasal inf
nasal,& inf temporal.nasal,& inf temporal.
--MarksMarks :- the green mark – within normal limits:- the green mark – within normal limits
- yellow mark- borderline- yellow mark- borderline
-red mark – outside normal limit.-red mark – outside normal limit.
35. Mean height contour graphMean height contour graph :-part VI:-part VI
-located below the reflectance image.-located below the reflectance image.
-the black line represents the mean peripapillary-the black line represents the mean peripapillary
retinal surface ht.retinal surface ht.
-red horizontal line represents the SRP.-red horizontal line represents the SRP.
36. Moorfields regression analysis :- part VIIMoorfields regression analysis :- part VII
-in the form of 7 vertical bars.-in the form of 7 vertical bars.
-the 1-the 1stst
bar represents the global(total optic disc)bar represents the global(total optic disc)
analysis & the remaining 6 represents theanalysis & the remaining 6 represents the
analysis of the 6 sectors.analysis of the 6 sectors.
-each bar has green segment-each bar has green segment % of NRR area.% of NRR area.
-red segment-red segment cup area.cup area.
-each column has 4 horizontal lines-each column has 4 horizontal lines
-the upper line represents the 50-the upper line represents the 50thth
percentile pointpercentile point
of normal.of normal.
37. Three horizontal lines are clustered belowThree horizontal lines are clustered below
-the uppermost as 95%,middle as 99% & lower is-the uppermost as 95%,middle as 99% & lower is
99.9% representing the 9599.9% representing the 95thth
,99,99thth
,99.9,99.9thth
persentilepersentile
points respectively.points respectively.
38. Stereometric parametersStereometric parameters :-part VIII:-part VIII
-here the values of various stereometric parameters-here the values of various stereometric parameters
are in the graph.are in the graph.
39. Ocular coherence tomographyOcular coherence tomography
It produces cross sectional image of retina &It produces cross sectional image of retina &
optic nerve with a resolution of 10u.optic nerve with a resolution of 10u.
It requires clear media & pupillary dilatation forIt requires clear media & pupillary dilatation for
good images.good images.
In glaucoma the retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)In glaucoma the retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)
thickness in peripapillary area,optic disc analysisthickness in peripapillary area,optic disc analysis
& RNFL thickness in macular area to be studied.& RNFL thickness in macular area to be studied.
40.
41.
42. The OCT signal from a tissue layer is aThe OCT signal from a tissue layer is a
combination of its reflectivity & absorption &combination of its reflectivity & absorption &
scattering properties of the overlying layers.scattering properties of the overlying layers.
The maximal reflection & back scattering isThe maximal reflection & back scattering is
represented by red-yellow colours.represented by red-yellow colours.
The minimal signals are represented by blue-The minimal signals are represented by blue-
black colours.black colours.
43. OCT in glaucomaOCT in glaucoma
RNFL thinning is the 1RNFL thinning is the 1stst
sign of early glaucoma.sign of early glaucoma.
The main uses areThe main uses are ––
-to evaluate the RNFL for early glaucoma(pre--to evaluate the RNFL for early glaucoma(pre-
perimetric)perimetric)
-to detect,follow,study the macular changes in-to detect,follow,study the macular changes in
hypotony induced maculopathy after glaucomahypotony induced maculopathy after glaucoma
Sx.Sx.
-to evaluate CME after combined-to evaluate CME after combined
cataract/glaucoma Sx.cataract/glaucoma Sx.
-to evaluate optic nerve head tomography in-to evaluate optic nerve head tomography in
glaucoma patientsglaucoma patients
