Operatioal analysis of any road is necessary for its design,planning and implementation procedure.This article mostly deals with preliminary proposal of two lane road of eastern region of Nepal.due to increased traffic condition servicabilty and level of service of koshi higway is found to be very poor hence Dharan submetropolitan city's part is analysed.

1. Operational Analysis of Two
Lane Highway
Submitted by:
Arpan Raut
Bharat upadhyay
Prashant Adhikari
Prakash Khanal
Prabin Neupane
Sijan Dangi
Submitted To:
Department of civil engineering
Purwanchal campus

2. INTRODUCTION
According to HCM2000 “operational Analysis is methods for analyzing capacity and level of service for a
broad range of facilities, It provides procedure for analyzing street, highways, bus and street light transit,
pedestrians and bicycle path”.
Operational analysis deals with following parameter:
 Capacity
 Demand
 Quality and Level of service
 Service flow rate
 Performance measure
 Service measure
Statement of problem:
Dharan is a daveloping city of eastern region of Nepal.due to rapid growth of vehicle and population it
creating problem to traffic and road way facilities. The traffic composition of this area is mixed type which
consists of motorized two wheelers,motorized three wheelers,Non motorized two wheelers,cars,buses,pull
carts and pedestrians facilities.The important related problem are as follows.

3.  Traffic congestions and Travel time delay.
 Increase in Traffic density.
 Increase in Traffic conflicts.
 Decrease in average spacing between vehicles.
Objective of the project
Specific objective
 To determine the level of service of two lane highway
General objective
 To analyze traffic flow data collected on two lane road varying in roadways and traffic conditions
 To study influencing parameter like lane width, shoulder width, gradient, traffic composition, directional
split, pavement surface roughness on capacity of two lane roads under mixed traffic conditions.
 Establish a recommended conceptual framework for improved capacity and level of service procedures.
Study area
The study area of our project work falls under koshi highway. It stretches from tinkune and ends at Bhanu chowk.The
nation’s two growing sub metropolitan viz itahari and dharan are situated on this road network. In view of their
Future expansion and to analyze capacity analysis of this road section, we have selected this road portion. This site was
Selected considering time, manpower and budget. Increased traffic condition, Geometric condition and poor quality of
Service lead to the considerable attention and thereby, this portion of road was given utmost importance by us.

4. Method and nature of data collection
Data collection
The first approach will be the traffic volume count at the intersection. Traffic volume is the flow rate in
vehicle per hour for the 15-minutes analysis period. Video camera Recording technique was used for data
collection.
Nature of data
Geometric data
Geometric conditions including the information regarding the approach grade, the number and width of
lanes, parking conditions will be determined. Also, the existence of exclusive left or right turn lanes will be
noted.
Traffic data
With the help of the traffic volume count, Peak Hour Factor (PHF) will be calculated. Vehicle type
distribution will be quantified as the percent of heavy vehicles (% HV) in each movement, where heavy
vehicles are defined as those with more than four tires touching the pavement. The number of local buses
on each approach will also be identified, including only those buses making stops to pick up or discharge
passengers at the intersection. Buses not making such stops will be considered as heavy vehicles.
Approach pedestrian flow rate along with arrival time will also be determined. Base saturation flow rate
will be computed using fixed passenger cars per hour per lane.

5. Calculation procedure and working formula of parameters
Free flow speed
Field measurement
FFS= SFM + 0.0125
𝑣𝑓
𝑓𝐻𝑉
Where
FFS = estimated free-flow speed
SFM = mean speed of traffic measured in the field (km/h).
vf = observed flow rate for the period when the field data were
Obtained (veh/h).
fHV = heavy-vehicle adjustment factor.
If field measurement of highway is not feasible, data taken at a similar facility may be used.
Estimating FFS
FFS= BFFS-fLS-fA
Where
FFS = estimated FFS (km/h):
BFFS = base FFS (km/h):
fLS = adjustment for lane width and shoulder width
fA = adjustment for access points.

6. Determining demand flow rate
Vp =
𝑉
𝑃𝐻𝐹∗𝑓𝐺∗𝑓𝐺𝑉
Where
Vp =passenger-car equivalent flow rate for peak 15- min period (pc/h)
V = Demand volume for the full peak hour (veh/h)
PHF = Peak- hour factor
FG = grade adjustment factor
FHV = heavy- vehicle adjustment factor
Determining average travel speed
ATS = FFS-0.0125Vp – fnp
Where
ATS = Average Travel speed for both direction of travel combined (km/h)
fnp = Adjustment for percentage of no passing zones
Vp = Passenger car equivalent flow rate for peak 15-min period (pc/h).
Determining percent time-spent–Following
PTSF = BPTSF +fd/nD
Where
PTSF = percent- time –following.
BPTSF = Base percent time-spent- following for both direction of travel combined.

7. fd/nD = adjustment for the combined effect of the directional distribution of traffic and of the
percentage of no-passing zone on percent-time-spent-following.
BPTSF = 100(1−ℯ−0.000879Vd)
Determining LOS
 The first step in determining LOS is to compare the passenger-car equivalent flow rate (Vn) to the two-way
capacity of 3.200pc/h.
 If Vn is greater than the capacity. Then the roadway is oversaturated and the LOS is F. Similarly.
 If the demand flow rate in either direction of travel-as determined from the two-way flow rate and the
directional split-is greater than 1.700pc/h. then the roadway is oversaturated and the LOS is F.
 In LOS Percent time-spent-following is nearly 100 percent and speed are highly variable and difficult to
estimate.
When a segment of a class I facility has a demand less than its capacity. The LOS is determined by locating point
on table that corresponds to the estimated percent-time-spent-following and average travel speed. If segment of
a class II facility has a demand less than its capacity. The LOS is determined by comparing the percent –time-
spent- following with criteria. The analysis should include the LOS and the estimated values of percent time-
spent-following average travel speed. Although average travel speed is not considered in the LOS determination
for a class II Highway. The estimate may be useful in evaluating the quality of service of two lane highway
facilities. Highway networks or system including the segment.

8. Other Traffic Performance Measures
The v/c ratio for an extended two-way segment can be computed using following equation
V/c = Vp/c
Where
V/c = volume to capacity ratio
c = two way segment capacity- Normally 32oo pc/h for two way segment 1700 pc/h for directional segment
Vp = passenger car equivalent flow rate for peak 15- min period (pc/h)
Total travel on the extended two- way segment during the peak 15-min period is computed using following equation
VkmT15 = 0.25(
𝑉
𝑃𝐻𝐹
)Lt
VkmT15 = the total travel on the two- way segment during the peak hour is computed using the following
equation.
VkmT60 = V*Lt
Where
VkmT60 = total travel on the analysis of segment during the peak hour (veh-km).
Following equation used to compute the total travel time during the peak 15-min period.
T T15=
VkmT15
𝐴𝑇𝑆
Where
T T15 = total travel time for all vehicle on the analyzed segment during the peak 15-min period (veh-h).

9. Scope of the study
The scope of the proposal depends upon the assessment of existing facilities and the user needs for the
improvement of the capacity and level of services. The decisions made during the research include appropriate
service measures. These decisions provide the fundamentals for the revised procedures. These procedure will help to
determine the new additional geometric features required. It further checks the existing capacity and level of service
of the given two lane highway; determine the future scenario and the upgradation required for the existing two lane
highway. It helps in the comparisons of level of service between the two lane highway and multilane highway. It
helps in the determination of need for planning, design and operational analysis procedure.
LIMITATION OF STUDY
Specific time
The movement of vehicle is continuous in roadways. The study and observation of vehicle is carried out
at certain period of time or point of time. Like peak hour (office hour) and normal hour. There is variation in traffic at
different time.
Specific Location
Our research work is carried out at heavy traffic location of Dharan-Itahari highway which includes
Tinkune, Bargachhi and Bhanu chowk.

10. REFERENCES:
1.Shrestha, D. and Marasini, A. (2014), “Transportation Engineering, Volume-II”
2. Garber and Hoel, “Transportation planning”
3. Chandra, S. and Kumar, P. (1996), “Effect of shoulder condition on Highway Capacity”, Proceedings
International Seminar on Civil Engineering Practices in Twenty First Century, Roorkee, India, pp. 512-
519.
4. Chandra Satish, “Capacity Estimation Procedure for two-lane roads under mixed traffic conditions”
pp. 498.
5. Casey Thomas Durbin (2006), “Traffic performance on two-lane, two-way highways”: Examination of
analytical approaches.
6. Transportation research board, "Highway capacity manual 2000”
7. Thapa j. Arjun (2013), “status paper on road safety in Nepal”, Department of road.
8. Erlangung d.g. eis (2007), “Capacity and Traffic performance of unsignalized intersection under
mixed traffic conditions”.

11. Thank you