This document provides a literature review and definitions for a traffic volume study conducted between Panthapath Signal and Russel Square in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. It discusses the importance of traffic surveys, defines key terms like traffic volume, flow rate, and average daily traffic. It also reviews different traffic counting methods and parameters analyzed in traffic studies like vehicle composition, directional distribution, and flow fluctuation. The goal is to analyze the current traffic conditions to help manage traffic flow and suggest improvements through better understanding of traffic patterns.
The document discusses a traffic volume study conducted at Russell Square in Dhaka. It defines key terms like average daily traffic (ADT) and level of service (LOS). Data was collected manually over three hours and analyzed to find a service flow rate of 1,131 passenger car units per hour, indicating an LOS of D. The average daily traffic was calculated as 16,080 passenger cars with an annual average of 22,432. Traffic movement was found to be nearly equal in both directions.
This document contains information from a traffic study conducted at Shahid Tajuddin Ahmed Avenue in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A group of 6 students conducted manual traffic counts over two 15-minute periods in both directions at the location. They classified over 2000 vehicles and calculated passenger car equivalents, directional distribution, hourly flow rates, and average daily traffic. Their analysis found the directional split to be 54% from Shatrasta to the flyover and 46% from the flyover to Shatrasta. Peak hourly flows were around 2000 passenger car units in each direction. This traffic study provides data to understand volume, composition, and flow patterns at this location.
This document discusses origin-destination (OD) surveys, which are used to understand travel patterns in a given area. It outlines several common methods for conducting OD surveys, including roadside interviews, license plate tracking, and mail/phone surveys. A case study is presented on an OD survey conducted at Havanur Circle junction in Bangalore, India using roadside interviews. The survey found most trips were for work or shopping. Recommendations included changing signal timing and adding infrastructure like underpasses to reduce congestion.
The document summarizes the results of a traffic survey conducted by a student group. It includes:
1) The objectives of studying vehicle composition, traffic stream properties, and directional distribution.
2) Findings from the survey such as the predominant vehicle type being personal vehicles and the directional distribution showing more traffic from Panthapath to Russell Square.
3) Limitations of the study related to resources and time constraints.
Our project is the complete study about both Spot speed studies and Speed delay time survey. This topic is a part of Transportation Engineering. This report helps you to understand this topic in detail. This report will also help you to make project on associated topics in traffic engineering. In spot speed, We discussed regarding various methods available to perform the test, Our team practically performed test and established a speed limit zone near a school. Coming to speed delay time survey, we conducted a survey at a selected stretch and came out with solutions to the problems faced by the vehicle users using that stretch.
Traffic studies are carried out to analyze traffic characteristics and help decide geometric design and traffic control measures. The main traffic studies include traffic volume, speed, origin-destination, traffic flow characteristics, capacity, and accident studies. Traffic volume studies measure the number of vehicles on a road section over time and are used for planning, operations, and analysis. Speed studies measure the speeds of vehicles using methods like short-distance timing or radar guns.
Traffic volume is a fundamental measure of traffic on a road system, measured as the number of vehicles crossing a section of road per unit time. It is used for various purposes like planning, design, and traffic management. There are manual and automatic methods to count traffic volume. Manual methods involve field observers counting and classifying vehicles in different time intervals, while automatic methods use technologies like pneumatic tubes buried in roads, inductive loops in pavements, and radar to detect vehicle presence and count traffic volume without human observers. The collected data is then analyzed to produce traffic flow maps, intersection diagrams, and trend charts to understand traffic patterns and inform transportation planning.
Detailed description of Capacity and Level of service of Multi lane highways based on Highway Capacity Manual (HCM2010) along with one example for finding LOS of a highway
The document discusses a traffic volume study conducted at Russell Square in Dhaka. It defines key terms like average daily traffic (ADT) and level of service (LOS). Data was collected manually over three hours and analyzed to find a service flow rate of 1,131 passenger car units per hour, indicating an LOS of D. The average daily traffic was calculated as 16,080 passenger cars with an annual average of 22,432. Traffic movement was found to be nearly equal in both directions.
This document contains information from a traffic study conducted at Shahid Tajuddin Ahmed Avenue in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A group of 6 students conducted manual traffic counts over two 15-minute periods in both directions at the location. They classified over 2000 vehicles and calculated passenger car equivalents, directional distribution, hourly flow rates, and average daily traffic. Their analysis found the directional split to be 54% from Shatrasta to the flyover and 46% from the flyover to Shatrasta. Peak hourly flows were around 2000 passenger car units in each direction. This traffic study provides data to understand volume, composition, and flow patterns at this location.
This document discusses origin-destination (OD) surveys, which are used to understand travel patterns in a given area. It outlines several common methods for conducting OD surveys, including roadside interviews, license plate tracking, and mail/phone surveys. A case study is presented on an OD survey conducted at Havanur Circle junction in Bangalore, India using roadside interviews. The survey found most trips were for work or shopping. Recommendations included changing signal timing and adding infrastructure like underpasses to reduce congestion.
The document summarizes the results of a traffic survey conducted by a student group. It includes:
1) The objectives of studying vehicle composition, traffic stream properties, and directional distribution.
2) Findings from the survey such as the predominant vehicle type being personal vehicles and the directional distribution showing more traffic from Panthapath to Russell Square.
3) Limitations of the study related to resources and time constraints.
Our project is the complete study about both Spot speed studies and Speed delay time survey. This topic is a part of Transportation Engineering. This report helps you to understand this topic in detail. This report will also help you to make project on associated topics in traffic engineering. In spot speed, We discussed regarding various methods available to perform the test, Our team practically performed test and established a speed limit zone near a school. Coming to speed delay time survey, we conducted a survey at a selected stretch and came out with solutions to the problems faced by the vehicle users using that stretch.
Traffic studies are carried out to analyze traffic characteristics and help decide geometric design and traffic control measures. The main traffic studies include traffic volume, speed, origin-destination, traffic flow characteristics, capacity, and accident studies. Traffic volume studies measure the number of vehicles on a road section over time and are used for planning, operations, and analysis. Speed studies measure the speeds of vehicles using methods like short-distance timing or radar guns.
Traffic volume is a fundamental measure of traffic on a road system, measured as the number of vehicles crossing a section of road per unit time. It is used for various purposes like planning, design, and traffic management. There are manual and automatic methods to count traffic volume. Manual methods involve field observers counting and classifying vehicles in different time intervals, while automatic methods use technologies like pneumatic tubes buried in roads, inductive loops in pavements, and radar to detect vehicle presence and count traffic volume without human observers. The collected data is then analyzed to produce traffic flow maps, intersection diagrams, and trend charts to understand traffic patterns and inform transportation planning.
Detailed description of Capacity and Level of service of Multi lane highways based on Highway Capacity Manual (HCM2010) along with one example for finding LOS of a highway
This document summarizes information about traffic studies and methods for conducting traffic volume studies. It discusses when traffic studies should be conducted, types of traffic surveys, and methods for counting traffic volumes, including automatic counting using sensors and manual counting. It also describes the moving observer method for measuring traffic flow parameters like flow rate, density, and speed.
BASED ON BTECH CIVIL ENGINEERING SYLLABUS,PRESENTATION OF TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDIES,OBJECTS OF TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDIES
TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDIES IS ONE OF THE TRAFFIC ENGG. STUDIES
This document summarizes a student group's presentation on conducting a traffic volume study. It defines traffic volume studies as determining the number, movement and classification of vehicles at a given location. It outlines the group's methodology, which included manually counting vehicles at an intersection in Dhaka for 20 minutes. Their analysis calculated the service flow rate, estimated average daily traffic, and examined the directional distribution of traffic. It noted limitations like using unskilled enumerators and expansion factors from rural roads. Recommendations included using trained enumerators, automatic counting systems, and developing local codes instead of following foreign guidelines.
This document provides an overview of parking studies and terms. It defines common parking metrics like parking index, volume, accumulation, load, duration, and turnover. It also describes the four main types of parking studies: inventory surveys, patrol surveys, questionnaires, and cordon counts. Additionally, it outlines different types of parking facilities, including on-street options like parallel, angled, and perpendicular parking as well as off-street options such as surface lots, multi-story structures, roof parks, mechanical parks, and underground lots. The goal is to understand how to plan for and analyze parking needs.
Traffic study project for final year CIVIL engineeringMohammadOsamaJafry
A traffic study was conducted in Bihta, Patna by a group of 6 students from the Department of Civil Engineering at Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology. The study involved collecting data on vehicle volumes and types at 4 congestion points in Bihta over 1 hour time periods using manual counting methods. The results of the first day of data collection are presented, showing the number of different vehicle types passing in both the up and down directions at two locations: Ara Mor and the Dominia Overbridge. Vehicle types included cars, buses, trucks, motorcycles, animal-drawn vehicles, and cycles. Total traffic volumes for the hour were also calculated. The data will be used to analyze traffic characteristics and identify solutions to improve congest
1. The document discusses various methods for conducting traffic volume studies, including manual counts, mechanical counters, and automatic counts.
2. Manual counts involve people standing at the roadside and recording vehicle information on tally sheets or mechanical/electronic counting boards.
3. Automatic counts use sensors like pneumatic tubes, inductive loops, weigh-in-motion scales, radar detectors, and video cameras to collect traffic data without human observation.
Spot speed studies are used to determine the speed
distribution of a traffic stream at a specific location. I The data gathered in spot speed studies are used to determine vehicle speed percentiles, which are useful in making many speed-related decisions
This document discusses a presentation on a traffic volume study. It outlines the objectives, scope, methodology, data collection, and purposes of conducting a traffic volume study. The study aims to count vehicle volumes, types, and flows over time to help with transportation planning, design, and management. Methodologies include manual counting methods using hand counters or video review as well as automatic methods using sensors to detect vehicle presence and classify types.
Rigid pavements are constructed using reinforced concrete slabs that provide a strong wearing surface and base course. They are used in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. Materials for rigid pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water. Reinforcement includes dowel bars at joints. Rigid pavements have longitudinal and transverse joints, including contraction joints to relieve stresses, expansion joints to allow for expansion, and construction joints. They can be constructed using slipform pavers, fixed form pavers, or manual methods. Quality control checks materials and finished surface properties. Traffic is allowed after a minimum 28-day curing period.
This document discusses traffic engineering and road intersections. It defines traffic engineering as using techniques to safely and efficiently move people and goods. It describes different types of at-grade and grade-separated intersections. At-grade intersections can be unchannelized or channelized using islands. Grade-separated intersections include roundabouts, flyovers, diamond intersections, and cloverleaf junctions. The document also discusses different types of traffic islands like circular, turbine, rhombus, and tangent islands that help direct traffic flow at intersections.
This document discusses different types of traffic speed studies including spot speed studies, travel time studies, and speed delay studies. It then provides details on specific objectives, scope, and methods of conducting traffic speed studies. The document presents data from a traffic speed study conducted at two intersections in Dhaka, including spot speeds, histograms, frequency and cumulative frequency curves. It analyzes the data to determine weighted average speed, pace, modal speed and compares time mean speed to space mean speed based on the Wardrop relationship. Finally, it calculates delay time, value of travel time and vehicle operating costs.
This document discusses different types of road intersections. It describes grade separated intersections that allow vehicles to cross at different levels, such as overpasses and underpasses. It also discusses at-grade intersections, including various interchange designs like cloverleaf, diamond, and directional, that eliminate conflicts between crossing traffic streams. Roundabouts are also covered as a type of at-grade intersection where vehicles circulate around a central island in one direction. Design elements like radius, width, and sight distance important for intersections are highlighted.
Lecture 02 Traffic Flow Characteristics (Traffic Engineering هندسة المرور & D...Hossam Shafiq I
This document provides information about a traffic engineering course, including contact details for the instructor, how to access the course website, and an overview of some key topics that will be covered in the course, such as time-space diagrams, headway and gap, vehicle arrival patterns, and the Poisson and exponential distributions as they relate to modeling traffic flow. Examples are provided for how to use the Poisson and shifted exponential distributions to calculate probabilities related to time headways. The document also discusses challenges with using the exponential distribution to model real-world traffic, introduces the concept of a chi-square test for comparing observed vs expected distributions, and provides an example chi-square calculation to test whether observed headway data fits an exponential distribution. It concludes
07 Speed, Travel Time & Delay Studies (Traffic Engineering هندسة المرور & Pro...Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses speed, travel time, and delay studies which are important performance measures used in traffic engineering. It covers topics such as:
- Conducting spot speed studies to determine speed trends and distributions
- Measuring travel time using various techniques like driving test cars, license plate matching, and GPS to identify bottlenecks
- Calculating control delay at signalized intersections using the Highway Capacity Manual methodology involving observing vehicles-in-queue over multiple signal cycles
This document discusses various types of traffic studies that are carried out to analyze traffic characteristics. It describes traffic volume studies, which measure the quantity of vehicles crossing a road section over time. Speed studies measure vehicle speeds, and origin-destination studies determine where vehicles are coming from and going to. Other studies discussed include traffic capacity, which analyzes volume and density; parking; and accident studies, which examine accident causes. Automatic and manual methods are described for collecting traffic data.
IRJET- Review Paper on Estimate Traffic Volume and Geometric Design on Select...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that studied traffic volume on a selected stretch of road in Nagpur, India. The researchers conducted a manual traffic flow survey to estimate traffic volume. They collected data at different time periods to understand traffic patterns. Their goals were to help control traffic at intersections and suggest safety improvements to meet future needs. Specifically, they estimated traffic volume in passenger car units to account for different vehicle types. Their analysis of traffic volume can inform transportation planning, road design, and traffic management.
TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDY AT SECTOR 18 NOIDA SECTION AND FUTURE FORECASTING USING ...Sukrati Pandit
OBJECTIVES:
The present study is undertaken with the following objectives:
1 To measure traffic volumes and note other related traffic characteristics (e.g. flow composition, flow fluctuations etc).
2 To determine hourly volume in terms passenger car equivalents (PCE) To determine Vehicle composition in traffic stream
3 To compare the results with standard design service volumes and identify remedies.
4 Counting is the most fundamental measurement in traffic engineering: vehicles, passenger etc.
5 Counting technique to produce estimates of volume, rate flow and capacity.
6 The purpose of carrying out traffic volume count is to improve traffic system.
This document summarizes information about traffic studies and methods for conducting traffic volume studies. It discusses when traffic studies should be conducted, types of traffic surveys, and methods for counting traffic volumes, including automatic counting using sensors and manual counting. It also describes the moving observer method for measuring traffic flow parameters like flow rate, density, and speed.
BASED ON BTECH CIVIL ENGINEERING SYLLABUS,PRESENTATION OF TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDIES,OBJECTS OF TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDIES
TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDIES IS ONE OF THE TRAFFIC ENGG. STUDIES
This document summarizes a student group's presentation on conducting a traffic volume study. It defines traffic volume studies as determining the number, movement and classification of vehicles at a given location. It outlines the group's methodology, which included manually counting vehicles at an intersection in Dhaka for 20 minutes. Their analysis calculated the service flow rate, estimated average daily traffic, and examined the directional distribution of traffic. It noted limitations like using unskilled enumerators and expansion factors from rural roads. Recommendations included using trained enumerators, automatic counting systems, and developing local codes instead of following foreign guidelines.
This document provides an overview of parking studies and terms. It defines common parking metrics like parking index, volume, accumulation, load, duration, and turnover. It also describes the four main types of parking studies: inventory surveys, patrol surveys, questionnaires, and cordon counts. Additionally, it outlines different types of parking facilities, including on-street options like parallel, angled, and perpendicular parking as well as off-street options such as surface lots, multi-story structures, roof parks, mechanical parks, and underground lots. The goal is to understand how to plan for and analyze parking needs.
Traffic study project for final year CIVIL engineeringMohammadOsamaJafry
A traffic study was conducted in Bihta, Patna by a group of 6 students from the Department of Civil Engineering at Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology. The study involved collecting data on vehicle volumes and types at 4 congestion points in Bihta over 1 hour time periods using manual counting methods. The results of the first day of data collection are presented, showing the number of different vehicle types passing in both the up and down directions at two locations: Ara Mor and the Dominia Overbridge. Vehicle types included cars, buses, trucks, motorcycles, animal-drawn vehicles, and cycles. Total traffic volumes for the hour were also calculated. The data will be used to analyze traffic characteristics and identify solutions to improve congest
1. The document discusses various methods for conducting traffic volume studies, including manual counts, mechanical counters, and automatic counts.
2. Manual counts involve people standing at the roadside and recording vehicle information on tally sheets or mechanical/electronic counting boards.
3. Automatic counts use sensors like pneumatic tubes, inductive loops, weigh-in-motion scales, radar detectors, and video cameras to collect traffic data without human observation.
Spot speed studies are used to determine the speed
distribution of a traffic stream at a specific location. I The data gathered in spot speed studies are used to determine vehicle speed percentiles, which are useful in making many speed-related decisions
This document discusses a presentation on a traffic volume study. It outlines the objectives, scope, methodology, data collection, and purposes of conducting a traffic volume study. The study aims to count vehicle volumes, types, and flows over time to help with transportation planning, design, and management. Methodologies include manual counting methods using hand counters or video review as well as automatic methods using sensors to detect vehicle presence and classify types.
Rigid pavements are constructed using reinforced concrete slabs that provide a strong wearing surface and base course. They are used in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. Materials for rigid pavements include Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water. Reinforcement includes dowel bars at joints. Rigid pavements have longitudinal and transverse joints, including contraction joints to relieve stresses, expansion joints to allow for expansion, and construction joints. They can be constructed using slipform pavers, fixed form pavers, or manual methods. Quality control checks materials and finished surface properties. Traffic is allowed after a minimum 28-day curing period.
This document discusses traffic engineering and road intersections. It defines traffic engineering as using techniques to safely and efficiently move people and goods. It describes different types of at-grade and grade-separated intersections. At-grade intersections can be unchannelized or channelized using islands. Grade-separated intersections include roundabouts, flyovers, diamond intersections, and cloverleaf junctions. The document also discusses different types of traffic islands like circular, turbine, rhombus, and tangent islands that help direct traffic flow at intersections.
This document discusses different types of traffic speed studies including spot speed studies, travel time studies, and speed delay studies. It then provides details on specific objectives, scope, and methods of conducting traffic speed studies. The document presents data from a traffic speed study conducted at two intersections in Dhaka, including spot speeds, histograms, frequency and cumulative frequency curves. It analyzes the data to determine weighted average speed, pace, modal speed and compares time mean speed to space mean speed based on the Wardrop relationship. Finally, it calculates delay time, value of travel time and vehicle operating costs.
This document discusses different types of road intersections. It describes grade separated intersections that allow vehicles to cross at different levels, such as overpasses and underpasses. It also discusses at-grade intersections, including various interchange designs like cloverleaf, diamond, and directional, that eliminate conflicts between crossing traffic streams. Roundabouts are also covered as a type of at-grade intersection where vehicles circulate around a central island in one direction. Design elements like radius, width, and sight distance important for intersections are highlighted.
Lecture 02 Traffic Flow Characteristics (Traffic Engineering هندسة المرور & D...Hossam Shafiq I
This document provides information about a traffic engineering course, including contact details for the instructor, how to access the course website, and an overview of some key topics that will be covered in the course, such as time-space diagrams, headway and gap, vehicle arrival patterns, and the Poisson and exponential distributions as they relate to modeling traffic flow. Examples are provided for how to use the Poisson and shifted exponential distributions to calculate probabilities related to time headways. The document also discusses challenges with using the exponential distribution to model real-world traffic, introduces the concept of a chi-square test for comparing observed vs expected distributions, and provides an example chi-square calculation to test whether observed headway data fits an exponential distribution. It concludes
07 Speed, Travel Time & Delay Studies (Traffic Engineering هندسة المرور & Pro...Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses speed, travel time, and delay studies which are important performance measures used in traffic engineering. It covers topics such as:
- Conducting spot speed studies to determine speed trends and distributions
- Measuring travel time using various techniques like driving test cars, license plate matching, and GPS to identify bottlenecks
- Calculating control delay at signalized intersections using the Highway Capacity Manual methodology involving observing vehicles-in-queue over multiple signal cycles
This document discusses various types of traffic studies that are carried out to analyze traffic characteristics. It describes traffic volume studies, which measure the quantity of vehicles crossing a road section over time. Speed studies measure vehicle speeds, and origin-destination studies determine where vehicles are coming from and going to. Other studies discussed include traffic capacity, which analyzes volume and density; parking; and accident studies, which examine accident causes. Automatic and manual methods are described for collecting traffic data.
IRJET- Review Paper on Estimate Traffic Volume and Geometric Design on Select...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that studied traffic volume on a selected stretch of road in Nagpur, India. The researchers conducted a manual traffic flow survey to estimate traffic volume. They collected data at different time periods to understand traffic patterns. Their goals were to help control traffic at intersections and suggest safety improvements to meet future needs. Specifically, they estimated traffic volume in passenger car units to account for different vehicle types. Their analysis of traffic volume can inform transportation planning, road design, and traffic management.
TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDY AT SECTOR 18 NOIDA SECTION AND FUTURE FORECASTING USING ...Sukrati Pandit
OBJECTIVES:
The present study is undertaken with the following objectives:
1 To measure traffic volumes and note other related traffic characteristics (e.g. flow composition, flow fluctuations etc).
2 To determine hourly volume in terms passenger car equivalents (PCE) To determine Vehicle composition in traffic stream
3 To compare the results with standard design service volumes and identify remedies.
4 Counting is the most fundamental measurement in traffic engineering: vehicles, passenger etc.
5 Counting technique to produce estimates of volume, rate flow and capacity.
6 The purpose of carrying out traffic volume count is to improve traffic system.
Investigation of traffic flow characteristics of dhaka sylhet highway n-2-IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that analyzed traffic flow characteristics on the Dhaka-Sylhet Highway in Bangladesh from 2007-2009. Daily traffic data was collected from a toll plaza and showed that weekend traffic is dominant. Inbound and outbound traffic patterns differed, with maximum inbound traffic on Thursdays and Fridays carrying many buses and trucks, while outbound traffic peaked on Fridays with many personal vehicles. Weekly traffic slightly increased in the second and third weeks of months. Monthly traffic was highest in November and December and lowest in February. Unlike other Bangladeshi highways, more traffic occurred in the rainy season than dry season on this route. Buses, trucks and covered trucks made up 42.46% of all vehicles
Travel speed report by pronob ghosh buet 1204011Pronob Ghosh
This document provides a summary of a traffic speed study conducted on the roadway from Panthapath Signal to Russel Square in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Spot speeds and travel speeds of various vehicles were collected using different methods and analyzed. Statistical tests like normal distribution fitting and chi-square tests were used to analyze spot speed data. Delay studies and benefit-cost ratio analyses were also performed using the travel speed data. The results of the study will help recommend speed limits and other traffic control measures to improve traffic flow efficiency on the roadway.
This traffic impact assessment document discusses how a proposed development project will affect existing road traffic. It defines key traffic-related terms and outlines the standard process for conducting a traffic impact assessment. This involves collecting existing traffic data, conducting traffic surveys, analyzing current and projected traffic levels, estimating new traffic from the project, and determining if mitigation measures are needed to maintain adequate traffic flow. The assessment process helps identify impacts and inform planning to reduce congestion.
Speed report from panthpoath to russel square by pronob ghosh buet 1204011Pronob Ghosh
This document provides a traffic speed study report for the roadway from Panthapath Signal to Russel Square in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. It includes definitions of different types of traffic speeds such as spot speed, space mean speed, time-mean speed, and free flow speed. Methodologies for measuring these speeds including stopwatch, radar, and pneumatic tube methods are described. The report also presents the study methodology, data collection process involving spot speed and travel speed surveys, data analysis including speed distribution fitting, delay studies, and level of service analysis. Recommendations are provided based on the findings of the study.
Traffic studies of urban mid block section a case study of pragatinagar to ak...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Traffic Stream Relationships of Two-Lane Highways: A Case of Akure-Ondo Road ...IJAEMSJORNAL
In the design and planning process of highway infrastructure, speed-flow-density relationships are useful tools for predicting the roadway capacity, determining adequate level-of-service of traffic flow and travel time for a given roadway. The speed-flow-density relationships currently used for transportation studies in Nigeria is derived from the Highway Capacity Manual, which does not reflect the true traffic situation on two-lane roads in Nigeria. Developing cost effective tools for describing these relationships in the context of a developing country like Nigeria is imperative. The aim of this study was to develop models to describe the relationship between traffic flow, speed and density on Akure-Ondo two-lane highway in southwest Nigeria. Moving observer technique was employed to collect traffic stream data over a stretch of 5km on the study segment during periods of uniform flow on weekdays. To describe the traffic stream relationships, two approaches namely: related and nonrelated traffic stream models were developed. The nonrelated traffic stream models gave inaccurate relationships while the related traffic stream modelling approach performed well at describing speed-flow, flow-density and flow-speed relationships with R2 values 0.62, 0.75, and 0.80 respectively. The relationships developed from related traffic stream models estimated maximum flow on the study segment as 330 veh/h at an optimum density of 4.44 veh/km. The speed at maximum flow was estimated as 74.5km/h, while the free flow speed was estimated as 149.027km/h.
This document summarizes the key aspects and objectives of conducting traffic surveys. It discusses that traffic surveys are important for transportation engineers to plan and design traffic facilities, determine the need for traffic control devices, study the effectiveness of schemes, diagnose situations and find solutions, and forecast the effects of strategies. The document then outlines different types of traffic surveys, including studies of traffic volumes, speeds, densities, occupancies, axle loads, street and intersection capacities, travel demand, road user costs, parking supply and demand, road features, and accidents. It provides details on the objectives and methodology of conducting traffic volume studies specifically.
This document defines key terms used in traffic impact assessments and outlines the typical process for conducting one. It involves identifying the context of the site and surrounding road network, conducting a traffic survey of existing conditions, analyzing peak hour traffic and road capacities, estimating additional traffic from the proposed project, adding that to future traffic projections, and drawing conclusions about impacts and needed mitigation measures. The goal is to understand how a new development will affect the existing transportation system and identify solutions to minimize congestion.
Identification of vehicular growth and its management on nh 202 in ranga redd...EditorIJAERD
This document summarizes a study on identifying vehicular growth and its management on NH-202 in Ranga Reddy District, India. Detailed traffic surveys were conducted on NH-202 and other major roads to assess baseline traffic characteristics. The surveys found high volumes of goods and passenger vehicles. The objectives of the study were to determine existing vehicular growth, pavement conditions for widening the single lane to double lane, equivalent single axle loads, and material selection and reuse for pavement construction. Traffic data analysis provided inputs for highway design, junction design, pavement design, and environmental impact assessment to manage the identified vehicular growth on NH-202.
Identification of Factors to Improve Public Transit Services (A Case Study of...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This research presents studies on a segment of highway to determine the quantitative factors that inuence transit services. Travel time and delay study is one of the method to determine quantitative factors. Tour time is described as the average period of time required to journey from one region to some other. Total departure time consists of gadgets which include total working time, places and general delay time. The examine section was done in Prithvi chowk to Tal chowk of Prithvi Highway which is turned to be 12.5 km long.
Additionally, it has been found that the principle variables affecting travel time are: postpone time because of forestall selecting and choosing up passengers, bus model and bus size.32 trips public transport carrier and a 10 trips non-public automobile journey have been held during peak hours. Models are developed the use of SPSS software to become aware of the relationship between the causes of delays and the overall-time delays. Travel time and learning delays can help reduce the number of private vehicles operating and increase the number of public vehicles in order to reduce congestion and improve the e efficiency of the public transport system. It turned into determined that there was a full-size distinction in tour time among the use of the public transit services and the car.
INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM BASED TRAFFIC CONGESTION MODELLING FOR URBA...civej
This study attempts to make use of traffic behaviour on the aggregate level to estimate congestion on urban arterial and sub-arterial roads of a city exhibiting heterogeneous traffic conditions by breaking the route into independent segments and approximating the origin-destination based traffic flow behaviour of the segments. The expected travel time in making a trip is modelled against sectional traffic characteristics (flow and speed) at origin and destination points of road segments, and roadway and segment traffic characteristics such as diversion routes are also tried in accounting for travel time. Predicted travel time is then used along with free flow time to determine the state of congestion on the segments using a congestion
index (CI). A development of this kind may help in understanding traffic and congestion behaviour practically using easily accessible inputs, limited only to the nodes, and help in improving road network planning and management.
Intelligent Transportation System Based Traffic Congestion Modeling for Urban...civejjour
This study attempts to make use of traffic behaviour on the aggregate level to estimate congestion on urban
arterial and sub-arterial roads of a city exhibiting heterogeneous traffic conditions by breaking the route
into independent segments and approximating the origin-destination based traffic flow behaviour of the
segments. The expected travel time in making a trip is modelled against sectional traffic characteristics
(flow and speed) at origin and destination points of road segments, and roadway and segment traffic
characteristics such as diversion routes are also tried in accounting for travel time. Predicted travel time is
then used along with free flow time to determine the state of congestion on the segments using a congestion
index (CI). A development of this kind may help in understanding traffic and congestion behaviour
practically using easily accessible inputs, limited only to the nodes, and help in improving road network
planning and management.
IRJET- Capacity and Level of Service for Highways Segments in NigeriaIRJET Journal
This document discusses highway capacity and levels of service for highways in Nigeria. It begins by defining key terms like capacity, level of service, and service volume. Capacity is the maximum hourly flow rate a highway can accommodate under prevailing conditions, while level of service is a qualitative measure of traffic flow conditions ranging from A to F. The document then discusses factors that influence highway capacity like roadway characteristics, traffic conditions, and traffic control. It also explains the six levels of service and how they relate to traffic flow speed, density, and a driver's freedom of maneuvering. The goal is to help engineers evaluate highway performance and identify locations that may need improvements.
This document discusses the design of a traffic signal for Agrasen Chowk intersection in India. It first provides background on the increasing traffic volumes and resulting congestion problems at intersections. It then describes conducting traffic volume studies to collect data on vehicle types, flows, and patterns. This data is used to predict future traffic volumes and design the signal timing by calculating the green time and pedestrian walk times needed. The document outlines the specific traffic surveys and analyses conducted to design the traffic signal for Agrasen Chowk intersection.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
STUDY ON HISTORICAL COMMUTER TRAFFIC PATTERN OF DHAKA-CHITTAGONG HIGHWAY (NH-...IAEME Publication
This document analyzes the historical daily, weekly, and monthly traffic patterns on the Dhaka-Chittagong Highway (NH-1) in Bangladesh between 2006-2014. Key findings include:
- Fridays have the highest traffic volume at 16.2% of the weekly total, while Sundays have the lowest at 13.5%. Daily traffic sags mid-week.
- The first three weeks of each month see increasing traffic, while the last week sees decreasing traffic.
- November and December typically see the highest monthly traffic, while February sees the lowest.
- No significant relationship was found between individual months and daily traffic variations.
IRJET- Study of Existing Highways and their Capacity ImprovementsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study of an existing two-lane highway in India to analyze its current capacity and propose improvements. The study focuses on a 45km stretch of National Highway 72 between Ambala City and Naraingarh in Haryana. Primary data on traffic volumes and road characteristics was collected through surveys. Secondary data was also reviewed. The maximum daily traffic volume found was 25,000 passenger car units, exceeding the recommended design capacity of 15,000 passenger car units for a two-lane rural road. As a result, the study proposes widening the highway to increase its capacity and address current traffic issues like congestion.
The document summarizes a technical report on a traffic volume study conducted near Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study involved manual counting of vehicles at the AUST flyover junction to Shatrasta junction to determine traffic volumes, directional distribution, vehicle composition and flow fluctuations. Traffic volumes were calculated in 15 minute intervals and converted to passenger car units per hour. The results from the study can be used to control traffic at the intersection and suggest improvements such as road widening or increasing public transportation.
Similar to Traffic volume study report by pronob ghosh buet 1204011 (20)
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Traffic volume study report by pronob ghosh buet 1204011
1. 1 | P a g e
Traffic Volume Study
Report Submitted By –
Pronob Kumar Ghosh
Std ID: 1204011
Group No: 01
Submitted to –
Professor Md. Shamsul Haque
Assistant Professor Sanjana Hossain
Department of Civil Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
2. 2 | P a g e
ABSTRACT
The goal of traffic engineering is to assure safe, convenient and time efficient movement
of people and goods on roadways. This movement of the people and goods is dependent
on traffic parameters. The three main parameters of a traffic flow are volume, speed and
density. The current studies on traffic volume characteristics of roadway from Panthapath
Signal to Russel Square in Dhaka City .The amount of vehicle have increased
significantly in the last decade due to the increase of the economic condition of people.
The vehicles of highly heterogeneous traffic with widely varying physical and
operational characteristics without any lane discipline. In this study emphasis is given on
traffic volume data collection and the different analysis are carried out. The interaction
between moving vehicles under such heterogeneous traffic condition is highly complex.
For better understanding of the present status of traffic flow at the junction, traffic survey
is conducted. With the help of the data collection, it has made clear to understand the
traffic patterns during different time periods. Hence the analysis from the present study
are helpful in controlling the traffic flow at the intersection and also in suggesting some
traffic management measures to improve the traffic movement in this region.
3. 3 | P a g e
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we would like to express my deepest sense of gratitude to almighty God.
I write this acknowledgement with great honor, pride and pleasure to pay my respects to
all who enable us either directly in completing this report. I express my deep sense of
gratitude to Md. Shamsul Haque, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering and Sajana
Hossain, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of
Engineering & Technology for being valuable guidance to us especially for writing this
report that I have encountered while working on this report.
4. 4 | P a g e
CONTENTS
Page No.
Abstract ii
Acknowledgement iii
Contents iv
List of Figures
List of Tables
Abbreviations
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2
2.1 Traffic Survey
2.2 Traffic Volume Study
2.3 DEFINATION
2.3 a. Volume
2.3 b. Rate of Flow
2.3 c. Average Daily Traffic
2.3 d. Average Annual Daily Traffic
2.4 Expansion Factor
2.4 a. Hourly Expansion Factor
2.4 b. Daily Expansion Factor
2.4 c. Monthly Expansion Factor
5. 5 | P a g e
2.5 Type of Traffic Volume Counts
2.5 a. Screen Line Count
2.5 b. Cordon Count
2.5 c. Intersection Count
2.5 d. Pedestrian Volume Count
2.5 e. Continuous Count
2.6 Previous Traffic Volume Study
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Method of Traffic Volume Study
3.1 a. Manual Counting
3.1 b. Automatic Recorders
3.1 c. Moving Vehicle Method
CHAPTER 4 DATA COLLECTION
CHAPTER 5 DATA ANALYSIS
5.1 Detailed Calculation
5.2 Vehicle Composition
5.3 Service Flow Rate from Panthapath to Russel Square
5.4 Service Flow Rate from Russel Square to Panthpath
5.5 Directional Distribution
5.6 Flow Fluctuation
6. 6 | P a g e
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 Conclusion
6.2 Recommendation
6.3 Limitation
6.4 Future Work
References
Appendix – A Data Collection Table
A.1 Volume Data Table for Individual Vehicle
7. 7 | P a g e
List of Figures
Figure No. Figure Title Page
2.1 Typical Example of Cordon Count.
2.2 Electric Manual Counter.
3.1 Map and Length of our traffic study roadway.
3.2 Tally Counter.
3.3 Road Measuring Wheel Stock.
5.1 Vehicle Composition of Traffic Stream of Group-1.
5.2 Traffic Flow Rate from Panthapath
to Russel Square at different section.
5.3 Traffic Flow Rate from Russel Square
to Panthapath at different section.
5.4 Flow Fluctuation Curve.
8. 8 | P a g e
List of Tables
Table No. Table Title Page
4.1 Summary Data of First Four Group
from Panthapath to Russsel Square.
4.2 Summary Data of First Four Group
from Russel Square to Panthapath.
5.1 Total Vehicle in terms of PCU/10min.
5.2 Hourly & Daily Expansion Factor.
5.3 Vehicle Composition of Traffic Stream.
5.4 Traffic Flow Rate (PCU/hour) from
Panthapath to Russel Square.
5.5 Traffic Flow Rate (PCU/hour) from
Russel Square to Panthapath.
5.6 Calculation of Directional Distribution
of Traffic Stream.
5.7 Flow Fluctuation table of all group.
5.8 Percent of ADT.
9. 9 | P a g e
ABBREBIATION
PCU Passenger Car Unit
PCE Passenger Car Equivalent
ADT Average Daily Traffic
AADT Annual Average Daily Traffic
DEF Daily Expansion Factor
HEF Hourly Expansion Factor
MEF Monthly Expansion Factor
10. 10 | P a g e
Chapter 1
INRODEUCTION
Traffic volume is defined as the amount of vehicles crossing a particular cross section per
unit time. It is measured in vehicle per minute or vehicle per hour or vehicle per day. In
order to express the traffic flow on a road per unit time, it is
necessary to convert the flow of the different vehicle classes into a standard vehicle class
known as Passenger Car Unit (PCU). The traffic volume is dynamic and varies during 24
hours of the day. Daily traffic volume varies on different days of a week and different
months and seasons of the years. The information on traffic volume is an important input
required for planning, analysis, design and operation of roadway systems. Vehicle
composition of traffic stream, flow rate, directional distribution, peak hour flow and
annual average daily traffic (AADT) are used for planning, design and operation of
highways in most of the developed countries, pertain to fairly homogeneous traffic
conditions comprising vehicles of more or less uniform static and dynamic
characteristics. But the traffic scenario of Panthapath to Russel Square roadway in Dhaka
City differs significantly from the conditions of developed countries in many respects. In
this road traffic, the heterogeneity is of high degree with vehicles of widely varying static
and dynamic characteristics. Consequently, the vehicles tend to choose any advantageous
lateral position on the road based on space availability. Under the said traffic conditions
expressing traffic volume as number of vehicles passing a given section of road per unit
time will inappropriate. The problem of measuring volume of such heterogeneous traffic
has been addressed by converting the different types of vehicles into Passenger Cars Unit
and expressing the volume in terms of Passenger Car Unit (PCU) per hour. The PCU is
the universally adopted unit of measurement of traffic volume, derived by taking the
passenger car as the standard vehicle. The interaction between moving vehicles in a
traffic stream for Panthapath to Russel Square roadway is highly complex and is
influenced by a number of roadway and traffic factors. This Traffic Volume study can be
used for better operation and management of facilities in this roadway.
11. 11 | P a g e
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Transportation Service of Dhaka City is measured in terms of ability of highway to
accommodate vehicular traffic safely and efficiently. Determination of functional
effectiveness of prescribed highway from Panthapath to Russel Square needs the
vehicular analysis of traffic. In undertaking such analysis, various parameters of traffic
such as vehicular composition, flow rate, directional distribution, flow fluctuation and
AADT must be addressed. For those analysis traffic volume is counted. Generally
passenger car is adopted as standard vehicle and this factor is known as passenger car
unit (PCU). Many researchers have developed methods to estimate PCU for classified
vehicle. In this report PCU value is taken from Roads and Highway Department,
Bangladesh Government.
2.1 Traffic Survey
Traffic engineers and planners need information about traffic. They need information to
design and manage road and traffic system. They use the information for planning and
designing traffic facilities, selecting geometric standards. They use this to justify warrant
of traffic control devices such as signs, traffic signals, pavement markings, school and
pedestrian crossings. They also use this information to study the effectiveness of
introduced schemes, diagnosing given situations and finding appropriate solutions,
forecasting the effects of projected strategies, calibrating and validating traffic models.
Transportation system is a dynamic system. Information about traffic volume must be
regularly updated to keep pace with ever-changing transportation system. Traffic Volume
surveys are the means of obtaining information about traffic.
But in our traffic volume study, due to time shortage traffic survey is not done before the
data collection. As our prescribed roadway Panthapath to Russel Square is one of the
main roadway of Dhaka City, the traffic volume study is represented to analysis vehicle
composition, flow rate, directional distribution, flow rate etc. for present condition.
12. 12 | P a g e
2.2 Traffic Volume Study
Traffic volume studies are conducted to determine the number, movements, and
classifications of roadway vehicles at a given location. These data can help identify
critical flow time periods, flow fluctuation curve, determine the influence of large
vehicles or document traffic volume trends.
2.3 Definition
2.3 a. Volume: The total number of vehicles that pass over a given point or section of a
lane or roadway during a given time interval is called volume. It is the actual number of
vehicle observed or predicted to passing a point during a given interval.
2.3 b. Rate of flow: The equivalent hourly rate at which vehicles pass over a given point
or section of a lane or roadway during a time interval less than 1hr. usually 15 min.
2.3 c. Average Daily Traffic (ADT): The average 24-hr volume at a given location over
a defined time period less than one year. The common application is to measure an ADT
for each month of the year. Others are
Planning of highway activities.
Measurement of current demand.
Evaluation of existing traffic flow.
2.3 d. Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT)
The average 24-hr volume at a given location over a full 365 days year, estimated as the
number of vehicles passing a site in a year divided by 365 days is known as Average
Annual Daily Traffic.
The application of AADT is following –
Estimation of highway users.
Traffic volume trends.
AADT can be converted into Vehicles Mile Travelled.
Economic feasibility study.
Development of hierarchical system of facilities.
Improvement and maintenance programs.
13. 13 | P a g e
2.4 Expansion Factors
Hourly, daily, and monthly expansion factors can be determined from data obtained.
2.4 a. Hourly Expansion Factor
Hourly Expansion Factor, HEF =
(Total volume for 24 hour period / Volume for particular hour)
2.4 b. Daily Expansion Factor
Daily Expansion Factor, DEF =
(Total volume for a week / Volume for a particular day)
2.4 c. Monthly Expansion Factor
Monthly Expansion Factor, MEF =
(Total volume for a year / Volume for particular month)
2.5 Type of Traffic Volume Count
2.5 a. Screen Line Count
A screen line is an imaginary line on a map, composed of one or more straight line
segments. Screen line analysis provides a means of comparing the results of a traffic
assignment with traffic count data. This is facilitated by comparing the directional (or bi-
directional) sum of traffic count volumes across a screen line with the directional (or bi-
directional) sum of the assigned traffic volumes across the same screen line and then
computing the ratio of the sums, generally the assigned flow sum to the count sum.
Collection of data at these screen-line stations at regular intervals facilitates the detection
of variations in the traffic volume and traffic flow direction due to changes in the land-
use pattern of the area.
14. 14 | P a g e
2.5 b. Cordon Count
The area for which the data are required is cordoned off by an imaginary closed
boundary; the area enclosed within this boundary is defined as the cordon area. Figure
2.1 shows such an area where a city is enclosed by the imaginary loop. The information
obtained from such a count is useful for planning parking facilities, updating and
evaluating traffic operational techniques and making long-range plans for freeway and
arterial street systems.
Figure 2.1 Typical Example of Cordon Count.
2.5 c. Intersection Count
Intersection counts are considered to determine vehicle classifications through
movements and turning movements at intersections. These data are used mainly in
determining cycle times for signalized intersections in the design of channelization at
intersections.
2.5 d. Pedestrian Volume Count
Pedestrian volume counts for each cross walk should be made during the same period
as the vehicle volume count. Tallies should be recorded for each quarter hour for the
duration of the count. Pedestrian counts are not required in sparsely settled rural areas
or at other locations where it is apparent that pedestrian movement is negligible.
15. 15 | P a g e
Figure 2.2 Electric Manual Counter.
2.5 e. Continuous Count
Continuous counts are taken using mechanical or electronic counters showed in Figure
2.3.Stations at which continuous counts are taken as permanent count stations. In
selecting permanent count stations, the highways within the study area must first be
properly classified. Each class should consist of highway links with similar traffic
patterns and characteristics. A highway link is defined for traffic count purposes as a
homogeneous section that has the same traffic characteristics, such as AADT and daily,
weekly, and seasonal variations in traffic volumes at each point.
2.6 Previous Traffic Volume Study
Present traffic volume study in Dhaka City is important for the measurement of traffic
parameters and analysis of traffic volume, speed-flow relationships, passenger car
equivalents, peak hour factor, flow variations and traffic capacity and level of
serviceability.
Chandra S, Kumar V and Sikdar (1995) made a comprehensive study on capacity of
urban roads. It was emphasized that PCU values for vehicle type is dynamic in nature and
depends on all factors affecting the behavior of vehicle in the traffic stream. Data
collected at various at various mid-block sections of Delhi were used to study the
dynamic nature of PCU for a vehicle type. They observed that the PCU for a vehicle type
decreases with increase in its own proportion in the traffic stream.
16. 16 | P a g e
Parker (1996) observed that knowledge of traffic composition plays an important role in
determining capacity. It was found that the percentage of heavy goods vehicles (HGVs)
within traffic stream has a major effect on capacity due to length, limited
maneuverability, lower desired speed and engine power to weight ratio. As the presence
of HGV’s in the traffic stream increases, the capacity reduces in term of throughout of
vehicle per hour.
Chandra and Sikdar (2000) observed that PCU for a vehicle type is mainly controlled
by homogeneity/ heterogeneity of the traffic stream, which in turn, depend upon the
relative proportion of different types of vehicle. The basic philosophy involved in the
development of concept of dynamic PCU was that capacity estimation in a common unit
must be same irrespective of stream composition under given physical and control
conditions. They developed a computer program to evaluate PCU for a vehicle type of
urban roads.
Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), (1988) New Delhi to determine the PCU
value for different types of vehicles comprises of linear regression of the speed of cars
with volume of different categories of vehicles. The method suggests collection of large
amount of data on speed of cars under traffic volume and composition and fitting
multiple linear regression equations.
Chandra.S and Prasad N.V (2004) found that the PCU factors calculated at different
sections of urban roads vary substantially across the sections. Capacity varies with
physical and traffic conditions and traffic composition. Capacity of a multilane divided
urban road increases linearly with increase in the proportion of two-wheelers in traffic
stream. It is estimated that capacity of an urban road section increases by approximately 9
percent for every 10 percent increase in the proportion of 2-wheeler. The capacity of a
section with side friction is approximately12 percent lower as compared to a section with
no side friction.
V.T Hamizh Arasan and Krishnamurthy (2008) provided an insight into the
complexity of the vehicular interaction in heterogeneous traffic. The PCU estimates,
made through microscopic of simulation, for the different types of vehicles of
heterogeneous traffic, for a wide range traffic volume and roadway conditions indicate
that the PCU value of a vehicle significantly changes with change in traffic volume and
width of roadway.
17. 17 | P a g e
Satyanarayana (2012) studied the effect of traffic volume, its composition and stream
speed on passenger car equivalents. Method proposed by Chandra is used for developing
the PCU factors and found that for two axle trucks PCU values are found to increase with
an increase in compositional share of respective vehicle types in the traffic stream. The
PCU of two wheelers practically remains unaffected by its compositional share in the
traffic stream.
Our prescribed road for traffic volume study Panthapath to Russel Square is one of the
main primary road in Dhaka City. To ensure safe, convenient and efficient traffic
movement into this roadway, we continue this traffic survey. To facilitate the existing
road condition, it is necessary to analysis traffic volume composition, directional
distribution, flow fluctuation, flow rate etc. for this roadway. After this traffic volume
study, we can ensure the better traffic condition.
18. 18 | P a g e
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Method of Traffic Volume Count
Traffic volume studies are conducted to determine the number, movements, and
classifications of roadway vehicles at a given location. Our Traffic Volume Study is
continued in Panthapath to Russel Square in Dhaka City. The location is chosen because
of rapid growth of commercial and institutions in the area. These data helps to identify
peak hour flow, determine the composition of vehicles on vehicular traffic flow. The way
of traffic volume count can be collected by the following methods:-
3.1 a. Manual counting
In this method a team of enumerators is engaged to record traffic volume on the
prescribed roadway in a specified period. A sample of the field sheet which is used for
traffic counts.
The main advantage of this method is that the field team can record the type and
direction of vehicles. However, it is not practicable to do manual counting for all the 24
hours of the day and on all days round the year. But this method is commonly used due
to its specific advantage over the automatic recorders.
3.1 b. Automatic recorders
In this method, the total number of vehicles crossing at a road intersection in the
desired period is automatically recorded by a mechanical recorder. These recorders are
either fixed type or portable type and may record data though the following ways-
Photo electric cell method –
In this method, the automatic recorder is actuated by the interruption of a light beam
falling on a photo electric cell placed on the road side as a vehicle passes.
Electrical method –
In this method, the automatic recorder is actuated by closing of an electric circuit by
the passage of vehicle.
The main advantage of the methods of automatic recorders is that they can work
throughout the day and night for the desired period, recording total hourly volume of
traffic. But the disadvantage of this method is that the automatic recorders cannot record
the type and direction of vehicles. Moreover the data is not as accurate as in case of
manual counting since two or more vehicles going abreast will be recorded as a single
unit.
19. 19 | P a g e
3.1 c. Moving Vehicle Method
In this method, the number of vehicles met overtaken and the time taken to travel
are noted by the observer moving in a car once against the traffic and second time
along with the traffic. Then the volume of traffic is calculated by the following
relationship –
V= (X+Y) / (ta+tw)
Where, V= Vehicles per minute in one direction.
X= Number of vehicles met when moving against the desired direction in
ta minutes.
Y= Number of vehicles overtaken while moving along with the traffic in the
direction in tw minutes.
The accuracy of this method depends upon the number of tests conducted.
As the number of enumerators in our team is available and in the absence of modern
equipment, manual counting method is selected to continue traffic volume study.
Figure 3.1 Map and Length of our traffic study roadway.
20. 20 | P a g e
Figure 3.2 Tally Counter.
Figure 3.3 Road Measuring Wheel Traffic.
21. 21 | P a g e
CHAPTER 4
DATA COLLECTION
Location: Location of the traffic volume study was selected to be from Panathapath to
Russel Square. Vehicles from Panathapath to Russel Square and from Russel Square to
Panthapath were counted.
Date: Data for traffic volume study was collected on 23 March 2017.
Time: Time of data collection for traffic volume study was 8:30 AM to 8:40 AM.
Weather Condition: Sunny Day.
Observation: Classified Vehicle Counts.
Method: Direct Manual Method.
Duration: 10 minutes (Short Count).
Equipment: Tally Counter, Road measuring wheel stock, Vest.
Number of Enumerators: Seven.
22. 22 | P a g e
Table 4.1 Summary Data of First Four Group from Panthapath to Russsel Square.
Table 4.2 Summary Data of First Four Group from Russel Square to Panthapath.
TIME DIRECTION: PANTHAPATH -> RUSSEL SQUARE
MOTORIZED VEHICLES
GRO
UP
BU
S
(B)
TRU
CK
(T)
MOTORC
YCLE
(MC)
LIGHT VEHICLE (LV) AUTO
RICKSHAW
(AR)
SMALL
PUBLIC
TRANSPORT
(SP)
TOTAL
VEHICLES
CAR/T
AXI
JEEP/P
AJERO
PICK
UP
AMBULA
NCE
MICR
O
BUS
BABY
TAXI/MISHO
OK
MAXI /
TEMPOO
1st
Hour
1 4 0 33 94 5 4 0 16 41 0 197
2nd
Hour
2 2 0 16 70 8 6 1 10 27 0 140
3rd
Hour
3 6 5 26 104 7 10 5 22 38 0 223
4th
Hour
4 2 0 27 107 5 11 1 12 42 0 207
TOTAL:
1
4
5 102 375 25 31 7 60 148 0 767
TIME DIRECTION: RUSSEL SQUARE -> PANTHAPATH
MOTORIZED VEHICLES
GRO
UP
B
U
S
(
B
)
TR
UC
K
(T)
MOTOR
CYCLE
(MC)
LIGHT VEHICLE (LV) AUTO
RICKSHAW
(AR)
SMALL PUBLIC
TRANSPORT (SP)
TOTA
L
VEHI
CLESCAR/
TAXI
JEEP/PA
JERO
PICK
UP
AMBUL
ANCE
MIC
RO
BUS
BABY
TAXI/MISHOO
K
MAXI / TEMPOO
1st
Hour
8 3 0 48 188 6 2 3 11 43 0 304
2nd
Hour
7 4 0 62 131 4 8 2 20 33 0 264
3rd
Hour
6 5 0 50 91 6 1 4 17 55 0 229
4th
Hour
5 1 0 36 1
16
26 0 184
TOTAL:
AVERA
GE
23. 23 | P a g e
CHAPTER 5
DATA ANALYSIS
5.1 Detailed Calculation
Table 5.1 Total Vehicle in terms of PCU/10min.
Classified
Vehicle
Number of
Vehicles PCU Factor Number of
Vehicle
Equivalent to
Passenger Car
Total Vehicle
PCU/10min
Bus 4 3.0 12
Truck 0 3.0 0
Motor-Cycle 33 0.75 25 187
Light Vehicle 119 1.0 119
Auto-Rickshaw 41 0.75 31
Small Public
Transport
0 0.75 0
24. 24 | P a g e
Table 5.2 Hourly & Daily Expansion Factor.
Factor Value
Hourly Expansion Factor 22.05
Daily Expansion Factor 7.012
Monthly Expansion Factor 1.635
Service flow rate:
187 * 6 = 1122 vehicle/hour
Daily volume:
1122 * HEP = 1122 * 22.05 = 24741 vehicle/day
Weekly volume:
24741 * DEP = 27924 * 7.012 = 173484 vehicle/week
Average Daily Traffic:
ADT= 173484 / 7 = 24784 vehicle/day
Annual Average Daily Traffic:
AADT= ADT * MEF = 24784 * 1.635 = 40522 vehicle / day
25. 25 | P a g e
5.2 Vehicle Composition
Table 5.3 Vehicle Composition of Traffic Stream.
Classified Vehicle PCU/hour % of Total Flow
Bus 72 6
Light Vehicle 714 64
Motor-Cycle 150 13
Auto Rickshaw 186 17
Total=1122 Total=100
Figure 5.1 Vehicle Composition of Traffic Stream of Group-1.
26. 26 | P a g e
5.3 Service Flow Rate from Panthapath to Russel Square.
Table 5.4 Traffic Flow Rate (PCU/hour) from Panthapath to Russel Square.
5.4 Service Flow Rate from Russel Square to Panthapath.
Table 5.5 Traffic Flow Rate (PCU/hour) from Russel Square to Panthapath.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
1122
804
1374
1164
PCU/hour
Group
Group Time PCU/hour
1. 8:30-9:30 1122
2. 9:30-10:30 804
3. 10:30-11:30 1374
4. 11:30-12:30 1164
Group Time PCU/hour
8. 8:30-9:30 1149
7. 9:30-10:30 993
6. 10:30-11:30 851
5. 11:30-12:30 662
27. 27 | P a g e
Figure 5.3 Traffic Flow Rate from Russel Square to Panthapath at different section.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Group 8 Group 7 Group 6 Group 5
1149
993
851
662
PCU/hour
Group
28. 28 | P a g e
5.5 Directional Distribution
Table 5.6 Calculation of Directional Distribution of Traffic Stream.
Directional Distribution from
Panthapath to Russel Square = (4464 / 4464+3655) *100
= 54.98%
Russel Square to Panthapath = (3655 / 4464+3655) *100
= 45.02%
Panthapath to Russsel Square Russel Square to Panthapath
Group PCU/hour Group PCU/hour
1. 1122 5. 662
2. 804 6. 851
3. 1374 7. 993
4. 1164 8. 1149
Total 4464 Total 3655
29. 29 | P a g e
5.6 Flow Fluctuation:
Table 5.7 Flow Fluctuation table of all group.
Group ADT Group ADT
1. 24784 8. 25379
Panthapath to
Russel Square
2. 15142 Russel Square
to Pathapath
7. 18701
3. 23550 6. 14586
4. 21595 5. 12282
Total 85071 Total 70948
Table 5.8 Percent of ADT.
Group % ADT Group % ADT
1. 29.133 8. 35.771
Panthapath to
Russel Square
2. 17.799 Russel Square
to Pathapath
7. 26.358
3. 27.682 6. 20.558
4. 25.384 5. 17.311
30. 30 | P a g e
Figure 5.4 Flow Fluctuation Curve.
29.133
17.799
27.682
25.384
35.771
26.358
20.558
17.311
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
8:30-9:30 9:30-10:30 10:30-11:30 11:30-12:30
FLow Fluctuation Curve
% ADT From Pathaptha to Russel Square % ADT Russel Square to Panthapath
31. 31 | P a g e
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATRION
6.1 Traffic Volume Study from Panthapath to Russel Square draws out the
following conclusion –
On Vehicle Composition-
Vehicle composition of traffic stream shows that the most of the vehicle is light
vehicle and it is about 64% of total traffic. The reason behind this is the area
where we study traffic volume associated with industrial and residential purposes.
The percentage amount of Bus is low. To develop the existing traffic condition it
is suggested that if number of bus is increased by users, traffic congestion may be
reduced efficiently.
The condition of bus is old, rusty and sometimes having broken glass. To facilitate
public transport system, this condition must be developed.
As the light vehicle specially car composition is higher, it is said that most of the
rich people travel this roadway.
On Service Flow Rate-
From Panthapath to Russel Square the peak hour is happened to 10:30 AM to
11:30 AM. It is said that maximum vehicle is approached this road in that time.
From Russel Square to Panthpath the peak hour is happened to 8:30 AM to 9:30
AM. It is said that maximum vehicle is exit this road in that time.
On Directional Distribution-
The distribution of traffic from Panthapath to Russel square is 54.98% which is
higher that the distribution from Russel square to Panthapath 45.02%. From it is
concluded that the approached vehicle is higher than the exit vehicle.
On Flow Fluctuation Curve-
From flow fluctuation curve it is seen that peak is achieved during 8:30 AM to
9:30 AM on both lane.
32. 32 | P a g e
From Panthapath to Russel Sqaure flow is gradually decreased.
But from Russel square to Panthapath flow first decreased upto 9:30 AM to
10:30AM . Then it is increase and finally slightly decreased. So here fluctuation is
high.
6.2 Recommendation
Optimum vehicle composition of a traffic flow consists of 30-40% public transport
or BUS
while there was only 6% public transport in our study road.
The buses we observed on the road were too much old that they could not
maneuver easily
although the maneuverability of buses is originally low. So replacing these old
buses with
new ones is highly recommended.
Bicycle should have specific lanes of their own which typically is placed beside
the
footpath/shoulder. But there was not any specific lane in the road we studied. So it
is
recommended that a lane system should be introduced to increase efficiency of the
road at
the same time there should be a bicycle specific lane.
NMT or electrical low speed vehicles should not be permitted in this type of
arterial road.
Although they typically travel on the left lane but they create a drag force which
slows down
the high speed vehicles which creates congestion.
There were some large container trucks observed on the road. Congestion can be
slightly
avoided if these vehicles were allowed only at off peak hours.
33. 33 | P a g e
6.3 Limitation
We collected data for representative portion of traffic stream. However if it was possible
to collect data for each and every type of vehicle then a better scenario could have been
presented.
6.4 Future Work
In future the traffic volume study should be implemented through grater time to get more
proper and uniform result. There is more analysis can be added to this traffic volume
study. The reason behind the more people use light vehicle, Car can be find out in this
study.
34. 34 | P a g e
REFEREBCES
1. Ahmed Al.Kaishy, Younghan Jung and Hesham Rakha. (2005), “Developing
Passenger Car Equivalency Factors for Heavy Vehicles during Congestion”. Journal of
Transportation Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 131, No. 7, pp. 514-523.
2. Andrew P. Tarko, Rafael I. Perez –Cartagena, “Variability of a Peak Hour Factor at
Intersections”, Submitted for presentation at the 84 nd Annual Meeting of the
Transportation Research Board, January 9- 13, 2005, Washington D.C.
3. Arkatkar, S.S. (2011), “Effect of Intercity Road Geometry on Capacity under
Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions Using Microscopic Simulation Technique”,
International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, ISSN 0974-5904, Volume 04,
No 06 SPL, October 2011, pp. 375-380.
5. Central Road Research Institute, (1988), “Capacity of Roads in Urban Areas”, Project
Sponsored by Ministry of Surface Transport, Sept, 1988.
6. Chandra, S. and Prasad, N.V. (2004), “Capacity of Multialne Urban Roads under
Mixed TraffiC Conditions”, Highway Research Bulletin, Traffic Engg., Indian Road
Congress, pp.97-103.
7. Chandra, S. and Sikdar, P.K. (2000), “Factors Affecting PCU in Mixed Traffic
Situations in Urban Roads”, Road Transport Research, Vol. 9, No. 3, Australian Road
Research Board, pp. 40-50.
8. Chandra S., Kumar, V., and Sikdar, P.K. (1995), “Dynamic PCU and Estimation of
Capacity of Urban Roads”, Indian Highways, Indian Road Congress, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp.
17 – 28.
9. http://civilengineeringtraining.blogspot.com/2013/01/method-of-collection-of-traffic-
volume.html.
10.
http://www.rhd.gov.bd/Documents/ConvDocs/Road%20Geometric%20Design%20Manu
al.pdf (Visiting Date: 01 April 2017)
35. 35 | P a g e
11. http://www.caliper.com/glossary/what-is-screenline-analysis.htm
12.
http://onlinemanuals.txdot.gov/txdotmanuals/tff/vehicle_and_pedestrian_traffic_counts.ht
m
13. http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/cfc/CE452/12_Volume%20study_print6.pdf
14. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271833441_Traffic_Volume_Study
15. http://www.internationaljournalssrg.org/IJCE/2016/Volume3-Issue7/IJCE-
V3I7P123.pdf
16. http://www.traffcome.com/solutions.html (Visiting date: 23 June 2013)
17. http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/weatherempirical/sect3.htm (Visiting date:
23
June 2013)
36. 36 | P a g e
APPENDIX
Appendix – A Data Collection Table
A.1 Volume Data Table for Individual Vehicle