Operating System Concepts was presented by Nitish Jadia in Bhopal null meet, to make people aware of the internal workings of the OS they use.
The contents and explanation of this PPT was inspired and taken from Operating System Concepts by by silberschatz galvin gagne.
UNIT I OPERATING SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Computer System Overview-Basic Elements, Instruction Execution, Interrupts, Memory Hierarchy, Cache Memory, Direct Memory Access, Multiprocessor and Multicore Organization. Operating system overview-objectives and functions, Evolution of Operating System.- Computer System Organization Operating System Structure and Operations- System Calls, System Programs, OS Generation and System Boot.
This is the twelfth set of slightly updated slides from a Perl programming course that I held some years ago.
I want to share it with everyone looking for intransitive Perl-knowledge.
A table of content for all presentations can be found at i-can.eu.
The source code for the examples and the presentations in ODP format are on https://github.com/kberov/PerlProgrammingCourse
Presentation about Operating System.
including file management.process management,multitasking,different kind of operating system,some popular operating system
UNIT I OPERATING SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Computer System Overview-Basic Elements, Instruction Execution, Interrupts, Memory Hierarchy, Cache Memory, Direct Memory Access, Multiprocessor and Multicore Organization. Operating system overview-objectives and functions, Evolution of Operating System.- Computer System Organization Operating System Structure and Operations- System Calls, System Programs, OS Generation and System Boot.
This is the twelfth set of slightly updated slides from a Perl programming course that I held some years ago.
I want to share it with everyone looking for intransitive Perl-knowledge.
A table of content for all presentations can be found at i-can.eu.
The source code for the examples and the presentations in ODP format are on https://github.com/kberov/PerlProgrammingCourse
Presentation about Operating System.
including file management.process management,multitasking,different kind of operating system,some popular operating system
Operating system - Process and its conceptsKaran Thakkar
This presentation gives an overview of Process concepts in Operating System. The presentation aims at alleviating most of the overheads while understanding the process concept in operating system. this tailor made presentation will help individuals to understand the overall meaning of process and its underlying concepts used in an operating system.
In this presentation, I am explaining about Threads, types of threads, its advantages and disadvantages, difference between Process and Threads, multithreading and its type.
"Like the ppt if you liked the ppt"
LinkedIn - https://in.linkedin.com/in/prakharmaurya
A distributed system is a collection of computational and storage devices connected through a communications network. In this type of system, data, software, and users are distributed.
Main memory must support both OS and user processes
Limited resource, must allocate efficiently
Contiguous allocation is one early method
Main memory usually into two partitions:
Resident operating system, usually held in low memory with interrupt vector
User processes then held in high memory
Each process contained in single contiguous section of memory
INTRODUCTIONTO OPERATING SYSTEM
What is an Operating System?
Mainframe Systems
Desktop Systems
Multiprocessor Systems
Distributed Systems
Clustered System
Real -Time Systems
Handheld Systems
Computing Environments
Operating system 18 process creation and terminationVaibhav Khanna
Information associated with each process
(also called task control block)
Process state – running, waiting, etc
Program counter – location of instruction to next execute
CPU registers – contents of all process-centric registers
CPU scheduling information- priorities, scheduling queue pointers
Memory-management information – memory allocated to the process
Accounting information – CPU used, clock time elapsed since start, time limits
I/O status information – I/O devices allocated to process, list of open files
This is my sort note of operating system.In this note we describe our knowledge for B.Sc level. Student of B.Sc(H) Computer Science this note is good. We describe this note very easy language which the student easily understand.
Operating system - Process and its conceptsKaran Thakkar
This presentation gives an overview of Process concepts in Operating System. The presentation aims at alleviating most of the overheads while understanding the process concept in operating system. this tailor made presentation will help individuals to understand the overall meaning of process and its underlying concepts used in an operating system.
In this presentation, I am explaining about Threads, types of threads, its advantages and disadvantages, difference between Process and Threads, multithreading and its type.
"Like the ppt if you liked the ppt"
LinkedIn - https://in.linkedin.com/in/prakharmaurya
A distributed system is a collection of computational and storage devices connected through a communications network. In this type of system, data, software, and users are distributed.
Main memory must support both OS and user processes
Limited resource, must allocate efficiently
Contiguous allocation is one early method
Main memory usually into two partitions:
Resident operating system, usually held in low memory with interrupt vector
User processes then held in high memory
Each process contained in single contiguous section of memory
INTRODUCTIONTO OPERATING SYSTEM
What is an Operating System?
Mainframe Systems
Desktop Systems
Multiprocessor Systems
Distributed Systems
Clustered System
Real -Time Systems
Handheld Systems
Computing Environments
Operating system 18 process creation and terminationVaibhav Khanna
Information associated with each process
(also called task control block)
Process state – running, waiting, etc
Program counter – location of instruction to next execute
CPU registers – contents of all process-centric registers
CPU scheduling information- priorities, scheduling queue pointers
Memory-management information – memory allocated to the process
Accounting information – CPU used, clock time elapsed since start, time limits
I/O status information – I/O devices allocated to process, list of open files
This is my sort note of operating system.In this note we describe our knowledge for B.Sc level. Student of B.Sc(H) Computer Science this note is good. We describe this note very easy language which the student easily understand.
Advanced Operating System- IntroductionDebasis Das
Introduction to Advanced Operating systems. Many university courses run advanced/ distributed operating system courses in their 4 year engineering programs. This is based on WBUT CS 704 D course but matches many such courses run by different universities. If you need to downloaad this presentation, please send me an email at ddas15847@gmail.com
What Operating Systems Do
Computer System Organization
Computer System Architecture
Operating System Structure
Operating System Operations
Distributed Systems
Open Source Operating Systems.
lecture 1 (Part 2) kernal and its categoriesWajeehaBaig
Kernel and its categories
computer start up
Architecture of Operating system(Monolithic ,Layered,Micro kernel,Network and distributed O.S)
Interrupt and its function
System calls
System boot
O.S services(for system, for user)
Code reviews are vital for ensuring good code quality. They serve as one of our last lines of defense against bugs and subpar code reaching production.
Yet, they often turn into annoying tasks riddled with frustration, hostility, unclear feedback and lack of standards. How can we improve this crucial process?
In this session we will cover:
- The Art of Effective Code Reviews
- Streamlining the Review Process
- Elevating Reviews with Automated Tools
By the end of this presentation, you'll have the knowledge on how to organize and improve your code review proces
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Come join this talk to see some tips and tricks for using Quarkus and some of the lesser known features, extensions and development techniques.
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Unlocking Business Potential: Tailored Technology Solutions by Prosigns
Discover how Prosigns, a leading technology solutions provider, partners with businesses to drive innovation and success. Our presentation showcases our comprehensive range of services, including custom software development, web and mobile app development, AI & ML solutions, blockchain integration, DevOps services, and Microsoft Dynamics 365 support.
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Join us for an exploration of the Metaverse's evolution, where innovation meets imagination. Discover new dimensions of virtual events, engage with thought-provoking discussions, and witness the transformative power of digital realms."
Gamify Your Mind; The Secret Sauce to Delivering Success, Continuously Improv...Shahin Sheidaei
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top nidhi software solution freedownloadvrstrong314
This presentation emphasizes the importance of data security and legal compliance for Nidhi companies in India. It highlights how online Nidhi software solutions, like Vector Nidhi Software, offer advanced features tailored to these needs. Key aspects include encryption, access controls, and audit trails to ensure data security. The software complies with regulatory guidelines from the MCA and RBI and adheres to Nidhi Rules, 2014. With customizable, user-friendly interfaces and real-time features, these Nidhi software solutions enhance efficiency, support growth, and provide exceptional member services. The presentation concludes with contact information for further inquiries.
Listen to the keynote address and hear about the latest developments from Rachana Ananthakrishnan and Ian Foster who review the updates to the Globus Platform and Service, and the relevance of Globus to the scientific community as an automation platform to accelerate scientific discovery.
Large Language Models and the End of ProgrammingMatt Welsh
Talk by Matt Welsh at Craft Conference 2024 on the impact that Large Language Models will have on the future of software development. In this talk, I discuss the ways in which LLMs will impact the software industry, from replacing human software developers with AI, to replacing conventional software with models that perform reasoning, computation, and problem-solving.
Into the Box Keynote Day 2: Unveiling amazing updates and announcements for modern CFML developers! Get ready for exciting releases and updates on Ortus tools and products. Stay tuned for cutting-edge innovations designed to boost your productivity.
Developing Distributed High-performance Computing Capabilities of an Open Sci...Globus
COVID-19 had an unprecedented impact on scientific collaboration. The pandemic and its broad response from the scientific community has forged new relationships among public health practitioners, mathematical modelers, and scientific computing specialists, while revealing critical gaps in exploiting advanced computing systems to support urgent decision making. Informed by our team’s work in applying high-performance computing in support of public health decision makers during the COVID-19 pandemic, we present how Globus technologies are enabling the development of an open science platform for robust epidemic analysis, with the goal of collaborative, secure, distributed, on-demand, and fast time-to-solution analyses to support public health.
Globus Connect Server Deep Dive - GlobusWorld 2024Globus
We explore the Globus Connect Server (GCS) architecture and experiment with advanced configuration options and use cases. This content is targeted at system administrators who are familiar with GCS and currently operate—or are planning to operate—broader deployments at their institution.
Experience our free, in-depth three-part Tendenci Platform Corporate Membership Management workshop series! In Session 1 on May 14th, 2024, we began with an Introduction and Setup, mastering the configuration of your Corporate Membership Module settings to establish membership types, applications, and more. Then, on May 16th, 2024, in Session 2, we focused on binding individual members to a Corporate Membership and Corporate Reps, teaching you how to add individual members and assign Corporate Representatives to manage dues, renewals, and associated members. Finally, on May 28th, 2024, in Session 3, we covered questions and concerns, addressing any queries or issues you may have.
For more Tendenci AMS events, check out www.tendenci.com/events
Enhancing Research Orchestration Capabilities at ORNL.pdfGlobus
Cross-facility research orchestration comes with ever-changing constraints regarding the availability and suitability of various compute and data resources. In short, a flexible data and processing fabric is needed to enable the dynamic redirection of data and compute tasks throughout the lifecycle of an experiment. In this talk, we illustrate how we easily leveraged Globus services to instrument the ACE research testbed at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility with flexible data and task orchestration capabilities.
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The Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) is a global network of data servers that archives and distributes the planet’s largest collection of Earth system model output for thousands of climate and environmental scientists worldwide. Many of these petabyte-scale data archives are located in proximity to large high-performance computing (HPC) or cloud computing resources, but the primary workflow for data users consists of transferring data, and applying computations on a different system. As a part of the ESGF 2.0 US project (funded by the United States Department of Energy Office of Science), we developed pre-defined data workflows, which can be run on-demand, capable of applying many data reduction and data analysis to the large ESGF data archives, transferring only the resultant analysis (ex. visualizations, smaller data files). In this talk, we will showcase a few of these workflows, highlighting how Globus Flows can be used for petabyte-scale climate analysis.
2. A program that acts as an intermediary
between a user of a computer and the
computer hardware
Operating system goals:
◦ Execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier
◦ Make the computer system convenient to use
◦ Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
3. Computer system can be divided into four
components:
◦ Hardware – provides basic computing resources
CPU, memory, I/O devices
◦ Operating system
Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various
applications and users
◦ Application programs – define the ways in which the
system resources are used to solve the computing
problems of the users
Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database
systems, video games
◦ Users
People, machines, other computers
4.
5. I/O devices and the CPU can execute
concurrently
Each device controller is in charge of a
particular device type
Each device controller has a local buffer
CPU moves data from/to main memory
to/from local buffers
I/O is from the device to local buffer of
controller
Device controller informs CPU that it has
finished its operation by causing an interrupt
6.
7. Most systems use a single general-purpose
processor
◦ Most systems have special-purpose processors as well
Multiprocessors systems growing in use and
importance
◦ Also known as parallel systems, tightly-coupled systems
◦ Advantages include:
1. Increased throughput
2. Economy of scale
3. Increased reliability – graceful degradation or fault
tolerance
8. Multi-chip and Multicore
Systems containing all chips
◦ Chassis containing multiple separate systems
9. Like multiprocessor systems, but multiple
systems working together
◦ Usually sharing storage via a storage-area network (SAN)
◦ Provides a high-availability service which survives
failures
Asymmetric clustering has one machine in hot-standby
mode
Symmetric clustering has multiple nodes running
applications, monitoring each other
◦ Some clusters are for high-performance computing
(HPC)
Applications must be written to use parallelization
◦ Some have distributed lock manager (DLM) to avoid
conflicting operations
10.
11. Multiprogramming (Batch system) needed for efficiency
Single user cannot keep CPU and I/O devices busy at all times
Multiprogramming organizes jobs (code and data) so CPU always has one to execute
A subset of total jobs in system is kept in memory
One job selected and run via job scheduling
When it has to wait (for I/O for example), OS switches to another job
Timesharing (multitasking) is logical extension in which CPU switches jobs so
frequently that users can interact with each job while it is running, creating interactive
computing
Response time should be < 1 second
Each user has at least one program executing in memory process
If several jobs ready to run at the same time CPU scheduling
If processes don’t fit in memory, swapping moves them in and out to run
Virtual memory allows execution of processes not completely in memory
12.
13. Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt
service routine generally, through the
interrupt vector, which contains the
addresses of all the service routines
Interrupt architecture must save the address
of the interrupted instruction
A trap or exception is a software-generated
interrupt caused either by an error or a user
request
An operating system is interrupt driven
14.
15. Programming interface to the services
provided by the OS
Typically written in a high-level language (C
or C++)
Mostly accessed by programs via a high-level
Application Programming Interface (API)
rather than direct system call use
Three most common APIs are Win32 API for
Windows, POSIX API for POSIX-based systems
(including virtually all versions of UNIX, Linux,
and Mac OS X), and Java API for the Java
virtual machine (JVM)
16. System call sequence to copy the contents of one file to
another file
17. Typically, a number associated with each system
call
◦ System-call interface maintains a table indexed
according to these numbers
The system call interface invokes the intended
system call in OS kernel and returns status of the
system call and any return values
The caller need know nothing about how the
system call is implemented
◦ Just needs to obey API and understand what OS will do
as a result call
◦ Most details of OS interface hidden from programmer
by API
Managed by run-time support library (set of functions built
into libraries included with compiler)
18.
19. Process control
◦ create process, terminate process
◦ end, abort
◦ load, execute
◦ get process attributes, set process attributes
◦ wait for time
◦ wait event, signal event
◦ allocate and free memory
◦ Dump memory if error
◦ Debugger for determining bugs, single step execution
◦ Locks for managing access to shared data between
processes
20. File management
◦ create file, delete file
◦ open, close file
◦ read, write, reposition
◦ get and set file attributes
Device management
◦ request device, release device
◦ read, write, reposition
◦ get device attributes, set device attributes
◦ logically attach or detach devices
21.
22. C program invoking printf() library call, which calls write()
system call
23. Interrupt driven (hardware and software)
◦ Hardware interrupt by one of the devices
◦ Software interrupt (exception or trap):
Software error (e.g., division by zero)
Request for operating system service
Other process problems include infinite loop,
processes modifying each other or the operating
system
24. Dual-mode operation allows OS to protect
itself and other system components
◦ User mode and kernel mode
◦ Mode bit provided by hardware
Provides ability to distinguish when system is running
user code or kernel code
Some instructions designated as privileged, only
executable in kernel mode
System call changes mode to kernel, return from call
resets it to user
Increasingly CPUs support multi-mode
operations
◦ i.e. virtual machine manager (VMM) mode for guest
VMs
25. Timer to prevent infinite loop / process hogging resources
◦ Timer is set to interrupt the computer after some time period
◦ Keep a counter that is decremented by the physical clock.
◦ Operating system set the counter (privileged instruction)
◦ When counter zero generate an interrupt
◦ Set up before scheduling process to regain control or terminate
program that exceeds allotted time
26. General-purpose OS is very large program
Various ways to structure ones
◦ Simple structure – MS-DOS
◦ More complex -- UNIX
◦ Layered – an abstrcation
◦ Microkernel -Mach
27. MS-DOS – written to
provide the most
functionality in the
least space
◦ Not divided into modules
◦ Although MS-DOS has
some structure, its
interfaces and levels of
functionality are not well
separated
28. UNIX – limited by hardware functionality, the
original UNIX operating system had limited
structuring. The UNIX OS consists of two
separable parts
◦ Systems programs
◦ The kernel
Consists of everything below the system-call interface
and above the physical hardware
Provides the file system, CPU scheduling, memory
management, and other operating-system functions; a
large number of functions for one level
30. The operating system is
divided into a number of
layers (levels), each built
on top of lower layers.
The bottom layer (layer
0), is the hardware; the
highest (layer N) is the
user interface.
With modularity, layers
are selected such that
each uses functions
(operations) and services
of only lower-level layers
31. Moves as much from the kernel into user space
Mach example of microkernel
◦ Mac OS X kernel (Darwin) partly based on Mach
Communication takes place between user
modules using message passing
Benefits:
◦ Easier to extend a microkernel
◦ Easier to port the operating system to new architectures
◦ More reliable (less code is running in kernel mode)
◦ More secure
Detriments:
◦ Performance overhead of user space to kernel space
communication
33. Many modern operating systems implement
loadable kernel modules
◦ Uses object-oriented approach
◦ Each core component is separate
◦ Each talks to the others over known interfaces
◦ Each is loadable as needed within the kernel
Overall, similar to layers but with more
flexible
◦ Linux, Solaris, etc
34.
35. Most modern operating systems are actually not
one pure model
◦ Hybrid combines multiple approaches to address
performance, security, usability needs
◦ Linux and Solaris kernels in kernel address space, so
monolithic, plus modular for dynamic loading of
functionality
◦ Windows mostly monolithic, plus microkernel for
different subsystem personalities
Apple Mac OS X hybrid, layered, Aqua UI plus
Cocoa programming environment
◦ Below is kernel consisting of Mach microkernel and BSD
Unix parts, plus I/O kit and dynamically loadable
modules (called kernel extensions)
36. bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or
reboot
◦ Typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally known
as firmware
◦ Initializes all aspects of system
◦ Loads operating system kernel and starts execution
37. When power initialized on system, execution starts at
a fixed memory location
◦ Firmware ROM used to hold initial boot code
Operating system must be made available to
hardware so hardware can start it
◦ Small piece of code – bootstrap loader, stored in ROM or
EEPROM locates the kernel, loads it into memory, and starts
it
◦ Sometimes two-step process where boot block at fixed
location loaded by ROM code, which loads bootstrap loader
from disk
Common bootstrap loader, GRUB, allows selection of
kernel from multiple disks, versions, kernel options
Kernel loads and system is then running