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Complete measurement of the mixed mode s-parameters is often performed by transforming single-ended s-parameters and assuming that the system is linear. In some cases, linearity cannot be assumed such as where active components are used.
This presentation describes how to measure true differential s-parameters which can be measured even in the presence of non-linear elements.
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Differential structures such as backplanes and cables are the primary means for transmitting high speed serial data signals. Signal integrity of these systems is determined by the characteristics of the media such as insertion loss, crosstalk, and differential to common mode conversion.
Complete measurement of the mixed mode s-parameters is often performed by transforming single-ended s-parameters and assuming that the system is linear. In some cases, linearity cannot be assumed such as where active components are used.
This presentation describes how to measure true differential s-parameters which can be measured even in the presence of non-linear elements.
Describes ARM7-TDMI Processor Instruction Set. Explains classes of ARM7 instructions, syntax of data processing instructions, branch instructions, load-store instructions, coprocessor instructions, thumb state instructions.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
Albury regional museum conference web 2.0Museum Wagga
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We discussed how the processor routes data between internal components.docxmtruman1
We discussed how the processor routes data between internal components in the Chip. Using simple Register Transfer Language notation (t0: dest leftarrow source), show how the following instruction would be processed if we have the indicated transfer registers in the route the signals will take. (The instruction has been decoded and IR2 has the needed address of variable1.) IR2 - instruction register holding the address MAR - memory address register MDR - memory data register REGn - internal register (in control unit) Here is the instruction: mov r12, [variable 1]
Solution
The Register Transfer Language
RTL is a simple, human-oriented language to specify the operations, register communication and timing of the steps that take place within a CPU to carry out higher level (user programmable) instructions.
The operand : MOV
Description : The move the input operand at a register to the second by a word copy
The operations are in data movement
MOV
MVN
Examples:
MOV ro, r1
MOVS r2, #10
NVNEQ r1, #0
Now we have to processed the following register transfer language instruction
MOV r12, [variable1]
That variable may be register for example: R2, R0, R5, etc…..
The some example for MOV R12
MOV R12, R4 = R4 rotated the value
MOV R12, R0, LSL#2 = Shift R0 left by 2
.
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Operasi dasar prosesor
1. Nadia Printa Tearani (A11.2010.05214)
Nur Aji Eka Kharisma (A11.2010.05418)
Derry Prima (A11.2010.05711)
2. Operasi-operasi Dasar:
Mengambil (fetching) Data dari
Memori
Menyimpan (storing) Data ke
Memori
Pertukaran Data Antar-Register
Operasi Aritmatika & Logika di
Datapath
3. Read MFC
Instruksi:
Instruction
LD R2,(R1) ; R2 M[R1] PC
Decoder
Address
lines
MAR IR
Langkah-langkah: Data
lines
1. MAR R1 MDR R1
2. Read Y
3. Tunggu sinyal MFC R2
// MFC = Memory Function Add
Sub
Completed ALU
// Pada saat MFC aktif: XOR
Carry-in
// MDR M[MAR]
Z TEMP
4. R2 MDR
4. Write MFC
Instruksi: PC
Instruction
Decoder
ST (R1),R2 ; M[R1] R2 Address
lines
MAR IR
Data
Langkah-langkah: lines
MDR R1
1. MAR R1 Y
2. MDR R2, Write R2
3. Tunggu sinyal MFC Add
Sub
// MFC = Memory Function ALU
Completed XOR
Carry-in
// Pada saat MFC aktif: Z TEMP
// M[MAR] MDR
5. R1in
Instruksi:
X MOV R4,R1 ; R4 R1
R1
X
R1out Langkah-langkah:
1. Enable output of R1
R4in // setting R1out to 1
X 2. Enable input of R4
R4 // setting R4in to 1
X
R4out
6. Riin
X Instruksi:
Ri ADD R1,R2 ; R1 R1 + R2
X
Riout
Yin Langkah-langkah:
X
Y 1. R1out, Yin
X 2. R2out, Add, Zin
Yout 3. Zout, R1in
A B
ALU
Add X Zin
Z
X
Zout
7. Komponen-komponen Datapath:
Register: tempat penyimpanan data
ALU: tempat pemrosesan aritmatika & logika
Bus: penghubung antar-register & antara register-ALU
Eksekusi Instruksi merupakan kombinasi
pertukaran data antara:
Register Bus Register
Register Bus ALU
Register Bus Memori
Pertukaran data dilakukan dengan cara
mengaktifkan gerbang-gerbang register dengan
menggunakan sinyal-sinyal kendali
(PCout, PCin, dst.)
8.
9. Instruksi:
Add R1,(R3) ; R1 R1 + M[R3]
Langkah-langkah:
1. Fetch instruksi
1. PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to ALU, Add, Zin
2. Zout, PCin, WMFC
3. MDRout, IRin
2. Fetch operand #1 (isi lokasi memori yg ditunjuk oleh
R3)
4. R3out, MARin, Read
5. R1out, Yin, WMFC
3. Lakukan operasi penjumlahan
6. MDRout, Add, Zin
4. Simpan hasil penjumlahan di R1
7. Zout, R1in, End
10. 1. PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to ALU, Add, Zin
2. Zout, PCin, WMFC Control lines
3. MDRout, IRin
Instruction
PC
Decoder
Address
lines
MAR IR
Data
lines
MDR R1
00000000
Y
R3
Add
1
ALU
PC+1 Carry-in
Z TEMP
11. 4. R3out, MARin, Read
5. R1out, Yin, WMFC
Instruction
PC=PC+1
Decoder
Address
lines
MAR IR
Data
lines
MDR R1
Y
R3
ALU
Z TEMP
12. 6. MDRout, Add, Zin
Instruction
PC=PC+1
Decoder
Address
lines
MAR IR
Data
lines
MDR=M[R3] R1
Y=R1
R3
Add
ALU
Carry-in
Zin Z TEMP
13. 7. Zout, R1in, End
Instruction
PC=PC+1
Decoder
Address
lines
MAR IR
Data
lines
MDR=M[R3] R1
Y=R1
R3
ALU
Z=R1+M[R3] TEMP
14. Unconditional (JMP Loop)
1. PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to ALU, Add, Zin
2. Zout, PCin, WMFC
3. MDRout, IRin
4. PCout, Yin
5. Offset-field-of-IRout, Add, Zin // PC PC + Offset
6. Zout, PCin, End
Conditional (contoh: BRNeg Loop)
1. PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to ALU, Add, Zin
2. Zout, PCin, WMFC
3. MDRout, IRin
4. PCout, Yin , If N=0 then End // take the branch?
5. Offset-field-of-IRout, Add, Zin // PC PC + Offset
6. Zout, PCin, End
16. Instruksi:
LD R16,X ; R16 M[X]
Langkah-langkah:
1. Fetch instruksi
1. PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to ALU, Add, Zin
2. Zout, PCin, WMFC
3. MDRout, IRin
2. Fetch operand dari lokasi memori yang ditunjuk oleh
X
4. Xout, MARin, Read
5. WMFC
3. Lakukan operasi ALU
4. Simpan hasil penjumlahan di R16
6. MDRout, R16in, End
17. 1. PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to
Control lines
ALU, Add, Zin
Read
2. Zout, PCin, WMFC
Instruction
3. MDRout, IRin PC
Decoder
4. Xout, MARin, Read Address
lines
PCout
MAR IR
5. WMFC
MARin
6. MDRout, R16in, End Data
lines
MDR X
Clear Y
00000000
Y
R16
Add
1
ALU
Set
PC+1 Carry-in
Z TEMP
Zin
18. 1. PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to
Control lines
ALU, Add, Zin
WMFC
2. Zout, PCin, WMFC
Instruction
3. MDRout, IRin PC
Decoder
4. Xout, MARin, Read Address
lines
PCin
MAR IR
5. WMFC
6. MDRout, R16in, End Data
lines
MDR X
Y
R16
ALU
Z = PC+1 TEMP
Zout
19. 1. PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to
Control lines
ALU, Add, Zin
2. Zout, PCin, WMFC
Instruction
3. MDRout, IRin PC+1
Decoder
4. Xout, MARin, Read Address
lines
MAR IR
5. WMFC
6. MDRout, R16in, End Data
lines
IRin
MDR X
MDRout
Y
R16
ALU
Z TEMP
20. 1. PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to
Control lines
ALU, Add, Zin
Read
2. Zout, PCin, WMFC
Instruction
3. MDRout, IRin PC+1
Decoder
4. Xout, MARin, Read Address
lines
MAR IR
5. WMFC
6. MDRout, R16in, End Data
lines
MARin
MDR X
Xout
Y
R16
ALU
Z TEMP
21. 1. PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to
Control lines
ALU, Add, Zin
WMFC
2. Zout, PCin, WMFC
Instruction
3. MDRout, IRin PC+1
Decoder
4. Xout, MARin, Read Address
lines
MAR IR
5. WMFC
6. MDRout, R16in, End Data
lines
MDR X
Y
R16
ALU
Z TEMP
22. 1. PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to
Control lines
ALU, Add, Zin
2. Zout, PCin, WMFC
Instruction
3. MDRout, IRin PC+1
Decoder
4. Xout, MARin, Read Address
lines
MAR IR
5. WMFC
6. MDRout, R16in, End Data
lines
MDR X
MDRout
Y
R16
R16in
ALU
Z TEMP
24. Instruksi:
ADD R16,R17 ; R16 R16 + R17
Langkah-langkah:
1. Fetch instruksi
1. PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to ALU, Add, Zin
2. Zout, PCin, WMFC
3. MDRout, IRin
2. Fetch operand ke-1 (R16)
4. R16out, Yin
3. Fetch operand ke-2 (R17) dan Lakukan operasi ALU
5. R17out, Add, Zin
4. Simpan hasil penjumlahan di R16
6. Zout, R16in, End
25. 1. PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to
Control lines
ALU, Add, Zin
Read
2. Zout, PCin, WMFC
Instruction
3. MDRout, IRin PC
Decoder
4. R16out, Yin Address
lines
PCout
MAR IR
5. R17out, Add, Zin
MARin
6. Zout, R16in, End Data
lines
MDR R17
Clear Y
00000000
Y
R16
Add
1
ALU
Set
PC+1 Carry-in
Z TEMP
Zin
26. 1. PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to
Control lines
ALU, Add, Zin
WMFC
2. Zout, PCin, WMFC
Instruction
3. MDRout, IRin PC
Decoder
4. R16out, Yin Address
lines
PCin
MAR IR
5. R17out, Add, Zin
6. Zout, R16in, End Data
lines
MDR R17
Y
R16
ALU
Z = PC+1 TEMP
Zout
27. 1. PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to
Control lines
ALU, Add, Zin
2. Zout, PCin, WMFC
Instruction
3. MDRout, IRin PC+1
Decoder
4. R16out, Yin Address
lines
MAR IR
5. R17out, Add, Zin
6. Zout, R16in, End Data
lines
IRin
MDR R17
MDRout
Y
R16
ALU
Z TEMP
28. 1. PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to
Control lines
ALU, Add, Zin
2. Zout, PCin, WMFC
Instruction
3. MDRout, IRin PC+1
Decoder
4. R16out, Yin Address
lines
MAR IR
5. R17out, Add, Zin
6. Zout, R16in, End Data
lines
MDR R17
Yin Y
R16
R16out
ALU
Z TEMP
29. 1. PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to
Control lines
ALU, Add, Zin
2. Zout, PCin, WMFC
Instruction
3. MDRout, IRin PC+1
Decoder
4. R16out, Yin Address
lines
MAR IR
5. R17out, Add, Zin
6. Zout, R16in, End Data
lines
MDR R17
R17out
Y=R16
R16
Add
ALU
Zin Z TEMP
30. 1. PCout, MARin, Read, Clear Y, Set carry-in to
Control lines
ALU, Add, Zin
2. Zout, PCin, WMFC
Instruction
3. MDRout, IRin PC+1
Decoder
4. R16out, Yin Address
lines
MAR IR
5. R17out, Add, Zin
6. Zout, R16in, End Data
lines
MDR R17
Y=R16
R16
R16out
ALU
Zout Z=R16+R17 TEMP