Free Open Source (FOS) should be one of the least expensive and most effective solutions for technology and knowledge transfer to developing nations. This concept has diffused to several fields such as software, hardware, and content. FOS offers not only a low cost alternative for technology acquisition, but also for networking based on cooperation. In addition, the transaction
costs of communication, licensing and negotiations are minimized, freeing up funds for real development. In this paper, FOS incentives, indicators, and measures are explained and the advantages of FOS as a viable technology and knowledge transfer tool for developing countries are highlighted.
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND RURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIPIAEME Publication
ย
Rural development is main aspect to develop a rustic India as over 50 % population lives in rural outskirts. The scenario isn't different at national level. This is often the most reason that the majority of the event schemes prepared to stay such facts as a main focus. An assessment for rural Rajasthan is to induce prepare the youths of generative and skilled on a contemporary parameter of livelihood and employment. The most target of such systematic preparation is to synchronically employ the functioning populace within the unorganized perimeters. Unorganized sector or grey economy bestows around 50 percent of the Rajasthan's GDP. In fact, it employs workers in, unpaid family work, micro and small enterprises, casual labour and home-based work on an honest scale. Within the same context, it also engages migrant labourers, farmers of lean agriculture season and more precisely drop-out of rural youth from schools. As per Indian Staffing Federation Report (2019), Period of 2015 to 2018, Skill India Mission contribution is 9.3 Lacs formal workforce and 70 thousand recruitments (Rituparna Chakraborty, 2019). If we focus from the last couple of years, the Indian economy has attestation of a structural transformation from agrarian process to manufacturing and various service-oriented activities. Similarly, this also made impact on the economy of Rajasthan. Rural development is facing a paradoxical situation where the youth of the rural areas are leaving the agrarian work and moving into the labour market for searching the jobs; on the opposite hand, industries are complaining of unavailability of appropriately and contemporary skilled manpower. This paradox reflects the criticality of rural development in context of need identification, to boost the employability of the growing young population and also to gear-up the economy to understand the target of faster and inclusive growth with innovative CSR contribution.
National Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) policy in an age of supercomplexi...Dr Morag Munro
ย
An age of supercomplexity calls for curricula and pedagogy for supercomplexity that engage students โas persons, not merely as knowersโ and that foster โbeing for uncertaintyโ (Barnett 2012: 75). Despite the claimed transformative potential of TEL in this context (Hiltz and Turoff 2005), it would not seem that the prevailing implementations of TEL in HE are cultivating curricula for supercomplexity. The Arts and Humanities are crucial to fostering the critical thought, imagination and interdisciplinary thinking essential to supporting learners to become engaged and responsible citizens in an age of supercomplexity (Nussbaum 2010); yet these areas of study are largely overlooked when it comes to provision of learning via technology. Globally, course provision via TEL is predominantly focused on vocational and โeconomically profitableโ areas of study (Guri-Rosenblit 2009; Selwyn 2011). In Ireland, less than 4% of postgraduate courses classified as being offered โonlineโ are in the Arts and Humanities[1]. Neither do the prevailing implementations of TEL appear to be supporting the development of a pedagogy for supercomplexity. Across the Irish HE sector learning technologies are predominantly utilised for course administration, content dissemination and assessment submission (Cosgrave et al. 2011; NFTLHE 2014). Why has TEL failed so spectacularly in its claimed potential to transform HE? Notwithstanding the complex relationship between policy and practice (Nudzor 2009), national policies play a crucial role in framing how TEL is enacted in HE (De Freitas and Oliver 2005). With this in mind, in this paper I first review the findings of a CDA of thirteen UK TEL policies. The study employed thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke 2006) as a means to identify recurring themes across the corpus; these were then scrutinised via โIdeology critiqueโ (Held 1980) in order to expose myths, contradictions and biases. Since ideologies can be enacted and obscured by language (Henriksen 2011) my analysis also examined the role of visual presentation, lexical choices, and rhetorical techniques in communicating the policies. My findings demonstrate that, overall, the policies were predominantly motivated by neoliberal imperatives aimed at placing HE within the realm of the market and enhancing the UKโs economic competitiveness. Furthermore, the policies persistently reflect a deterministic and uncritical perspective towards technology. When conducting a policy analysis it is essential to consider what has been omitted (Keep 2011); across the texts scant reference is made to the role that TEL might play in relation to the crucial issues facing humanity in an age of supercomplexity. I argue that the UKโs flawed TEL policy narrative has contributed to shaping TEL in the UK into a restricted form that is intensifying the negative impacts of neoliberalism on HE and that is diminishing any potential role that technology might play in fostering curricula and pedagogy for supe
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND RURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIPIAEME Publication
ย
Rural development is main aspect to develop a rustic India as over 50 % population lives in rural outskirts. The scenario isn't different at national level. This is often the most reason that the majority of the event schemes prepared to stay such facts as a main focus. An assessment for rural Rajasthan is to induce prepare the youths of generative and skilled on a contemporary parameter of livelihood and employment. The most target of such systematic preparation is to synchronically employ the functioning populace within the unorganized perimeters. Unorganized sector or grey economy bestows around 50 percent of the Rajasthan's GDP. In fact, it employs workers in, unpaid family work, micro and small enterprises, casual labour and home-based work on an honest scale. Within the same context, it also engages migrant labourers, farmers of lean agriculture season and more precisely drop-out of rural youth from schools. As per Indian Staffing Federation Report (2019), Period of 2015 to 2018, Skill India Mission contribution is 9.3 Lacs formal workforce and 70 thousand recruitments (Rituparna Chakraborty, 2019). If we focus from the last couple of years, the Indian economy has attestation of a structural transformation from agrarian process to manufacturing and various service-oriented activities. Similarly, this also made impact on the economy of Rajasthan. Rural development is facing a paradoxical situation where the youth of the rural areas are leaving the agrarian work and moving into the labour market for searching the jobs; on the opposite hand, industries are complaining of unavailability of appropriately and contemporary skilled manpower. This paradox reflects the criticality of rural development in context of need identification, to boost the employability of the growing young population and also to gear-up the economy to understand the target of faster and inclusive growth with innovative CSR contribution.
National Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) policy in an age of supercomplexi...Dr Morag Munro
ย
An age of supercomplexity calls for curricula and pedagogy for supercomplexity that engage students โas persons, not merely as knowersโ and that foster โbeing for uncertaintyโ (Barnett 2012: 75). Despite the claimed transformative potential of TEL in this context (Hiltz and Turoff 2005), it would not seem that the prevailing implementations of TEL in HE are cultivating curricula for supercomplexity. The Arts and Humanities are crucial to fostering the critical thought, imagination and interdisciplinary thinking essential to supporting learners to become engaged and responsible citizens in an age of supercomplexity (Nussbaum 2010); yet these areas of study are largely overlooked when it comes to provision of learning via technology. Globally, course provision via TEL is predominantly focused on vocational and โeconomically profitableโ areas of study (Guri-Rosenblit 2009; Selwyn 2011). In Ireland, less than 4% of postgraduate courses classified as being offered โonlineโ are in the Arts and Humanities[1]. Neither do the prevailing implementations of TEL appear to be supporting the development of a pedagogy for supercomplexity. Across the Irish HE sector learning technologies are predominantly utilised for course administration, content dissemination and assessment submission (Cosgrave et al. 2011; NFTLHE 2014). Why has TEL failed so spectacularly in its claimed potential to transform HE? Notwithstanding the complex relationship between policy and practice (Nudzor 2009), national policies play a crucial role in framing how TEL is enacted in HE (De Freitas and Oliver 2005). With this in mind, in this paper I first review the findings of a CDA of thirteen UK TEL policies. The study employed thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke 2006) as a means to identify recurring themes across the corpus; these were then scrutinised via โIdeology critiqueโ (Held 1980) in order to expose myths, contradictions and biases. Since ideologies can be enacted and obscured by language (Henriksen 2011) my analysis also examined the role of visual presentation, lexical choices, and rhetorical techniques in communicating the policies. My findings demonstrate that, overall, the policies were predominantly motivated by neoliberal imperatives aimed at placing HE within the realm of the market and enhancing the UKโs economic competitiveness. Furthermore, the policies persistently reflect a deterministic and uncritical perspective towards technology. When conducting a policy analysis it is essential to consider what has been omitted (Keep 2011); across the texts scant reference is made to the role that TEL might play in relation to the crucial issues facing humanity in an age of supercomplexity. I argue that the UKโs flawed TEL policy narrative has contributed to shaping TEL in the UK into a restricted form that is intensifying the negative impacts of neoliberalism on HE and that is diminishing any potential role that technology might play in fostering curricula and pedagogy for supe
EU Project TAU's Seminar 2 material - Part 3
Contemporary methods and forms of work with adult learner: e-Skills & e-Literacy: using digital tools to learn
Online networks & the traditional university a prospectusDavid C Roberts
ย
The subject of this report is the development of online learning and how it might affect the university sector. The aim is to consider the potential and threat represented by this technology. To achieve this it is necessary to consider the strengths of the new online learning approaches, their likely development and plausible market reactions. It is a deliberate scenario-setting, written in order to facilitate strategic analysis and responses. The only judgments made are that, first, this is an important topic and that, second, this is in part because teachers have a responsibility to use technology well. No other position of judgment is taken as to what will happen in the coming years but instead four scenarios are described, each conveying a different level of impact upon UK higher education.
TalkTech: An Exploration of Technology Trends, Digital Media, and Culture...Diana Andone
ย
TalkTech: An Exploration of Technology Trends, Digital Media, and Culture Across Continents
by
Mark Frydenberg
Computer Information Systems Department, Bentley University, Waltham, MA, USA
Dr. Diana Andone
E-Learning Center, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
presentation at BETT Show London January 2016
An Analysis of Different MOOC Environments from the Studentsโ Perspective , e...Diana Andone
ย
An Analysis of Different MOOC Environments from the Studentsโ Perspective
Vlad Mihaescu, Diana Andone, Radu Vasiu
paper for eMOOCs 2016 Conference in Graz
We can talk about Education 4.0 in a future and adequate context to train students in a scenario of needs and new skills demand for Industry 4.0. In this Industry 4.0 scenario, new technologies converge in a disruptive and complex ecosystem and basically comprise it.
Digital transformation in Higher Education webinar
Monday 10 September 2018
Speakers:
Kuldip Sandhu and Paul Featherstone
The link to the write up page and resources of this webinar:
https://www.apm.org.uk/news/digital-transformation-in-higher-education-webinar/
The NMC Horizon Report > 2012 Museum Edition, is a co-production with the Marcus Institute for Digital Education in the Arts (MIDEA), and examines emerging technologies for their potential impact on and use in education and interpretation within the museum environment. The international composition of the advisory board that chose the technologies, trends, and challenges reflects the care with which a global perspective for the report was assembled. While there are many local factors affecting the adoption and use of emerging technologies in museums, there are also issues that transcend regional boundaries and questions we all face. It was with this in mind that the report was created. View the work of the advisory board on the official museum wiki at museum.wiki.nmc.org.
Top Cited Articles International Journal of Managing Information Technology (...IJMIT JOURNAL
ย
International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles that contribute new results in all areas of the strategic application of information technology (IT) in organizations. The journal focuses on innovative ideas and best practices in using IT to advance organizations โ for-profit, non-profit, and governmental. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia, government and industry to focus on understanding both how to use IT to support the strategy and goals of the organization and to employ IT in new ways to foster greater collaboration, communication and information sharing both within the organization and with its stakeholders. The International Journal of Managing Information Technology seeks to establish new collaborations, new best practices, and new theories in these areas
A full university without a physical classroom. A math teacher in China becoming multi-millionaire by having millions of online students. Those stories sound illusory but have actually become a reality thanks to the advancement of digital technologies which are reshaping various industries today, from banking, transportation, newspaper to health care and education. How education institutions can change to adapt and operate effectively in the digital age, bringing values to both teachers and students?
The spirit of free/open-source development has from the begining been well in line with that of academic research: freedom in software distribution is similar to freedom in dissemination of scientific knowledge. Now that F/OSS hit the business world, new questions arised on the possibility to run sustainable business models based on F/OSS - the question of innovation being a central part of the answer. This presentation will discuss the relationships between: the open-source development process; open innovation in sowftare; academic research; its funding and industrial valorization; and public policies for the information society.
Talk delivered at fOSSa (Free/Open Source Software & Academia conference) 2009
EU Project TAU's Seminar 2 material - Part 3
Contemporary methods and forms of work with adult learner: e-Skills & e-Literacy: using digital tools to learn
Online networks & the traditional university a prospectusDavid C Roberts
ย
The subject of this report is the development of online learning and how it might affect the university sector. The aim is to consider the potential and threat represented by this technology. To achieve this it is necessary to consider the strengths of the new online learning approaches, their likely development and plausible market reactions. It is a deliberate scenario-setting, written in order to facilitate strategic analysis and responses. The only judgments made are that, first, this is an important topic and that, second, this is in part because teachers have a responsibility to use technology well. No other position of judgment is taken as to what will happen in the coming years but instead four scenarios are described, each conveying a different level of impact upon UK higher education.
TalkTech: An Exploration of Technology Trends, Digital Media, and Culture...Diana Andone
ย
TalkTech: An Exploration of Technology Trends, Digital Media, and Culture Across Continents
by
Mark Frydenberg
Computer Information Systems Department, Bentley University, Waltham, MA, USA
Dr. Diana Andone
E-Learning Center, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
presentation at BETT Show London January 2016
An Analysis of Different MOOC Environments from the Studentsโ Perspective , e...Diana Andone
ย
An Analysis of Different MOOC Environments from the Studentsโ Perspective
Vlad Mihaescu, Diana Andone, Radu Vasiu
paper for eMOOCs 2016 Conference in Graz
We can talk about Education 4.0 in a future and adequate context to train students in a scenario of needs and new skills demand for Industry 4.0. In this Industry 4.0 scenario, new technologies converge in a disruptive and complex ecosystem and basically comprise it.
Digital transformation in Higher Education webinar
Monday 10 September 2018
Speakers:
Kuldip Sandhu and Paul Featherstone
The link to the write up page and resources of this webinar:
https://www.apm.org.uk/news/digital-transformation-in-higher-education-webinar/
The NMC Horizon Report > 2012 Museum Edition, is a co-production with the Marcus Institute for Digital Education in the Arts (MIDEA), and examines emerging technologies for their potential impact on and use in education and interpretation within the museum environment. The international composition of the advisory board that chose the technologies, trends, and challenges reflects the care with which a global perspective for the report was assembled. While there are many local factors affecting the adoption and use of emerging technologies in museums, there are also issues that transcend regional boundaries and questions we all face. It was with this in mind that the report was created. View the work of the advisory board on the official museum wiki at museum.wiki.nmc.org.
Top Cited Articles International Journal of Managing Information Technology (...IJMIT JOURNAL
ย
International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles that contribute new results in all areas of the strategic application of information technology (IT) in organizations. The journal focuses on innovative ideas and best practices in using IT to advance organizations โ for-profit, non-profit, and governmental. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia, government and industry to focus on understanding both how to use IT to support the strategy and goals of the organization and to employ IT in new ways to foster greater collaboration, communication and information sharing both within the organization and with its stakeholders. The International Journal of Managing Information Technology seeks to establish new collaborations, new best practices, and new theories in these areas
A full university without a physical classroom. A math teacher in China becoming multi-millionaire by having millions of online students. Those stories sound illusory but have actually become a reality thanks to the advancement of digital technologies which are reshaping various industries today, from banking, transportation, newspaper to health care and education. How education institutions can change to adapt and operate effectively in the digital age, bringing values to both teachers and students?
The spirit of free/open-source development has from the begining been well in line with that of academic research: freedom in software distribution is similar to freedom in dissemination of scientific knowledge. Now that F/OSS hit the business world, new questions arised on the possibility to run sustainable business models based on F/OSS - the question of innovation being a central part of the answer. This presentation will discuss the relationships between: the open-source development process; open innovation in sowftare; academic research; its funding and industrial valorization; and public policies for the information society.
Talk delivered at fOSSa (Free/Open Source Software & Academia conference) 2009
Digital commons is a prominent element in the knowledge and digital economies. The predominance of FLOSS (Free Libre Open Source Software) in different platforms and ecosystems has paved the way for new digital business models that have stimulated new forms of value in society. HTML5 is a new digital commons that was finally concluded in 2014 (W3C, 2014) and has added significant technological capabilities to the structure of the World Wide Web towards a much-more embedded, flexible and ubiquitous techno-social platform. In this contribution we describe the making of HTML5 and we reflect about the collective and cooperative innovation processes that have made it possible. We face this analysis with some lead users of this technology (17 semi-structured interviews with 21 HTML5 experts).
Assessment of the Approaches Used in Indigenous Software Products Development...IOSRjournaljce
ย
Acceptability of indigenous software is always low in most of the African countries especially in Nigeria. This paper then study and presents the results on the assessment of the approaches used in indigenous software development products. The study involved ICT firms that specialized in software development and educational institutions who were part of major stakeholders as well as users of software packages. The primary tool for data collection was questionnaire, which was used to elicit information from software developers on the various approaches adopted in their operations. This was also complemented with information from secondary sources. The identified approaches were measured on a five-point Likert scale rating of 5 to 1 to determine their relative strength index (RSI) in the factors. The result revealed the various approaches adopted for software development had significant difference of chi (45)1699.06 at pโค 0.001 with spiral (6.02), agile (5.86), prototyping (5.67), object oriented (5.48), rotational unified process (5.32), computer and incremental case (4.50), waterfall (3.66) and integrated (1.98) were the commonly adopted approaches used for software development. Similarly, the approaches adopted by software development firms were correlated and returned a significant difference of (Z = 1699.06, pโค 0.001). The result implies that these approaches had a great impact on the domestic use of software products and perhaps is the most important driver of software industry growth for emerging technologies.
Open Source Software: Perspectives for Development (World Bank & Paul Dravis)Paul Dravis
ย
Open Source Software: Perspectives for Development addresses 1) the opportunities and challenges from the dramatic growth of open source software, 2) how developing country policy makers and other key stakeholders make informed decisions and 3) the benefits, costs and implications of choosing open source solutions.
The 2011 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence ยป industry...Francois Pouilloux
ย
The industry day of the conference aims to bring together people from both academia and industry in a venue that highlights application and practical impact.
I'm pleased to present there on August 22nd 2011.
Stay tuned for the prez file after the event !
Social Projects have different types of impacts but it is important to measure the impact. This session was introduced to group of social entrepreneurs who are looking to develop social startups leading to high impact. The slides highlights some tools and approaches to measure the impact
Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Map of Jordan 2015Jamil AlKhatib
ย
Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Map of Jordan 2015. Developed for Internal purposes of the German Jordanian University Program Innovation & Entrepreneurship
Barriers of applying gained knowledge of training programs in organizationsJamil AlKhatib
ย
Capacity building programs aim to provide the human resources of organizations with the right knowledge that will enable them to perform their tasks, improve their skills and capabilities to innovate in their activities. Although all kind of trainings (on the job, public, etc.) help in providing the knowledge and skills, but still organizations may suffer from the lack of applying the gained knowledge in achieving the tasks, not to mention the lack of creativity spirit.
This is because the lack of knowledge and skills are not the only barriers in utilizing the knowledge in organizations. Such novel skills and knowledge to organizations are considered as changes or innovations and have more barriers than the lack of knowledge (do not know) which is the first barrier in overcoming innovations. The other three barriers are the lack of will (not willing to do), the lack of capability (cannot do) and the lack of permission (not allowed). Although these four barriers might seem trivial, but the lack of knowledge is the easiest to identify through training need assessment and get solved. The other barriers involve several factors that cannot be easily identified without understanding the organizational culture, strategies, or policies. Even if these barriers are identified, trainings alone can solve them.
In order to identify those barriers, they must be included in the training or capacity building need assessment process where:
- The lack of capabilities in general can be identified through the availability of human and financial resources and can be overcome through providing those resources.
- The lack of permission can be identified through the organizational culture, policies and regulations which can be overcome by changing the organizational policies to utilize the gained knowledge.
- The lack of willing can be identified with personal characteristics or needs which can be overcome by identifying those needs and reducing their effects.
- The lack of knowledge can be recognized through the traditional training need assessment which identifies the technical knowledge and offer the right training program.
In my presentation I will highlight the different four barriers and how they can be identified. I will discuss the opportunities of overcoming them to complement the training and knowledge acquisition as part of the capacity building programs. Besides that I will show case one of my capacity building projects and how I utilized the four-barriers concept to develop that program.
"๐ฉ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ผ๐ต ๐พ๐ฐ๐ป๐ฏ ๐ป๐ฑ ๐ฐ๐บ ๐ฏ๐จ๐ณ๐ญ ๐ซ๐ถ๐ต๐ฌ"
๐๐ ๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ (๐๐ ๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ง๐ข๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
๐๐ ๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
โญ ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐๐ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฃ๐๐๐ญ๐ฌ:
โข 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
โข SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
โขFreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
โขCHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
โข WOW K-Music Festival 2023
โข Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
โข Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
โข HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
โข Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
โข Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
โข Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"๐๐ฏ๐๐ซ๐ฒ ๐๐ฏ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฒ, ๐ ๐ฌ๐ฉ๐๐๐ข๐๐ฅ ๐ฃ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ง๐๐ฒ. ๐๐ ๐๐ฅ๐ฐ๐๐ฒ๐ฌ ๐๐๐ฅ๐ข๐๐ฏ๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐๐ญ ๐ฌ๐ก๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ฒ๐จ๐ฎ ๐ฐ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐๐ ๐ ๐ฉ๐๐ซ๐ญ ๐จ๐ ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฌ."
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
ย
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
https://viralsocialtrends.com/vat-registration-outlined-in-uae/
In the Adani-Hindenburg case, what is SEBI investigating.pptxAdani case
ย
Adani SEBI investigation revealed that the latter had sought information from five foreign jurisdictions concerning the holdings of the firmโs foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) in relation to the alleged violations of the MPS Regulations. Nevertheless, the economic interest of the twelve FPIs based in tax haven jurisdictions still needs to be determined. The Adani Group firms classed these FPIs as public shareholders. According to Hindenburg, FPIs were used to get around regulatory standards.
Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challengesHolger Mueller
ย
Holger Mueller of Constellation Research shares his key takeaways from SAP's Sapphire confernece, held in Orlando, June 3rd till 5th 2024, in the Orange Convention Center.
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
ย
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. Youโll also learn
โข Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
โข The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
โข Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Building Your Employer Brand with Social MediaLuanWise
ย
Presented at The Global HR Summit, 6th June 2024
In this keynote, Luan Wise will provide invaluable insights to elevate your employer brand on social media platforms including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok. You'll learn how compelling content can authentically showcase your company culture, values, and employee experiences to support your talent acquisition and retention objectives. Additionally, you'll understand the power of employee advocacy to amplify reach and engagement โ helping to position your organization as an employer of choice in today's competitive talent landscape.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
ย
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throughย Full Sail University. Below, youโll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
Agency Managed Advisory Board As a Solution To Career Path Defining Business ...
ย
Open Source: The next big thing in technology transfer to developing nations
1. International Association for Management of Technology
IAMOT 2008 Proceedings
OPEN SOURCE: THE NEXT BIG THING IN TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO
DEVELOPING NATIONS
JAMIL ALKHATIB
Handasa Arabia
jamil.khatib@handasarabia.org
MOHAB ANIS
ECE Dept., University of Waterloo
Waterloo, ON, Canada
manis@vlsi.uwaterloo.ca
HAMID NOORI
School of Business and Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University
Waterloo, ON, Canada
hnoori@wlu.ca
Abstract
Free Open Source (FOS) should be one of the least expensive and most effective solutions for
technology and knowledge transfer to developing nations. This concept has diffused to several
fields such as software, hardware, and content. FOS offers not only a low cost alternative for
technology acquisition, but also for networking based on cooperation. In addition, the transaction
costs of communication, licensing and negotiations are minimized, freeing up funds for real
development. In this paper, FOS incentives, indicators, and measures are explained and the
advantages of FOS as a viable technology and knowledge transfer tool for developing countries
are highlighted.
Keywords: Free Open Source, Technology Transfer, Developing Nations, Modeling
I - Introduction
Most developing countries face similar problems regarding technology transfer. They include the
lack of technical and know-how knowledge, Brain drain and the lack of appropriate technologies
for their needs. The situation worsens with the absence of investment in technology and clear
plans for technology adoption. The Free Open Source (FOS) concept is one of the cheapest yet
most effective solutions for technology transfer, and is particularly useful in software programs.
Typically, FOS is linked to software that is available online free of charge, including the source
code or all the information needed for using and modifying the program. The FOS concept offers
not only low cost to technology acquisition, but also an efficient scheme of cooperation to exploit
2. such technology. The nature of the cooperation to develop open source technologies and to
customize such technologies can aid developing countries in the improvement of their current
technology transfer systems.
II โ Problems and Status of Technology Transfer in Developing Nations
For technology projects, developing countries rely mainly on the direct import of technology
through the purchase of equipment, the implementation of turnkey projects and foreign direct
investment (FDI). Certainly, there aspects are crucial for the rapid adoption of technologies that
produce direct results in quality and performance. However, these spontaneous results are seldom
combined with the transfer of knowledge and know-how to develop the technology that can lead
to independent machinery purchasing, and the customization of the technology for the local
needs.
Such problems of technology transfer to developing countries are categorized into four classes.
โข Asymmetric Information: The knowledge holder does not reveal the information without
incentives and the knowledge receptors cannot identify the value of the information before
buying it. This is a well-known dilemma in technology transfer.
โข Market Power: The technology owners are usually interested in covering the cost of the
invention process and generate some profit, which increases the cost for the technology
receptors.
โข Free Movement of People - The free movement of people within a country or
internationally between institutes, or in the establishment of new firms (at national or
international levels) means the movement of knowledge and expertise. In developing
countries, the regulations and policies do not usually support a suitable environment for free
movement, attract expatriates to diffuse their knowledge, nor draw in investors from abroad
to invest in activities that support knowledge accumulation.
โข Intellectual property rights can prevent the adoption of technology because of licensing
and royalty fees. Moreover, building on protected IPs can be costly and might even be
prevented by the IP owner.
As reported in the literature within the frame of developing countries, the dominant technology
transfer approaches are based on
โข direct technology acquisition
โข foreign direct investment
โข advanced approaches such as the establishment of incubators and technology parks.
The first two approaches require high investments with limited real knowledge and know-how
transfer, whereas the last requires high capital investment and proper strategies, policies, and
3. management to be in place. Moreover, globalization dictates that users have a more active role in
the complexity and systemic character of new technologies. Users should not only be passive
recipients or adapters, but active innovators. Without their involvement, the implementation of
technology becomes too costly or even impossible. In the innovation process, users are a source
of not only demand but also technical change.
This paper describes how the concepts of FOS can mitigate technology transfer problems in
developing countries, enhance the quality of hardware and content knowledge transfer, and
minimize the associated costs. The paper commences by stating the primary issues of technology
transfer in developing countries. This is followed by an introduction to FOS incentives, indicators
and measures, and the advantages of FOS as a viable technology transfer tool for developing
countries. FOS is investigated by examining relevant literature and drawing conclusions.
III - Free Open Source Concepts
The us of Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) has become an international phenomenon,
moving from relative obscurity to being the latest buzzword (Wong et al., 2004). The term, FOS,
refers to software that is available without cost on the Internet and is developed in voluntarily
basis. In order for software to be considered as FOSS, it must comply with the following
conditions according to the Open Source Initiative OSI (Perens, 2006) and the Free Software
Foundation (FSF):
โข The source code must be freely available
โข Free to use for any purpose
โข Free to modify and to customize
โข Free to redistribute
โข Free to create derivative work
โข Free to join the development and cooperation
FOS concepts and other products are characterized by their low cost (or even free), voluntary
work, and continuously tested by many participants (including users). Besides that, the
developers participate according to own needs, which increase the productivity and quality
(Potdar et al., 2004). Moreover, FOS software is considered as a public good (created and used
by the public). Indeed, the FOS achieved its goals in the software field in 2005, and is becoming
more appropriate for other fields (Raymond, 2001).
FOS content is defined as โany kind of functional work, artwork, or other creative content having
no legal restriction relative to peopleโs freedom to use, redistribute, improve, and share the
contentโ (Wikipedia, 2006b). The best known example of these free contents is Wikipedia
(http://www.wikipedia.org) the Web-based free-content encyclopedia project which allows
visitors to edit its contents that have been written collaboratively by volunteers. In addition, both
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) OpenCourseWare project http://ocw.mit.edu/
and Harvard University Library Open Collections program http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ have
4. published courses and study materials on-line for free. There are also several attempts to define
FOS Hardware, based on similar characteristics of FOS software and contents, where the designs,
documentations, manuals, and software should be made available for free with no restriction on
the use, distribution, implementation and development (Khatib et al., 2004; Lamberts, 2006;
Seaman, 2006; Benjegerdes, 2006).
Currently, the FOS concept has penetrated countries such as India and Brazil, who are considered
pioneers among the developing countries that have included the FOS in their IT policies, and
established programs to support the use and development of FOSS.
IV - Technology Transfer and FOS
A substantial part of technology transfer occurs outside the technology transfer
market itself. That is technical knowledge spreads internationally by
noncommercial forms means, and it may even be transmitted free of charge.
(UNIDO, 1996)
Technology transfer refers not only to the movement of technology from the owner or producer
to the receptor, but also refers to the diffusion of technology and knowledge through human
activities (Zhao et al., 1992). Rogers (2003) has argued that technology transfer is not a one-way
information flow, but a two-way communication process, based on information exchange
between the producers and the receptors. Moreover, from the industry point of view, Dalziel
(1994) indicated that the least effective technology transfer approaches are university research
chairs, licensing, seminars, and workshops, whereas the most effective tools are collaborative and
contract research, consulting, industry visits to universities, and student participation in work
teams in the industry.
The FOS transfer model can be characterized by direct communication between the technology
developers and users, common interests of members who are free to come and go, and the free
access to information. The FOS development through cooperation among the developers, allows
direct interaction with knowledge holders without bureaucracy barriers or legal restrictions which
in turn, speeds up knowledge acquisition. Furthermore, the quality of the transferred knowledge
will improve the communication channel is not affected by noise caused from legal issues.
The FOS development model is based on information, comments, test results, features, and
requests exchanged between the developers and users. Moreover, the participants in the FOS are
motivated by the exchange of knowledge to achieve recognition from their peers. Also, the
technology transfer improves when the flow of information is two-way among the producers and
consumers, which can be achieved through the FOS model adoption.
5. V - FOS vs. Other Technology Transfer models
The performance of the FOS technology transfer is far superior to that of other forms of
technology transfer. For example, the transaction costs of negotiation and licensing in FDI and
joint ventures are higher than those of FOS, since the technology is open to every one to join and
leave with the developments and uses. Moreover, the cost of knowledge acquisition by FOS is
almost nil, even if the know-how transfer is restricted or banned by joint ventures, licensing, or
FDI. This is due to two facts: for the FOS concept, the knowledge is free to everyone without
legal restriction, and the communication is free between the knowledge holders and users. It is
also indicated that FOSโs direct access to a knowledge source is more conductive to technology
progress rather than acquiring research results through licensing (Dalziel, 1994).
Moreover, the adoption of other technology transfer concepts is complex and costly, whereas
FOS requires stimulation and motivation only within the community. The risk of both the FOS
technology transfer model and resultant technology is low since it does not require high
investment and are driven by usersโ demand. The principle risk is the abandonment of projects by
the developers such that no continuous support is provided. This issue should be expunged by
industry embracing FOS as a legitimate tool.
Traditionally, technology developers and researchers are conflicted between publishing the
results of their research and patenting their inventions, delaying the publication. This problem
results from a mismatch of recognition and protection. In FOS, this is not the case, since all the
participants are free to join and leave. The publication itself provides protection for the
developers. They do not need to wait for patenting their research results.
On the other hand, the lack of investment in the FOS fields can be considered one of the major
weaknesses in the adoption of FOS in technology transfer. Usually, FOS is developed by
volunteers. It does not attract investors and funding institutes due to the lack of official
commitment from the participants in FOS projects. Moreover the FOS concept is new,
unconventional and highly dependent on the culture of the participants. All that must be
considered is that the developers and users are aware of the advantages of FOS. Figure 1 provides
a comparison between the major technology transfer mechanisms: FDI, joint ventures, and
licensing, and FOS. Figure 1 depicts that FOS is superior to other mechanisms.
6. FOS
FDI
Transaction Cost
5 Joint Ventures
4 Technology License
3
Public. Control Direct Comm.
2
1
0
Min. Complex. Know. Trans.
Min. Risk
Figure 1: Comparison of technology transfer mechanisms
V - Free Open Source Incentives
The motivation structure is the most discussed topic in FOS literature. Some have divided the
incentives into social (intrinsic) and economic (extrinsic), whereas other reports have divided the
incentives into social, economic and technology ones. In this paper, the first classification is used
for simplicity. Here, the intrinsic incentives are social factors, and the extrinsic incentives are
economic factors.
Social Factors (Intrinsic)
The social factors (intrinsic) can be explained by the third level of Maslowโs hierarchy of needs:
belonging and love. Community identification, self satisfaction, and fulfillment that arise from
writing programs are considered as the motivators of FOS developers, since their desire is to
fulfill their personal needs, which was the case in both the PERL and Apache projects (Hars et
al., 2001).
Internal motivation factors are summarized as follows:
โข Knowledge sharing
โข Satisfaction of achieving something valuable
โข Professional reputation and recognition among peers
โข Learning and improving personal skills
โข Group problem solving
โข Challenge proprietary software
โข Sense of belonging to the community
โข Enjoyment of developing projects
External factors from the FOSS survey shows that the major reasons of developersโ participation
7. in FOS software development are:
โข Learning and developing new skills
โข Sharing knowledge
โข Improving products
โข Freedom in developing software
It is noteworthy that the literature shows that knowledge sharing among participants is a key
motivator that can be used in technology transfer.
Economic Factors (Extrinsic)
Although the low price of FOS products is the primary factor for using these products, this
section introduces other economic perspectives, not only in using FOS but also in developing
products. (Dravis, 2003) has identified four economic incentives for the adoption of FOS
software and support its development by governments
โข Control the costs of software licensing and upgrades
โข Control and increase the access to intellectual properties
โข Reduce the reliance on proprietary software
โข Promote software use in the public sectors
Although most of the developers (46%) do not earn money from FOS developments, developers
do anticipate direct or indirect monetary rewards. Direct rewards for individuals are identified as
the revenues from related products and services such as commercial consulting, training,
distribution, support and implementation services, or rewards from current or future employers to
seek higher wages or attractive job positions or career benefits.
Incentives for Using FOS
Although low cost is the most obvious factor for the adoption of FOS products, the transaction
costs of licensing and acquisitions negotiation can be reduced. This stems from the fact that the
information is available and licensing is simple. Some of the reasons that support the use of FOS
products in firms follow
โข To attain direct involvement in defining a softwareโs features or adding them to increase the
productโs usability
โข To acquire direct technical support from the developers
โข To reduce that training and deployment costs by accessing on-line forums, mailing lists, and
documentation
Incentives for Developing FOS Products
Lower R&D costs and skilled employees in the project field are considered in the literature as
8. major incentives for supporting FOS development. The reasons why companies develop FOS
projects include the following
โข to establish new communication channels with developers and customers
โข to improve products due to direct customer feedback and extensive debugging and testing
โข to develop skills through the cooperation within the community
โข to access extra further resources and skilled developers
โข to support the community in product development and customer support
โข to minimize the time-to-market by early and continuous releases
Business Models of FOS
Collections of free software sold on CD-ROMs are important for the
community, and selling them is an important way to raise funds for free
software development (Stallman, 2001).
IBM, the top patent holder in the US, encouraged the open source community to use 500 patents
of its own in 2005. This allows IBM to introduce and expand their technologies in ways that the
company might never do on its own. This is one of many examples of commercial and industrial
interest in FOS. Firms can be involved in FOS models by direct development, supportive
development, or new developments from FOS products.
Packaging and distributing software is also the most adopted business model (such as Linux
distribution companies) and the most discussed in the literature (Ghosh et al., 2002). A second
business model represents services around FOS products such as support, consulting, and
training. Some other FOS business models include the following.
โข software or drivers to sell hardware
โข accessory items such as books and manuals, or other physical items
โข applications, or derivative or customized products to meet specific needs
Also, it should be pointed out that when information becomes available for everyone in the
community, entrepreneurs have more opportunities to use the information and develop new
products and services that cost less by accessing information but also expertise beyond their
fields or local community. In addition, the diffusion of the FOS concepts will increase the
number of adopters of the technology and enable the industry to get feedback to improve their
products.
According to Scotchmer (2004), scientists are motivated by publishing scientific results quickly
without the registration of intellectual property rights. FOS models provide researchers with the
flexibility publishing results, reserving their rights. Within the frame of open science where ideas
are shared, researchers can build each otherโs ideas, increasing the aggregate research progress.
The researchers share the ideas not only within their community but also with the industry and
end users, and achieve a wider range of ideas and comments that will accelerate their progress.
9. VI โ Free Open Source as a Technology Transfer Mechanism for Developing Nations
The adoption of FOS concepts in developing countries promotes local research and development,
rather than external suppliers or importing technological products. Also, FOS can provide the
leverage for locally developed skills, increase local talents participation, minimize investment
risks, and increase cost saving.
The cost advantages concern three areas
โข low adoption costs since there is no need for expensive infrastructure, only
communication channels
โข low technology acquisition costs due to no license, import fees, or transaction overhead
โข low technology development costs since the projects are developed in cooperation with
participants, hence the divided cost.
Frequently, intellectual property rights inhibit developing countries from receiving technologies
to develop similar technologies or new products, based on existing ones. However, FOS
technologies have no such transfer or development problems.
The asymmetric information dilemma, discussed earlier, can be minimized by FOS, since the
information is available so technology producers are recognized for their work and the receptor
can evaluate the information. Moreover, developing countries will be in direct contact with global
knowledge holders without any legal or political restrictions. This kind of interaction and project
development will enable the development of local skills needed in the developing countries
especially for the knowledge based industries.
The brain drain and free movement of skilled people problems in developing countries can be
minimized, since FOS participants cooperate remotely. The knowledge is distributed in the host
country and participants will have the freedom of movement. When developing countries import
or license technologies, they do not have any control on the appropriateness for local needs. The
FOS allows technology users to customize it according to their needs. Now, users can play active
roles in technology transfer and open new sources of innovation.
The wide use of FOS increases the utility of the technology with the increase in the network size.
This concept is known as the network effect where users provide feedback and standardize the use
of the technology which in turn is evident for the usefulness of the technology (Scotchmer,
2004). From the industry and business point of view, FOS is a boost in the establishment of
startup firms, offering new business models for existing products. Such activities mean support or
maintenance contracts, alliances to establish standards, or different licenses for customized
models of FOS technologies.
In developing countries, not only is the technology development weak, but also the technology
development and adoption planning. Within the FOS community, plans can be derived by the
developers themselves without political or external intervention or support. Governments have
10. only to define policies and plans to support the introduction of FOS concepts to the academic and
research institutes and the industry to sponsor the use and development of FOS products and
show their advantages.
Finally, an advantage of FOS to developing countries is the FOS content is courseware that can
improve knowledge accessibility and education. It would also improve the teaching and learning
approaches, and curriculum through peer review which in turn lowers the cost of course
development.
VII - Conclusions
The paper highlights that the links between industry and academia in developing nations are
weak which negatively impact the entire innovation system. The FOS development process
which is principally founded on direct communication, free knowledge sharing, and trust can
offer feasible achievements in developing countries. These three factors, especially direct
communication, can lead to effective technology transfer. FOS concepts provide a suitable
mechanism for technology transfer for developing nations that is inexpensive and lacks capital.
In addition, the transaction costs of communication, licensing, and negotiations is minimized
such that funds can be reserved to real development. Governments must define policies and plans
to support the introduction of FOS concepts to both the universities/research institutes and the
industry. They can sponsor the use and development of FOS products and show their advantages.
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