1. Exploring Open
in Higher Education
Laura Czerniewicz and Michelle Willmers
OpenUCT Initiative
Scholarly Communication in Africa Programme
CC-BY-SA
2. So many opens
• Open scholarship
• Open access
• Open licensing
• Open education practices
• Open education resources
• Open source
• Open data
• Open research
• Open science
• Open web
• Open knowledge
http://www.flickr.com/photos/opensourceway/5535034664/sizes/o/in/photostream/
8. Traditional Scholarship
Literature reviews
Student Conceptual frameworks
Bibliographies
Proposals
Conceptualisation
Notes Interview transcripts
Lectures Translation
Data sets
Data Collection
Presentations Engagement Data Analysis
Images
Reports Audio recordings
Interviews
Community Findings
Books
Conference papers
Journal articles Technical papers
Scholar
9. Traditional Model
• Relatively contained disciplinary context
• Relatively clear scholarly community
• Relatively clear boundaries
• Particular points of engagement
• Specific audiences at particular stages
• Generally closed/ contained
11. • All content becomes
shareable
• New ways of describing
content (and looking
for it)
• New ways of tracking
usage
• Aggregation occurs
• Rise of the Commons
and the global
networked scholar
http://www.flickr.com/photos/balleyne/2668834386/lightbox/
12.
13. Open Access
Literature reviews
Student Conceptual frameworks
Bibliographies
Proposals
Conceptualisation
Notes Interview transcripts
Lectures Translation
Data sets
Data Collection
Presentations Engagement Data Analysis
Images
Reports Audio recordings
Interviews
Community Findings
Books
Conference papers
Journal articles
Technical papers
Scholar
14. Open Access
Green Route
- Self-archiving of scholarly content prior to, in
parallel with, or after publication
- 2085 repositories worldwide (DOAR 2011)
Gold Route
- Primary publication in open-access journals
- 7 070 journals (DOAJ 2011)
15. OA = increased visibility
31 studies in a wide range of disciplines on
OA and citation advantage*
- 27 studies show up to 600% increase in impact
- 4 studies show no difference
Increased visibility = enhanced prestige and
contribution to development
* Swan A (2010) The Open Access Citation Advantage: Studies and Results to Date.
Available at http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/18516/
16.
17. Open Educational Resources
Part of the open content continuum …
Undergraduate Post-graduate
Pedagogised Non- pedagogised
resources resources
18. Open Education Resources
Literature reviews
Student Conceptual frameworks
Bibliographies
Proposals
Conceptualisation
Community
Notes
Scholar Lectures
Presentations
Translation
Data Collection
Engagement Data Analysis
Data sets
Reports
Images
Interviews
Audio recordings
Findings
Interview
Books transcripts
Journal articles
Conference papers
Technical papers
19.
20.
21. Open Research
Literature Reviews
Bibliographies
Conceptual frameworks
Proposals
Conceptualisation
Notes Interview transcripts
Lectures Translation
Data sets
Data Collection
Presentations Engagement Data Analysis
Images
Reports Audio recordings
Interviews
Findings
Books
Conference papers
Journal articles Technical papers
22. Open Research
• Replicable (transparency - method)
• Reusable (results free for re-use and
appropriation)
• Replayable (tools available for appropriation)
• Immediacy (more speedily available)
• Granular in approach
23. Open Research
Literature reviews
Bibliographies
Conceptual frameworks
Proposals
Conceptualisation
Notes Interview transcripts
Lectures Translation
Data sets
Data Collection
Presentations Engagement Data Analysis
Images
Reports Audio recordings
Interviews
Findings
Books
Conference papers
Journal articles Technical papers
24. Open Research
- New modes of dissemination
- New ways of measuring impact
- Blogging and social networking as mechanisms for
research and collaboration
- Output of social networking processes become
research artefacts
31. Value proposition
• Improve visibility, impact and prospects for
collaboration (and, maybe, citation)
• Good practice
• Improved teaching and learning
• Improved representation
• Evolution of scholarship
• Scalability and new prospects for advance
33. What do we need to participate?
1. Conducive environment / policy cohesion
- Reward systems aligned
2. Appropriate licensing / protection of IP
- Ducks in a row
3. Curation / metadata
- Open = well shared
4. e-Infrastructure/virtual environments
- Many birds, one stone?
5. Agency of the individual
- Rise of the global networked scholar
Seer and prophet whose ill health led to utilisation of plants for therapeutic purpose. Could not read or write, but visions recorded by spiritual director and Church granted permission to share. Despite illiteracy entered into considerable correspondence across Europe helping physical/spiritual ailment. “The labours of knowledge must have public benefit.”
As many as 18 000 manuscripts, many from ancient libraries, are now housed in the Ahmed Baba Centre, named after the famous 15th century Timbuktu scholar, Ahmed Baba. The Timbuktu Manuscripts - or Mali Manuscripts - reams of written manuscripts dating as far back as the 13th century, are ancient Arabic texts that hark back to the Malian city of Timbuktu's glorious past, when it existed 500 years ago as a gold trading port and centre for academics and scholars of religion, literature and science. The manuscripts provide a written testimony to the skill of African scientists, in astronomy, mathematics, chemistry, medicine and climatology in the Middle Ages. Discourse and commentary on manuscripts dating centuries later indicate an African scholarship system that existed independent of European scholarship. [Note glossary space around text for commentary.]
Digital is not the same as the webDigital is not automatically open, it also enables close
Gold Route- Primary publication in open-access journals.- 7 070 journals (DOAJ 2011)Green Route- Self-archiving of scholarly content in open access repositories prior to, in parallel with, or after publication.2085 repositories worldwide (DOAR 2011)
OER origins in the 1990s and formalised as movement in early 2000s. Encourages open sharing of teaching and learning content with appropriate licensing mechanisms for sharing, translation, remixing of content.
“OER are teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the publicdomain or have been released under an intellectual property license that permitstheir free use or re-purposing by others. Open educa onal resources include fullcourses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, so ware,and any other tools, materials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge”(Atkins, Brown and Hammond, 2007, p. 4).Atkins, D., Seely Brown, J., Hammond, A. (2007) A review of the the Open Educational Resources movement: Achievements, challenges and new opportunities. http://www.oerderves.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/a-review-of-the-open-educational-resources-oer-movement_final.pdIn its simplest form, the concept of Open Educational Resources (OER) describes any educational resources (including curriculum maps, course materials, textbooks, streaming videos, multimedia applications, podcasts, and any other materials that have been designed for use in teaching and learning) that are openly available for use by educators and students, without an accompanying need to pay royalties or licence fees.A Basic Guide to Open Educational Resources (OER)Prepared by Neil Butcher Edited by Asha Kanwar (COL) and Stamenka Uvalic´-Trumbic´ (UNESCO)ISBN 978-1-894975-41-4
Open Research exploring space beyond the journal article and more dynamic system of open exchange of “research objects”. Promotes expansive, collaborative approach, which has had particular success in making progress in biomedical sciences, astronomy. Most notably, led to identification of biomarkers for alzheimers.
The whole PROCESS becomes open and shareableEvery step is opened upAudiences all along the way
Open research heavily contingent on open data practice.
Significant challenges and barriers to sharing open data, particularly around metadata and curation considerations. Various large-scale organisations working at global interoperability of systems and standards.
