This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts, including objects, classes, inheritance, abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism, and operator overloading. It defines objects as having properties like state and behavior. Classes are used to create objects and define their properties and methods. Inheritance allows classes to inherit attributes and methods from parent classes. Abstraction hides irrelevant details and focuses on important properties. Encapsulation hides implementation details and exposes a public interface. Polymorphism allows objects to take different forms. Operator overloading allows operators to perform different tasks based on arguments. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts.

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OOP CONCEPTS

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baabtra as a part of mentoring program. This is not official
document of baabtra –Mentoring Partner
Baabtra-Mentoring Partner is the mentoring division of baabte System Technologies Pvt . Ltd

4. OOP CONCEPT
• Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a style of
programming that focuses on using objects to design
and build applications.
• Think of an object as a model of the concepts,
processes, or things in the real world that are
meaningful to your application

5. OBJECT
• Which will have a name as identity
• Properties to define its behaviour
• Actions what it can perform
• It has two main properties:
– State: the object encapsulates information about
itself - attributes or fields.
– Behaviour: the object can do some things on
behalf of other objects – methods.

6. OBJECT(contd)
• Example:
In a banking system, a particular bank account is an
example of an object.
– Its state consists of attributes like: owner, account
number, balance, etc.
– Its behaviours consist of: deposit, withdraw, etc.

7. CLASS
• We need to create a base design which defines the
properties and functionalities that the object should
have.
• In programming terms we call this base design as
Class.
• We can create any number of objects from a class.
• Each individual object is called an instance of its
class.

8. CLASS(contd)
• The actions that can be performed by objects become
functions of the class and is referred to as Methods.
• No memory is allocated when a class is created. Memory
is allocated only when an object is created.
• Example:
Banking system is an example for class.
Different accounts are example for objects.

9. How to create class in C++
class shape //create a class
{
public: Int width;
Int height;
Int calculateArea()
{
return x*y
}
}

10. ATTRIBUTES
Contain current state of an object.
• Attributes can be classified as simple or complex.
• Simple attribute can be a primitive type such as
integer, string, etc.
• Complex attribute can contain collections and/or
references.
• Complex object: contains one or more complex
attributes

11. METHODS
• Defines behavior of an object, as a set of
encapsulated functions.
• The class describes those methods.
• It defines what an object can do.

12. INHERITANCE
 Inheritance allows child classes inherits the
characteristics of existing parent class.
• Attributes (fields and properties)
• Operations (methods)
 Child class can extend the parent class.
• Add new fields and methods
• Redefine methods (modify existing behavior)

13. INHERITANCE-Example/* C++ Program to calculate the area of rectangles using concept of inheritance.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Rectangle{
protected:float length, breadth;
public:
Rectangle(): length(0.0), breadth(0.0){
cout<<"Enter length: "; cin>>length;
cout<<"Enter breadth: "; cin>>breadth;
}};
/* Area class is derived from base class Rectangle. */
class Area : public Rectangle{
public:
float calc(){
return length*breadth;
}};
int main(){
cout<<"Enter data for rectangle to find area.n";
Area a;
cout<<"Area = "<<a.calc()<<" square meternn";
return 0;
}

14. ABSTRACTION
• Abstraction means ignoring irrelevant features,
properties, or functions and emphasizing the
relevant ones.
• Abstraction = managing complexity.
• Allows us to represent a complex reality in terms of a
simplified model.
• Abstraction highlights the properties of an entity that
we need and hides the others.

15. ENCAPSULATION
• Encapsulation hides the implementation
details
• Class announces some operations (methods)
available for its clients – its public interface
• All data members (fields) of a class should be
hidden-Accessed via properties (read-only and
read-write)

16. Example for Abstraction and Encapsulation
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Adder{
public:// constructor
Adder(int i = 0){
total = i;}
// interface to outside world
void addNum(int number){
total += number;}
// interface to outside world
int getTotal(){
return total;};
private:// hidden data from outside world
int total;};
int main( ){
Adder a;
a.addNum(10); a.addNum(20); a.addNum(30);
cout << "Total " << a.getTotal() <<endl;
return 0;
}

17. POLYMORPHISM
• Polymorphism is the ability to take more than
one form.
• Polymorphism allows abstract operations to
be defined and used.
• Polymorphism allows routines to use variables
of different types at different times.

18. Example for Polymorphism
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Shape { protected:int width, height;
public: Shape( int a=0, int b=0) { width = a; height = b; }
int area() { cout << "Parent class area :" <<endl; return 0; } } ;
class Rectangle: public Shape{
public:Rectangle( int a=0, int b=0):Shape(a, b) { }
int area (){
cout << "Rectangle class area :" <<endl; return (width * height);}};
class Triangle: public Shape{
public:Triangle( int a=0, int b=0):Shape(a, b) { }
int area (){
cout << "Triangle class area :" <<endl; return (width * height / 2);}};
// Main function for the program
int main( ){
Shape *shape; Rectangle rec(10,7); Triangle tri(10,5);
// store the address of Rectangle
shape = &rec;
// call rectangle area.
shape->area();
// store the address of Triangle
shape = &tri;
// call triangle area.
shape->area();
return 0; }

19. FUNCTION OVERLOADING
• It is simply defined as the ability of one
function to perform different tasks.
• For example, doTask() and doTask(object O)
are overloaded methods.
• To call the latter, an object must be passed as
a parameter, whereas the former does not
require a parameter, and is called with an
empty parameter field.

20. Example for Function Overloading
#include <iostream>
// volume of a cube
int volume(int s){
return s*s*s;
}
// volume of a triangle
float volume(int b, int h){
return 0.5*b*h;
}
// volume of a cuboid
long volume(long l, int b, int h){
return l*b*h;
}
int main(){
std::cout << volume(10);
std::cout << volume(9, 7);
std::cout << volume(100, 75, 15);
}
In the above example, the volume of various components are calculated using the same function
call "volume", with arguments differing in their data type or their number.

21. OPERATOR OVERLOADING
• Different operators have different
implementations depending on their
arguments.
• Operator overloading is generally defined by
the language, the programmer, or both.
• We can redefine or overload most of the built-
in operators available in C++.

22. Example for Operator Overloading
#include<iostream>
class complex
{
public: int real,imaginary;
complex operator+(complex ob)
{
complex t;
t.real=real+ob.real;
t.imaginary=imaginary+ob.imaginary;
return(t);
}
};
int main()
{
complex obj1,obj2,result;
obj1.real=12; obj2.imaginary=3;
obj2.real=8; obj2.imaginary=1;
result=obj1+obj2 // result=obj1.operator+(obj2);
cout<<result.real<<result.imaginary;
return 0;
}

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