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1. ASSIGNMENT
SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO
SOUMYA.R ANUPAMA TEACHER
OPTION: SOCIAL SCIENCE LECTURER IN SCOIAL SCIENCE
FMTC MYLAPURE FMTC MYLAPURE
1 TERRORISM

2. TERRORISM
2 TERRORISM

3. 3 TERRORISM
INDEX
SL.NO
CONTENTS
PAGE NO
1
INTRODUCTION
4-5
2
CONTENT
6 -11
3
CONCLUSION
12
4
REFERENCE
13

4. 4 TERRORISM
INTRODUCTION
In the international community, terrorism has
no legally binding, criminal law. Common definitions of
terrorism refer only to those violent acts that are intended
to create fear (terror); are perpetrated for a religious,
political, or ideological goal; and deliberately target or
disregard the safety of non-combatants
(e.g., neutral military personnel or civilians).
Terrorists activity include acts
of unlawful violence and war. The use of similar tactics by
criminal organizations for protection rackets or to enforce
a code of silence is usually not labeled terrorism, though
these same actions may be labeled terrorism when done
by a politically motivated group. Usage of the term has
also been criticized for its frequent undue equating with
Islamism or jihadism, while ignoring non-Islamic
organizations or individuals.

5. The word "terrorism" is politically loaded and emotionally
charged, and this greatly compounds the difficulty of
providing a precise definition. Studies have found over 100
definitions of "terrorism". In some cases, the same group
may be described as "freedom fighters" by its supporters
and considered to be terrorists by its opponents.
5 TERRORISM
The concept of terrorism may be controversial
as it is often used by state authorities (and individuals with
access to state support) to delegitimize political or other
opponents, and potentially legitimize the state's own use
of armed force against opponents (such use of force may
be described as "terror" by opponents of the state). At the
same time, the reverse may also take place when states
perpetrate or are accused of perpetrating state
terrorism The usage of the term has a controversial
history, with individuals such as ANC leader Nelson
Mandela at one point also branded a terrorist.

6. 6 TERRORISM
CONTENT
Terrorism" comes from the French word terrorism,
and originally referred specifically to state terrorism as practiced
by the French government during the 1793–1794 Reign of terror.
The French word terrorism in turn derives from the Latin
verb terreō meaning "I frighten”. The terror cambric’s was a panic
and state of emergency in Rome in response to the approach of
warriors of the Cimbri tribe in 105 BC. The Jacobins cited this
precedent when imposing a Reign of Terror during the French
Revolution.After the Jacobins lost power, the word "terrorist"
became a term of abuse.Although "terrorism" originally referred to
acts committed by a government, currently it usually refers to the
killing of innocent people for political purposes in such a way as to
create a media spectacle. This meaning can be traced back
to Sergey Nechayev, who described himself as a "terrorist".
Nechayev founded the Russian terrorist group "People's
Retribution"

7. Types of terrorism
Depending on the country, the political system, and the time in
history, the types of terrorism is varying. In early 1975, the Law
Enforcement Assistant Administration in the United States formed
the National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards
and Goals. One of the five volumes that the committee wrote was
titled Disorders and Terrorism, produced by the Task Force on
Disorders and Terrorism under the direction of H. H. A. Cooper,
Director of the Task Force staff. The Task Force classified
terrorism into six categories.
 Civil disorder – A form of collective violence interfering with
the peace, security, and normal functioning of the community.
7 TERRORISM

8.  Political terrorism – Violent criminal behavior designed
primarily to generate fear in the community, or substantial
segment of it, for political purposes.
 Limited political terrorism – Genuine political terrorism is
characterized by a revolutionary approach; limited political
terrorism refers to "acts of terrorism which are committed
for ideological or political motives but which are not part of a
concerted campaign to capture control of the state.
 Official or state terrorism – "referring to nations whose rule is
based upon fear and oppression that reach similar to terrorism
or such proportions". It may also be referred to as Structural
Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by
governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of
their foreign policy.
Several sources have further defined the typology of terrorism:
 Political terrorism
 Sub-state terrorism
 Social revolutionary terrorism
 Nationalist-separatist terrorism
 Religious extremist terrorism
 Religious fundamentalist Terrorism
 New religions terrorism
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9.  Right-wing terrorism
 Left-wing terrorism
 Single-issue terrorism
 State-sponsored terrorism
 Regime or state terrorism
 Criminal terrorism
 Pathological terrorism
9 TERRORISM
Funding
State sponsors have constituted a major form of funding; for
example, Palestine Liberation Organization, Democratic Front for
the Liberation of Palestine and some other terrorist groups were
funded by the Soviet Union. The Stern Gang received funding
from Italian Fascist officers in Beirut to undermine the British
Mandate for Palestine. Pakistan has created and nurtured terrorist
groups as policy for achieving tactical objectives against its
neighbors, especially India.
"Revolutionary tax" is another major form of funding, and
essentially a euphemism for "protection money". Revolutionary
taxes are typically extorted from businesses (including farms

10. cultivating illicit drugs (such as Papaver somniferous) and they
also "play a secondary role as one other means of intimidating the
target population".
Other major sources of funding include kidnapping for
ransoms, smuggling (including wildlife smuggling), fraud,
and robbery. The Levant received funding "via private donations
from the Gulf states".
The Financial Action Task Force is an inter-governmental body
whose mandate, since October 2001, has included
combating terrorist financing.
10 TERRORISM
Tactics
Terrorism is a form of asymmetric warfare, and is more
common when direct conventional warfare will not be effective
because forces vary greatly in power.
The context in which terrorist tactics are used is often a large-scale,
unresolved political conflict. The type of conflict varies
widely; historical examples include:

11.  Secession of a territory to form a new sovereign state or
become part of a different state
 Dominance of territory or resources by various ethnic groups
 Imposition of a particular form of government
 Economic deprivation of a population
 Opposition to a domestic government or occupying army
 Religious fanaticism
Terrorist attacks are often targeted to maximize fear and
publicity, usually using explosives or poison. There is concern
about terrorist attacks employing weapons of mass destruction.
Terrorist organizations usually methodically plan attacks in
advance, and may train participants, plant undercover agents,
and raise money from supporters or through organized crime.
Communications occur through modern telecommunications, or
through old-fashioned methods such as couriers.
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12. 12 TERRORISM
CONCLUSION
Terrorism is a worldwide threat and it eliminates
peace and harmony form many countries like
Afghanistan, Somalia, Nigeria etc. democracies like India,
USA and England etc are under the threat of terrorism.
UNO banned many terrorists groups in order to prevent
them from acquiring funds, formulating plans for attacks,
recruitment etc. However terrorists’ activities are
running smoothly all over the world aiming especially
India and US and other democracies. Measures have to
be taken for preventing Countries like Pakistan to
sponsor terrorists groups and infiltration to India.

13. 13 TERRORISM
REFERENCE
Angus Martyn, The Right of Self-Defence under International Law-the
Response to the Terrorist Attacks of 11 September, Australian Law and
Bills Digest Group, Parliament of Australia Web Site, 12 February 2002.
Hoffman, Bruce (1998). Inside Terrorism. Columbia University Press.
p. 32. ISBN 0-231-11468-0. See review in "Inside Terrorism". The New
York Times
Robert Mackey (November 20, 2009). "Can Soldiers Be Victims of
Terrorism?". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-01-11. "Terrorism is the
deliberate killing of innocent people, at random, in order to spread fear
through a whole population and force the hand of its political leaders."
Corrected by
Anupama M R
Lr in Social Science

14. 14 TERRORISM

15. 15 TERRORISM