This document discusses the causes and history of terrorism. It begins by defining terrorism and tracing its origins and original meaning. It then examines different perspectives on how terrorists should be classified and treated. The document then explores five main drivers of terrorism: 1) ethno-nationalism, 2) alienation and discrimination, 3) religion, 4) socio-economic factors, and 5) political grievances. For each cause, it provides historical examples and explains how the cause can contribute to radicalization and terrorist activities.
Terrorism has become a global phenomenon with a 61% increase in the number of people killed in terrorist attacks over the last year. The 2014 Global Terrorism Index provides a fact-based understanding of terrorism and its impact.
There is an urgent need for world community to fight terrorism together. There can not be good terrorist and bad terrorist A terrorist is a terrorist
Extremism and terrorism are not new phenomena that humanity has to deal with. They have been there in the history of mankind ever since the human population started to increase on this planet. In the past, there have been despotic leaders, individuals, andgroups of people who used extremism and terrorism as a means to exterminate others in order to hold onto power and exert their dominance. The researchers of this small-scale qualitative study had critically analyzed what is happening to the Muslims and what needs to be done in encountering the challenges of global extremism and terrorism. The researchers took a non-partisan stand in analyzing objectively terrorism in the aftermath of the 9/11 attack that shocked the US and the world at large. The crux of the discussion in this research was centered around on the issues as to why western media take a double standard in reporting terror attacks around the globe, why the oppressed and displaced people of the world resort to terrorism, are terrorists born or made, what lessons can be learned by countries that are faced with terror attacks and racial tensions from role-model countries that are successful in maintaining peace and harmony within their diverse population. Besides discussing the main issues, the researchers have put forward their idealism for world peace and on how the world should stand united in combatting the alarming rate of extremism and terror attacks that happen all over the world today. Data pertinent to the research were collected from print and internet sources and later analyzed by using the textual-analysis method. The findings of this research have brought to light that extremism and terrorism cannot be eliminated by simply using brute force and bombing campaigns. Countries embroiled with terror attacks need to study objectively the underlying factors that trigger extremism and terrorism.
Imperialism, war and State terrorism are directly related. Imperialism is the generator source of war and State terrorism. The term State terrorism has become common in the denunciation of repressive practices by the secret services that have resulted in murder, torture, censorship of the media, and finally the pursuit of a series of state-based violence similar to those employed in terrorism. The imperialism practiced by the great western powers against the peripheral capitalist countries has meant war and terrorism throughout history. The United States is humanity's number one aggressor and terrorist. No matter how shocking the activity of small private terrorist groups occasionally, they are all tiny in the face of US superterrorism. As long as the political, economic and military hegemony of the United States prevails that seeks to impose its will in the context of the interstate system, the war of everybody against everybody will prevail. Until the emergence of a common world power, that is, a world government, international relations will be governed by the law of the more strong. And this is the worst case scenario because no country, however powerful, will be able to avoid the war of everybody against everybody.
Terrorism has become a global phenomenon with a 61% increase in the number of people killed in terrorist attacks over the last year. The 2014 Global Terrorism Index provides a fact-based understanding of terrorism and its impact.
There is an urgent need for world community to fight terrorism together. There can not be good terrorist and bad terrorist A terrorist is a terrorist
Extremism and terrorism are not new phenomena that humanity has to deal with. They have been there in the history of mankind ever since the human population started to increase on this planet. In the past, there have been despotic leaders, individuals, andgroups of people who used extremism and terrorism as a means to exterminate others in order to hold onto power and exert their dominance. The researchers of this small-scale qualitative study had critically analyzed what is happening to the Muslims and what needs to be done in encountering the challenges of global extremism and terrorism. The researchers took a non-partisan stand in analyzing objectively terrorism in the aftermath of the 9/11 attack that shocked the US and the world at large. The crux of the discussion in this research was centered around on the issues as to why western media take a double standard in reporting terror attacks around the globe, why the oppressed and displaced people of the world resort to terrorism, are terrorists born or made, what lessons can be learned by countries that are faced with terror attacks and racial tensions from role-model countries that are successful in maintaining peace and harmony within their diverse population. Besides discussing the main issues, the researchers have put forward their idealism for world peace and on how the world should stand united in combatting the alarming rate of extremism and terror attacks that happen all over the world today. Data pertinent to the research were collected from print and internet sources and later analyzed by using the textual-analysis method. The findings of this research have brought to light that extremism and terrorism cannot be eliminated by simply using brute force and bombing campaigns. Countries embroiled with terror attacks need to study objectively the underlying factors that trigger extremism and terrorism.
Imperialism, war and State terrorism are directly related. Imperialism is the generator source of war and State terrorism. The term State terrorism has become common in the denunciation of repressive practices by the secret services that have resulted in murder, torture, censorship of the media, and finally the pursuit of a series of state-based violence similar to those employed in terrorism. The imperialism practiced by the great western powers against the peripheral capitalist countries has meant war and terrorism throughout history. The United States is humanity's number one aggressor and terrorist. No matter how shocking the activity of small private terrorist groups occasionally, they are all tiny in the face of US superterrorism. As long as the political, economic and military hegemony of the United States prevails that seeks to impose its will in the context of the interstate system, the war of everybody against everybody will prevail. Until the emergence of a common world power, that is, a world government, international relations will be governed by the law of the more strong. And this is the worst case scenario because no country, however powerful, will be able to avoid the war of everybody against everybody.
Terrorism-historical as well as a universal phenomenon; few countries can claim not to have been affected by this menace which is rising
Has been practised by every type of organisation, religious or non-religious, right-wing or left-wing. Muslims, Christians, Jews, Hindus
Consequently, the reasons for the terrorist activity and the identity of its perpetrators are always subject to context, time, and place.
This presentation attempts to analyse global terrorism from its historical perspective, identify causes, and presents a plan of action to curb it
In its broadest sense, terrorism is any act designed to cause terror In a narrower sense, terrorism can be understood to feature a political objective. The word terrorism is politically loaded and emotionally charged.
Islamophobia is the irrational hostility, fear, or hatred of Islam, Muslims, and Islamic culture at individual, societal or state level
It also connotes active discrimination against these groups or individuals within them with due process of law or without it
It manifests itself through individual attitudes and behaviours, and the policies and practices of organizations and institutions.
This presentation attempts to clarify the concept, analyse its underlying causes, and suggests a plan of action to counter it
Though the worst intelligence failure, the USA took maximum advantage of the 9/11 tragedy and embarked on the mission to accomplish the objectives set forth in the infamous neo-con paper, known as the American Century.
America employed all its -military, diplomatic and financial, to wage a war of terror on several countries besides Afghanistan-its starting point.
Whether it was a stellar success or a dismal failure, it has cost the world massively in terms of loss of human lives, financial losses, refugees crises, missed opportunities, and surprisingly, increased global terrorism
This presentation covers all these issues in greater detail
IN THIS SUMMARY
In No End to War, Walter Laqueur deals with the new elements in contemporary terrorism, why terrorism came so suddenly, and why it is so often and so thoroughly misinterpreted. Terrorism has changed over time and so have the terrorists, their motives, and the causes of terrorism. During the 1990s, a new factor arose that became the most prominent component of world terrorism: Islamic terrorism, especially from al Qa’ida under Osama bin Laden.
SUBSCRIBE TODAY
http://www.bizsum.com/summaries/no-end-war
Terrorism is an historical as well as a universal phenomenon; has been practiced by every type of organisation, religious or non-religious, right-wing or left-wing.Consequently, the reasons for the terrorist activity and the identity of those who carry out these acts are always subject to the context, time and place.Unfortunately, there is no consensus on its accurate definition. More than one hundred definitions in the field; one country’s terrorists are other country’s freedom fighters. Rather than seeking the causes of terrorism itself, a better approach is to determine the conditions that make terror possible or likely.Stopping violence is rarely simple or easy. Only time and commitment by a majority of the parties involved can resolve a conflict. Keeping in view the multidimensional nature of terrorism, we must adopt a long term holistic and comprehensive approach for its eradication.
This presentation is an attempt to encompass the various issues related to this complex phemenon and presents a plan of action to control this menace
Terrorism-historical as well as a universal phenomenon; few countries can claim not to have been affected by this menace which is rising
Has been practised by every type of organisation, religious or non-religious, right-wing or left-wing. Muslims, Christians, Jews, Hindus
Consequently, the reasons for the terrorist activity and the identity of its perpetrators are always subject to context, time, and place.
This presentation attempts to analyse global terrorism from its historical perspective, identify causes, and presents a plan of action to curb it
In its broadest sense, terrorism is any act designed to cause terror In a narrower sense, terrorism can be understood to feature a political objective. The word terrorism is politically loaded and emotionally charged.
Islamophobia is the irrational hostility, fear, or hatred of Islam, Muslims, and Islamic culture at individual, societal or state level
It also connotes active discrimination against these groups or individuals within them with due process of law or without it
It manifests itself through individual attitudes and behaviours, and the policies and practices of organizations and institutions.
This presentation attempts to clarify the concept, analyse its underlying causes, and suggests a plan of action to counter it
Though the worst intelligence failure, the USA took maximum advantage of the 9/11 tragedy and embarked on the mission to accomplish the objectives set forth in the infamous neo-con paper, known as the American Century.
America employed all its -military, diplomatic and financial, to wage a war of terror on several countries besides Afghanistan-its starting point.
Whether it was a stellar success or a dismal failure, it has cost the world massively in terms of loss of human lives, financial losses, refugees crises, missed opportunities, and surprisingly, increased global terrorism
This presentation covers all these issues in greater detail
IN THIS SUMMARY
In No End to War, Walter Laqueur deals with the new elements in contemporary terrorism, why terrorism came so suddenly, and why it is so often and so thoroughly misinterpreted. Terrorism has changed over time and so have the terrorists, their motives, and the causes of terrorism. During the 1990s, a new factor arose that became the most prominent component of world terrorism: Islamic terrorism, especially from al Qa’ida under Osama bin Laden.
SUBSCRIBE TODAY
http://www.bizsum.com/summaries/no-end-war
Terrorism is an historical as well as a universal phenomenon; has been practiced by every type of organisation, religious or non-religious, right-wing or left-wing.Consequently, the reasons for the terrorist activity and the identity of those who carry out these acts are always subject to the context, time and place.Unfortunately, there is no consensus on its accurate definition. More than one hundred definitions in the field; one country’s terrorists are other country’s freedom fighters. Rather than seeking the causes of terrorism itself, a better approach is to determine the conditions that make terror possible or likely.Stopping violence is rarely simple or easy. Only time and commitment by a majority of the parties involved can resolve a conflict. Keeping in view the multidimensional nature of terrorism, we must adopt a long term holistic and comprehensive approach for its eradication.
This presentation is an attempt to encompass the various issues related to this complex phemenon and presents a plan of action to control this menace
STARTPAGE-HOME.COM is classified as a browser hijacker since it utilizes pop-up messages and advertisements designed to profit at the expense of computer users. And, it also displays alerts trying to convince computer users that their Web browser or other software is out of date, so that the users may allow the setup of Potentially Unwanted Programs and unsafe content from STARTPAGE-HOME.COM. However, STARTPAGE-HOME.COM does no good to a computer system. We recommend you remove STARTPAGE-HOME.COM immediately once it is traced in your system.
Best guide to remove ads by dealnj popupharoNaroum
Do you often receive lots of ads by Dealnj when using the web browsers, especially when visiting shopping sites? Why do those ads which have never occurred before keep showing up on your browsers? Is your computer infected by a virus? How can you get rid of it? Follow the guide below and you will learn more about Dealnj as well as the methods of removing it.
How to remove hightsearch.com completely – effective removal guideharoNaroum
HIGHTSEARCH.COM is classified as a browser hijacker since it utilizes pop-up messages and advertisements designed to profit at the expense of computer users. And, it also displays alerts trying to convince computer users that their Web browser or other software is out of date, so that the users may allow the setup of Potentially Unwanted Programs and unsafe content from HIGHTSEARCH.COM. However, HIGHTSEARCH.COM does no good to a computer system. We recommend you remove HIGHTSEARCH.COM immediately once it is traced in your system.
Shopperz adware is not a new–released advertising program. While the release of this adware used to be a hot issue of last year, now it tends to be popular again. As we reflect on 2014, it is clear that this adware has been an typical advertising threat which has infected by a lot of computers around the world. We comb some computer blogs, pore over computer security forums and enlist the help of related information, professional removal tools and effective removal manual guide to deliver users some of the most professional methods of removing this adware. The associated details are below:
LUCKYSEARCHES.COM is a hazardous browser hijacker virus that looks like a Web search engine. For this reason, many of computer users have been cheated by this browser hijacker.
Effective guides to remove websearch.hotsearches.infoharoNaroum
A new list of browser hijackers is published. Websearch.hotsearches.info, a new search site, is on the list. Browser hijacker is a kind of infection that will not only threaten our computer systems but also makes changes on the default browser settings. This is a hateful threat around the world. The members of it all have different address and search engine. The difference is not so extreme that in some cases, the address of the browser hijacker only has some words different from each other.
We conducted a ground-breaking survey of the UK’s data and business professionals to get a snapshot of the state of the world of data, uncover some of the issues facing the industry and get a sense of the changes on the horizon. The results were enlightening, and in some cases, very surprising.
Recently, many victims of Razor Web are seeking effective ways to get rid of this nasty threat as well as those annoying ads displayed by it as they are so annoying, which have seriously interfered with their work. If you are unlucky to be one of them, this article will be useful for you to quickly and completely get rid of ads by Razor Web. Besides, you also can learn that how to prevent your computer from being attacked by malicious programs next time.
Computers with no antivirus software protection are considerably more likely to be invaded by Results Hub adware then other computers that have security protection tools. A new piece of research suggests that users who have downloaded security tools are less to be troubled by malware. Despite being given additional protection by third party programs, those computers still be possible to be infected by this adware as it can enter target computer along with other free applications. Then why we still get infected by this adware while we have security protection? Let us find the answer in this post.
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Chapter 5 Global TerrorismNONSTATE ADVERSARIES, FUNDAMENTALIST.docxbissacr
Chapter 5 Global Terrorism
NONSTATE ADVERSARIES, FUNDAMENTALIST RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM, AND WEAPONS ARE THREE FORCES OF GLOBAL TERRORISM, ALL REPRESENTED BY TALIBAN FIGHTERS IN AFGHANISTAN.
Learning Objectives
1. 5.1Recognize that terrorism is a contentious issue that becomes hopelessly muddled by political and military considerations
2. 5.2Review the factors that are conducive to terrorism
3. 5.3Identify the goals, strategies, and weapons of terrorism
4. 5.4Identify the sources of funds that are used for financing terrorism
5. 5.5Review how terrorism adversely affects individuals, nations, and other groups
6. 5.6Summarize five kinds of terrorism
7. 5.7Examine the different ways of combating terrorism
8. 5.8Analyze the fundamental question about the balance between fighting terrorism and protecting democracy within the United States
The Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013 and the grisly murder of an off-duty British soldier in public in London in May 2013 that was filmed on mobile phones as the terrorist waited for police demonstrate a further shift away from centralized terrorist organizations to lone wolf terrorism. This kind of terrorism is conducted by self-motivated independent individuals. The attacks in Boston and London show how difficult it is to prevent lone wolf terrorism.
Successful U.S. counterterrorism measures against al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and in Pakistan, combined with failed democratic transitions in the Middle East and North Africa, have contributed to the shift of global terrorism to Africa. Domestic terrorist groups such as Boko Haram, which means “Western education is sacrilege,” in northern Nigeria, collaborate with al-Qaeda. The Syrian civil war, chaos in Iraq following the U.S. withdrawal, and the disintegration of law and order in Libya have strengthened terrorism, most notably the group called the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), which claimed credit for the November 13, 2015 terrorist massacre in Paris.
The growing use of armed drones for targeted killings of suspected terrorists in Yemen, Pakistan, Somalia, Niger, and elsewhere raises many controversial issues. Drones are effective weapons against terrorists. Even though they kill fewer civilians than alternative methods, the loss of innocent civilian lives undermines their use.
Edward Snowden’s leaking of documents showing extensive spying on Americans as well as people and governments around the world by the National Security Agency (NSA) as part of America’s counterterrorism strategy raised global concerns about the basic right to privacy. It also has far-reaching consequences for U.S. security and foreign policy.
Osama bin Laden, widely viewed as the embodiment of global terrorism, was killed by U.S. Special Forces on May 1, 2011, in Pakistan. Despite this significant development, the war on terrorism continues. Think about how the escalation of global terrorism affects our daily lives. This global problem is now virtually inseparable from pe.
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Islam is a religion of peace,but radicals have changed its preaching. Can one considered jihad as a just war? Since its inscribed in the Holy Koran.As such,this presentation give some of the reasons why a certain groups (mostly Muslims) have developed new ideologies.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
1. 1
"Terrorism" comes from the French word terrorisme, and originally referred
specifically to state terrorism as practiced by the French government during the
1793–1794 Reign of Terror. The French word terrorisme in turn derives from the
Latin verb terrere (e, terreo) meaning "to frighten". The Jacobins, coming to power
in France in 1792, are said to have initiated the Reign of Terror (French: La Terreur).
After the Jacobins lost power, the word "terrorist" became a term of abuse.
Although "terrorism" originally referred to acts committed by a government,
currently it usually refers to the killing of innocent people for political purposes in
such a way as to create a spectacle. This meaning can be traced back to Sergey
Nechayev, who described himself as a "terrorist". Nechayev founded the Russian
terrorist group "People's Retribution" in 1869.
The lack of consensus as to what a terrorist is can affect policies designed to deal
with terrorists. Some view them as soldiers that can be held at the end of a war and
are entitled to various privileges spelled out in the Geneva Conventions. Others
view them as criminals that should be tried in civil courts. Still others will argue that
terrorists are best treated as a category to themselves and need policies tailored to
them.
In November 2004, a Secretary-General of the United Nations report described
terrorism as any act "intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or
non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a
government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act".
Terrorism in India, according to the Home Ministry, poses a significant threat to the
people of India. Terrorism found in India includes ethno-nationalist terrorism,
religious terrorism, left wing terrorism and narco terrorism.
A common definition of terrorism is the systematic use or threatened use of
violence to intimidate a population or government for political, religious, or
ideological goals.
The regions with long term terrorist activities have been Jammu and Kashmir, east-
central and south-central India (Naxalism) and the Seven Sister States. In August
2008, National Security Advisor M K Narayanan has said that there are as many as
800 terrorist cells operating in the country. As of 2013, 205 of the country’s 608
districts were affected by terrorist activity. Terror attacks caused 231 civilian deaths
in 2012 in India, compared to 11,098 terror-caused deaths worldwide, according to
the State Department of the United States; or about 2% of global terror fatalities
while it accounts for 17.5% of global population.
Media reports have alleged and implicated terrorism in India to be sponsored by
Pakistan, particularly through its Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). In 2012, the US
2. 2
accused Pakistan of enabling and ignoring anti-India terrorist cells working on its
soil; however, Pakistan has denied its involvement.[12] In July 2016, Government of
India released data on a string of terror strikes in India since 2005 that claimed 707
lives and left over 3,200 injured.
Causes of Terrorism
1) Ethno-nationalism
The desire of a population to break away from a government or ruling power and
create a state of their own can cause the formation of terrorist groups. In the 20th
century this was seen often times with regions or states attempting to gain
independence from their colonial era masters. However, as Bruce Hoffman points
out in Inside Terrorism, ethno-nationalist terrorism had been around decades before
even the First World War. Perhaps the most notable of these groups, formed before
and after WWII and inspired by the weakening of imperial powers, was the Jewish
Irgun Avai Le’umi who fought British rule in Palestine so as to attain the creation of
a Jewish state.
3. 3
Today Hamas is one of the most active ethno-nationalist driven groups carrying out
suicide bombings and attacks against the state of Israel with the goal of creating a
Palestinian state. Chechen terrorist organizations are also ethno-nationalists for their
attacks against the government and people of Russia in the attempt to form their own
state.
2) Alienation/Discrimination
Several authors on terrorism have pointed to a sense of alienation felt by diasporas,
particularly those living in Europe as a driver of terrorism. Many times these groups
face discrimination in the countries they reside, leading to further feelings of
isolation. They commonly move from poorer countries, particularly Muslim states in
the case of Europe, to wealthier ones to go to school or find work. As Marc Sageman
discusses in his book Understanding Terror Networks, once in these countries they
begin to feel alienated. The new host nation is substantially different than their own
culture, and is usually much less community oriented. This causes alienated
individuals to seek out communities with cultures like their home countries or others
like themselves. These groups may become jaded towards society around them as
they don’t fit in and feel excluded. Growing sentiments of discrimination can lead
groups to look to more conservative, and eventually, extremist ideologies.
The Hamburg Cell, consisting of two of the pilots in the 9/11 terrorist attacks, is a
perfect example of this. The cell included a number of expatriate Muslims studying
in Germany who sought out other conservative Muslims to band together when they
felt homesick in a Western society that was alien to them. This started them down
the trail of radicalization as they became more jaded with the world around them.
Robert Leiken also discusses this phenomenon in his paper Europe’s Angry Muslims.
Leiken points to both “outsiders,” Muslims who immigrated in order to study or seek
asylum, and “insiders,” second or third generation Muslims in Europe. These groups
are subjected to discriminatory social policies, such as the headscarf law in France,
that then cause them to become radicalized.
3) Religion
Perhaps the most commonly held belief today is that terrorism is caused by religion.
Though it is not the main cause for terrorism, religion does play a significant role in
driving some forms of it. As Hoffman points out in Inside Terrorism, from the Thugs
of ancient India that killed to terrorize in the name of the god Kali to the Jewish
Zealots who cut the throats of Romans in public to combat their occupation of Israel,
religion (in conjunction with political/ethno-nationalist drivers) has long been a
factor of terrorism.
Today religion as a part of terrorism has been mainly attributed to Islamic
fundamentalism (though other examples, such as the Aum Shinrikyo cult that carried
out the 1995 sarin gas attacks in Tokyo, also exist). As Sageman describes: “The
global Salafi jihad is a world wide religious revivalist movement with the goal of
reestablishing past Muslim glory in a great Islamist state stretching from Morocco to
the Philippines, eliminating present national boundaries.”
4. 4
As a driver of terrorism, the true danger that religious doctrine poses is its
encouragement of attacks that are more violent in nature than other types of
terrorism. By being promised rewards in the afterlife, terrorists are more likely to
carry out suicide bombings and other such “all in” tactics that are harder to defend
against.
4) Socio-Economic Status
Terrorists may also be driven by a sense of relative depravation and lack of upward
mobility within society. Globalization and the modern media have given the ‘have
nots’ an acute awareness of their situation compared to the ‘haves’. As Omer
Taspinar states in Fighting Radicalism, Not “Terrorism,” “Globalization creates an
acute awareness about opportunities available elsewhere. This leads to frustration,
victimization, and humiliation among growing cohorts of urbanized, undereducated,
and unemployed Muslim youth who are able to make comparisons across countries.”
Seeing the economic differences between themselves and the Western world can
infuriate some in underdeveloped countries, increasing tension and hostilities. This
allows terrorist organizations to gain attention and entry to societies that have felt
wronged by these perceived social injustices.
Unfortunately the only real way to mitigate this is through economic development of
the community, country, and region, but that takes time. For the foreseeable future
there will always be those that are disgruntled by the comparison of living standards
of the wealthy around the world versus their own, opening the doors to frustration
and anger. Thus, this driver is remarkably hard to combat as globalization allows for
more mechanisms of comparison between varying global socio-economic levels.
5) Political Grievances
A lack of political inclusiveness in states or grievances against a certain political
order may cause individuals to join or create terrorist groups. Left and right wing
terrorists often seek to a political system. As well, many in nations with authoritarian
regimes lack avenues for dissent. Frustrated expressions of political will can turn to
violence as an alternative to exclusive political systems. While somewhat similar to
ethno-nationalist/separatist causes, these political grievances are not born from the
desire to create a new state but to change the order within the current one.
In his piece, Taspinar describes this as a political dimension to relative depravation.
In this light he sees political Islam as a reaction to such oppressive governments and
its Western supporters. With the knowledge that other people around the world live
in representative governments, the anger only grows among those who live without
such political representation, leading disillusioned individuals into the arms of
terrorism.
The implication here is that Western governments, in their support of repressive
authoritarian regimes for their own national interest, have essentially made
themselves targets of terrorism of an angered populace within these regimes, acting
out violently as the only alternative to political expression.
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6) TheAccidental Guerrilla
Finally, there is the theory put forth about the “accidental guerrilla” by David
Kilcullen. Kilcullen describes it as such: A terrorist organization moves into an area
with poor government or that is conflict ridden (he uses Al Qaeda specifically), then
uses this safe haven to spread their ideologies to other areas and as a base to carry
out violent acts. When outside forces then intervene to deal with the threat posed to
them by this group, this causes the local population to reject the ‘foreign invaders’
and ally with the terrorist group, thus creating more terrorists and popular support for
terrorist movements. The cases of U.S. intervention in Afghanistan and Iraq to
counter Al Qaeda are the obvious examples here.
This theory poses strong questions about the viability of direct intervention in pursuit
of terrorist groups by Western countries, and whether it causes more harm than good.
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The Effects of Terrorism
All terrorist acts involve violence or the threat of violence. These violent acts are
usually committed by nongovernmental groups or individuals who are either part of
or officially serving in the military, law enforcement agencies, intelligence agencies,
or other governmental agencies of an established nation. Terrorists attempt not only
to create panic but also to weaken confidence in the government and the political
leadership of the target country. Terrorism therefore is designed to have
psychological effects that reach farther beyond the impact on the immediate victims
of an attack. Terrorists mean to frighten and therefore scare a wider crowd, such as a
rival ethnic or religious group, an entire country and its political control, or the entire
international community. Terrorist groups are generally small and have few
members, limited firepower, and other resources. For this reason they rely on intense
bloody and destructive acts of hit-and-run violence to attract attention to their group
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and their cause. Through the media they are able to create a larger voice for
themselves and create hostilities among people.
What has caused terrorism can be a mystery for many reactionary groups, but for
other groups the main causes can be historical, cultural, religious, economic, social,
and psychological. Generally democratic countries have been proven to be grounds
for terrorism because of the open nature of their societies. In such societies people
have fundamental rights, civil liberties are protected, and government control and
constant surveillance of the people and their activities are absent. Also by through
the same reasons repressive societies, where the government closely monitors
citizens and restricts their speech and movement, have often provided more difficult
environments for terrorists. But even countries with strict police-enforced laws have
not been immune to terrorism, even though they limit civil liberties and are against
free speech and rights of assembly.
One the most commonly seen forms of terrorism have been Suicide terrorism,
otherwise known as psychological warfare. "While suicide bombers are often
portrayed as lone mad zealots, they are in fact pawns in large terrorist networks that
wage calculated psychological warfare. The suicide bombers often do die while
attempting their terrorist acts, hence the name, but the bombers do wish to live to see
how the tragedy has affected their victims. The wide range use of suicide terrorism is
because it is simple and low-cost, guarantees mass casualties, guarantees the act will
succeed, suicide bombers have no fear to surrender information, and the intense
impact on the media. "The relatively high number of casualties guaranteed in such
attacks, which are usually carried out in crowded areas, ensures full media coverage.
Thus, suicide terrorism ranks with other spectacular modus operandi such as blowing
up airplanes in mid air or the use of Weapons of Mass Destruction as a sure means to
win maximum effect." Some of the most recent act of suicide terrorism in the U.S.
was the September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center in New York.
"Suicide terrorism is defined as a politically motivated violent attack perpetrated by
a self-aware individual who actively and purposely causes his own death through
blowing himself up along with his chosen target. The perpetrator's ensured death is a
precondition for the success of his mission. Today's suicide terrorist attacks are
obviously different from ones of ancient times, but also the mode of warfare has
changed. Modern suicide attacks are often for the purpose to inflict both physical and
psychological damage to the population. Another popular form of terrorism is Bio-
chemical terrorism, which is one of the most deadly types. Bio-chemical terrorism
can be defined as a group that threatens or attacks their target with the usage of a
chemical that is very harmful and can be fatal.
The effects that chemical and biological weapons have had on US troops started after
the Persian Gulf. When the end of the war came and tens of thousands of troops
returned home they came down with an illness. The symptoms included chronic
fatigue, severe joint pain and headaches, intestinal track problems, internal bleeding,
and memory loss. These symptoms have been classified as "Gulf War Syndrome."