Odu%20 clinical%20science%20iii%20intellectual%20disability%20and%20trisomies%202011[1]
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The document discusses several chromosomal abnormalities that can cause intellectual disability, including Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Trisomy 18, and Trisomy 13. Down syndrome results from a trisomy of chromosome 21 and is the most common chromosomal cause of intellectual disability. It can cause distinctive facial features and health issues. Fragile X syndrome is an inherited condition linked to the X chromosome and is characterized by developmental delays and autism-like features. Trisomy 18 and 13 involve an extra chromosome 18 or 13, respectively, and often result in growth problems and death in infancy.
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Psychomotor retardation can be caused by either static or progressive encephalopathy that results in slow progress or regression of developmental milestones. It is important to determine if the delay is restricted to specific areas or is global, and if there is solely delay or also regression. Developmental delays can be assessed using tests like the Denver Developmental Screening Test. Common causes of delay include hearing impairment, autism, motor dysfunction, static encephalopathy, genetic disorders, cerebral malformations, intrauterine infections like CMV, rubella, toxoplasmosis and genetic factors. Screening tests like MRI and chromosome analysis can help identify underlying causes.
Intellectual disability by dr sunil
This document discusses intellectual disability (ID), including its prevalence, diagnostic criteria, and causes. It notes that ID is characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior that onset before age 18. The document outlines diagnostic classifications from ICD-10 and DSM-IV-TR and describes features of mild, moderate, severe, and profound ID. Common causes are discussed as prenatal, natal, postnatal, and unknown. Elements of clinical evaluation for patients with ID are summarized, including history taking, psychiatric interviewing, physical and neurological exams, and psychological assessment. Common syndromes associated with ID and psychiatric disorders among those with ID are also briefly mentioned.
GLOBAL DEVELOPEMENTAL DELAY.pptx
This document discusses global developmental delay and related disorders. It begins with defining developmental milestones and types of developmental abnormalities like delay, dissociation, and deviancy. It then covers the definition, causes, risk factors, signs, and differential diagnosis of global developmental delay. The document emphasizes taking a thorough history and examination. It provides an overview of evaluating developmentally delayed children and investigating etiologies. Common genetic and metabolic causes are reviewed along with their management. The importance of a multidisciplinary approach and early intervention is stressed.
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Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation); Pediatrics 2018
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Odu%20 clinical%20science%20iii%20bpi%202011[1]
Obstetrical brachial plexus injuries usually result from forcible extraction of the fetus during delivery and can cause lifelong effects. They occur in approximately 1% of breech births and 1.3% of forceps deliveries. Injuries may involve the upper (Erb's palsy) or lower (Klumpke's palsy) brachial plexus nerves and can range from mild nerve stretching to complete rupture. Treatment focuses on early range of motion and strengthening exercises to aid spontaneous recovery, which is generally good for Erb's palsy but more limited after complete avulsion injuries.
Pediatric%20 cardiac%20abnormalities[1]
This document discusses several congenital heart defects:
1) Aortic stenosis is an obstruction to blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta that can be caused by a muscular obstruction or abnormal aortic valve. Symptoms range from mild to severe depending on the severity of obstruction.
2) Atrial septal defect is a hole in the septum dividing the heart's chambers. It may cause no symptoms or symptoms like shortness of breath in adulthood if left untreated.
3) Hypoplastic left heart syndrome involves underdevelopment of the left side of the heart and can cause signs of shock and poor feeding in newborns. The treatment is cardiac transplantation or staged surgical reconstruction.
Odu%20 clinical%20sciences%20iii%20high%20risk%20infant%202011[1]
The document defines a high risk infant as one associated with increased risk of death or disability due to maternal factors, fetal disease, or abnormalities. It lists several maternal factors that can contribute to high risk, such as young or advanced maternal age, pregnancy complications, infections, malnutrition, drug use, smoking, alcohol use, and exposure to teratogens. Specific infections, drugs, and conditions discussed include STORCH infections, fetal alcohol syndrome, drug addiction, and smoking. The timing and dosage of exposure to teratogens can affect the occurrence and severity of any resulting abnormalities.
Odu%20 clinical%20science%20iii%20pdd%202011[1]
Pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) are a class of disorders characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication skills, as well as restricted, repetitive behaviors. The document discusses the five PDD diagnoses according to the DSM-IV-TR: Autistic Disorder, Rett's Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Asperger's Disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. Treatment approaches mentioned include behavioral therapy, appropriate educational settings, and communication/occupational/sensory therapies.
Odu%20 clinical%20science%20iii%20dcd%202011[1]
Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a chronic motor skill impairment that affects a child's ability to perform motor tasks and impacts daily living activities. It is defined by the DSM-IV as impaired motor performance that cannot be explained by age, intellect, or other neurological disorders. Children with DCD may achieve motor skills at typical ages but have difficulty generalizing skills and their motor problems persist into adulthood. DCD can be accompanied by learning disabilities, speech issues, and attention deficits. While the pathophysiology is unknown, possible causes include frontal and parietal lobe lesions as well as prematurity and low birth weight. Treatment focuses on determining appropriate sports/activities, addressing physical impairments, and providing interventions to
Odu%20 clinical%20science%20iii%20dcd%202011[1]
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Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
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