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1. TABLETS

2. Definition
• Tablets are solid, unit dosage form prepared by
compressing a drug or mixture of drugs with or
without excipient.
• According to USP, Tablet is defined as a
compressed solid dosage form containing
medicaments with or without Excipients.
• According to the Indian Pharmacopoeia,
Pharmaceutical tablets are solid, flat or biconvex
dishes, unit dosage form, prepared by
compressing a drug or a mixture of drugs, with or
without diluents.

3. ADVANTAGES OF TABLET DOSAGE
FORM OVER OTHER ORAL DRUG
DELIVERY SYSTEMS

4. From patients stand point:
1. They are easy to carry, easy to swallow and
they are attractive in appearance.
2. Unpleasant taste can be masked by sugar
coating and they do not require any
measurement of dose.
3. Some of the tablets are divided into halves
and quarters by drawing lines during
manufacturing to facilitate breakage
whenever a fractional dose is required.

5. From the standpoint of manufacturer
1. An accurate amount of medicament, even if
very small, can be incorporated.
2. Tablets provide best combined properties of
chemical, mechanical and microbiological
stability of all the oral dosage forms.
3. Since they are generally produced on a large
scale, therefore, their cost of production is
relatively low, hence economical.

6. 4. They are in general the easiest and cheapest
to package and ship among all oral dosage
forms.
5. Some specialized tablets may be prepared for
modified release profile of the drug.
6. Product identification is potentially the
simplest and cheapest requiring no additional
processing steps when employing an embossed
or monogrammed punch face.

7. DISADVANTAGES OF TABLET
DOSAGE FORM

8. 1. Difficult to swallow in case of children and
unconscious patients.
2. Drugs with poor wetting, slow dissolution
properties, optimum absorption high in GIT
may be difficult to formulate or manufacture
as a tablet that will still provide adequate or
full drug bioavailability.

9. 3. Bitter testing drugs, drugs with an
objectionable odor or drugs that are sensitive to
oxygen may require encapsulation or coating. In
such cases, capsule may offer the best and
lowest cost.
4. Some drugs resist compression into dense
compacts, owing to amorphous nature, low
density character.

10. Types of tablets
(a) Tablets ingested orally:
➢ Compressed tablets
➢ Multiple compressed tablets
➢ Sugar coated tablets
➢ Enteric coated tablets
➢ Film coated tablets
➢ Chewable tablets
(b) Tablets used in the oral cavities:
• Buccal Tablets
• Sublingual tablets
• Lozenges or troches
• Dental cones

11. Types of tablets
(c) Tablets administered by other routes:
• Implantation tablets
• Vaginal tablets
(d) Tablets used to prepare solutions:
• Effervescent tablets
• Dispensing tablets
• Hypodermic tablets
• Tablet triturates

12. Compressed Tablets
• These tablets are formed by compression and
contain no special coating. They are made from
powdered, crystalline or granular materials, alone or
in combination with suitable excipients.

13. Multiple Compressed Tablets
• Multiple compressed tablets are prepared by
subjecting the fill material to more than a single
compression.
• The result may be a multiple-layer tablet or a tablet
within a tablet, the inner tablet being the core and the
outer portion being the shell.
• Layered tablets are prepared by initial compaction of a
portion of fill material in a die followed by additional
fill material and compression to form two-layered or
three-layered tablets, depending on the number of
separate fills.

14. • Each layer may contain a different medicinal agent,
separated for reasons of chemical or physical
incompatibility, staged drug release, or simply the
unique appearance of the layered tablet.
• Usually, each portion of fill is a different color to
produce a distinctive-looking tablet.

15. Sugarcoated Tablets
• Compressed tablets may be coated with a colored
or an uncolored sugar layer.
• The coating is water soluble and quickly dissolves
after swallowing.
• The sugarcoat protects the enclosed drug from
the environment and provides a barrier to
objectionable taste or odor.
• The sugarcoat also enhances the appearance of
the compressed tablet and permits imprinting of
identifying manufacturer's information.

16. • Among the disadvantages to sugarcoating
tablets are the time and expertise required in
the coating process and the increase in size,
weight, and shipping costs.
• Sugarcoating may add 50% to the weight and
bulk of the uncoated tablet.

17. Film-Coated Tablets
• Film-coated tablets are compressed tablets
coated with a thin layer of a polymer capable
of forming a skin-like film. The film is usually
colored and has the advantage over sugar
coatings in that it is more durable, less bulky,
and less time-consuming to apply.
• By its composition, the coating is designed to
rupture and expose the core tablet at the
desired location in the gastrointestinal tract.

19. Gelatin-Coated Tablets
• A recent innovation is the gelatin-coated
tablet. The innovator product, the gel cap, is a
capsule-shaped compressed tablet that allows
the coated product to be about one-third
smaller than a capsule filled with an
equivalent amount of powder.
• The gelatin coating facilitates swallowing, and
gelatin-coated tablets are more tamper
evident than unsealed capsules.

20. Enteric-Coated Tablets
• Enteric-coated tablets have delayed-release
features. They are designed to pass unchanged
through the stomach to the intestines, where the
tablets disintegrate and allow drug dissolution
and absorption and/or effect.
• Enteric coatings are employed when the drug
substance is destroyed by gastric acid or is
particularly irritating to the gastric mucosa or
when bypass of the stomach substantially
enhances drug absorption.

21. Buccal and Sublingual Tablets
• Buccal and sublingual tablets are flat, oval tablets intended to be
dissolved in the buccal pouch (buccal tablets) or beneath the
tongue (sublingual tablets) for absorption through the oral mucosa.
• They enable oral absorption of drugs that are destroyed by the
gastric juice and/or are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal
tract.
• Buccal tablets are designed to erode slowly, whereas those for
sublingual use (such as nitroglycerin [NTG]) dissolve promptly and
provide rapid drug effects.
• Lozenges or troches are disc-shaped solid dosage forms containing
a medicinal agent and generally a flavoring substance in a hard
candy or sugar base.
• They are intended to be slowly dissolved in the oral cavity, usually
for local effects, although some are formulated for systemic
absorption.

23. Chewable Tablets
• Chewable tablets, which have a smooth, rapid
disintegration when chewed or allowed to
dissolve in the mouth, have a creamy base,
usually of specially flavored and colored
mannitol.
• Chewable tablets are especially useful for
administration of large tablets to children and
adults who have difficulty swallowing solid
dosage forms.

24. Effervescent Tablets
• Effervescent tablets are prepared by
compressing granular effervescent salts that
release gas when in contact with water.
• These tablets generally contain medicinal
substances that dissolve rapidly when added
to water.
• The “bubble action” can assist in breaking up
the tablets and enhancing the dissolution of
the active drug.

26. Molded Tablets
• Certain tablets, such as tablet triturates, may
be prepared by molding rather than by
compression.
• The resultant tablets are very soft and soluble
and are designed for rapid dissolution.

27. Tablet Triturates
• Tablet triturates are small, usually cylindrical, molded, or
compressed tablets containing small amounts of usually
potent drugs.
• Today, only a few tablet triturate products are available
commercially, with most of these produced by tablet
compression.
• Since tablet triturates must be readily and completely
soluble in water, only a minimal amount of pressure is
applied during their manufacture.
• A combination of sucrose and lactose is usually the diluent.
The few tablet triturates that remain are used sublingually,
such as NTG tablets. Pharmacists also employ tablet
triturates in compounding.

28. Immediate-Release Tablets
• Immediate-release tablets are designed to
disintegrate and release their medication with
no special rate-controlling features, such as
special coatings and other techniques.

29. Rapidly Disintegrating or Dissolving
Tablets
• Rapid-release tablets (rapidly dissolving tablets or RDTs) are
characterized by disintegrating or dissolving in the mouth within 1
minute, some within 10 seconds.
• Tablets of this type are designed for children and the elderly or for
any patient who has difficulty in swallowing tablets.
• They liquefy on the tongue, and the patient swallows the liquid.
• A number of techniques are used to prepare these tablets,
including lyophilization, soft direct compression and other methods.
• These tablets are prepared using very water-soluble excipients
designed to wick water into the tablet for rapid disintegration or
dissolution.
• They have the stability characteristics of other solid dosage forms.

30. Extended-Release Tablets
• Extended-release tablets (sometimes called
controlled-release tablets) are designed to
release their medication in a predetermined
manner over an extended period.

31. Vaginal Tablets
• Vaginal tablets, also called vaginal inserts, are
uncoated, bullet-shaped, or ovoid tablets
inserted into the vagina for local effects.
• They contain antibacterials for the treatment
of nonspecific vaginitis caused by
Haemophilus vaginalis or antifungals for the
treatment of vulvovaginitis candidiasis caused
by Candida albicans and related species.