This document provides an overview of occupational health, including definitions, organizations like the Indian Association of Occupational Health (IAOH), and topics like occupational diseases, ergonomics, and worksite hazards. It defines occupational health as promoting worker well-being in relation to their work and environment. It also discusses common occupational diseases from various hazards, prevention methods through administrative, engineering and medical measures, and principles of ergonomics like maintaining good posture to prevent injuries.
An occupational hazard is a hazard experienced in the workplace. Occupational hazards can encompass many types of hazards, including chemical hazards, biological hazards (biohazards), psychosocial hazards, and physical hazards. In the United States, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conduct workplace investigations and research addressing workplace health and safety hazards resulting in guidelines. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) establishes enforceable standards to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses.
At the end of this session, you will be able to
1. Define Occupational Health
2. What is the occupational environment?
3. Classify and describe the various occupational hazards causing diseases in workplace.
4. Define Occupational Diseases
5. Classify occupational diseases
6. Describe the etiology, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of various common occupational diseases
An occupational hazard is a hazard experienced in the workplace. Occupational hazards can encompass many types of hazards, including chemical hazards, biological hazards (biohazards), psychosocial hazards, and physical hazards. In the United States, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conduct workplace investigations and research addressing workplace health and safety hazards resulting in guidelines. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) establishes enforceable standards to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses.
At the end of this session, you will be able to
1. Define Occupational Health
2. What is the occupational environment?
3. Classify and describe the various occupational hazards causing diseases in workplace.
4. Define Occupational Diseases
5. Classify occupational diseases
6. Describe the etiology, signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of various common occupational diseases
Ergonomics - occupational health and safetyIhsan Wassan
Outlines:
What is Ergonomics?
Why Ergonomics emerged?
Why ergonomics is important?
Types of Ergonomics
Objectives of Ergonomics
Effects of Ergonomics
Ergonomics Risk Factors
Preventing and Minimizing injuries
Anthropometry ?
Ergonomics principles
Ergonomics solutions
Advantages of Ergonomics
Conclusion
n occupational disease is a disease or disorder that is caused by the work or working conditions. This means that the disease must have developed due to exposures in the workplace and that the correlation between the exposures and the disease is well known in medical research.
Introduction & history of occupational medicineDalia El-Shafei
history and introduction for occupational medicine
A branch of preventive medicine with some therapeutic function (Royal College of Physicians, 1978).
It begins as Industrial Medicine then it develops to Occupational Medicine then to Occupational and Environmental Medicine.
Ergonomics - occupational health and safetyIhsan Wassan
Outlines:
What is Ergonomics?
Why Ergonomics emerged?
Why ergonomics is important?
Types of Ergonomics
Objectives of Ergonomics
Effects of Ergonomics
Ergonomics Risk Factors
Preventing and Minimizing injuries
Anthropometry ?
Ergonomics principles
Ergonomics solutions
Advantages of Ergonomics
Conclusion
n occupational disease is a disease or disorder that is caused by the work or working conditions. This means that the disease must have developed due to exposures in the workplace and that the correlation between the exposures and the disease is well known in medical research.
Introduction & history of occupational medicineDalia El-Shafei
history and introduction for occupational medicine
A branch of preventive medicine with some therapeutic function (Royal College of Physicians, 1978).
It begins as Industrial Medicine then it develops to Occupational Medicine then to Occupational and Environmental Medicine.
Basic Accident Prevention and Occupational Safety & Healthjhaymz02
Explain the basic principles and practice of accident and disease prevention in the workplace;
Express commitment in preventing the occurrence and recurrence of accidents and diseases within their organization.
Methods-Time Measurement (MTM) is a process used by thousands of functional capacity evaluators, but understood by very few. This lack of understanding often results in uninformed equipment purchases and indefensible FCE reports.
For webinar with audio, please visit our blog at http://blog.roymatheson.com/blog/bid/21914/MTM-and-Functional-Capacity-Evaluation-Webinar
The objective of this presentation is to make you aware of issues which are generally confronted during medical practice.
SOURCES OF LAWS:
PRIMARY SOURCES
Laws passed by the Parliament or the State Legislative
Ordinances passed by the President and the Governor
Subordinate legislation: Rules and regulations made by the executive through the power delegated to them by the Acts.
SECONDARY SOURCES:
Judgments of the Supreme Court, High Court and Tribunals (The ratio decedendi is a binding precedent)
Judicial legislation
Judgment of Foreign Courts
International Treaty
Occupational Health and Safety Powerpoint PresentationJoLowe72
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Occupational health and occupational hazards by Dr. Sonam AggarwalDr. Sonam Aggarwal
• "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations;
• the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions;
• the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health;
• the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and,
• to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job.”
The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health,1995
Injury prevention is an effort to prevent or reduce the severity of bodily injuries caused by external mechanisms, such as accidents, before they occur. ... Researchers use the term "unintentional injury" to refer to injuries that are non volitional but preventable.
Occupational safety and health (OSH) also
commonly referred to as occupational health and
safety (OHS) or workplace health and safety
(WHS) is an area concerned with the safety, health
and welfare of people engaged in work or
employment.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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5. DEFINITION OF OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH
• Joint Committee of WHO and ILO, 1950
• Should aim at the promotion and
maintenance of the highest degree of
physical, mental and social well being of
workers in all occupations;
• The prevention amongst workers of
departures from health caused by their
working conditions;
6. DEFINITION
• Protection of workers in their employment
from risks resulting from adverse factors
• Placing and maintenance of the worker in an
occupational environment adapted to his
physiological and psychological equipment
• And to summarize :
‘The adaptation of work to man and of
each man to his job’.
7. IAOH
Indian Association of Occupational Health
It was in Jamshedpur, in the year 1948, that three
visionaries of industrial medicine
• Lt. J.R.Kochar,
• Col. Najib Khan and
• Maj. R.C.Tarapore
• The society for the study of Industrial Medicine
(SSIM) India was ceremonially baptized on
• 9th July, 1948, with an initial founder
membership of 28. -
8. IAOH
• Not been aimed as an exclusive origination of
physicians working in industry, included
• Safety engineers,
• Personnel and welfare officers,
• Occupational nurses and ESIS panel doctors.
• IAOH is committed to enable occupational
health professionals to make India's work
places healthy, safe and green
11. • Occupational diseases have a long
latent period.
• Most occupational diseases cannot be
treated.
• All occupational diseases can be
prevented.
Occupational Diseases from
preventive medicine point of view:
13. FOUR TYPES
Diseases only occupational in origin (pneumoconiosis)
Where occupation as one of the causal factors
(bronchogenic carcinoma)
Occupation as A contributary factor (chronic bronchitis)
Occupation aggrevating pre-existing condition (asthma)
20. Diseases due to Biological Agents
• Hepatitis B, Rabies, AIDS, Leptospirosis…,
Occupational Cancers
• Cancer of Skin, Lungs, Bladder
Occupational Dermatosis
• Dermatitis, Eczema
Psychosocial Diseases
• Neurosis, Peptic ulcer, Hypertension
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
21. Musculo-skeletaletal
problems
• Due to Excessive load on the muscles, ligaments, tendons
and bone.
• Due to Insufficient circulation to the Musculoskeletal
system.
• Work that requires activity of a small group of relatively
weak muscles (such as continuous use of fingers of the
dominant hand in data entry).
22. Common sites for Musculo-skeletal problems
• Neck
• Forearm
• Wrist
• Fingers
• Back
• Knee
23. Occupational health & Computer work
Musculo-skeletal problems
Ocular problems
Reproductive problems
Skin problems
Psychosocial problems
Lifestyle problems
24. Repetitive Strain Injury
Muscular stress caused by the frequent,
repetitive use of the same muscle
throughout the day.
Accustomed and unaccustomed repetitive
work with hands.
Work that involves repeated wrist flexion
or extreme extension, particularly in
combination with forceful pinching.
Repeated forces on the base of the palm
or wrist.
27. Elements of Occupational Health Services
• Medical treatment
• Assessment and control of work
environment
• General preventive health measures
• Preventive medical examinations
28. Prevention of Occupational Health Hazards
• Administrative Measures
• Engineering Measures
• Ergonomics
• Medical Measures
29. MEDICAL MEASURES
– Pre-employment medical check up
– Periodic medical examination
– Health promotion
– Health education
– Specific protection
– Assessment of risk by supervision of working
environment
34. Seasons, Unstable
loading
Physical work stress,
Accumulation of fatigue
Risk of traumatism
The overtension
diseases
Open Air work
Weather Conditions,
Dust
Over heating, Over
cooling
Dust diseases
Use of new technology
and machinery
Noise, Vibration
Hearing loss, Vibration
diseases
Pesticides, fertilisers
etc.
Chemical pollution of
environment
Sensitization, Allergic
diseases
Contact with animals
and biopreparations
Biological hazards Zoo-Anthroponoses
AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY
35. ERGONOMICS
• What is Ergonomics?
• Ergo = nomics =“work” “laws or rules ”
• Ergonomics = “the laws of work”
• OSHA defines ergonomics as: “the science of
designing the job to fit the worker, instead of
forcing the worker to fit the job”.
36. Ergonomics
• Physical ergonomics: working postures, materials handling,
repetitive movements, work related musculoskeletal
disorders, workplace layout, safety and health.
• Cognitive ergonomics : mental workload, decision-making,
skilled performance, human-computer interaction, human
reliability, work stress and training as these may relate to
human-system design.
• Organizational ergonomics: communication, crew resource
management, work design, design of working times,
teamwork, community ergonomics, cooperative work, new
work programs, virtual organizations, telework, and quality
management.
37. Goals Of Ergonomics
• Improve quality of working environment engineered to
the capabilities of the human body
• Increase efficiency and productivity by reducing
fatigue.
• Prevention of Occupational injury & illness.
• Work quality improvement.
• Proactive Ergonomics
Vs
• Reactive Ergonomics
38. Rules Of Ergonomics
• Straight Back Rule
• Swinging Arm Rule
• Straight Wrist Rule
• Straight Eye Rule
• Skin Rule
• No Brain Machine Rule
43. Rules Of Ergonomics
• Good chair should have—
• Adjustability of height
• Backrest
• Seat depth
• Adjustable arm rest
• Stability.
44. Rules Of Ergonomics
• Adjust the keyboard height so that your
shoulders are relaxed, your elbows are in a
slightly open position (100° to 110°), and
your wrists and hands are straight.