ERGONOMICS.pptx

MEENAKSHI MEDICAL COLLEGE HOSPITAL & RI, MAHER
DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY u/s 3 of UGC act 1956
ERGONOMICS
S.RAGUL
CRMI
DEPT OF
COMMUNITY MEDICINE
MEENAKSHI MEDICAL COLLEGE HOSPITAL & RI
ENATHUR, KANCHIPURAM
1

PREVIEW
INTRODUCTION & ORIGIN
DEFINITION & TYPES
OBJECTIVES
COMPONENTS
TRAINING & STANDARDS
HEALTH OF WORKER
OCCUPATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
PRINCIPLES
ERGONOMIC INJURIES & RISK FACTORS
CONTROL & PREVENTION
OCCUPATIONAL LAWS
2

INTRODUCTION
ERGONOMICS = “GREEK WORD”
ERGON + NOMOS
‘WORK’ ‘LAW’
3
“LAWS OF WORK”
SCIENTIFIC
STUDY OF
PEOPLE
AT
WORK

ORIGIN OF ERGONOMICS
• As early as 18th century doctors
noted that workers who required
to maintain body positions for
long periods of time developed
“MUSCULO – SKELETAL”
problems.
• Within last 20 years research
has established strong
connection between certain job
tasks & MSD. 4

DEFINITION
• WHO : The branch of Community Medicine
that deals with, “Study of Health Promotion,
Health Protection, & maintenance of
highest degree of Physical, Mental &
Social well being” of workers in all
occupations.
• IES : It is the “Science of designing the
job to fit the worker, instead of forcing
the worker to fit the job”.
“FITTING THE JOB TO WORKER”
5

TYPES
• PHYSICAL – Human body’s response to
Physical & Physiological work loads.
• COGNITIVE – Mental processes &
capacities of humans when at work.
• ORGANIZATIONAL – Organizational
structures, policies & process in the work
environment.
6

OBJECTIVES
• To improve relationship between people,
equipment, workplace & environment
• Increase Work efficiency & productivity
• Knows how to recognize & eliminate
injury risks
• Promote safety & comfort at work station
• Know how to stretch & warm up
• Improve Quality of Life.
7

MSD
PRODUCTIVITY
8

COMPONENTS
A
N
A
T
O
M
Y
P
H
Y
S
I
O
L
O
G
Y
P
S
Y
C
H
O
L
O
G
Y
Anthropometry Dimensions of body
Bio-Mechanics Application of Forces
Work Physiology Expenditure of Energy
Environmental
Physiology
Effects of Physical
Environment
Skill Psychology Information processing & Decision
making
Occupational
Psychology
Training effort & individual
differences
9

TRAINING
MACHINES
MANUFACTURE
PROCESS
LAY-OUT
WORK
PLACE
WORK
METHODS
1
0

ERGONOMIC STANDARDS
Assessment of fit between a person
& his/her work :
The job being done & the demands
on the worker
The Equipment used (Size, Shape)
The Information used (Presented,
accessed & changed)
1
1

HEALTH OF THE WORKER
• Man with Physical, Chemical & Biological
Agents
• Man & Machine
• Man & Man
OCCUPATIONAL
ENVIRONMENT
DOMESTIC
ENVIRONMENT
• The Factories Act
• The Employees State Insurance Act
SOCIAL
SECURITY &
WELFARE
MEASURES
1
2

OCCUPATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
MAN WITH ENVIRONMENT
PHYSICAL
AGENTS
• HEAT &
COLD
• LIGHT
• NOISE
• VIBRATIONS
• IONISING
RADIATIONS
CHEMICAL
AGENTS
• LOCAL
• INHALATION
• INGESTION
BIOLOGICAL
AGENTS
• VIRUS
• BACTERIA
• FUNGUS
• PARASITE
1
3

PHYSICAL AGENTS
• HEAT : Burns, Heat Exhaustion, Heat
Stroke & Heat Cramps
• COLD : Hypothermia, Frostbite, Gooseflesh
• LIGHT : Eye strain, Headache, Eye pain
• NOISE : Temporary / Permanent HL
• VIBRATIONS : Joints Injury (Wrist, Elbow)
• RADIATIONS :
UVR : Conjunctivitis & Keratitis
IR : Malformations, Leukemia, Death
1
4

CHEMICAL AGENTS
• LOCAL : Dermatitis, eczema
• INHALATION :
DUSTS : Pneumoconiosis
GASES : Asphyxia
METALS : Lead(Pb) Poisoning
• INGESTION : Lead(Pb), Mercury(Hg),
Arsenic(As), Phosphorus(P) Poisoning.
1
5

BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
• Brucellosis
• Leptospirosis
• Anthrax
• Psittacosis
• Actinomycosis
1
6

MAN & MACHINE
•Poor Installation of Machines
•Poor Guarding System
•Poor maintenance
•Protruding & moving part
•Lack of Safety measures
1
7

MAN & MAN
• PSYCHO SOCIAL FACTOR : Human
relationship among workers themselves &
authority over them.
EXAMPLES :
Nature of work, service conditions
Job satisfaction
System of Payment
Welfare conditions
Union activities (Psycho-Social environment)
1
8

PRINCIPLES OF ERGONOMICS
• Maintain the NEUTRAL position
• Use POWER position : Knees bent & legs
slightly staggered with one foot in front of the
other
• Stay within your reach zone
• Maintain & use the correct tools & equipment
• Provide & take adequate rest breaks
• Control & reduce the duration, frequency &
severity of exposures.
1
9

ERGONOMIC INJURIES
CUMMULATIVE
TRAUMA DISORDERS
STRAINS &
SPRAINS
EXPOSURE DRIVEN
INSTANTANEOUS
EVENT DRIVEN
2
0

CTD
• Injury to Soft tissue caused by prolonged
exposure to MULTIPLE ERGONOMIC risk
factors.
• Typically develop in small body segments,
(i.e. Fingers, wrists, elbow & neck)
• Examples of CTD’s :
Tendon disorders
Nerve disorders
Neurovascular disorders
2
1

TENDON
DISORDER
Lateral Epicondylitis
[TENNIS ELBOW]
NERVE
DISORDERS
[CARPEL TUNNEL
SYNDROME]
NEUROVASCULAR
DISORDERS
Reynaud's phenomenon
[WHITE FINGER
SYNDROME]
2
2

STRAINS & SPRAINS
• Injury to connective tissue caused by
SINGLE FORCEFUL EVENT – E.g. Lifting
heavy objects in awkward position
• Common to Large body segments
(i.e. back, shoulders & legs)
• Risk of injury increases with
multiple risk factors.
2
3

RISK FACTORS
Contact
Stress
Awkward
Posture
Force
Vibration
Static
Loading
24

NEUTRAL POSITION
• Maintain Erect position of back & neck +
shoulders relaxed.
• Position equipment & work directly in front of
and close to your major tasks
• Keep upper arms close to the body, elbows
up 90-100º
• Keep feet flat on floor, upper body weight
resting on “sits bones”
• Wrists as neutral; movement is 15º in all
diections.
25

2
6

2
7

CONTROL & PREVENTION
• Engineering Control : Design of tools, job
workstations & work method
• Administrative Control : Work load, job
rotation, cross training, ergonomic training
• Work practice Control : Worker
approaches the job, Psychosocial issues /
behavior, Exercise, Personal Protective
Equipment.
2
8

ENGINEERING CONTROL
• Redesign or modify the work station
• Redesign of tools & stress proper tool for
task
• Light modification –
comfort & performance
• Vibration control
• Noise control
• Automation / Mechanical lifting
• Material flow & process.
2
9

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
• Employee job rotation
• Work space – adjustment
• Redesign of work methods
• Alternative tasks
• Increase rest breaks
• Reduce workload
• Monitoring work practices
3
0

WORK PRACTICE CONTROL
• Working techniques & procedures
• Conditioning period
• Using proper body mechanics & proper body
posture
• Training in work techniques
• Monitoring of work practices
• Enforcing use of
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
3
1

Personal Protective Equipment
• Reduces the duration, frequency, or intensity
of exposure
• Gloves – vibration, heat, cold, cut/abrasive,
chemical resistant
• Knee pads
• Respirators
• Hearing, Eye Protection
• Footwear – comfortable/flexible,
slip resistant, steel toe.
3
2

PREVENTION
To increase circulation, use exercises while in
the workplace such as :
• The body stretch
• Side bends
• Upper body twist
• Shoulder shrugs
• Fingers stretch
• Wrist stretch
• Thumb stretch
3
3

RULE OF “20-20-20”
3
4

OCCUPATIONAL LAWS
• The Workmen’s Compensation Act – 1923
• Coal Mines Labour Welfare Act - 1947
• The Factories Act – 1948
• The Employees State Insurance Act – 1948
• The Maternity Benefit Act – 1961
• The Mines Act - 1952
3
5

THE FACTORIES ACT - 1948
• FACTORY – An
establishment employing 10
or more workers where
POWER is used & 20 or
more workers where
POWER is not used
• WORKER – Contract
Labour employed in
Manufacturing Process
3
6

THE ACT COVERS
• Health, Safety & Welfare of workers
• Unemployment of Young persons : < 14 years
• Working hours : ≤ 60 hours/week
• Leave with wages
• List of Notifiable diseases (Pb, P, Hg, Mn,
As, Benzene poisoning; Pneumoconiosis;
Occupational Dermatitis, Occupational
Cancer, NIHL).
3
7

THE ESI ACT - 1948
• This act is an important
measure of Social
Security & Health
Insurance in this country
• It provides for certain cash
& medical benefits to
Industrial employees in
case of Sickness,
Maternity & Employment
injury.
3
8

BENEFITS TO EMPLOYEES
Medical Benefit
Sickness Benefit
Maternity Benefit
Disablement Benefit
Dependant’s Benefit
Funeral Expenses
Rehabilitation Allowance
3
9

RAJIV GANDHI SHRAMIK
KALYAN YOJNA
• This scheme was launched on 01.04.2005
• This scheme provides an Unemployment
allowance for the employees covered under
ESI Scheme, who are rendered unemployed
involuntarily due to retrenchment or due to
closure of factory.
40

REFERENCES
• International Ergonomics Association
(www.iea.cc)
• WHO – Introduction to Ergonomics
• ICOH – International Commission on
Occupational Health.
• Park’s Textbook of Preventive & Social
Medicine – 25th Edition
4
1

42
THANK YOU

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