Ergonomics is concerned with designing equipment, tools, workstations, and tasks to be compatible with human capabilities and limitations in order to ensure health, safety, well-being, and efficiency. It draws from fields like anthropometry, biomechanics, physiology, and psychology. Ergonomics aims to reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders like carpal tunnel syndrome and back injuries by minimizing awkward postures, forces, and repetitive motions. It also seeks to prevent manual material handling injuries by considering anatomical limits and optimizing lifting techniques.
The document provides an overview of ergonomics, including its history, definition, domains, principles, branches, and approaches to preventing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Some key points:
- Ergonomics studies how to optimize the relationship between humans and other elements in a system. It aims to harmonize things that interact with people based on human abilities and limitations.
- Major domains are physical, cognitive, and organizational ergonomics. Branches include engineering psychology, macroergonomics, and seating ergonomics.
- Common MSDs affect the back, neck, shoulders, elbows, wrists, and hands. Risk factors include awkward postures, forceful exertions, repetitions, vibr
This document discusses ergonomics and occupational safety and health. It begins with an introduction to ergonomics, defining it and outlining its history. It then covers the objectives, types, principles, injuries, risk factors, and benefits of ergonomics. Specific examples of ergonomic risk factors like repetitive or sustained awkward postures are provided. The document concludes with a section on ergonomics in the Malaysian workplace and a list of references.
1.ERGONOMICSlecture 1 for Doctor of physiotherapy.pptTaroTari
Ergonomics is the scientific discipline concerned with understanding the interactions between humans and other elements of a system. The goal of ergonomics is to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. It aims to enhance human health, satisfaction, and performance through the fit between jobs, equipment, information, and environments. Ergonomics considers the physical, cognitive and organizational aspects of design and draws from fields like anthropometry, biomechanics, and industrial engineering.
Ergonomics is the application of psychological and physiological principles to product, process, and system design to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. The goals of ergonomics are to reduce human error, increase productivity and enhance safety and comfort. It involves understanding the interaction between humans and other elements of a system. Ergonomics principles are relevant to the design of equipment, tools, furniture and the optimization of the work environment.
Ergonomics is the scientific study of interactions between humans and elements of a system. The document discusses the history and development of ergonomics, providing definitions from various sources. It also outlines the goals and benefits of applying ergonomic principles to work environments, such as improving health, safety, productivity and quality. Key aspects of ergonomics implementation discussed include workstation design, tools, products, and organizational changes.
Ergonomics is the scientific study of interactions between humans and elements of a system. The goal of ergonomics is to optimize human well-being and system performance. It considers physical, cognitive and organizational factors like workplace layout, equipment design, mental workload, and work organization. Ergonomists apply principles from fields like biomechanics and psychology to assess how tasks, tools, and environments affect users. They make recommendations to enhance health, safety, comfort and productivity.
Ergonomics is the process of designing workplaces and equipment to fit human capabilities. It aims to improve safety, comfort and productivity by reducing physical strains and risks of injuries. Common ergonomic issues include repetitive motions, forceful exertions, awkward postures and vibration, which can cause musculoskeletal disorders. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration provides guidelines on ergonomics for various industries. Applying ergonomic principles involves adjusting physical and cognitive workloads, work environments and organizational structures to match human characteristics.
Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.
The document provides an overview of ergonomics, including its history, definition, domains, principles, branches, and approaches to preventing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Some key points:
- Ergonomics studies how to optimize the relationship between humans and other elements in a system. It aims to harmonize things that interact with people based on human abilities and limitations.
- Major domains are physical, cognitive, and organizational ergonomics. Branches include engineering psychology, macroergonomics, and seating ergonomics.
- Common MSDs affect the back, neck, shoulders, elbows, wrists, and hands. Risk factors include awkward postures, forceful exertions, repetitions, vibr
This document discusses ergonomics and occupational safety and health. It begins with an introduction to ergonomics, defining it and outlining its history. It then covers the objectives, types, principles, injuries, risk factors, and benefits of ergonomics. Specific examples of ergonomic risk factors like repetitive or sustained awkward postures are provided. The document concludes with a section on ergonomics in the Malaysian workplace and a list of references.
1.ERGONOMICSlecture 1 for Doctor of physiotherapy.pptTaroTari
Ergonomics is the scientific discipline concerned with understanding the interactions between humans and other elements of a system. The goal of ergonomics is to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. It aims to enhance human health, satisfaction, and performance through the fit between jobs, equipment, information, and environments. Ergonomics considers the physical, cognitive and organizational aspects of design and draws from fields like anthropometry, biomechanics, and industrial engineering.
Ergonomics is the application of psychological and physiological principles to product, process, and system design to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. The goals of ergonomics are to reduce human error, increase productivity and enhance safety and comfort. It involves understanding the interaction between humans and other elements of a system. Ergonomics principles are relevant to the design of equipment, tools, furniture and the optimization of the work environment.
Ergonomics is the scientific study of interactions between humans and elements of a system. The document discusses the history and development of ergonomics, providing definitions from various sources. It also outlines the goals and benefits of applying ergonomic principles to work environments, such as improving health, safety, productivity and quality. Key aspects of ergonomics implementation discussed include workstation design, tools, products, and organizational changes.
Ergonomics is the scientific study of interactions between humans and elements of a system. The goal of ergonomics is to optimize human well-being and system performance. It considers physical, cognitive and organizational factors like workplace layout, equipment design, mental workload, and work organization. Ergonomists apply principles from fields like biomechanics and psychology to assess how tasks, tools, and environments affect users. They make recommendations to enhance health, safety, comfort and productivity.
Ergonomics is the process of designing workplaces and equipment to fit human capabilities. It aims to improve safety, comfort and productivity by reducing physical strains and risks of injuries. Common ergonomic issues include repetitive motions, forceful exertions, awkward postures and vibration, which can cause musculoskeletal disorders. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration provides guidelines on ergonomics for various industries. Applying ergonomic principles involves adjusting physical and cognitive workloads, work environments and organizational structures to match human characteristics.
Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.
Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its cognitive abilities. The document discusses ergonomics in the context of work and defines it as the laws to be observed at work to ensure human factors are considered. It provides examples of how ergonomics principles apply to issues like workplace and equipment design, lighting, noise levels, and more. The overall goal of ergonomics is to optimize efficiency, health, safety, comfort and performance for humans.
Ergonomics is the scientific study of the relationship between humans and their working environment. The term comes from the Greek words "ergon" meaning work and "nomos" meaning natural laws. The goal of ergonomics is to optimize human well-being and system performance by understanding interactions between humans and other elements. It does this by developing laws that account for human anatomy, physiology and behavior. Ergonomics aims to enhance safety, reduce stress and fatigue, and improve quality of life.
The document discusses new trends in industrial engineering, focusing on ergonomics. It covers various aspects of ergonomics including human-machine relationships, office ergonomics, the Alexander technique, psychosocial factors, ergonomic injuries, and standards. Key areas of ergonomics discussed include cognitive ergonomics, participatory ergonomics, and innovations in computer-aided ergonomic modeling and sports equipment design to improve human factors. Overall, the document outlines new approaches in managing workplace ergonomics programs with a focus on proactive, integrated processes that engage employees in assessing and improving work conditions.
Ergonomics aims to optimize human well-being and system performance through understanding interactions between humans and other elements. Poor ergonomic design can result in discomfort, fatigue, injuries and reduced productivity. Key ergonomic considerations include anthropometry, biomechanics, muscular work, and postures. Checklists and standardization help assess ergonomic issues to improve workplace and job design.
Ergonomics is a field dealing with adjusting work environments to fit workers. Key areas discussed include human-machine relationships, office ergonomics using adjustable equipment, and the Alexander technique for improving posture. Risk factors like repetitive motions and psychosocial stressors can cause injuries like carpal tunnel syndrome. Effective ergonomics programs use a proactive approach, integrate the process into continuous improvement, and engage employees in assessing and adjusting their own workstations. New standards provide guidance on ergonomic principles, while innovations aim to apply ergonomics upstream in design and use computer modeling to evaluate different scenarios.
This document presents information about ergonomics. It defines ergonomics as the scientific discipline concerned with understanding interactions between humans and other system elements to optimize human well-being and performance. There are three main types of ergonomics: physical, cognitive, and organizational. The document discusses applications of ergonomics in engineering psychology, macroergonomics, seating design, and experiments. Benefits of ergonomics include decreased injury risk and increased productivity, efficiency, and morale.
Ergonomics is the study of designing workplaces to match human capabilities. There are two types of work-related disorders: injuries from single events and illnesses from repeated exposure. Cumulative trauma disorders are illnesses that arise from repetitive stress and can affect the hands, wrists, elbows, shoulders, neck, and back. Common disorders include carpal tunnel syndrome and tendonitis. Ergonomic hazards can be indicated by trends in injuries, absenteeism, complaints of pain, and other factors. Controls include job rotation, work-rest schedules, training, engineering changes to tools and workstations, and supervisors trained to recognize issues.
This presentation provides a general introduction to the prevention and management of musculoskeletal disorders that could be complemented with other presentations or publications in the scope of Campaign 2020-22 Healthy Workplaces Lighten the Load.
Ergonomics is the application of scientific principles to optimize the interaction between humans and other elements of a system. It focuses on designing machines and interfaces to match human abilities and limitations. Ergonomic standards provide guidelines for uniformity and are approved by international organizations like ISO and IEC. Ergonomics is applied in various domains like transportation, military, manufacturing and more. It uses tools like checklists and task analysis to evaluate work systems and identify ways to reduce strain and improve productivity. Following ergonomic standards is important for health and safety.
The document outlines the process and considerations for vehicle occupant packaging and ergonomic evaluations. It begins with establishing assumptions about the vehicle type and intended users. Exterior dimensions, seating position, controls layout, and visibility are then evaluated in detail. Tests are conducted to evaluate entry/exit, comfort, reach, visibility and more. The goal is to apply ergonomic principles to optimize the design for human use and performance.
This document provides an overview of occupational health, including definitions, organizations like the Indian Association of Occupational Health (IAOH), and topics like occupational diseases, ergonomics, and worksite hazards. It defines occupational health as promoting worker well-being in relation to their work and environment. It also discusses common occupational diseases from various hazards, prevention methods through administrative, engineering and medical measures, and principles of ergonomics like maintaining good posture to prevent injuries.
This document defines ergonomics and discusses its objectives and importance in workstation design. Ergonomics is defined as the scientific study of designing jobs to fit workers rather than forcing workers to fit jobs. The objectives of ergonomics include improving relationships between people, equipment, workplaces and environments to increase efficiency, productivity, safety and comfort while reducing physical workload risks. Ergonomics is important for reducing work-related musculoskeletal disorders and injuries by considering factors like posture, lifting techniques and equipment arrangement. The document provides examples of ergonomic principles for lighting, chair and workstation design.
Ergonomics aims to optimize human well-being and system performance by understanding interactions between humans and other elements of a system. The document discusses ergonomics in industrial and everyday contexts. It defines ergonomics and examines factors considered like body measurements, posture, and environment. Common causes of injury like repetitive motions are explained. Guidelines for proper seating, hand and finger positions, and tool design aim to prevent cumulative trauma disorders. Physical workspace arrangements must also account for worker needs and constraints. The overall goal is to reduce workplace injuries and improve efficiency.
Ergonomics is defined as the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system. The document discusses the definition, objectives, and advantages of ergonomics. Ergonomics aims to improve workspaces and environments to minimize risk of injury or harm. The objectives of ergonomics include optimizing human and machine integration to increase productivity safely and efficiently. Advantages include improved health, mental insight, productivity, decreased pain, higher quality work, eliminated hazards, increased employee engagement, encouragement of safety, and happier employees and management.
Human factors engineering uses scientific knowledge about human behavior to specify the design and use of human-machine systems to improve efficiency by minimizing human error. Ergonomics applies scientific studies of people in work situations to the design of processes, machines, workplaces, methods of work, and the physical environment to achieve greater efficiency of both humans and machines. Ergonomics is concerned with the fit between people and their work, considering factors like the job demands, equipment design, information presentation, physical environment, individual characteristics, and social/organizational environment. Applying ergonomics to the workplace can reduce accidents and injury, improve performance and productivity.
This document provides guidance on conducting a risk assessment for musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in the workplace. It outlines the risk assessment process, which involves preparing for the assessment, identifying MSD risk factors and those at risk, evaluating and prioritizing risks, deciding on and implementing preventive actions, monitoring and reviewing the assessment, and recording the results. The goal of the risk assessment is to systematically examine all work aspects to identify hazards, eliminate risks where possible, and implement controls to prevent MSDs and promote worker safety and health.
Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and work environments to fit human abilities and limitations. It aims to optimize health, safety, and productivity. When applied to sewing environments, ergonomics considers factors like chair design, table heights, lighting, and material handling to prevent injuries from repetitive motions or awkward postures over time. Proper ergonomic setup is important for sewing areas to reduce fatigue, pain, and risks of long-term musculoskeletal issues through adjustable, ergonomic equipment choices and consideration of human factors in task and workplace designs.
The document discusses implementing occupational health and safety programs in manufacturing by defining hazards, risks, and risk assessments. It provides examples of analyzing accident rates after implementing safety programs and evaluating noise exposure risks over multiple years. The document also outlines principles for risk prevention and mitigation, tools for risk assessment, common workplace hazards to address, and the importance of considering human error in safety analyses.
Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its cognitive abilities. The document discusses ergonomics in the context of work and defines it as the laws to be observed at work to ensure human factors are considered. It provides examples of how ergonomics principles apply to issues like workplace and equipment design, lighting, noise levels, and more. The overall goal of ergonomics is to optimize efficiency, health, safety, comfort and performance for humans.
Ergonomics is the scientific study of the relationship between humans and their working environment. The term comes from the Greek words "ergon" meaning work and "nomos" meaning natural laws. The goal of ergonomics is to optimize human well-being and system performance by understanding interactions between humans and other elements. It does this by developing laws that account for human anatomy, physiology and behavior. Ergonomics aims to enhance safety, reduce stress and fatigue, and improve quality of life.
The document discusses new trends in industrial engineering, focusing on ergonomics. It covers various aspects of ergonomics including human-machine relationships, office ergonomics, the Alexander technique, psychosocial factors, ergonomic injuries, and standards. Key areas of ergonomics discussed include cognitive ergonomics, participatory ergonomics, and innovations in computer-aided ergonomic modeling and sports equipment design to improve human factors. Overall, the document outlines new approaches in managing workplace ergonomics programs with a focus on proactive, integrated processes that engage employees in assessing and improving work conditions.
Ergonomics aims to optimize human well-being and system performance through understanding interactions between humans and other elements. Poor ergonomic design can result in discomfort, fatigue, injuries and reduced productivity. Key ergonomic considerations include anthropometry, biomechanics, muscular work, and postures. Checklists and standardization help assess ergonomic issues to improve workplace and job design.
Ergonomics is a field dealing with adjusting work environments to fit workers. Key areas discussed include human-machine relationships, office ergonomics using adjustable equipment, and the Alexander technique for improving posture. Risk factors like repetitive motions and psychosocial stressors can cause injuries like carpal tunnel syndrome. Effective ergonomics programs use a proactive approach, integrate the process into continuous improvement, and engage employees in assessing and adjusting their own workstations. New standards provide guidance on ergonomic principles, while innovations aim to apply ergonomics upstream in design and use computer modeling to evaluate different scenarios.
This document presents information about ergonomics. It defines ergonomics as the scientific discipline concerned with understanding interactions between humans and other system elements to optimize human well-being and performance. There are three main types of ergonomics: physical, cognitive, and organizational. The document discusses applications of ergonomics in engineering psychology, macroergonomics, seating design, and experiments. Benefits of ergonomics include decreased injury risk and increased productivity, efficiency, and morale.
Ergonomics is the study of designing workplaces to match human capabilities. There are two types of work-related disorders: injuries from single events and illnesses from repeated exposure. Cumulative trauma disorders are illnesses that arise from repetitive stress and can affect the hands, wrists, elbows, shoulders, neck, and back. Common disorders include carpal tunnel syndrome and tendonitis. Ergonomic hazards can be indicated by trends in injuries, absenteeism, complaints of pain, and other factors. Controls include job rotation, work-rest schedules, training, engineering changes to tools and workstations, and supervisors trained to recognize issues.
This presentation provides a general introduction to the prevention and management of musculoskeletal disorders that could be complemented with other presentations or publications in the scope of Campaign 2020-22 Healthy Workplaces Lighten the Load.
Ergonomics is the application of scientific principles to optimize the interaction between humans and other elements of a system. It focuses on designing machines and interfaces to match human abilities and limitations. Ergonomic standards provide guidelines for uniformity and are approved by international organizations like ISO and IEC. Ergonomics is applied in various domains like transportation, military, manufacturing and more. It uses tools like checklists and task analysis to evaluate work systems and identify ways to reduce strain and improve productivity. Following ergonomic standards is important for health and safety.
The document outlines the process and considerations for vehicle occupant packaging and ergonomic evaluations. It begins with establishing assumptions about the vehicle type and intended users. Exterior dimensions, seating position, controls layout, and visibility are then evaluated in detail. Tests are conducted to evaluate entry/exit, comfort, reach, visibility and more. The goal is to apply ergonomic principles to optimize the design for human use and performance.
This document provides an overview of occupational health, including definitions, organizations like the Indian Association of Occupational Health (IAOH), and topics like occupational diseases, ergonomics, and worksite hazards. It defines occupational health as promoting worker well-being in relation to their work and environment. It also discusses common occupational diseases from various hazards, prevention methods through administrative, engineering and medical measures, and principles of ergonomics like maintaining good posture to prevent injuries.
This document defines ergonomics and discusses its objectives and importance in workstation design. Ergonomics is defined as the scientific study of designing jobs to fit workers rather than forcing workers to fit jobs. The objectives of ergonomics include improving relationships between people, equipment, workplaces and environments to increase efficiency, productivity, safety and comfort while reducing physical workload risks. Ergonomics is important for reducing work-related musculoskeletal disorders and injuries by considering factors like posture, lifting techniques and equipment arrangement. The document provides examples of ergonomic principles for lighting, chair and workstation design.
Ergonomics aims to optimize human well-being and system performance by understanding interactions between humans and other elements of a system. The document discusses ergonomics in industrial and everyday contexts. It defines ergonomics and examines factors considered like body measurements, posture, and environment. Common causes of injury like repetitive motions are explained. Guidelines for proper seating, hand and finger positions, and tool design aim to prevent cumulative trauma disorders. Physical workspace arrangements must also account for worker needs and constraints. The overall goal is to reduce workplace injuries and improve efficiency.
Ergonomics is defined as the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system. The document discusses the definition, objectives, and advantages of ergonomics. Ergonomics aims to improve workspaces and environments to minimize risk of injury or harm. The objectives of ergonomics include optimizing human and machine integration to increase productivity safely and efficiently. Advantages include improved health, mental insight, productivity, decreased pain, higher quality work, eliminated hazards, increased employee engagement, encouragement of safety, and happier employees and management.
Human factors engineering uses scientific knowledge about human behavior to specify the design and use of human-machine systems to improve efficiency by minimizing human error. Ergonomics applies scientific studies of people in work situations to the design of processes, machines, workplaces, methods of work, and the physical environment to achieve greater efficiency of both humans and machines. Ergonomics is concerned with the fit between people and their work, considering factors like the job demands, equipment design, information presentation, physical environment, individual characteristics, and social/organizational environment. Applying ergonomics to the workplace can reduce accidents and injury, improve performance and productivity.
This document provides guidance on conducting a risk assessment for musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in the workplace. It outlines the risk assessment process, which involves preparing for the assessment, identifying MSD risk factors and those at risk, evaluating and prioritizing risks, deciding on and implementing preventive actions, monitoring and reviewing the assessment, and recording the results. The goal of the risk assessment is to systematically examine all work aspects to identify hazards, eliminate risks where possible, and implement controls to prevent MSDs and promote worker safety and health.
Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and work environments to fit human abilities and limitations. It aims to optimize health, safety, and productivity. When applied to sewing environments, ergonomics considers factors like chair design, table heights, lighting, and material handling to prevent injuries from repetitive motions or awkward postures over time. Proper ergonomic setup is important for sewing areas to reduce fatigue, pain, and risks of long-term musculoskeletal issues through adjustable, ergonomic equipment choices and consideration of human factors in task and workplace designs.
The document discusses implementing occupational health and safety programs in manufacturing by defining hazards, risks, and risk assessments. It provides examples of analyzing accident rates after implementing safety programs and evaluating noise exposure risks over multiple years. The document also outlines principles for risk prevention and mitigation, tools for risk assessment, common workplace hazards to address, and the importance of considering human error in safety analyses.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
2. DEFINITION AND SCOPE
• Definition of Ergonomics is
derived from Greek
Ergo – work
nomos – law
• Hence – Literally translated as
“The laws of work”
• Ergonomics is concerned with the
reduction of stress and physical damage
in the work place 2
3. INTERNATIONAL ERGONOMICS
ASSOCIATION - DEFINITION
• “The scientific discipline concerned
with the process of interaction among
humans and other elements of a
system by way of a profession that
applies theory, principles, data and
methods to design in order to
optimize human well-being and
overall system performance”
3
4. KEY-ELEMENTS FOR HUMAN USAGE
Human capabilities and limitations as they
relate and interface with technology
Hence issues of design standardization and
application are critical
Promotion of human reliability, improved
health & safety of the worker
4
5. PRESENT CONTEXT
• Ergonomics seeks to design equipment,
tools, workstations & tasks to be
compatible with human capabilities and
limitations so as to ensure health, safety,
and well-being and optimum efficiency
• Consequently, this improves &
maintains the operations and
profitability of the organization
Note – It is an evolving or unfolding
science 5
6. OBJECTIVES OF ERGONOMICS
• To decrease individual’s risk of injury
& illness
• To improve health & safety and
workers performance by:
Decreasing worker’s fatigue &
discomfort
Improve quality of worker’s life
Improve quality & productivity, thus less
errors, compensation & operation costs
Enhance employee morale
6
7. ERGONOMICS ARE INTERDISCIPLINARY
• It draws on various fields in human sciences
and technology which include:
Anthropometry (measurement of human body)
Biomechanics
Physiology
Psychology
Mechanical engineering
Industrial design
Industrial management
• It adapts the work environment to fit the worker
11. ERGONOMIC SYSTEM
• The concept of ergonomics is therefore
based on 3 primary interacting components:
i. Human contact and interaction
with machine or equipment
ii. Machine safety
iii. Environmental hazards such as:
• Height of work benches,
• Equipment layout
• Temp., lighting, ventilation
• Noise, vibrations, radiation
• Shift conditions & psycho-social factors
10
12. ERGONOMIC SYSTEM cont’d
• Tasks are never performed in a
vacuum, and there must therefore be a
complete information flow loop
• It assures safety, comfort &
optimum performance
• It is dynamic, highly interactive &
must be designed to conform to
individual work situations
• It fulfills the demands of ergonomics
11
13. ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
Basic considerations:
Firstly, humans adapt poorly to
machines – tools, machines, work-
places & work procedures – these
have to be designed & developed for
effective, efficient & safe use by man
Secondly, existing tools etc should
be assessed to comply with
ergonomic requirements so as to
assure health, safety & efficiency
12
14. Five factors associated with
human abilities & limitations
1. Anthropometrics (matching people to their
equipment)
2. Biomechanics – study of physical
interaction of workers with machines
etc. Concerned with body
movements by studying biological
systems, anatomy, physiology &
mechanical engineering
3. Human sensory issues – vision,
hearing, smell, taste, balance &
kinesthetic sense (body movement)
13
15. Five factors associated with human
abilities & limitations cont’d
4. Human physiological homeostasis –
physical well-being of the body which
may be affected by:
Thermal conditions of the
environment
Illumination
Barometric pressure
Noise
Vibrations
Toxic substances &
Abnormal shift schedules
14
16. Five factors associated with human
abilities & limitations cont’d
5. Physiological (cognitive) systems – Body
systems are interdependent. Effects in
one may manifest as mental stress or
fatigue leading to poor decision-making
and de-motivation
15
17. ERGONOMIC HAZARD RISK ASSESSMENT
• Risk Assessment: Risk – Probability
of occurrence of injury or damage
• Four elements involved:
The hazard involved
The worker to be harmed
Severity of resultant injury or impact
Probability of injury or ill-health taking
place
• Ergonomics aims at preventing above risks
16
18. ERGONOMIC HAZARD RISK ASSESSMENT
The starting point for an evaluation of ergonomic
factors is an assessment of the workplace
It should address:
Hardware, eg. design and layout of machine
controls, ease of maintenance, and
machinery safety (guarding, interlocks etc)
Software, eg. standard operating procedures and
instructions, manuals, and computer programs
17
19. ERGONOMIC HAZARD RISK ASSESSMENT
Visual workspace, eg. task/display design, display
layout, information load, use of symbols
Organisation, eg. working method, job content
(degree of task variety and personal control), rate
of work, satisfaction, communication, reporting,
surveillance systems, management of conflict, etc
Physical workspace, eg. access, clearance, seating,
work position, reach, storage arrangements,
housekeeping etc.
18
20. ERGONOMIC HAZARD RISK ASSESSMENT
Physical environment, eg. temperature, noise,
lighting, vibration, substances hazardous to
health, etc.
Individual characteristics, eg. body size
(anthropometry), strength, endurance,
skill, training, motivation, attitude, etc.
NB. For detailed assessments it may be
necessary to involve an ergonomist.
19
21. ERGONOMIC DISORDERS
a) Work-related musculoskeletal
disorders (WMSD)
1. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) -
Got through grinding, polishing,
sanding, hammering, forceful grip &
prehensile/extreme flexing &
extension of hands
2. Epicondylitis (tennis elbow) –
Turning screws, small parts assembly,
hammering, repetitive wrist extension
& repetitive grasp
20
22. Work-related musculoskeletal
disorders control
• Expert evaluation is essential in diagnosis of
WMSD taking into account biomechanical,
personal & work organizational factors
• Ergonomics is vital in preventing WMSD by
minimizing cramped positions, twisting,
turning, repeated reaching motions,
mis-alignment of body parts &
manual material handling
21
23. ERGONOMIC DISORDERS cont’d
b) Manual Material Handling
Disorders (MMHD)
• Refers to lifting, lowering, pushing &
dragging of loads without assistance
of mechanical devices
• This traumatizes musculo-
skeletal systems
• It is responsible for cuts,
bruises, hernias & back injuries
22
24. ERGONOMIC DISORDERS cont’d
ILO Guidelines for MMHD (Lifting)
AGE (years) MEN WOMEN
18-20 23 kg 14 kg
20-35 25 kg 15 kg
35-50 21 kg 13 kg
>50 16 kg 10 kg
23
25. MEASURES TO COUNTER MMHD
• Train workers in correct load-
handling procedures
• Avoid turning and twisting when
handling loads – apply feet turn
• Keep load close to body
• Use mechanical assistance
whenever possible
• Design work place to suit tasks
24
26. MEASURES TO COUNTER MMH cont’d
As much as possible design workplace to
push and pull rather than lift & lower
Use hoists, conveyor trolleys etc if possible
Provide ramps instead of stairs
Avoid uneven and slippery under-foots
Consider physical conditions of worker such
as protective clothing and thermal
conditions
25
27. Relationships between work conditions ,
ergonomics and health
Anatomy and Physiology
WORK CONDITIONS HUMAN FACTORS HEALTH HAZARDS
Dimension of seats and Anthropometry Bad posture
Benches • Body dimensions Discomfort
General fatigue
Motion study Anthropometry Bad posture
•Workplace layout •Body dimensions Discomfort
•Work rate •Strength of muscles General fatigue
•Structure of joints Local muscular fatigue
•Functions of muscles (incl. tenosynovitis)
Design of hand tools Anthropometry Local muscle strain
•Body dimensions Local muscular fatigue
•Strength of muscles (incl. tenosynovitis)
•Structure of joints
•Functions of muscles
26
28. Relationships between work conditions
, ergonomics and health
Anatomy and Physiology
WORK CONDITIONS HUMAN FACTORS HEALTH HAZARDS
Design of controls Anthropometry Local muscle strain
- Levers - Body dimensions Local muscular fatigue
- Hand-wheels - Strength of muscles (incl. tenosynovitis)
- Knobs - Structure of joints
- Buttons, etc - Functions of muscles
Mild Manual Handling Kinetic methods based on Injuries
- Strength of muscles -Muscle strain
- Structure of joints - Hernias
- Skeletal damage
- Slipped discs
Heavy manual work Physical fatigue Increased general fatigue
Physiological cost of work
- Oxygen consumption
- increased heart rate
- Raised body temp
27
29. Relationships between work conditions ,
ergonomics and health
Anatomy and Physiology
WORK CONDITIONS HUMAN FACTORS HEALTH HAZARDS
Uncontrolled Physiological cost of work Thermal discomfort
- Air temp. - Subjective feelings Heat stress and disorders
- Radiant heat -Increased heart rate Cold stress and disorders
- Humidity - Raised body temp
- Air movement - Increased temp
regulating mechanism
Vibrations Raynaud’s phenomenon
Cold (disorder of blood vessels
and nerves caused by
vibrations of fingers from
hand tools and surfaces
Flying Ear anatomy Ear damage
Diving Gases in blood Bends
Caisson work Anoxia
Oxygen poisoning
28
30. Relationships between work conditions ,
ergonomics and health
Anatomy and Physiology
WORK CONDITIONS HUMAN FACTORS HEALTH HAZARDS
Noise Hearing Deafness
Auditory discomfort
Design of indicators Sensory and perceptual Increased accidents
-Dials abilities – especially Raised stress
- Warning lights etc visual
- Design of controls -Loss of natural
- Levers directions
- Buttons etc
Design of Visual abilities Accidents
-Labels - Sensory Stress
- Notices - Perceptual
- Posters Mental abilities
-Learning
- Thinking
29
31. Relationships between work conditions ,
ergonomics and health
Anatomy and Physiology
WORK CONDITIONS HUMAN FACTORS HEALTH HAZARDS
Lighting Visual abilities Accidents
- Quantity -Sensory Stress
- Distribution - Perceptual Visual fatigue
- Glare Mental abilities Visual discomfort
Colour – environment -Learning Depression
- Colour coding - Thinking
Inspections and fine Visual abilities Boredom
assembly (arrangement): -Sensory Stress
-Lighting - Perceptual Visual fatigue
- Contrasts Vigilance
-- colours
- Movements
Job design Sensory and perceptual Boredom, stress
- Duties Mental abilities, accidents
motivation
Human relations Personalities Stress, neuroses
30
32. POSTURES AT WORK
A person’s posture at work—the
mutual organization of the trunk, head
and extremities—can be analysed and
understood from several points of view
Postures aim at advancing the work; thus,
they have a finality which influences their
nature, their time relation and their cost
(physiological or otherwise) to the person in
question.
31
33. POSTURES AT WORK
Musculoskeletal load is a necessary element in
body functions and indispensable in well-being
From the standpoint of the design of the work,
the question is to find the optimal balance
between the necessary and the excessive
Postures have interested researchers and
practitioners for at least the following reasons:
32
34. POSTURES AT WORK
A posture is the source of musculoskeletal load
Posture is closely related to balance and
stability. Loss of balance is a common
immediate cause of work accidents
Posture is a source of information on the events
taking place at work. Observing posture may be
intentional or unconscious
Posture is the basis of skilled movements and
visual observation
33
40. International standards
The International Labour Organization
published a Recommendation in 1967 on
maximum loads to be handled
The NIOSH lifting guidelines (NIOSH 1981)The
guidelines derive weight limits for loads using the
location of the load—a postural element—as a
basis
In the International Organization for
Standardization as well as in the European
Community, ergonomics standards and directives
exist which contain matters relating to postural
elements (CEN 1990 and 1991)
39
41. Biomechanics
Biomechanics is a discipline that approaches the study
of the body as though it were solely a mechanical
system: all parts of the body are likened to mechanical
structures and are studied as such
The following analogies may, for example, be drawn:
bones: levers, structural members
flesh: volumes and masses
joints: bearing surfaces and articulations
joint linings: lubricants
40
43. Biomechanics
The main aim of biomechanics is to study the way
the body produces force and generates movement
The discipline relies primarily on anatomy,
mathematics and physics; related disciplines are
anthropometry (the study of human body
measurements), work physiology and kinesiology
(the study of the principles of mechanics and
anatomy in relation to human movement)
42
44. Biomechanics
In considering the occupational health of
the worker, biomechanics helps to
understand why some tasks cause injury and
ill health
Some relevant types of adverse health effect
are muscle strain, joint problems, back
problems and fatigue
43
45. Biomechanics
Back strains and sprains and more serious
problems involving the intervertebral discs
are common examples of workplace injuries
that can be avoided
These often occur because of a sudden
particular overload, but may also reflect the
exertion of excessive forces by the body over
many years: problems may occur suddenly
or may take time to develop
44
46. Biomechanics
An example of a problem that develops over time is
“seamstress’s finger”. A recent description describes
the hands of a woman who, after 28 years of work in a
clothing factory, as well as sewing in her spare time,
developed hardened thickened skin and an inability
to flex her fingers (Poole 1993). (Specifically, she
suffered from a flexion deformity of the right index
finger, prominent Heberden’s nodes on the index
finger and thumb of the right hand, and a prominent
callosity on the right middle finger due to constant
friction from the scissors) bone cysts.
45
47. Biomechanics
X-ray films of her hands showed severe degenerative
changes in the outermost joints of her right index and
middle fingers, with loss of joint space, articular sclerosis
(hardening of tissue), osteophytes (bony growths at the
joint) and Inspection at the workplace showed that these
problems were due to repeated hyperextension (bending
up) of the outermost finger joint. Mechanical overload and
restriction in blood flow (visible as a whitening of the
finger) would be maximal across these joints. These
problems developed in response to repeated muscle
exertion in a site other than the muscle.
46
48. Biomechanics
Biomechanics helps to suggest ways of designing
tasks to avoid these types of injuries or of
improving poorly designed tasks
Remedies for these particular problems are to
redesign the scissors and to alter the sewing tasks
to remove the need for the actions performed
47
49. Biomechanics
Two important principles of biomechanics are:
Muscles come in pairs. Muscles can only
contract, so for any joint there must be one
muscle (or muscle group) to move it one way
and a corresponding muscle (or muscle group)
to move it in the opposite direction
Muscles contract most efficiently when the
muscle pair is in relaxed balance
48
51. Biomechanics
Applications
The following are some examples illustrating
the application of biomechanics.
The optimum diameter of tool
handles
The use of pliers
Screwdriving
50
52. Manual Material Handling
The term manual handling includes lifting,
lowering, pushing, pulling, carrying, moving,
holding and restraining, and encompasses a large
part of the activities of working life.
Biomechanics has obvious direct relevance to
manual handling work, since muscles must move to
carry out tasks.
51
53. Manual Material Handling
The question is: how much physical work
can people be reasonably expected to do?
The answer depends on the circumstances;
there are really three questions that need to
be asked.
Each one has an answer that is based on
scientifically researched criteria:
52
54. Manual Material Handling
1. How much can be handled without damage to the
body (in the form, for example, of muscle strain,
disc injury or joint problems)? This is called the
biomechanical criterion.
2. How much can be handled without overexerting the
lungs (breathing hard to the point of panting)? This is
called the physiological criterion.
3. How much do people feel able to handle comfortably?
This is called the psychophysical criterion.
53
55. Manual Material Handling
Many factors determine the extent of the
load placed on the body by a manual
handling task. All of them suggest
opportunities for control
Posture and Movements
The load
57. Manual Material Handling
It should be noted that 23 kg is the maximum weight
that NIOSH recommends for lifting
This has been reduced from 40 kg after observation of
many people doing many lifting tasks has revealed that
the average distance from the body of the start of the
lift is 25 cm, not the 15 cm assumed in an earlier version
of the equation (NIOSH 1981)
55
58. Manual Material Handling
Estimating Spinal Compression Imposed by
the Task
Computer software is available to estimate the spinal
compression produced by a manual handling task
The 2D and 3D Static Strength Prediction Programs
from the University of Michigan (“Backsoft”)
estimate spinal compression.
56
59. Manual Material Handling
The inputs required to the program are:
the posture in which the handling activity is
performed
the force exerted
the direction of the force exertion
the percentile of the population under study
57