The document analyzes research on the nature vs nurture debate around obesity. It summarizes studies finding both genetic/biological and environmental factors influence obesity. The authors treated a client using diet/exercise modifications based on evidence that lifestyle changes can decrease weight. Their client achieved a 30% weight loss in 3 months, supporting the influence of external factors. Overall, the authors found evidence that environmental/behavioral interventions have greater impact on obesity than medical approaches.
This document provides an overview of a proposed study on obesity among housewives in Biratnagar, Nepal. It includes:
1) An introduction outlining the problem of obesity globally and need to study contributing factors among housewives.
2) Objectives to assess obesity prevalence, identify contributing factors, and analyze their association.
3) A description of the research methodology including a cross-sectional design, sampling methods, data collection tools, and statistical analysis plan.
4) An outline of chapters on literature review, methodology, and instruments as well as details of the study proposal, timeline, and budget.
1. The document discusses several explanations for eating behaviour including mood, culture, and social learning theory.
2. It examines evidence and studies related to how mood, culture, and social learning influence eating habits. Specifically, it looks at a study on how sad films influence snacking.
3. The document evaluates theories like the restraint theory and role of denial in diet success/failure. It analyzes studies on how detail in diets and denial can impact eating.
Evidence based treatment approaches for prevention of dementiaRavi Soni
This presentation reviews all the available treatment which have been used for prevention of dementia. The evidences were taken from the Cochrane reviews and library.
The document discusses obesity in America, providing statistics showing that obesity rates have significantly increased over the past 30 years. It defines obesity as having a body mass index of 30 or higher. The rise in obesity is due to changing environmental factors like increased availability of high-fat, high-sugar foods and a more sedentary lifestyle with less physical activity. While public health campaigns have aimed to address obesity, eating habits have not changed and obesity rates remain high.
Elderly physical and physiological changes and nutrient requirementsT. Tamilselvan
Physical and physiological changes occur as part of the aging process. Nutritional requirements also change in older adults. Adequate nutrition is important for preventing and managing common health issues in aging. Key nutrients that influence aging include protein, vitamins, and minerals. Maintaining sufficient intake of these nutrients can help support physical and cognitive functioning in the elderly.
The document discusses obesity, providing definitions and discussing causes, pathophysiology, medical complications, and treatment. It defines obesity as a disease of caloric imbalance resulting from excess calorie intake. Key points include: obesity is defined as a BMI over 30 kg/m2; causes include diet, lack of exercise, genetics, and medical conditions; pathophysiology involves hormones like leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin that regulate appetite and metabolism; complications affect the cardiovascular, metabolic and musculoskeletal systems; and treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications like orlistat that reduce fat absorption, and sometimes surgery.
Nutrition Interventions in Addiction Recovery: The Role of the Dietitian in S...Nutrition in Recovery
Are you curious about the connection between nutrition and drug addiction? David A. Wiss, MS, RDN, CPT reviews the literature, makes recommendations for medical nutrition therapy, and shares some suggestions to run groups in treatment facilities.
This document provides an overview of a proposed study on obesity among housewives in Biratnagar, Nepal. It includes:
1) An introduction outlining the problem of obesity globally and need to study contributing factors among housewives.
2) Objectives to assess obesity prevalence, identify contributing factors, and analyze their association.
3) A description of the research methodology including a cross-sectional design, sampling methods, data collection tools, and statistical analysis plan.
4) An outline of chapters on literature review, methodology, and instruments as well as details of the study proposal, timeline, and budget.
1. The document discusses several explanations for eating behaviour including mood, culture, and social learning theory.
2. It examines evidence and studies related to how mood, culture, and social learning influence eating habits. Specifically, it looks at a study on how sad films influence snacking.
3. The document evaluates theories like the restraint theory and role of denial in diet success/failure. It analyzes studies on how detail in diets and denial can impact eating.
Evidence based treatment approaches for prevention of dementiaRavi Soni
This presentation reviews all the available treatment which have been used for prevention of dementia. The evidences were taken from the Cochrane reviews and library.
The document discusses obesity in America, providing statistics showing that obesity rates have significantly increased over the past 30 years. It defines obesity as having a body mass index of 30 or higher. The rise in obesity is due to changing environmental factors like increased availability of high-fat, high-sugar foods and a more sedentary lifestyle with less physical activity. While public health campaigns have aimed to address obesity, eating habits have not changed and obesity rates remain high.
Elderly physical and physiological changes and nutrient requirementsT. Tamilselvan
Physical and physiological changes occur as part of the aging process. Nutritional requirements also change in older adults. Adequate nutrition is important for preventing and managing common health issues in aging. Key nutrients that influence aging include protein, vitamins, and minerals. Maintaining sufficient intake of these nutrients can help support physical and cognitive functioning in the elderly.
The document discusses obesity, providing definitions and discussing causes, pathophysiology, medical complications, and treatment. It defines obesity as a disease of caloric imbalance resulting from excess calorie intake. Key points include: obesity is defined as a BMI over 30 kg/m2; causes include diet, lack of exercise, genetics, and medical conditions; pathophysiology involves hormones like leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin that regulate appetite and metabolism; complications affect the cardiovascular, metabolic and musculoskeletal systems; and treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications like orlistat that reduce fat absorption, and sometimes surgery.
Nutrition Interventions in Addiction Recovery: The Role of the Dietitian in S...Nutrition in Recovery
Are you curious about the connection between nutrition and drug addiction? David A. Wiss, MS, RDN, CPT reviews the literature, makes recommendations for medical nutrition therapy, and shares some suggestions to run groups in treatment facilities.
Over 60% of men and over 50% of women in England are overweight or obese. Obesity rates have nearly doubled over the past 20 years from around 15% to over 25% today. Risk factors for obesity include increasing age, lower income and education levels, living in deprived areas, and belonging to certain ethnic minority groups. Maintaining a healthy weight and waist circumference is important for reducing health risks.
The document discusses a proposed study that aims to investigate the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and mental health status among undergraduate students at the International Islamic University Malaysia. It plans to recruit 100 students between ages 20-26, half with normal weight and half overweight/obese, to measure their BMI and assess depression, anxiety, and stress levels. The study seeks to examine how BMI may be related to mental health and determine the mental health status of IIUM students. It will calculate BMI from self-reported weight and height data and classify BMI using WHO cut-off points for Malaysians.
Prevalence of obesity & factors leading to obesity among high school stud...Anjum Hashmi MPH
This document summarizes a research study on childhood obesity among high school students in Hyderabad, Pakistan. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of obesity and factors leading to obesity. Some key findings:
1) The prevalence of overweight was 23% in boys and 16% in girls, while obesity prevalence was 15% in boys and 8% in girls.
2) Multivariate analysis showed that girls were 67% less likely to be obese than boys. Older age groups were also less likely to be obese.
3) Students from middle socioeconomic status families were over 3 times more likely to be obese than lower socioeconomic status students.
4) Eating fruit more than 4 times a
This document discusses how stress can lead to obesity through both physiological and behavioral mechanisms. Physiologically, stress causes the release of cortisol which increases appetite and causes fat storage. Behaviorally, stressed individuals tend to eat unhealthy foods, especially when emotional. The document also notes the negative health effects of obesity like increased risk of diseases, as well as the psychological toll of being overweight.
This document discusses nutrition during old age. It begins by defining old age as 60 years and above. Nutrition for the elderly is called geriatric nutrition. Aging brings physiological, psychological, and immunological changes that influence nutritional status. There are reductions in energy, carbohydrate, and protein needs due to loss of muscle mass and reduced physical activity. Key nutrients like calcium, iron, zinc, vitamins D and B12 must be consumed in adequate amounts to support the needs of aging bodies and prevent deficiencies and related health problems. Maintaining good nutrition is important for health, well-being, and quality of life during the later years.
Obesity is caused by many interrelated factors including flaws in nutritional education and healthcare, genetics, socioeconomic status, unhealthy habits developed in childhood, lack of access to healthy foods, large portion sizes, and sedentary lifestyles. Key stakeholders in obesity include food producers, marketers, consumers, and healthcare providers. Preventing and reducing obesity will require addressing all of these causes on individual, community and policy levels.
This document discusses aging and the physical, mental, and social changes that occur as people get older. Physically, aging can result in less strength, weaker senses, brittle bones, and reduced mobility. Mentally, the mind can still learn but dementia and Alzheimer's disease may occur. Socially, older adults may experience the loss of a spouse, mandatory retirement, and less involvement in community activities resulting in loneliness. The document also lists several programs and services available in the Philippines to support the needs of older adults, such as senior citizen clubs that provide discounts, financial assistance, and homes for the aged that are funded through donations.
Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) is a multidimensional, interdisciplinary diagnostic process to determine the medical, psychological and functional capabilities of a frail elderly person in order to develop a co-ordinated and integrated plan for treatment and long-term follow up
This document provides an overview of obesity including its definition, prevalence, health consequences, assessment, treatment approaches, and guidelines. Some key points:
- Obesity is defined as a BMI of 30 or higher. It affects over 60 million US adults and rates have doubled globally in the last 30 years.
- It increases the risk of diseases like diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Treatment involves diet, exercise, behavior change and sometimes medication or surgery.
- The Edmonton Obesity Staging System complements BMI by assessing medical complications, functional limitations, and quality of life across 5 stages from no risk factors to end-stage disease.
what is positive aging and what are the key issues that can lead to positive aging
the ppt covers basic concept, the theories and what can help positive aging
Theory lecture for first semester RN students about the special needs of older adults. We have a growing older adult population.. we need education patients and family members how to adapt to this aging changes.
The document discusses obesity in India. Some key points:
- India is the third most obese country in the world, with obesity more common in females. Punjab and Kerala have the highest rates of obesity.
- Obesity is defined as a BMI over 30. It results from an excess calorie intake compared to energy expenditure.
- Obesity rates have increased over time and are higher in urban vs. rural areas. Factors contributing to obesity in India include lifestyle changes, diet, lack of physical activity, and socioeconomic status.
- There is a need for public education on healthy lifestyles and diets to address obesity in India. Gut bacteria also influence obesity risk and future research is exploring manipulating gut
1. Life expectancy has increased significantly over the past century from 47 years to over 76 years due to control of infectious diseases and medical innovations.
2. Gerontology is the comprehensive study of aging while geriatrics focuses on diseases and problems of older adults.
3. Many body systems are impacted by aging including decreased function of the cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal and nervous systems.
4. Promoting healthy behaviors such as exercise, nutrition, social engagement and annual health screenings can help optimize health and functioning in older adults.
6-7 # overview of adult development (beh psy)SanaIsrar5
This document discusses several topics related to adult development and relationships. It addresses romantic relationships in adolescence and early adulthood, which sometimes lead to marriage. It also discusses balancing intimacy, independence, and developing identities as young adults. The document then covers issues that can lead to divorce such as destructive behaviors from both partners. It describes adjustment challenges after divorce and factors affecting children's coping. Finally, it discusses the importance of emotional intelligence for relationships, work, and coping with life's challenges and transitions.
This document discusses nutritional requirements and dietary reference intakes. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to understand key nutritional requirement terms, know what DRI's, RDA, EAR, AI and UL are, and why we need to know nutritional requirements. It then defines nutritional requirements and discusses terms like undernutrition, overnutrition and optimal nutrition. It explains how malnutrition is assessed and introduces dietary reference intakes. The rest of the document discusses the different types of DRI's like RDA, EAR, AI and UL in more detail and provides examples like vitamin C and calcium. It concludes by listing the group members who worked on this document.
This document discusses childhood obesity including its definition, epidemiology, risk factors, causes, evaluation, treatment, and management. Some key points include:
- Childhood obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for age and sex. It can be caused by genetic and environmental factors.
- Rates of childhood obesity have tripled since the 1970s globally and in countries like the US and KSA. Risk factors include family history, low income, and lack of physical activity.
- Evaluation of an obese child includes medical history, exam, and tests to check for underlying causes and comorbidities. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, and behavior modification for the whole
This document discusses chronic illness management. It defines a chronic illness as a condition lasting 3 months or longer that can be unpredictable. Common chronic illnesses include heart disease, cancer, diabetes and arthritis. Risk factors include behaviors like smoking, poor diet and lack of exercise, as well as genetic predisposition. Chronic diseases account for most American deaths each year. Health psychology examines the biological, psychological and social factors related to illness and health. Clinical health psychologists help patients manage chronic conditions through cognitive and behavioral therapies.
Chapter 19 Nutrition and Liver Diseases KellyGCDET
The document discusses various liver diseases and their relationship to nutrition. It covers fatty liver disease, hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver transplantation. Key points include:
1) Fatty liver disease is caused by an accumulation of fat in the liver from excess alcohol, drugs, or metabolic issues like insulin resistance. It can progress to inflammation and more serious conditions if not addressed.
2) Hepatitis is liver inflammation that can result from viral infections or other causes like excess alcohol. Symptoms include fatigue and jaundice. Treatment focuses on supportive care and antiviral drugs.
3) Cirrhosis is scarring of the liver that impairs its function. Major causes in the US are alcohol and hepatitis C
The document summarizes research on childhood obesity in Hong Kong. It finds that the prevalence of overweight and obesity among primary school students increased from 16.4% in 1997/1998 to 22.2% in 2008/2009. Lifestyle factors like decreased physical activity, increased unhealthy food intake, and sedentary family environments are key contributors to rising childhood obesity rates. Potential health consequences of childhood obesity include breathing problems, sleep apnea, high blood pressure, abnormal blood lipid levels, liver damage, and lower self-esteem. The government and schools have launched public campaigns to increase nutrition education and promote healthy eating.
Over 60% of men and over 50% of women in England are overweight or obese. Obesity rates have nearly doubled over the past 20 years from around 15% to over 25% today. Risk factors for obesity include increasing age, lower income and education levels, living in deprived areas, and belonging to certain ethnic minority groups. Maintaining a healthy weight and waist circumference is important for reducing health risks.
The document discusses a proposed study that aims to investigate the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and mental health status among undergraduate students at the International Islamic University Malaysia. It plans to recruit 100 students between ages 20-26, half with normal weight and half overweight/obese, to measure their BMI and assess depression, anxiety, and stress levels. The study seeks to examine how BMI may be related to mental health and determine the mental health status of IIUM students. It will calculate BMI from self-reported weight and height data and classify BMI using WHO cut-off points for Malaysians.
Prevalence of obesity & factors leading to obesity among high school stud...Anjum Hashmi MPH
This document summarizes a research study on childhood obesity among high school students in Hyderabad, Pakistan. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of obesity and factors leading to obesity. Some key findings:
1) The prevalence of overweight was 23% in boys and 16% in girls, while obesity prevalence was 15% in boys and 8% in girls.
2) Multivariate analysis showed that girls were 67% less likely to be obese than boys. Older age groups were also less likely to be obese.
3) Students from middle socioeconomic status families were over 3 times more likely to be obese than lower socioeconomic status students.
4) Eating fruit more than 4 times a
This document discusses how stress can lead to obesity through both physiological and behavioral mechanisms. Physiologically, stress causes the release of cortisol which increases appetite and causes fat storage. Behaviorally, stressed individuals tend to eat unhealthy foods, especially when emotional. The document also notes the negative health effects of obesity like increased risk of diseases, as well as the psychological toll of being overweight.
This document discusses nutrition during old age. It begins by defining old age as 60 years and above. Nutrition for the elderly is called geriatric nutrition. Aging brings physiological, psychological, and immunological changes that influence nutritional status. There are reductions in energy, carbohydrate, and protein needs due to loss of muscle mass and reduced physical activity. Key nutrients like calcium, iron, zinc, vitamins D and B12 must be consumed in adequate amounts to support the needs of aging bodies and prevent deficiencies and related health problems. Maintaining good nutrition is important for health, well-being, and quality of life during the later years.
Obesity is caused by many interrelated factors including flaws in nutritional education and healthcare, genetics, socioeconomic status, unhealthy habits developed in childhood, lack of access to healthy foods, large portion sizes, and sedentary lifestyles. Key stakeholders in obesity include food producers, marketers, consumers, and healthcare providers. Preventing and reducing obesity will require addressing all of these causes on individual, community and policy levels.
This document discusses aging and the physical, mental, and social changes that occur as people get older. Physically, aging can result in less strength, weaker senses, brittle bones, and reduced mobility. Mentally, the mind can still learn but dementia and Alzheimer's disease may occur. Socially, older adults may experience the loss of a spouse, mandatory retirement, and less involvement in community activities resulting in loneliness. The document also lists several programs and services available in the Philippines to support the needs of older adults, such as senior citizen clubs that provide discounts, financial assistance, and homes for the aged that are funded through donations.
Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) is a multidimensional, interdisciplinary diagnostic process to determine the medical, psychological and functional capabilities of a frail elderly person in order to develop a co-ordinated and integrated plan for treatment and long-term follow up
This document provides an overview of obesity including its definition, prevalence, health consequences, assessment, treatment approaches, and guidelines. Some key points:
- Obesity is defined as a BMI of 30 or higher. It affects over 60 million US adults and rates have doubled globally in the last 30 years.
- It increases the risk of diseases like diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Treatment involves diet, exercise, behavior change and sometimes medication or surgery.
- The Edmonton Obesity Staging System complements BMI by assessing medical complications, functional limitations, and quality of life across 5 stages from no risk factors to end-stage disease.
what is positive aging and what are the key issues that can lead to positive aging
the ppt covers basic concept, the theories and what can help positive aging
Theory lecture for first semester RN students about the special needs of older adults. We have a growing older adult population.. we need education patients and family members how to adapt to this aging changes.
The document discusses obesity in India. Some key points:
- India is the third most obese country in the world, with obesity more common in females. Punjab and Kerala have the highest rates of obesity.
- Obesity is defined as a BMI over 30. It results from an excess calorie intake compared to energy expenditure.
- Obesity rates have increased over time and are higher in urban vs. rural areas. Factors contributing to obesity in India include lifestyle changes, diet, lack of physical activity, and socioeconomic status.
- There is a need for public education on healthy lifestyles and diets to address obesity in India. Gut bacteria also influence obesity risk and future research is exploring manipulating gut
1. Life expectancy has increased significantly over the past century from 47 years to over 76 years due to control of infectious diseases and medical innovations.
2. Gerontology is the comprehensive study of aging while geriatrics focuses on diseases and problems of older adults.
3. Many body systems are impacted by aging including decreased function of the cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal and nervous systems.
4. Promoting healthy behaviors such as exercise, nutrition, social engagement and annual health screenings can help optimize health and functioning in older adults.
6-7 # overview of adult development (beh psy)SanaIsrar5
This document discusses several topics related to adult development and relationships. It addresses romantic relationships in adolescence and early adulthood, which sometimes lead to marriage. It also discusses balancing intimacy, independence, and developing identities as young adults. The document then covers issues that can lead to divorce such as destructive behaviors from both partners. It describes adjustment challenges after divorce and factors affecting children's coping. Finally, it discusses the importance of emotional intelligence for relationships, work, and coping with life's challenges and transitions.
This document discusses nutritional requirements and dietary reference intakes. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to understand key nutritional requirement terms, know what DRI's, RDA, EAR, AI and UL are, and why we need to know nutritional requirements. It then defines nutritional requirements and discusses terms like undernutrition, overnutrition and optimal nutrition. It explains how malnutrition is assessed and introduces dietary reference intakes. The rest of the document discusses the different types of DRI's like RDA, EAR, AI and UL in more detail and provides examples like vitamin C and calcium. It concludes by listing the group members who worked on this document.
This document discusses childhood obesity including its definition, epidemiology, risk factors, causes, evaluation, treatment, and management. Some key points include:
- Childhood obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for age and sex. It can be caused by genetic and environmental factors.
- Rates of childhood obesity have tripled since the 1970s globally and in countries like the US and KSA. Risk factors include family history, low income, and lack of physical activity.
- Evaluation of an obese child includes medical history, exam, and tests to check for underlying causes and comorbidities. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, and behavior modification for the whole
This document discusses chronic illness management. It defines a chronic illness as a condition lasting 3 months or longer that can be unpredictable. Common chronic illnesses include heart disease, cancer, diabetes and arthritis. Risk factors include behaviors like smoking, poor diet and lack of exercise, as well as genetic predisposition. Chronic diseases account for most American deaths each year. Health psychology examines the biological, psychological and social factors related to illness and health. Clinical health psychologists help patients manage chronic conditions through cognitive and behavioral therapies.
Chapter 19 Nutrition and Liver Diseases KellyGCDET
The document discusses various liver diseases and their relationship to nutrition. It covers fatty liver disease, hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver transplantation. Key points include:
1) Fatty liver disease is caused by an accumulation of fat in the liver from excess alcohol, drugs, or metabolic issues like insulin resistance. It can progress to inflammation and more serious conditions if not addressed.
2) Hepatitis is liver inflammation that can result from viral infections or other causes like excess alcohol. Symptoms include fatigue and jaundice. Treatment focuses on supportive care and antiviral drugs.
3) Cirrhosis is scarring of the liver that impairs its function. Major causes in the US are alcohol and hepatitis C
The document summarizes research on childhood obesity in Hong Kong. It finds that the prevalence of overweight and obesity among primary school students increased from 16.4% in 1997/1998 to 22.2% in 2008/2009. Lifestyle factors like decreased physical activity, increased unhealthy food intake, and sedentary family environments are key contributors to rising childhood obesity rates. Potential health consequences of childhood obesity include breathing problems, sleep apnea, high blood pressure, abnormal blood lipid levels, liver damage, and lower self-esteem. The government and schools have launched public campaigns to increase nutrition education and promote healthy eating.
The document discusses childhood obesity, providing statistics showing it has more than tripled in the last 30 years. It now affects 17% of children and adolescents. Obesity is measured using body mass index (BMI). Obese children face increased risks of health issues. Causes include poor diet, lack of exercise, and family history. Ways to prevent obesity include making healthy food choices, limiting portions, being physically active, and setting a good example. The program aims to educate parents on helping their children avoid and reduce obesity.
to download this presentation from this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/12/obesity.html
obesity, causes, diagnosis, complications, treatment, prevention.
The document discusses obesity in children and adolescents. It states that 1 in 5 children are overweight or obese, and the number of obese children has more than tripled since 1985. About 80% of obese adolescents will become obese adults. Changing societal factors like increased availability of unhealthy foods, larger portions, and decreased physical activity are contributing to rising obesity rates in children. Obesity can lead to health issues like type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and liver problems. Maintaining a healthy diet and being physically active are important to prevent obesity and promote overall wellness.
The document is a free PowerPoint template about obesity. It includes pages about group members, defining obesity as an increase in body weight due to excess body fat, explaining BMI as a measure of body shape based on mass and height, providing obesity prevalence statistics by country and gender, listing main causes of obesity as lack of physical activity, bad nutrition, and genes, outlining diseases associated with obesity like heart disease and diabetes, and proposing solutions like exercise, healthy diet, sleep, and motivation to fight obesity.
If you wonder what to write in your obesity research paper, this presentation will be of a great use to you. Here we offer you some interesting and unusual issues to be discusssed in your document, In case if you need any other assistance with your writing, contact us through the website:
https://essay-academy.com/account/blog/obesity-research-paper
This document outlines the challenges low-income families face in dealing with childhood obesity. It discusses three main issues: the lack of access to healthy and affordable foods, lack of safe places for children to exercise, and not having enough money to provide adequate meals throughout the month. The central idea is that low-income families have additional barriers compared to others in feeding their children healthy foods and addressing obesity.
This document provides guidance on writing a research proposal, including summarizing the topic, narrowing the focus to a research question, stating the objectives, outlining relevant literature, deciding on a methodology, and establishing a research voice. Specifically, it gives an example proposal on investigating the reasons for the growing psychological disorder of masochism among teenagers, using statistics, interviews, and primary/secondary sources to address a gap in understanding teen depression and its masochistic symptoms.
This document outlines a research proposal that investigates teachers' perceptions of assessing students' oral reading skills in rural primary schools. The study aims to understand teachers' views on reading aloud assessments, and whether their perceptions differ based on years of teaching experience or education level. A mixed methods approach is proposed, using questionnaires to collect quantitative data on 80-120 teachers, and interviews of 12 teachers to obtain qualitative views. The research questions focus on teachers' perceptions of reading assessments, any differences related to experience or qualifications, and factors influencing perceptions. The significance, limitations, and methodology are described in the proposal.
This document discusses childhood obesity as a global health concern. It provides information on what BMI is and how it is used to diagnose obesity in children. It describes the various health effects of childhood obesity, including psychological effects, cardiovascular issues, metabolic disorders and others. It discusses factors that contribute to childhood obesity such as genetics, diet, physical inactivity, and social determinants. Prevention strategies mentioned include improving access to healthy foods, increasing physical activity and making changes to the home and school environments.
This research critique summarizes a study examining nurses' perceptions of violence in emergency departments in Nigeria. The study surveyed 81 nurses from 6 hospitals to understand the epidemiology of violence against nurses, their definitions of violence, and potential prevention strategies. Key findings included that ED nurses commonly experience both verbal and physical abuse. The critique provides recommendations to improve the study design and organization. It suggests making the objectives clearer, defining important terms, and considering a broader sample to generalize findings.
1) Childhood obesity is an increasing problem in New Zealand society, affecting 31% of children aged 5-14.
2) The document aims to promote physical activity and healthy eating choices to help stop childhood obesity, particularly through initiatives at Kaurilands Primary school.
3) Childhood obesity rates vary between cultures and are more prevalent among Māori and Pacific Islander children.
This document discusses obesity rates in upstate New York from 2004 to 2008. It finds that obesity among adults in the region increased dramatically during this period. The counties with the highest obesity rates each year tended to be Chautauqua, Chemung, Franklin, Seneca, and Yates counties. Obesity is linked to numerous health issues like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. The document recommends eating healthier foods, daily exercise, and potentially surgery as ways to reduce obesity.
This document defines obesity and discusses its epidemiology, regulation, neurohumoral factors, and genetics. Some key points:
- Obesity is defined as excess adipose tissue and a BMI ≥30. It is more common in women and prevalence is increasing globally.
- The hypothalamus regulates appetite through centers that stimulate (lateral) or inhibit (ventromedial) eating. Leptin, adipokines, gut hormones, and pancreatic hormones also influence appetite.
- Genetic factors contribute to obesity risk, as seen in family and twin studies. Rare genetic syndromes like Prader-Willi can also cause obesity.
- Leptin normally inhibits appetite but leptin
Summary, Conclusions and RecommendationsRoqui Malijan
This document provides guidelines for summarizing findings, drawing conclusions, and making recommendations from a research study. It discusses that a summary should briefly outline the purpose, participants, time period, and research method used. Findings should address each research question while presenting generalizations and statistics. Conclusions should interpret the findings to answer the research questions. Recommendations aim to solve problems identified in the study and ensure continued benefits for those involved.
The document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It discusses that a literature review aims to convey previous knowledge and facts established on a topic by summarizing, evaluating, and integrating primary sources. The literature review is conducted in 5 stages - annotating relevant sources, organizing sources thematically, additional reading, writing individual sections, and integrating all sections. When writing the literature review, an introduction defining the topic, a body summarizing and grouping sources thematically, and a conclusion evaluating the current state of research and identifying gaps are essential elements to include.
Neha conducted research on the impact of genes on obesity for a genetics course. She learned that genetics plays a significant role in one's ability to lose or gain weight, as over 400 genes have been linked to obesity. Specific genes like GAD2 and GHSR impact appetite, metabolism, and body type. While diet and exercise influence weight, genetics can determine one's predisposition for obesity as much or more than external factors. Epigenetics also affects how obesity genes are expressed and can be passed down from parents.
This paper demonstrates knowledge of the indirect connection between diet and autism-related behaviors and the anatomical reasoning behind the position. I am studying to be a pediatric occupational therapist - a career field that often has patients with developmental abnormalities that can be treated with therapy and supplemented by diet.
Genetics play a significant role in the development of eating disorders according to three studies. Study 1 found that identical twins exhibited more similar internalization of thin ideals and disordered eating than fraternal twins, indicating genetic influences. Study 2 determined that genetics accounted for 40-48% of variances in disordered eating behaviors for both males and females. Study 3 revealed a 38% genetic contribution to restrained eating independent of BMI. However, the influence of genetics relative to environmental factors like media is still unclear according to the conclusions. Further research is needed to fully understand the interplay between genetic predispositions and social influences on eating pathology.
Running head SOURCE SUMMARY 1SOURCE SUMARRY.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running head: SOURCE SUMMARY 1
SOURCE SUMARRY 2
Source Summary
Eka Ikpe
ENGL 147 N
Professor Mark Wright
DeVry University
03/12/2015
Childhood Obesity
Theme: Childhood Obesity
Topic: Causes of Childhood Obesity
Title: A look into individual and socioenviromental factors associated with childhood obesity
Target Audience: Daniels targets the general public with his message. He highlights the social and environmental factors that cause obesity to people of all ages from children to adult. The researcher also targets the research community with his message his intentions is contribute to the knowledge in the field.
Background: Daniel is a researcher in the field of pediatric medicine. This is, therefore, places him in a better position to contribute to the topic under discussion.
The Author’s Perspective: The position taken by Daniels concurs with numerous assertions on the causes of obesity. The author blames lifestyle and the food habits practiced people in the society. Daniels contends that lack of physical activity and the consumption of fast foods are the direct causes of obesity.
Part 1: The Sentence Summary
Daniels (2007), obesity can be attributed to individual, social and environmental factors.
Part 2: The summary
Daniels (2007), At the individual level, dietary patterns and poor eating habits that are characterized by high fat and calorie foods are important causes of obesity. It is also acclaimed that genetics can play a role in obesity where persons with certain genes (in the family) are more prone to obesity. Further, individual lifestyle characterized by indulgence in alcohol and smoking habits predisposes one to the risk of developing obesity. At the environmental level, availability and production of high calorie foods-fast foods is one factor that has led to the epidemic.
Part 3: One more than Paragraph Summary
At the environmental level, availability and production of high calorie foods-fast foods is one factor that has led to the epidemic. Environments that promote physical inactivity and that encourage intake of unhealthy foods have characterized the American society. On social matrix, the social class may determine access to healthy eating habits or healthy ways of cooking. The study also indicates that there is a disproportionate distribution of obesity risks across minority, low-income, less educated and rural population (social groups).
Daniels (2007) looks into the real nature of metabolic abnormality. The pediatricians are also not sure about the extent of evaluation to be done on children to detect the underlying genetic causes of obesity. Daniels (2007) argues that the 85% of the underlying causes that cause obesity have short stature when compared to the other children that were evaluated for obesity. The study indicates that the thyroid-stimulating hormone was moderately elevated but was not the cause for metabolic disorder. Daniels (2007) also evaluated children with .
Obesity is quickly becoming one of the most common chronic.docxhopeaustin33688
Obesity is quickly becoming one of the most common chronic diseases among children. These rates have increased at an alarming rate and is a major public health problem because of related physical and psychological comorbidities, including type II diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and mental health disorders. Dramatic increase in the number of overweight and obese children in recent years.
Studies indicate that children's lives may be shortened as a result of this alarming health problem. Estimates state that for any degree of overweight/obesity, younger adults (20-30 years of age) may have greater years of life lost due to obesity than older adults. Childhood obesity has been determined to be an independent risk factor for adult overweight/obesity.
To combat childhood obesity, there is a great need for public health interventions as well as education parents regarding childhood obesity and its consequences. Parents differ on causation of obesity, and differ in focus on nutrition and physical exercise. Many parents in the research do not see obesity as a barrier to physical activity. The parents need to recognize their child as overweight. Prevention is the most effective method for dealing with this growing health concern. The evidence reviewed, confirmed that family-centered interventions were associated with short-term reduction in obesity and improved medical parameters. The goal should be to involve community resources and provider referrals. Nurse Practitioners have a unique role in being the best facilitators to deliver health messages and are able to educate parents and increase awareness about the causes and consequences of childhood obesity.
Parents of young children need to interact with their child's primary healthcare provider for health advice and preventive health information during regularly scheduled physical examinations. It is up to the parents of these young children to combat intervention strategies such as:
a combination of nutritional and activity information, a cognitive-behavioral aspect to the intervention parent-directed activities
limiting sedentary child behaviors, provide positive approaches with children by parents and practitioners (e.g., emphasize positive rewards for healthy behaviors, encourage self-efficacy)
Future research is required to identify moderators and mediators to produce enduring changes in weight status of children.
The Objective was to determine in children who are at risk for becoming overweight or obese, does education with parental involvement on exercise and nutrition compared to individual education with the child alone decrease the risk of developing obesity and the health problems associated with obesity?
(P) In overweight, obese, or at risk young children (2-18years of age) Is family centered education/treatment interventions
(C) versus control or comparison interventions
(O) more effective in decreasing childhood obesity and compli.
Running head LITERATURE REVIEW 1LITERATURE REVIEW 5.docxcowinhelen
Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW 1
LITERATURE REVIEW 5
Literature Review
Name:
Institution:
Literature Review (Childhood Obesity)
Childhood Obesity describes attainments of weight beyond the normal body mass index ration leading to the vulnerability in lines. In the study, the use of article will facilitate the process. As noted, the researcher of the material sought to evaluate the factors that contribute to obesity in children. Their study focused on dieting and physical exercise as the primary factors that contribute to obesity. The researchers commenced the process by identifying the research question, proceeded with instruments then selected the design before engaging the target population to validate the research hypothesis. The target group for the study comprised of children aged below 12 years. They included children from a different racial background. Both boys and girls featured in the study. The researcher hypothesized the cause of obesity with the motive of encouraging the adaptation of intervention programs. The study prioritized preventive measures with the intent of decreasing cases of obesity in children in less than six months.
The literature for study includes article 1, 2, 3 and 4. Article 5, 6, 7 and 8 also featured in the study. The research sought to evaluate the prevailing trends concerning the wellness of the children using a collection of questions. The first article by Bleich, Segal, Wu, and Wilson& Wang sought to evaluate the role of community-based prevention. The second article by Tester et al examined the characteristics of the condition in children aged between 2 and 5. The third article by Cunningham, Kramer, & Narayan quantified the prevalence of the condition. Arthur, Scharf, and DeBoer’s fourth sought to evaluate the role of food insecurity in the contraction of obesity. The fifth and sixth Fetter et al and Lydecke, Riley, & Grilo examined the role of physical activity and parenting subsequently. The exploration of the implication of the limitation of the dietary behavior of the micro levels of the condition and parents understanding on the condition featured in the seventh and eight articles composed by Marcum, et al, and Vollmer respectively.
The sample population for the study in the first article comprised of the young population in homes school and care setting. The second article engaged children aged between 2 and 5 years. The third article engaged 7738 participants comprising of learners in kindergarten. The group in the early childhood stage featured in the fourth article as the sample population for the study seeking to investigate cases of obesity. The sample differed from the group engaged in the fifth and sixth article. The category interviewed comprised of the parents of the youth and pre-adolescents, the seventh and eight articles engaged the mothers of the children and the fathers averaging 35 years of white origin.
The limitation of the first article is that the resear ...
Diet and Exercise Research Paper 2 PC correctedAustin Clark
This meta-analysis reviewed 7 randomized controlled trials examining the effects of diet, exercise, and mixed interventions on obesity measures in children. The studies included a total of 1,530 children who were approximately 55% overweight or obese at baseline. The analysis found no statistically significant effects of any intervention type on BMI, BMI z-score, or weight compared to controls. There was significant heterogeneity between the studies. While the results did not support the efficacy of these interventions, dietary interventions favored weight gain while exercise and mixed interventions favored weight loss, though insignificantly. Additional high-quality research is still needed to determine effective obesity interventions for children.
This document provides a literature review on childhood obesity. It discusses risk factors for obesity like unhealthy eating behaviors, lack of physical activity, stress, and genetics. Unhealthy parenting, lower peer status, and victimization can also influence childhood obesity. Children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and ethnic minority groups have higher obesity rates. Preventing and treating childhood obesity requires understanding these risk factors and their psychological and social consequences.
Eating Disorders and Self Esteem in Adolescents, Teens, and .docxjacksnathalie
Eating Disorders and Self Esteem in Adolescents, Teens, and Young Adults
A Comparative Analysis
Johnson, F., & Wardle, J. (2005). Dietary restraint, body dissatisfaction, and psychological distress: A prospective analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(1), 119-125. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.119
Olivardia, R., Pope, H. r., Borowiecki, J., & Cohane, G. H. (2004). Biceps and body image: The relationship between muscularity and self-esteem, depression, and eating disorder symptoms. Psychology of Men &Masculinity, 5(2), 112-120. doi:10.1037/1524-9220.5.2.112
Eating Disorders and Self Esteem in Adolescents, Teens, and Young Adults
How do self-esteem and eating disorders interact with one another in terms of gender bias, gender difference, and gender predisposition?
Is there a correlation between self-esteem and eating disorders and if so, can a symbiotic or cyclical relationship be determined?
Introduction
Body image, eating disorders, self-esteem, and muscularity are all very significant and pressing issues facing adolescents and young adults. The reasons for the formations of maladaptive behaviors associated with these issues warrant review some of the research literature surrounding them. Hopefully the following will bring to light pertinent and helpful information on the subject in regard to similarities and/or differences between genders as well as what role society/environment and internal perceptions have in influencing the formation of eating disorders in this vulnerable and at risk population.
Johnson, F., & Wardle, J. (2005).
Research Article 1:
Dietary Restraint, Body Dissatisfaction, and Psychological Distress: A Prospective Analysis
What are the Authors Research Questions?
Examination of the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship between dietary restraint and:
Investigation of the relationships between body dissatisfaction and:
Examination of the effects of dietary restraint and body dissatisfaction simultaneously in the same analytic model to compare their predictive power for:
Binge Eating, Emotional Eating, Abnormal Eating Attitudes Toward Eating And Weight
Depression, Stress, Low Self-esteem
Prospective Cohort Design
This is a design which is both cross-sectional and longitudinal
The Design
Operational Definitions For This Research Study
Cohorts-Group of similar individuals who share certain characteristics
Longitudinal-Following over a period of time to observe variation or change
Cross-sectional-refers to collecting data from cohorts at one particular point in time
Dietary Restraint-intentional efforts to achieve or maintain a desired weight
through reduced caloric intake
Body Dissatisfaction-Extent to which concerns about body shape cause distress and interfere with normal activities.
Stratified Random Sampling Method
1,177 Adolescent Females between the Ages of 13-15 Years
Attending 6 Secondary Schools in North West England
98% of girls present participated representing 84% of the to ...
This needs assessment examines overweight and obesity rates among children in the Harrison School District Two in El Paso County, Colorado. Interviews with local stakeholders and a review of secondary data revealed high rates of childhood obesity and a lack of access to healthy foods and physical activity opportunities. A sidewalk audit and SOPARC assessment of Meadows Park found the park is underutilized despite being accessible. Implications of the study include proposing additional programs like farmers markets, physical activity classes, and neighborhood improvements to increase access to healthy lifestyle options for children.
This article discusses the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in adolescents and the role of sleep. It notes that while genetics play a role, lifestyle changes like decreased sleep have contributed to rising obesity and diabetes rates. Sleep is influenced by biological and social factors in adolescents. Short sleep duration is linked to increased insulin resistance and BMI. The article reviews studies showing that sleep education and advice programs can improve sleep habits and duration in teens, with some evidence they may also positively impact metabolic health and weight. Larger and longer trials are still needed.
This document discusses various types of quasi-experimental research designs used to study genetic and health-related topics when random assignment is not possible. It describes retrospective and prospective studies, case studies, twin studies, and adoption studies as ways to examine relationships between variables. Key factors like heredity, environment, age, and epigenetics are discussed in relation to traits, diseases, and health outcomes. Combining experimental and non-experimental methods is recommended to strengthen research conclusions.
This annotated bibliography provides summaries for two sources about childhood and adult obesity. The first source is a scholarly article that analyzes childhood obesity trends in the US and finds inconsistencies in predicting future rates due to diversity in demographics. It addresses causes and risk factors of childhood obesity but does not deeply examine perceptions of it. The second source is an article that finds women who experienced childhood maltreatment were more likely to perceive weight discrimination and have smaller increases in BMI. It demonstrates how childhood experiences can trigger adult obesity but does not analyze differences in perceiving childhood versus adult obesity. Both sources will aid the student's research on perceptions of childhood versus adult obesity, though the second source fails to critically compare the two perceptions.
The document discusses risk factors for eating disorders including biological, psychological, developmental, and social factors. It separates risk factors into eating-specific (direct) factors and generalized (indirect) factors. Some key eating-specific biological risks include genetics, appetite regulation, and gender. Key psychological risks include poor body image, maladaptive eating attitudes, and overvaluation of appearance. Developmental risks include identifications with body-concerned relatives/peers and trauma affecting bodily experience. Social risks include maladaptive family attitudes toward eating/weight and peer/cultural pressures regarding thinness. The document aims to provide an overview of various risk factors to better understand the development and prevention of eating disorders.
This summary provides the key details about a quantitative research study on a school-based intervention to prevent childhood obesity:
- The study examined the effects of a multicomponent School Nutrition Policy Initiative (SNPI) that included nutrition education, policy, marketing, and parent outreach on rates of overweight and obesity in elementary school students.
- Schools in Philadelphia were randomly assigned to a control or intervention group. Measurements of height, weight, diet, activity levels, etc. were taken before and after 2 years of the SNPI being implemented in intervention schools.
- The purpose was to determine if the multifactorial SNPI could decrease the incidence of overweight and obesity when implemented in schools. The hypothesis
This document summarizes research on the relationship between childhood abuse and obesity/food addiction. It finds that adverse childhood experiences like physical, emotional, or sexual abuse are associated with higher risks of obesity in adulthood, possibly due to induced stress, inflammation, and metabolic disturbances. Studies also find similarities between addictive-like eating behaviors and substance abuse disorders. The concept of "food addiction" is discussed and operationalized using the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Prevalence of food addiction varies in studies but is higher in obese individuals, particularly those with binge eating disorder. Childhood abuse is strongly linked to reports of food addiction in adulthood.
Genetic considerations in obesity developmenthelix1661
The document summarizes genetic research on human obesity from the Pennington Biomedical Research Center. It details that over 600 genes have been associated with obesity. Specific genetic disorders are described that can cause obesity like Cushing's syndrome. Mouse models are used to study obesity genes and their role in food intake and metabolism. Genome-wide studies have linked obesity phenotypes to particular chromosomes. The research aims to identify gene combinations and mutations that influence obesity risk and how they interact with environment.
Case Number 7Student’s NameInstitution Affiliation.docxjasoninnes20
Case Number 7
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Case Number 7. The case of physician do not heal thyself
Questions
1. Have you recently engaged in risky behaviors such as binge eating, unsafe sex, gambling, drug and substance abuse, or risky driving?
1. How would you describe your relationships with people such as your spouse, friends, neighbors, colleagues, and strangers while considering aspects of anger, irritability, and violence?
1. Do you have a recurring problem of variant moods that result to interpersonal stress, feeling of emptiness, and other challenges that are stress-related and they push you towards suicidal thoughts?
People to speak to
It is crucial to identify the right people to provide essential details for the assessment of the patient. Some of the most important people include the spouses, siblings, family friends, personal friends, and neighbors. Furthermore, the patient’s colleagues can provide important information regarding the behaviors of the patient and help in identifying issues that the patient could be hiding. Speaking to the people to whom the patient exercises authority is important in attaining the true image of the person.
Physical exam and diagnostic test
The disorder is mental, but it can be assessed through physical exams that indicate how the brain is working in relation to actions ( Stahl 2013). Fixing a puzzle would be an effective way of testing the patient and how stable they can be. The other approach is engaging the patient in a physical exercise and observing their participation. Physical exams provide a diagnostic insight to test how the patient relates with others.
Diagnoses
Personality Disorder
Mood Disorder
Depression with psychotic features
Pharmacological agents
Application of antidepressants
Use of antipsychotics
Administering mood-stabilizing drugs
Contradictions or Alterations
It is a complex situation to treat a complex and long-term unstable disorder of mood because the patients experience different emotions even during therapy (Yasuda & Huang 2008). It becomes difficult to separate mood disorder from personality disorder especially for difficult patient like in this case. Furthermore, there are no specific drugs that can be used for treatment without additional therapy since this patient is able to adjust or play with their own treatment as a physician. The mental condition observed in the patient requires a careful approach due to the delicate situations involving suicidal thoughts and aggression.
Lessons Learned
In the case study “The case of physician do not heal thyself,” the lessons include the importance of conducting a complete assessment of the patient and including other people who interact with the patient. It would be more effective to treat such conditions if the patients had stable emotions, but strategic approaches can help to streamline the treatment process ( Stahl 2014b).
References
Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacol ...
Case Number 7Student’s NameInstitution Affiliation.docxdewhirstichabod
Case Number 7
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Case Number 7. The case of physician do not heal thyself
Questions
1. Have you recently engaged in risky behaviors such as binge eating, unsafe sex, gambling, drug and substance abuse, or risky driving?
1. How would you describe your relationships with people such as your spouse, friends, neighbors, colleagues, and strangers while considering aspects of anger, irritability, and violence?
1. Do you have a recurring problem of variant moods that result to interpersonal stress, feeling of emptiness, and other challenges that are stress-related and they push you towards suicidal thoughts?
People to speak to
It is crucial to identify the right people to provide essential details for the assessment of the patient. Some of the most important people include the spouses, siblings, family friends, personal friends, and neighbors. Furthermore, the patient’s colleagues can provide important information regarding the behaviors of the patient and help in identifying issues that the patient could be hiding. Speaking to the people to whom the patient exercises authority is important in attaining the true image of the person.
Physical exam and diagnostic test
The disorder is mental, but it can be assessed through physical exams that indicate how the brain is working in relation to actions ( Stahl 2013). Fixing a puzzle would be an effective way of testing the patient and how stable they can be. The other approach is engaging the patient in a physical exercise and observing their participation. Physical exams provide a diagnostic insight to test how the patient relates with others.
Diagnoses
Personality Disorder
Mood Disorder
Depression with psychotic features
Pharmacological agents
Application of antidepressants
Use of antipsychotics
Administering mood-stabilizing drugs
Contradictions or Alterations
It is a complex situation to treat a complex and long-term unstable disorder of mood because the patients experience different emotions even during therapy (Yasuda & Huang 2008). It becomes difficult to separate mood disorder from personality disorder especially for difficult patient like in this case. Furthermore, there are no specific drugs that can be used for treatment without additional therapy since this patient is able to adjust or play with their own treatment as a physician. The mental condition observed in the patient requires a careful approach due to the delicate situations involving suicidal thoughts and aggression.
Lessons Learned
In the case study “The case of physician do not heal thyself,” the lessons include the importance of conducting a complete assessment of the patient and including other people who interact with the patient. It would be more effective to treat such conditions if the patients had stable emotions, but strategic approaches can help to streamline the treatment process ( Stahl 2014b).
References
Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacol.
Case Number 7Student’s NameInstitution Affiliation.docx
Obesity Research Paper
1. OBESITY; A NATURE VERSUSNURTURE ANALYSIS 1
Obesity; a nature versus nurture analysis
Renee Lewis, Yesenia Guerro-Flores, Elizabeth Chavez & Chris Herrera
Mt. St. Mary’s College
2. OBESITY; A NATURE VERSUSNURTURE ANALYSIS 2
Abstract
This paper investigates various research articles that explore studies of differing variable
constructs and result in findings that are said to account for factorial relationships or causes of
obesity. The articles contain an array of findings that result in singular and manifold views on
the factors that produce or bring about extreme weight gain. This work examines these
discoveries in order to critique the (in)effectiveness of interventions used in practice that are
founded on the question of whether inborn or external causal measures ensue obesity in order to
implement one in which the evidence strongly supports. Supplementary to the external
investigation of research, we also applied this evidence in practice on our client Layla. A 38-
year-old Samoan woman whose height is 5' 11", weight is 303 lbs, has a family history of
diabetes, heart disease and obesity. She is complaining of fatigue, difficulty with losing weight,
lack of motivation, and weight-related emotional stress. She states that she is afraid of not being
able to get healthy. In addition, she is faced with the conflict of trying to be a part of her
community and environment. Before treatment and in depth research inquiry, we hypothesize
that the underlying roots for obesity are correlated with the nurture effect. After examining
numerous theories and studies, we decided to treat the condition via dietary modification and
exercise. Progress will be monitored via physical examination, and supplemental questionnaires
about lifestyle habits to monitor for needed modification suggestions. Our findings resulted in
our client seeing a 30% weight decrease in three months and displayed that a change in external
occurrences can have a direct effect on an individual’s mass. That being said, in true scientific
form, we now invite you to judge the evidence for yourself.
3. OBESITY; A NATURE VERSUSNURTURE ANALYSIS 3
Obesity; a nature versus nurture analysis
Many studies have been and are currently being conducted that seek to determine exact or
relational components that cause or lead to obesity. In order to be labeled obese by a physician,
a person must accumulate fat that is 20% -30% greater than the recommended amount for their
relevant height. Aside from the mobility related limitations that extreme weight gains cause, it
can initiate other harmful conditions. An unhealthy amount of fat accumulation puts people at
risk for several serious conditions including diabetes and heart disease. Obesity in the United
States and globally is on the rise. The epidemic is said to have the potential to bankrupt the
healthcare system. Due to this, researchers seek to scrutinize information to the point where
their findings lead to or have an impactful influence on the intervention methods, ideologies, and
socialized theories conveyed by practitioners and generalized into common knowledge. This
effort specifically seeks to understand similar and contrasting elements within these inquiries in
order to answer the evidence-based practice (EBP) question; does nature or nurture have the
greater impact on obesity?
Literature Review
Research by Boutin (2001) details the genetics of human obesity explored through genetic
experimentation. An identification of monogenic genes that contributed to weight gain was
made. While the detection of an inherited character difference that is controlled by one gene
seems to back the argument that obesity is caused by internal factors, the authors themselves
state that theirs and previous evidence label genes that affect weight gain as polygenetic. No
evidence concluded that the differing sources that affect polygenetic gene composition are all
internal.
4. OBESITY; A NATURE VERSUSNURTURE ANALYSIS 4
Thusly, their findings deemed obesity to be a multifactorial condition. The components of
which, cause people with a predisposition to weight gain to be at risk when in environments that
contain unlimited food supplies. The results of this study are in partial agreement with both the
nature and nurture fueled effects on the disease. However the research was unclear as to how a
monogenic gene was linked with the disease since polygenetic findings require a grouping of
different origin sources. This conflicting information may have been what led them to defer to a
compounded viewpoint. The next article we will probe delves a little deeper into genes and how
the identification of such can influence thoughts and behaviors.
Meisle & Wardle (2013) performed a qualitative analysis of genetic detection in order to test
reactions in a sample of overweight adults. They found that participants who were discovered to
have multiple obesity related genes found relief in knowing that factors outside of their control
contributed to their disease. In contrast, participants who had low-risk genetic abnormalities
reported letdown. In addition the low-risk participants then directed the cause of their weight
gain toward alternate explanations non-inclusive of those under their control. While the aim of
the study sought to decrease split thinking and allied genetic-based determinism, in our opinion,
they fostered these notions. Those who were identified as high-risk got resolve in knowing that
something inherent imposed this condition upon them. Furthermore the low-risk participants did
not identify positive and negative qualities of themselves and others that contributed to their state
and displayed even further dissociative cognitions. The subsequent study isolates the genetic
factor to an even higher degree and examines their effects within a controlled environment.
5. OBESITY; A NATURE VERSUSNURTURE ANALYSIS 5
Lynch & Kemp (2013) conducted an experiment in order to test causality in evolutionary
genetics. They utilized cloned rats and raised them in different environments. The findings
resulted in both rats having significant behavioral and developmental differences suggesting that
genes interact with the environment. While this information appears novel and fascinating, its
fundamental theory of the environment affecting inherited characteristics is longstanding. For
example, within a few generations a domesticated pig, that returns to the wild can transform into
a feral pig, creating offspring that have a different physical make-up due to receptor genes and
their interaction with the environment. The illustration below depicts this type of change.
Even though the ideas displayed by this study’s findings are not first-hand, they do convey the
original notions of internal and external relations in a contemporary and credible fashion. Now
that environmental connections have been furthered to this degree, our focus will turn to
surveying these interfaces in order to tangibly associate them with the subject matter.
Australian scientists (Hendrie, Coveney & Fox 2011) conducted a study in order to delineate
connections amongst family environments, behavior, and weight gain. They utilized an
exploratory structural equation model to detect, categorize and quantify relationships amid these
factors.
6. OBESITY; A NATURE VERSUSNURTURE ANALYSIS 6
The results indicated nutrition and physical activity as having the strongest association with
children’s body mass index (BMI) score. Furthermore physical activity and food environments
were linked with children’s activity habits and level of sedentariness. What we found most
fascinating about these findings was that the information was gleaned via self-report by the
participants. The outcome of the study further facilitates the predominant influence ones
surrounding has on weight acquisition. Investigating family dynamics and the power its
undercurrents have on impacting behavior is fascinating. That being said, it leaves room for
debate when contemplating obesity on a larger scale. The ensuing article explores the topic on a
more all-encompassing sociological level.
In Johnson’s (2012) article, obesity in the United States is investigated and associated with
environmental factors and social constructs. “The U.S. obesity epidemic is not the result of
changing biology or genetics. It is the result of changing human behavior in response to a
changing social and built environment” (Johnson, 2012). She goes on to further this ideal by
exploring the facets of obsogenic environments and detail sets of circumstances that encourage
people to eat and drink more calories than they expend. The illustration below provides a visual
representation of this analysis.
7. OBESITY; A NATURE VERSUSNURTURE ANALYSIS 7
While we agree with the socioecological model presented, the inclusion of biological
predisposition was not discussed. In addition the results of the findings supported the addition of
behavior therapy. This too was not conferred when the association of prevention methods
derived from negative occurrences within social and built constructs were reviewed. All in all,
this review brought us to the final point of deliberation regarding whether or not the research
evidence on the subject matter of obesity gleaned more heavily towards nature or nurture derived
influences. As a result, our treatment method was fashioned based on controllable changes that
were measurable and observable.
Based on our hypotheses, the underlining roots for the obesity epidemic are correlated with
the nurture effect; we formulated an action plan in that would improve not only our client’s but
others quality of life. Our goals were to; increase the awareness of obesity as a major public
health threat, heighten the detection of early recognition of overweight and/or excessive weight
gain, improve management (medical and non-medical) of people who are overweight or obese
and those with obesity-related disease, stress the importance of lifelong healthy eating, and
promote continuous physical activity. In order to accomplish our objective we formulated a
treatment plan.
The treatment implementation consisted of dietary modification and exercise. More
specifically, low calorie diets (LCDs) individually planned to include 500 to 1,000 calories a day
less than you exert through physical activity, very low calorie diets (VLCDs) limited intake to
only 400 to 800 calories a day and feature high-protein, low-fat liquids, setting realistic weight
loss goals — short term and long term, self-recording of diet and exercise patterns in a diary and
identifying high-risk situations in order to avoid them. Furthermore, positive actions were also
applied.
8. OBESITY; A NATURE VERSUSNURTURE ANALYSIS 8
Rewarding specific actions, such as exercising for a longer time or eating less of a certain
type of food provided positive reinforcement. We also taught the client the importance of
adopting realistic beliefs about weight loss and body image, developing a support network,
including family, friends and co-workers, or joining a support group that helped in focusing on
the end result or weight loss goal. Due to the large amount of weight our client had to lose, her
exercise plan consisted of large and small physical movement modification.
Some of her exercise consisted of parking at the far end of parking lots and walking through
them, reducing television time, biking, swimming or low-impact water aerobics, taking the stairs
instead of the elevator, and walking briskly for five minute increments. In order to monitor
progress an observational model research design was applied and generalized in order to account
for external validity. As follows is a hypothetical make-up of a non-isolated or individual case
study sample.
Within our conjectural study population: subjects will be recruited from the general
population through different healthcare- and non-healthcare settings to ascertain the inclusion of
treatment-seeking and non-treatment-seeking individuals. Healthcare settings included
university based obesity clinics, physician offices and health insurance agencies. Non-healthcare
settings included schools, job centers, and employment agencies. Additionally, clients must
meet the BMI requirements of having extreme obesity BMI ≥35kg/m2 or obesity BMI 30-
34.9kg/m2. Changes in BMI-SDS-Height and weight will be measured with standardized
instruments and Body Mass Index Standard Deviation Score (BMI-SDS) will be calculated.
9. OBESITY; A NATURE VERSUSNURTURE ANALYSIS 9
In conclusion, we found that the evidence for external contributory factors outweigh
internal happenings. Thusly prevention methods that include lifestyle and behavior change
would have a greater impact on the reduction of obesity than pharmacotherapy and surgical
methods. While the findings are in line with our hypothesized environmental variable, inherent
components that cause predispositions or abnormal biological response are not without merit.
That being said, our treatment method is in line with the most promising evidence that increased
physical activity and healthier food consumption can decrease weight. Both of which, are within
an individual’s realm of control.
10. OBESITY; A NATURE VERSUSNURTURE ANALYSIS
10
References
Boutin, P. (2001). Genetics of human obesity. Best Practice & Research Clinical
Endocrinology & Metabolism, 15, 391-404. doi: 10.1053/20010153.
Meisel, S., & Wardle, J. (2013). Responses to FTO genetic test feedback for obesity in a
sample of overweight adults: a qualitative analysis. Genes & Nutrition, 9, 373-376.
doi: 10.1007/s12263-013-0374-2.
Lynch, K., & Kemp, D. (2013). Nature-via-nurture and unravelling causality in evolutionary
genetics. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 29, 2-4. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.10.005.
Sallis, J., Story, M., & Lou, D. (2009). Study Designs and Analytic Strategies for
Environmental and Policy Research on Obesity, Physical Activity, and Diet
Recommendations from a Meeting of Experts. American Journal of Preventive
Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.10.006.
Hendrie, G., Coveney, J., & Cox, D. (2011). Defining the complexity of childhood obesity and
related behaviors within the family environment using structural equation modeling.
Public Heath Nutrition, 15, 48-47. doi: 10.1017/51368980011001832.
Johnson, S. (2012). The U. S. Obesity Epidemic; Causes, Consequences, and Health Provider
Response. Retrieved from www.apa.org.