Case Number 7
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Case Number 7. The case of physician do not heal thyself
Questions
1. Have you recently engaged in risky behaviors such as binge eating, unsafe sex, gambling, drug and substance abuse, or risky driving?
1. How would you describe your relationships with people such as your spouse, friends, neighbors, colleagues, and strangers while considering aspects of anger, irritability, and violence?
1. Do you have a recurring problem of variant moods that result to interpersonal stress, feeling of emptiness, and other challenges that are stress-related and they push you towards suicidal thoughts?
People to speak to
It is crucial to identify the right people to provide essential details for the assessment of the patient. Some of the most important people include the spouses, siblings, family friends, personal friends, and neighbors. Furthermore, the patient’s colleagues can provide important information regarding the behaviors of the patient and help in identifying issues that the patient could be hiding. Speaking to the people to whom the patient exercises authority is important in attaining the true image of the person.
Physical exam and diagnostic test
The disorder is mental, but it can be assessed through physical exams that indicate how the brain is working in relation to actions ( Stahl 2013). Fixing a puzzle would be an effective way of testing the patient and how stable they can be. The other approach is engaging the patient in a physical exercise and observing their participation. Physical exams provide a diagnostic insight to test how the patient relates with others.
Diagnoses
Personality Disorder
Mood Disorder
Depression with psychotic features
Pharmacological agents
Application of antidepressants
Use of antipsychotics
Administering mood-stabilizing drugs
Contradictions or Alterations
It is a complex situation to treat a complex and long-term unstable disorder of mood because the patients experience different emotions even during therapy (Yasuda & Huang 2008). It becomes difficult to separate mood disorder from personality disorder especially for difficult patient like in this case. Furthermore, there are no specific drugs that can be used for treatment without additional therapy since this patient is able to adjust or play with their own treatment as a physician. The mental condition observed in the patient requires a careful approach due to the delicate situations involving suicidal thoughts and aggression.
Lessons Learned
In the case study “The case of physician do not heal thyself,” the lessons include the importance of conducting a complete assessment of the patient and including other people who interact with the patient. It would be more effective to treat such conditions if the patients had stable emotions, but strategic approaches can help to streamline the treatment process ( Stahl 2014b).
References
Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacol.
Running head PROJECT MILESTONE TWO 1.PROJECT MILESTONE.docxtodd581
Running head: PROJECT MILESTONE TWO
1.
PROJECT MILESTONE TWO
6.
Running head: FINAL PROJECT MILESTONE
3.
Southern New Hampshire University
January 6th, 2019
Research question: “Does self-disclosure of the therapist improve eating disorder treatment.”
Hypothesis: Self-disclosure of the therapist improves eating disorder treatment.
Information On Research
The key variables for this research are self-disclosure of the therapist and eating disorder treatment. This research will focus on online research whereby participants will be recruited from an eating disorder charity database. The participants will be asked about the status of their condition and how they feel about having the disorder. The neutral condition will be that the therapists will disclose their sexuality and their feelings towards the patients’ conditions and personality (Marziliano, Pessin, Rosenfeld, & Breitbart, 2018).
Process of Study
The study will continue for two months with the therapists making contact with the participants once every week. These conditions will form the independent variables. The dependent variable would be participants continued to receive positive self-disclosures from the therapist leading to a greater level of patient self-disclosure, which lowered their shame, and encouraged the participants to continue with the treatment process. The participants will also be asked if they have been involved in any treatment before, and how they could describe their therapeutic alliance (Fuertes, Moore, & Ganley, 2018).
A longitudinal study and the rate of drop-out will be used to gather more information about the participants. The collected data will then be analyzed in relation to the independent variables by the end of the study. One of the ethical issues, which will be looked into while conducting the study, is informed consent. Participants will be informed about the purpose of the research and will have the right to participate or not participate in it. Secondly, the research will ensure the privacy and confidentiality of every participant.
Annotated Bibliography:
Secrecy and concealment are typical behaviors in individuals with eating problems. In the article titled “ Self-Disclosure in eating disorders,” researchers examined women with greater related eating issues and determined whether or not, these women would be willing to disclose information. In this study, different types of disclosure were calculated considering the body appearance of the individual and to restrained eating. This article would benefit my research because it provides great information that will confirm my theory and test my hypothesis.
Abstract 1.
Those who suffer from eating disorders are very emotional beings. Often times, some may not feel a need to express their need to not eat foods. Many women become self-conscious about their weight and find it hard to share th.
Running head The Psychological Impact of Diabetes on Adolescents .docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: The Psychological Impact of Diabetes on Adolescents with Obesity and Overweight
The Psychological Impact of Diabetes on Adolescents with Obesity and Overweight 4
The Psychological Impact of Diabetes on Adolescents with Obesity and Overweight
By
The Psychological Impact of Diabetes on Adolescents with Obesity and Overweight
Introduction
Diabetes is known to have a major psychological impact on persons who are overweight or obese. Adolescents with diabetes are at greater risk for emotional and behavioral problems than the general population. These include anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation likely due their immature emotional development. The psychological realm of diabetes has not been studied in a larger dimension. This project evaluates some of the critical aspects of psychological effect of being overweight and obese on students with diabetes.
In recent years, the estimated number of adolescents diagnosed with diabetes has been on the rise. This research might enhance the current body of knowledge in the area. On going review is required to analyze the degree and implication of psychological comorbidities as well as identifying important gaps for future research. There exists the need to identify and evaluate whether the presence of diabetes complicates the psychological problems related to overweight and obesity in adolescents as this will improve nursing intervention and general wellbeing of the student. Students who are obese and overweight are more likely to have increased psychological problems if they also have diabetes than their counterparts who are only obese and overweight.
Background
The selected topic for the capstone project was based on experiences encountered during a high school nursing internship. The interaction with a lot of students who were overweight and obese made one realize that most of them had some aspect of depression. However, the depression seemed more pronounced in students who had concomitant diabetes. Thus, it became important to investigate whether diabetes makes life more unbearable for high school students with overweight and obesity problems by increasing psychological problems and suicidal tendencies.
Clinical Problem Statement
Adolescents in high school are already emotionally disadvantaged as they navigate their psychological development. When their development is compounded by being overweight, obese and concomitant diabetes, it complicates the psychological terrain being navigated. As healthcare professionals, in the school setting, it is important to improve interventional care by responding appropriately to students with psychological issues like negative self- image and other depressive symptoms. The impact of diabetes on psychological development of students with obesity should be investigated as it carries high mortality rates. The presence of diabetes complicates psychological prob.
Running head PROJECT MILESTONE TWO 1.PROJECT MILESTONE.docxtodd581
Running head: PROJECT MILESTONE TWO
1.
PROJECT MILESTONE TWO
6.
Running head: FINAL PROJECT MILESTONE
3.
Southern New Hampshire University
January 6th, 2019
Research question: “Does self-disclosure of the therapist improve eating disorder treatment.”
Hypothesis: Self-disclosure of the therapist improves eating disorder treatment.
Information On Research
The key variables for this research are self-disclosure of the therapist and eating disorder treatment. This research will focus on online research whereby participants will be recruited from an eating disorder charity database. The participants will be asked about the status of their condition and how they feel about having the disorder. The neutral condition will be that the therapists will disclose their sexuality and their feelings towards the patients’ conditions and personality (Marziliano, Pessin, Rosenfeld, & Breitbart, 2018).
Process of Study
The study will continue for two months with the therapists making contact with the participants once every week. These conditions will form the independent variables. The dependent variable would be participants continued to receive positive self-disclosures from the therapist leading to a greater level of patient self-disclosure, which lowered their shame, and encouraged the participants to continue with the treatment process. The participants will also be asked if they have been involved in any treatment before, and how they could describe their therapeutic alliance (Fuertes, Moore, & Ganley, 2018).
A longitudinal study and the rate of drop-out will be used to gather more information about the participants. The collected data will then be analyzed in relation to the independent variables by the end of the study. One of the ethical issues, which will be looked into while conducting the study, is informed consent. Participants will be informed about the purpose of the research and will have the right to participate or not participate in it. Secondly, the research will ensure the privacy and confidentiality of every participant.
Annotated Bibliography:
Secrecy and concealment are typical behaviors in individuals with eating problems. In the article titled “ Self-Disclosure in eating disorders,” researchers examined women with greater related eating issues and determined whether or not, these women would be willing to disclose information. In this study, different types of disclosure were calculated considering the body appearance of the individual and to restrained eating. This article would benefit my research because it provides great information that will confirm my theory and test my hypothesis.
Abstract 1.
Those who suffer from eating disorders are very emotional beings. Often times, some may not feel a need to express their need to not eat foods. Many women become self-conscious about their weight and find it hard to share th.
Running head The Psychological Impact of Diabetes on Adolescents .docxjenkinsmandie
Running head: The Psychological Impact of Diabetes on Adolescents with Obesity and Overweight
The Psychological Impact of Diabetes on Adolescents with Obesity and Overweight 4
The Psychological Impact of Diabetes on Adolescents with Obesity and Overweight
By
The Psychological Impact of Diabetes on Adolescents with Obesity and Overweight
Introduction
Diabetes is known to have a major psychological impact on persons who are overweight or obese. Adolescents with diabetes are at greater risk for emotional and behavioral problems than the general population. These include anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation likely due their immature emotional development. The psychological realm of diabetes has not been studied in a larger dimension. This project evaluates some of the critical aspects of psychological effect of being overweight and obese on students with diabetes.
In recent years, the estimated number of adolescents diagnosed with diabetes has been on the rise. This research might enhance the current body of knowledge in the area. On going review is required to analyze the degree and implication of psychological comorbidities as well as identifying important gaps for future research. There exists the need to identify and evaluate whether the presence of diabetes complicates the psychological problems related to overweight and obesity in adolescents as this will improve nursing intervention and general wellbeing of the student. Students who are obese and overweight are more likely to have increased psychological problems if they also have diabetes than their counterparts who are only obese and overweight.
Background
The selected topic for the capstone project was based on experiences encountered during a high school nursing internship. The interaction with a lot of students who were overweight and obese made one realize that most of them had some aspect of depression. However, the depression seemed more pronounced in students who had concomitant diabetes. Thus, it became important to investigate whether diabetes makes life more unbearable for high school students with overweight and obesity problems by increasing psychological problems and suicidal tendencies.
Clinical Problem Statement
Adolescents in high school are already emotionally disadvantaged as they navigate their psychological development. When their development is compounded by being overweight, obese and concomitant diabetes, it complicates the psychological terrain being navigated. As healthcare professionals, in the school setting, it is important to improve interventional care by responding appropriately to students with psychological issues like negative self- image and other depressive symptoms. The impact of diabetes on psychological development of students with obesity should be investigated as it carries high mortality rates. The presence of diabetes complicates psychological prob.
Running head The Psychological Impact of Diabetes on Adolescents .docxtodd521
Running head: The Psychological Impact of Diabetes on Adolescents with Obesity and Overweight
The Psychological Impact of Diabetes on Adolescents with Obesity and Overweight 4
The Psychological Impact of Diabetes on Adolescents with Obesity and Overweight
By
The Psychological Impact of Diabetes on Adolescents with Obesity and Overweight
Introduction
Diabetes is known to have a major psychological impact on persons who are overweight or obese. Adolescents with diabetes are at greater risk for emotional and behavioral problems than the general population. These include anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation likely due their immature emotional development. The psychological realm of diabetes has not been studied in a larger dimension. This project evaluates some of the critical aspects of psychological effect of being overweight and obese on students with diabetes.
In recent years, the estimated number of adolescents diagnosed with diabetes has been on the rise. This research might enhance the current body of knowledge in the area. On going review is required to analyze the degree and implication of psychological comorbidities as well as identifying important gaps for future research. There exists the need to identify and evaluate whether the presence of diabetes complicates the psychological problems related to overweight and obesity in adolescents as this will improve nursing intervention and general wellbeing of the student. Students who are obese and overweight are more likely to have increased psychological problems if they also have diabetes than their counterparts who are only obese and overweight.
Background
The selected topic for the capstone project was based on experiences encountered during a high school nursing internship. The interaction with a lot of students who were overweight and obese made one realize that most of them had some aspect of depression. However, the depression seemed more pronounced in students who had concomitant diabetes. Thus, it became important to investigate whether diabetes makes life more unbearable for high school students with overweight and obesity problems by increasing psychological problems and suicidal tendencies.
Clinical Problem Statement
Adolescents in high school are already emotionally disadvantaged as they navigate their psychological development. When their development is compounded by being overweight, obese and concomitant diabetes, it complicates the psychological terrain being navigated. As healthcare professionals, in the school setting, it is important to improve interventional care by responding appropriately to students with psychological issues like negative self- image and other depressive symptoms. The impact of diabetes on psychological development of students with obesity should be investigated as it carries high mortality rates. The presence of diabetes complicates psychological prob.
Running head LITERATURE REVIEW 1LITERATURE REVIEW 5.docxcowinhelen
Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW 1
LITERATURE REVIEW 5
Literature Review
Name:
Institution:
Literature Review (Childhood Obesity)
Childhood Obesity describes attainments of weight beyond the normal body mass index ration leading to the vulnerability in lines. In the study, the use of article will facilitate the process. As noted, the researcher of the material sought to evaluate the factors that contribute to obesity in children. Their study focused on dieting and physical exercise as the primary factors that contribute to obesity. The researchers commenced the process by identifying the research question, proceeded with instruments then selected the design before engaging the target population to validate the research hypothesis. The target group for the study comprised of children aged below 12 years. They included children from a different racial background. Both boys and girls featured in the study. The researcher hypothesized the cause of obesity with the motive of encouraging the adaptation of intervention programs. The study prioritized preventive measures with the intent of decreasing cases of obesity in children in less than six months.
The literature for study includes article 1, 2, 3 and 4. Article 5, 6, 7 and 8 also featured in the study. The research sought to evaluate the prevailing trends concerning the wellness of the children using a collection of questions. The first article by Bleich, Segal, Wu, and Wilson& Wang sought to evaluate the role of community-based prevention. The second article by Tester et al examined the characteristics of the condition in children aged between 2 and 5. The third article by Cunningham, Kramer, & Narayan quantified the prevalence of the condition. Arthur, Scharf, and DeBoer’s fourth sought to evaluate the role of food insecurity in the contraction of obesity. The fifth and sixth Fetter et al and Lydecke, Riley, & Grilo examined the role of physical activity and parenting subsequently. The exploration of the implication of the limitation of the dietary behavior of the micro levels of the condition and parents understanding on the condition featured in the seventh and eight articles composed by Marcum, et al, and Vollmer respectively.
The sample population for the study in the first article comprised of the young population in homes school and care setting. The second article engaged children aged between 2 and 5 years. The third article engaged 7738 participants comprising of learners in kindergarten. The group in the early childhood stage featured in the fourth article as the sample population for the study seeking to investigate cases of obesity. The sample differed from the group engaged in the fifth and sixth article. The category interviewed comprised of the parents of the youth and pre-adolescents, the seventh and eight articles engaged the mothers of the children and the fathers averaging 35 years of white origin.
The limitation of the first article is that the resear ...
Research poster: Community-based Research to Address Asthma Management and Prevention. Read the full story: http://sc-ctsi.org/index.php/news-dev/the-most-powerful-weapon-against-asthma-is-education#.UeNOeWRARhU
View the booklet now "What you can do about your child's asthma" - http://sc-ctsi.org/assets/asthma/flash-booklet/
This SC CTSI-supported study was developed by: Marisela Robles, MS; Katrina Kubicek, MA; Michele D. Kipke, PhD - SC Clinical and Translational Science Institute and Children’s Hospital Los Angeles; Neal Richman, PhD; Saba Firoozi, MPH - BREATHE California of Los Angeles County; Charlene Chen, MHS; Hannah Valino, MPH - COPE Health Solutions.
Learn more about SC CTSI at USC and CHLA: http://sc-ctsi.org/
Causal relationships between risk estimates and alcohol consumptio.docxcravennichole326
Causal relationships between risk estimates and alcohol consumption must be made cautiously as most studies have used a cross-sectional methodology, poor definitions of alcohol use, and inadequate assessments of risk perceptions. Despite a lack of evidence, the concept of adolescent “invulnerability” remains pervasive in both scientific and lay circles, is used to explain adolescents' decisions to engage in a potentially harmful behavior and is incorporated into many intervention programs (Fell, et al., 2015). Longitudinal, prospective studies are needed to understand fully the extent to which perceptions of low risk predict and motivate alcohol use.
I. Perceptions of Alcohol-Related Benefits:
An emphasis on perceived risk alone may be inadequate to predict or change behavior because a risk is only part of the behavioral decision-making equation. What is missing knows the extent to which adolescents perceive benefits of risky behaviors. The decision literature has argued that individuals should consider both the risks and benefits when making decisions. In addition, alcohol expectancy researchers have found that perceived benefits, in addition to perceived risks, are significant predictors of drinking behavior. More recently, Goldberg and colleagues (2002) concluded that, regardless of age, participants with more drinking experience perceived benefits to be more likely to occur, and risks less likely (Grube & Voas, 2014).
Indeed, adolescents' reasons for drinking alcohol often include an acknowledgment or identification of alcohol-related benefits, such as alcohol being used in social interactions to help them to reduce inhibitions, feel more relaxed reduce tension, foster courage, and reduce worry. Attachment theories are based on the view that human beings have an intrinsic and universal desire to be accepted by others. Parent attachment is broadly conceptualized as the overall level of parental responsiveness toward the offspring.
The youth’s internalization of the security of attachment is expected to be imprinted heuristically through interaction with the caregiver, in time becoming relatively resistant to change, showing enduring effects across the lifespan (Miller, et al., 2010). Through the formation of secure bonds to parents, children acquire a robust internal working model of themselves and others.
Youth with secure attachment to parents develop the skills necessary to regulate their Attachment emotional theories are based on the view that human beings have an intrinsic and universal desire to be accepted by others. Parent attachment is broadly conceptualized as the overall level of parental responsiveness toward the offspring (Foster, et al., 2013).
The youth’s internalization of the security of attachment is expected to be imprinted heuristically through interaction with the caregiver, in time becoming relatively resistant to change, showing enduring effects across the lifespan. Through the formation of ...
1ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR SEDENTARY LIFESTYLESTHESE ARE.docxhyacinthshackley2629
1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR SEDENTARY LIFESTYLES
THESE ARE THE INSTRUCTORS REMARKS AFTER GRADING AND GIVING ME A ZERO/100. PLEASE CORRECT THIS DOCUMENT FOR ME. THANKS.
I HAVE ALSO ATTACHED A Turnitin Report in pdf format.
Hi, Jude. Your Turnitin report showed that 74% of your draft matches sources that were not cited properly. Please review the plagiarism tutorial in the syllabus, and review the APA materials on how to cite sources. Paraphrase your sources whenever possible; this shows you understand the material and can restate it in your own words. This also enables you to claim ownership of the language while still giving credit for the ideas. When you use source material verbatim, make sure to place it in quotation marks. Avoid copying and pasting large chunks of text. Even if you include proper citations, your essay will lack originality. Please review the attached Turnitin report so you can see which sections need attention. I will review your draft and update your score once you've rewritten it in your own words and cited sources properly. Please note the late policy in the syllabus. Let me know if you have any questions. Thanks.
Annotated Bibliography for Sedentary Lifestyles
Jude Kum
DeVry University
Sedentary lifestyle is predominant in our everyday life be it in workplace, school, social or homes and the fact is we have got accustomed to sitting down and doing many things forgetting the impact this is causing to our health. People fail to realize how valuable exercise is in their life and especially in improving their health and well-being. Sitting down on the computer with all focused attention and forgetting that we need to get up and even eat cause problems to many people.
Guedes, N.G., Lopes, M.V., Leite de Araujo, T. Moreira, R.P. and Martins, L.C. G. (2010). Predictive Factors of the Nursing Diagnosis Sedentary Lifestyle in People with High Blood Pressure. Public Health Nursing. Vol. 28 No. 2, p. 193-200. Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The research question for the study conducted by Guesdes, et al (2010) is based on the following: 1.what is the result of the defining characteristics and related factors of sedentary lifestyle diagnosis in patients with high blood pressure? 2. What are the predictive value and possible predictors of the nursing diagnosis sedentary lifestyle in patients with high blood pressure? The study looked at the validation of diagnostic groupings of the population being studied including aspects of their clinical situations. The study looked at diagnosis resulting from insufficient physical activity, intolerance of activity, fatigue, impaired physical mobility, self-care deficit.
My assessment: Using this article, I will bring out the important indicators and useful predictors for identification of sedentary lifestyle; demonstrated the benefits of physical fitness, verbalized preferences for activities that are to accomplish real training or exercises. I will point out appr.
Obesity is quickly becoming one of the most common chronic.docxhopeaustin33688
Obesity is quickly becoming one of the most common chronic diseases among children. These rates have increased at an alarming rate and is a major public health problem because of related physical and psychological comorbidities, including type II diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and mental health disorders. Dramatic increase in the number of overweight and obese children in recent years.
Studies indicate that children's lives may be shortened as a result of this alarming health problem. Estimates state that for any degree of overweight/obesity, younger adults (20-30 years of age) may have greater years of life lost due to obesity than older adults. Childhood obesity has been determined to be an independent risk factor for adult overweight/obesity.
To combat childhood obesity, there is a great need for public health interventions as well as education parents regarding childhood obesity and its consequences. Parents differ on causation of obesity, and differ in focus on nutrition and physical exercise. Many parents in the research do not see obesity as a barrier to physical activity. The parents need to recognize their child as overweight. Prevention is the most effective method for dealing with this growing health concern. The evidence reviewed, confirmed that family-centered interventions were associated with short-term reduction in obesity and improved medical parameters. The goal should be to involve community resources and provider referrals. Nurse Practitioners have a unique role in being the best facilitators to deliver health messages and are able to educate parents and increase awareness about the causes and consequences of childhood obesity.
Parents of young children need to interact with their child's primary healthcare provider for health advice and preventive health information during regularly scheduled physical examinations. It is up to the parents of these young children to combat intervention strategies such as:
a combination of nutritional and activity information, a cognitive-behavioral aspect to the intervention parent-directed activities
limiting sedentary child behaviors, provide positive approaches with children by parents and practitioners (e.g., emphasize positive rewards for healthy behaviors, encourage self-efficacy)
Future research is required to identify moderators and mediators to produce enduring changes in weight status of children.
The Objective was to determine in children who are at risk for becoming overweight or obese, does education with parental involvement on exercise and nutrition compared to individual education with the child alone decrease the risk of developing obesity and the health problems associated with obesity?
(P) In overweight, obese, or at risk young children (2-18years of age) Is family centered education/treatment interventions
(C) versus control or comparison interventions
(O) more effective in decreasing childhood obesity and compli.
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L ERelationship Between Frequenc.docxcatheryncouper
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E
Relationship Between Frequency and
Intensity of Physical Activity and Health
Behaviors of Adolescents
TONY T. DELISLE, MSa
CHUDLEY E. WERCH, PhDb
ALVIN H. WONG, MS, CHESc
HUI BIAN, PhDd
ROBERT WEILER, PhD, MPHe
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: While studies have determined the importance of physical activity in
advancing health outcomes, relatively few have explored the relationship between
exercise and various health behaviors of adolescents. The purpose of this study is to
examine the relationship between frequency and intensity of physical activity and both
health risk and health promoting behaviors of adolescents.
METHODS:
Data were collected from 822 students attending a large, diverse suburban high school
in northeast Florida using a self-administered survey. Multivariate analysis of variance
(MANOVA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests examined differences on mean
health behavior measures on 3 exercise frequency levels (low, medium, and high) and
2 intensity levels (vigorous physical activity [VPA] and moderate physical activity [MPA]).
RESULTS: Results showed adolescents engaged in high levels of VPA used marijuana
less frequently (p = .05) and reported heavy use of marijuana less frequently (p = .03);
consumed greater numbers of healthy carbohydrates (p < .001) and healthy fats in their
diets (p < .001); used stress management techniques more frequently (p < .001); and
reported a higher quality of sleep (p = .01) than those engaged in low levels of VPA.
Fewer differences were found on frequency of MPA and health behaviors of adolescents.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that adolescents who frequently participate
in VPA may be less likely to engage in drug use, and more likely to participate in a
number of health promoting behaviors. Longitudinal and experimental studies are
needed to determine what role frequent VPA may play in the onset and maintenance of
health enhancing and protecting behaviors among adolescent populations.
Keywords: adolescent health; physical fitness; health behaviors.
Citation: Delisle TT, Werch CE, Wong AH, Bian H, Weiler R. Relationship between
frequency and intensity of physical activity and health behaviors of adolescents. J Sch
Health. 2010; 80: 134-140.
Received August 13, 2008
Accepted July 9, 2009
aGraduate Assistant/Doctoral Student, ([email protected]), Department of Health Education and Behavior, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida,
Florida Gymnasium Room 5, Gainesville, FL 32611.
bProfessor and Director, ([email protected]), Addictive & Health Behaviors Research Institute, University of Florida, 7800 Belfort Parkway, Suite 270, Jacksonville, FL 32256.
cResearch Assistant, ([email protected]), Addictive & Health Behaviors Research Institute, University of Florida, 7800 Belfort Parkway, Suite 270, Jacksonville, FL 32256.
dCoordinator, ([email protected]), Data Management and Analysis, Addictive & Health Behaviors Research Institute, U ...
Take a look at this dnp capstone project sample and discover what is correct format of it. FOr more info check this site. https://www.capstonepaper.net/our-capstone-papers/capstone-nursing-paper-writing-services/
This essay is the first in a series of three essays that will deal.docxchristalgrieg
This essay is the first in a series of three essays that will deal with a single issue or event in the world today. In this essay, you will be explaining the facts of your event or issue, not presenting the various perspectives or your own personal view on your issue. This is the place where you present a view of the data the upcoming perspectives are based on.
You may choose to approach this assignment in one of several ways, depending on your issue. You may choose to present a timeline of events leading up to present day. You may choose to present the basic concepts on which your issue rests. You may choose to combine these approaches. However you approach this assignment, you need to remember to retain an empirical stance while striving to present your data in a unique, interesting way.
Some tips to completing this assignment successfully:
· Try to find a unique angle or presentation for you issue in order to engage the reader.
· Focus on one aspect of your broad issue--you're going for depth, not breadth of coverage
· Remember to stick to an empirical stance. You will have the chance to present the different sides of your issue, as well as your own position, at a later date.
This essay must be at least 4 pages long, set in Times New Roman font with 1-inch margins. Your text must be double-spaced and you must use MLA format. Also, remember to cite all information that you cull from outside sources.
Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW 1
LITERATURE REVIEW 2
Literature Review: Childhood Obesity
Student’s name
Institution
Date
Literature Review: Childhood Obesity
The prevalence of childhood obesity in the United States has increased at such a rapid rate that this has been considered a serious healthcare issue. This issue has attracted the attention of policy makers, government agencies, and the community. Due to the extent of the problem, a large number of researchers have investigated a number of factors relating to childhood obesity. One of the factors that have been investigated is the impact of changing the attitudes of the patients towards obesity and lifestyle factors that cause a risk factor. In this study, the main factor being investigated is the impact of education on exercise and diet on patients who have a BMI of more than 30. The following is a summary of a review of the literature used to determine the impact of educating patients on exercise and diet changes.
Comparison of Research Questions
Most of the literature analyzed for this study focuses on the intervention strategies for childhood obesity. Cheung et al. seeks to understand the extent of the childhood obesity in America. The research asks about the incidence of childhood obesity in America in a bid to demonstrate the extent of the problem.
Ickes et al. (2014) research question compares the intervention strategies used in the American schools and international ones. The main aim of this study is to determine the gaps in the intervention used in American school ...
Running head NUTRITION1NUTRITION 8Nutriti.docxtodd581
Running head: NUTRITION 1
NUTRITION 8
Nutrition
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
Nutrition
Introduction/Key Points
Topic and Question
Topic five: Interventions to improve additional nutritional status: What type of interventions improve adherence to recommendations on nutritional intake?
Define the Topic and Question
This topic question is defined by interventions to enhance adherence to dietary advice for preventing and managing chronic diseases in adults. By introducing these interventions earlier, it will be possible to prevent people from being affected by chronic diseases.
Overview/Significance of the Problem
The acceptance and implementation of a healthy diet has been recognized as the foundation for managing, preventing, and fighting chronic diseases. However, the inability to be dynamic and diversify one’s life diet can lead to significant problems. It is also vital that people know that people acknowledge the importance of obeying dietary counsel since one’s adherence level can determine the efficiency of dietary treatment. The ability of one to diversify his diet reduces the risk of developing food allergy and intolerance (Ball et al., 2016). Additionally, the lack of education has been mostly associated with a poor quality and less diversified diet in people with diabetes (Tiew, Chan, Lye & Loke, 2014). It is, therefore, evident how the ability to diversify and be dynamic on one’s diet improves the nutritional status.
Article Search
Current and Credible Sources
When searching for my article, I established the Chamberlain Library as an essential tool to assist during the search. I started with my electronic database known as CINHAL where I successfully found the article.
Database search-terms and methods/ Number of articles located
While I was searching for the article, among the terms that I used was; what type of interventions improve adherence to recommendations on nutritional intake? The search provided me with 1,123 articles to refer from. Other search terms that I used were compliance, telemedicine, nutrition, dietary intervention, chronic disease, and adults. The types of articles were limited to be from the Chamberlain Library, written in English, academic journals, descriptive statistics, and full-text peer-reviewed articles. The publication year on the search filter was restricted to 2015 to 2020 to provide the most recent data.
List additional sources outside of ATI module
Main article, “Understanding the nutrition care needs of patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes: a need for open communication and patient-focused consultations,” written by (Ball et al., 2016). Another article is “Factors Associated with Dietary Diversity Score among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,” published by (Tiew, Chan, Lye & Loke, 2014). Another article is “Prevent Type 2 Diabetes in Kids” by (CDC, 2017).
Article Findings
Why this article?
I chose this article because it has been well.
Running head NUTRITION1NUTRITION 8Nutriti.docxglendar3
Running head: NUTRITION 1
NUTRITION 8
Nutrition
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
Nutrition
Introduction/Key Points
Topic and Question
Topic five: Interventions to improve additional nutritional status: What type of interventions improve adherence to recommendations on nutritional intake?
Define the Topic and Question
This topic question is defined by interventions to enhance adherence to dietary advice for preventing and managing chronic diseases in adults. By introducing these interventions earlier, it will be possible to prevent people from being affected by chronic diseases.
Overview/Significance of the Problem
The acceptance and implementation of a healthy diet has been recognized as the foundation for managing, preventing, and fighting chronic diseases. However, the inability to be dynamic and diversify one’s life diet can lead to significant problems. It is also vital that people know that people acknowledge the importance of obeying dietary counsel since one’s adherence level can determine the efficiency of dietary treatment. The ability of one to diversify his diet reduces the risk of developing food allergy and intolerance (Ball et al., 2016). Additionally, the lack of education has been mostly associated with a poor quality and less diversified diet in people with diabetes (Tiew, Chan, Lye & Loke, 2014). It is, therefore, evident how the ability to diversify and be dynamic on one’s diet improves the nutritional status.
Article Search
Current and Credible Sources
When searching for my article, I established the Chamberlain Library as an essential tool to assist during the search. I started with my electronic database known as CINHAL where I successfully found the article.
Database search-terms and methods/ Number of articles located
While I was searching for the article, among the terms that I used was; what type of interventions improve adherence to recommendations on nutritional intake? The search provided me with 1,123 articles to refer from. Other search terms that I used were compliance, telemedicine, nutrition, dietary intervention, chronic disease, and adults. The types of articles were limited to be from the Chamberlain Library, written in English, academic journals, descriptive statistics, and full-text peer-reviewed articles. The publication year on the search filter was restricted to 2015 to 2020 to provide the most recent data.
List additional sources outside of ATI module
Main article, “Understanding the nutrition care needs of patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes: a need for open communication and patient-focused consultations,” written by (Ball et al., 2016). Another article is “Factors Associated with Dietary Diversity Score among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,” published by (Tiew, Chan, Lye & Loke, 2014). Another article is “Prevent Type 2 Diabetes in Kids” by (CDC, 2017).
Article Findings
Why this article?
I chose this article because it has been well.
Running head: NUTRITION 1
NUTRITION 8
Nutrition
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
Nutrition
Introduction/Key Points
Topic and Question
Topic five: Interventions to improve additional nutritional status: What type of interventions improve adherence to recommendations on nutritional intake?
Define the Topic and Question
This topic question is defined by interventions to enhance adherence to dietary advice for preventing and managing chronic diseases in adults. By introducing these interventions earlier, it will be possible to prevent people from being affected by chronic diseases.
Overview/Significance of the Problem
The acceptance and implementation of a healthy diet has been recognized as the foundation for managing, preventing, and fighting chronic diseases. However, the inability to be dynamic and diversify one’s life diet can lead to significant problems. It is also vital that people know that people acknowledge the importance of obeying dietary counsel since one’s adherence level can determine the efficiency of dietary treatment. The ability of one to diversify his diet reduces the risk of developing food allergy and intolerance (Ball et al., 2016). Additionally, the lack of education has been mostly associated with a poor quality and less diversified diet in people with diabetes (Tiew, Chan, Lye & Loke, 2014). It is, therefore, evident how the ability to diversify and be dynamic on one’s diet improves the nutritional status.
Article Search
Current and Credible Sources
When searching for my article, I established the Chamberlain Library as an essential tool to assist during the search. I started with my electronic database known as CINHAL where I successfully found the article.
Database search-terms and methods/ Number of articles located
While I was searching for the article, among the terms that I used was; what type of interventions improve adherence to recommendations on nutritional intake? The search provided me with 1,123 articles to refer from. Other search terms that I used were compliance, telemedicine, nutrition, dietary intervention, chronic disease, and adults. The types of articles were limited to be from the Chamberlain Library, written in English, academic journals, descriptive statistics, and full-text peer-reviewed articles. The publication year on the search filter was restricted to 2015 to 2020 to provide the most recent data.
List additional sources outside of ATI module
Main article, “Understanding the nutrition care needs of patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes: a need for open communication and patient-focused consultations,” written by (Ball et al., 2016). Another article is “Factors Associated with Dietary Diversity Score among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,” published by (Tiew, Chan, Lye & Loke, 2014). Another article is “Prevent Type 2 Diabetes in Kids” by (CDC, 2017).
Article Findings
Why this article?
I chose this article because it has been well ...
CASE STUDY 2.1 W. L. Gore and AssociatesHe was ready for anythi.docxdewhirstichabod
CASE STUDY 2.1: W. L. Gore and Associates
He was ready for anything—or so he thought. Dressed in his finest and armed with an MBA degree fresh off the press, Jack Dougherty walked in for his first day of work at Newark, Delaware–based W. L. Gore and Associates, the global fluoropolymer technology and manufacturing giant that is best known as the maker of Gore-Tex.
But it turned out he wasn’t ready for this: “Why don’t you look around and find something you’d like to do,” founder and CEO Bill Gore said to him after a quick introduction. Although many things have changed over the course of W. L. Gore and Associates’ 50+ years in business, the late Gore stuck to his principles regarding organizational structure (or lack thereof), a legacy he passed down to subsequent generations of management. Gore wasn’t fond of thick layers of formal management, which he believed smothered individual creativity. According to Gore, “A lattice (flat) organization is one that involves direct transactions, self-commitment, natural leadership, and lacks assigned or assumed authority.”
In the 1930s, Gore received a bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering and a master’s degree in physical chemistry. During his career, he worked on a team to develop applications for polytetraflurothylene (PTFE), commonly known as Teflon. Through this experience, Gore discovered a sense of excited commitment, personal fulfillment, and self-direction, which he yearned to share with others. Spending nights tinkering in his own workshop, he did what he had previously thought to be impossible: he created a PTFE-coated ribbon cable. It occurred to Gore that he might be able to start his own business producing his invention, so he left his stable career of 17 years, borrowed money, and drained his savings. Though his friends advised him against taking such a risk, W. L. Gore and Associates was born in January 1958. The basement of the Gore home was the company’s first facility.
Although no longer operating from a family basement (Gore boasts more than $3 billion in annual sales and 9,000 employees in more than 45 facilities worldwide), the sense of informality has stuck. “It absolutely is less efficient upfront,” said Terri Kelly, chief executive of W. L. Gore. (Her title is one of the few at the company.) “[But] once you have the organization behind it . . . the buy-in and the execution happens quickly,” she added.
Structure and Management of Unstructure and Unmanagement
Even as Gore started to grow, the company continued to resist titles and hierarchy. It had no mission statement, no ethics statement, and no conventional structures typical of companies of the same size. The only formal titles were “chief executive” and “secretary-treasurer”—those required by law for corporations. There were also no rules that business units within the company couldn’t create such structures, and so some of them did create their own mission statements and such. Many called Gore’s management style “unmanag.
Running head The Psychological Impact of Diabetes on Adolescents .docxtodd521
Running head: The Psychological Impact of Diabetes on Adolescents with Obesity and Overweight
The Psychological Impact of Diabetes on Adolescents with Obesity and Overweight 4
The Psychological Impact of Diabetes on Adolescents with Obesity and Overweight
By
The Psychological Impact of Diabetes on Adolescents with Obesity and Overweight
Introduction
Diabetes is known to have a major psychological impact on persons who are overweight or obese. Adolescents with diabetes are at greater risk for emotional and behavioral problems than the general population. These include anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation likely due their immature emotional development. The psychological realm of diabetes has not been studied in a larger dimension. This project evaluates some of the critical aspects of psychological effect of being overweight and obese on students with diabetes.
In recent years, the estimated number of adolescents diagnosed with diabetes has been on the rise. This research might enhance the current body of knowledge in the area. On going review is required to analyze the degree and implication of psychological comorbidities as well as identifying important gaps for future research. There exists the need to identify and evaluate whether the presence of diabetes complicates the psychological problems related to overweight and obesity in adolescents as this will improve nursing intervention and general wellbeing of the student. Students who are obese and overweight are more likely to have increased psychological problems if they also have diabetes than their counterparts who are only obese and overweight.
Background
The selected topic for the capstone project was based on experiences encountered during a high school nursing internship. The interaction with a lot of students who were overweight and obese made one realize that most of them had some aspect of depression. However, the depression seemed more pronounced in students who had concomitant diabetes. Thus, it became important to investigate whether diabetes makes life more unbearable for high school students with overweight and obesity problems by increasing psychological problems and suicidal tendencies.
Clinical Problem Statement
Adolescents in high school are already emotionally disadvantaged as they navigate their psychological development. When their development is compounded by being overweight, obese and concomitant diabetes, it complicates the psychological terrain being navigated. As healthcare professionals, in the school setting, it is important to improve interventional care by responding appropriately to students with psychological issues like negative self- image and other depressive symptoms. The impact of diabetes on psychological development of students with obesity should be investigated as it carries high mortality rates. The presence of diabetes complicates psychological prob.
Running head LITERATURE REVIEW 1LITERATURE REVIEW 5.docxcowinhelen
Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW 1
LITERATURE REVIEW 5
Literature Review
Name:
Institution:
Literature Review (Childhood Obesity)
Childhood Obesity describes attainments of weight beyond the normal body mass index ration leading to the vulnerability in lines. In the study, the use of article will facilitate the process. As noted, the researcher of the material sought to evaluate the factors that contribute to obesity in children. Their study focused on dieting and physical exercise as the primary factors that contribute to obesity. The researchers commenced the process by identifying the research question, proceeded with instruments then selected the design before engaging the target population to validate the research hypothesis. The target group for the study comprised of children aged below 12 years. They included children from a different racial background. Both boys and girls featured in the study. The researcher hypothesized the cause of obesity with the motive of encouraging the adaptation of intervention programs. The study prioritized preventive measures with the intent of decreasing cases of obesity in children in less than six months.
The literature for study includes article 1, 2, 3 and 4. Article 5, 6, 7 and 8 also featured in the study. The research sought to evaluate the prevailing trends concerning the wellness of the children using a collection of questions. The first article by Bleich, Segal, Wu, and Wilson& Wang sought to evaluate the role of community-based prevention. The second article by Tester et al examined the characteristics of the condition in children aged between 2 and 5. The third article by Cunningham, Kramer, & Narayan quantified the prevalence of the condition. Arthur, Scharf, and DeBoer’s fourth sought to evaluate the role of food insecurity in the contraction of obesity. The fifth and sixth Fetter et al and Lydecke, Riley, & Grilo examined the role of physical activity and parenting subsequently. The exploration of the implication of the limitation of the dietary behavior of the micro levels of the condition and parents understanding on the condition featured in the seventh and eight articles composed by Marcum, et al, and Vollmer respectively.
The sample population for the study in the first article comprised of the young population in homes school and care setting. The second article engaged children aged between 2 and 5 years. The third article engaged 7738 participants comprising of learners in kindergarten. The group in the early childhood stage featured in the fourth article as the sample population for the study seeking to investigate cases of obesity. The sample differed from the group engaged in the fifth and sixth article. The category interviewed comprised of the parents of the youth and pre-adolescents, the seventh and eight articles engaged the mothers of the children and the fathers averaging 35 years of white origin.
The limitation of the first article is that the resear ...
Research poster: Community-based Research to Address Asthma Management and Prevention. Read the full story: http://sc-ctsi.org/index.php/news-dev/the-most-powerful-weapon-against-asthma-is-education#.UeNOeWRARhU
View the booklet now "What you can do about your child's asthma" - http://sc-ctsi.org/assets/asthma/flash-booklet/
This SC CTSI-supported study was developed by: Marisela Robles, MS; Katrina Kubicek, MA; Michele D. Kipke, PhD - SC Clinical and Translational Science Institute and Children’s Hospital Los Angeles; Neal Richman, PhD; Saba Firoozi, MPH - BREATHE California of Los Angeles County; Charlene Chen, MHS; Hannah Valino, MPH - COPE Health Solutions.
Learn more about SC CTSI at USC and CHLA: http://sc-ctsi.org/
Causal relationships between risk estimates and alcohol consumptio.docxcravennichole326
Causal relationships between risk estimates and alcohol consumption must be made cautiously as most studies have used a cross-sectional methodology, poor definitions of alcohol use, and inadequate assessments of risk perceptions. Despite a lack of evidence, the concept of adolescent “invulnerability” remains pervasive in both scientific and lay circles, is used to explain adolescents' decisions to engage in a potentially harmful behavior and is incorporated into many intervention programs (Fell, et al., 2015). Longitudinal, prospective studies are needed to understand fully the extent to which perceptions of low risk predict and motivate alcohol use.
I. Perceptions of Alcohol-Related Benefits:
An emphasis on perceived risk alone may be inadequate to predict or change behavior because a risk is only part of the behavioral decision-making equation. What is missing knows the extent to which adolescents perceive benefits of risky behaviors. The decision literature has argued that individuals should consider both the risks and benefits when making decisions. In addition, alcohol expectancy researchers have found that perceived benefits, in addition to perceived risks, are significant predictors of drinking behavior. More recently, Goldberg and colleagues (2002) concluded that, regardless of age, participants with more drinking experience perceived benefits to be more likely to occur, and risks less likely (Grube & Voas, 2014).
Indeed, adolescents' reasons for drinking alcohol often include an acknowledgment or identification of alcohol-related benefits, such as alcohol being used in social interactions to help them to reduce inhibitions, feel more relaxed reduce tension, foster courage, and reduce worry. Attachment theories are based on the view that human beings have an intrinsic and universal desire to be accepted by others. Parent attachment is broadly conceptualized as the overall level of parental responsiveness toward the offspring.
The youth’s internalization of the security of attachment is expected to be imprinted heuristically through interaction with the caregiver, in time becoming relatively resistant to change, showing enduring effects across the lifespan (Miller, et al., 2010). Through the formation of secure bonds to parents, children acquire a robust internal working model of themselves and others.
Youth with secure attachment to parents develop the skills necessary to regulate their Attachment emotional theories are based on the view that human beings have an intrinsic and universal desire to be accepted by others. Parent attachment is broadly conceptualized as the overall level of parental responsiveness toward the offspring (Foster, et al., 2013).
The youth’s internalization of the security of attachment is expected to be imprinted heuristically through interaction with the caregiver, in time becoming relatively resistant to change, showing enduring effects across the lifespan. Through the formation of ...
1ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR SEDENTARY LIFESTYLESTHESE ARE.docxhyacinthshackley2629
1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR SEDENTARY LIFESTYLES
THESE ARE THE INSTRUCTORS REMARKS AFTER GRADING AND GIVING ME A ZERO/100. PLEASE CORRECT THIS DOCUMENT FOR ME. THANKS.
I HAVE ALSO ATTACHED A Turnitin Report in pdf format.
Hi, Jude. Your Turnitin report showed that 74% of your draft matches sources that were not cited properly. Please review the plagiarism tutorial in the syllabus, and review the APA materials on how to cite sources. Paraphrase your sources whenever possible; this shows you understand the material and can restate it in your own words. This also enables you to claim ownership of the language while still giving credit for the ideas. When you use source material verbatim, make sure to place it in quotation marks. Avoid copying and pasting large chunks of text. Even if you include proper citations, your essay will lack originality. Please review the attached Turnitin report so you can see which sections need attention. I will review your draft and update your score once you've rewritten it in your own words and cited sources properly. Please note the late policy in the syllabus. Let me know if you have any questions. Thanks.
Annotated Bibliography for Sedentary Lifestyles
Jude Kum
DeVry University
Sedentary lifestyle is predominant in our everyday life be it in workplace, school, social or homes and the fact is we have got accustomed to sitting down and doing many things forgetting the impact this is causing to our health. People fail to realize how valuable exercise is in their life and especially in improving their health and well-being. Sitting down on the computer with all focused attention and forgetting that we need to get up and even eat cause problems to many people.
Guedes, N.G., Lopes, M.V., Leite de Araujo, T. Moreira, R.P. and Martins, L.C. G. (2010). Predictive Factors of the Nursing Diagnosis Sedentary Lifestyle in People with High Blood Pressure. Public Health Nursing. Vol. 28 No. 2, p. 193-200. Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The research question for the study conducted by Guesdes, et al (2010) is based on the following: 1.what is the result of the defining characteristics and related factors of sedentary lifestyle diagnosis in patients with high blood pressure? 2. What are the predictive value and possible predictors of the nursing diagnosis sedentary lifestyle in patients with high blood pressure? The study looked at the validation of diagnostic groupings of the population being studied including aspects of their clinical situations. The study looked at diagnosis resulting from insufficient physical activity, intolerance of activity, fatigue, impaired physical mobility, self-care deficit.
My assessment: Using this article, I will bring out the important indicators and useful predictors for identification of sedentary lifestyle; demonstrated the benefits of physical fitness, verbalized preferences for activities that are to accomplish real training or exercises. I will point out appr.
Obesity is quickly becoming one of the most common chronic.docxhopeaustin33688
Obesity is quickly becoming one of the most common chronic diseases among children. These rates have increased at an alarming rate and is a major public health problem because of related physical and psychological comorbidities, including type II diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and mental health disorders. Dramatic increase in the number of overweight and obese children in recent years.
Studies indicate that children's lives may be shortened as a result of this alarming health problem. Estimates state that for any degree of overweight/obesity, younger adults (20-30 years of age) may have greater years of life lost due to obesity than older adults. Childhood obesity has been determined to be an independent risk factor for adult overweight/obesity.
To combat childhood obesity, there is a great need for public health interventions as well as education parents regarding childhood obesity and its consequences. Parents differ on causation of obesity, and differ in focus on nutrition and physical exercise. Many parents in the research do not see obesity as a barrier to physical activity. The parents need to recognize their child as overweight. Prevention is the most effective method for dealing with this growing health concern. The evidence reviewed, confirmed that family-centered interventions were associated with short-term reduction in obesity and improved medical parameters. The goal should be to involve community resources and provider referrals. Nurse Practitioners have a unique role in being the best facilitators to deliver health messages and are able to educate parents and increase awareness about the causes and consequences of childhood obesity.
Parents of young children need to interact with their child's primary healthcare provider for health advice and preventive health information during regularly scheduled physical examinations. It is up to the parents of these young children to combat intervention strategies such as:
a combination of nutritional and activity information, a cognitive-behavioral aspect to the intervention parent-directed activities
limiting sedentary child behaviors, provide positive approaches with children by parents and practitioners (e.g., emphasize positive rewards for healthy behaviors, encourage self-efficacy)
Future research is required to identify moderators and mediators to produce enduring changes in weight status of children.
The Objective was to determine in children who are at risk for becoming overweight or obese, does education with parental involvement on exercise and nutrition compared to individual education with the child alone decrease the risk of developing obesity and the health problems associated with obesity?
(P) In overweight, obese, or at risk young children (2-18years of age) Is family centered education/treatment interventions
(C) versus control or comparison interventions
(O) more effective in decreasing childhood obesity and compli.
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L ERelationship Between Frequenc.docxcatheryncouper
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E
Relationship Between Frequency and
Intensity of Physical Activity and Health
Behaviors of Adolescents
TONY T. DELISLE, MSa
CHUDLEY E. WERCH, PhDb
ALVIN H. WONG, MS, CHESc
HUI BIAN, PhDd
ROBERT WEILER, PhD, MPHe
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: While studies have determined the importance of physical activity in
advancing health outcomes, relatively few have explored the relationship between
exercise and various health behaviors of adolescents. The purpose of this study is to
examine the relationship between frequency and intensity of physical activity and both
health risk and health promoting behaviors of adolescents.
METHODS:
Data were collected from 822 students attending a large, diverse suburban high school
in northeast Florida using a self-administered survey. Multivariate analysis of variance
(MANOVA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests examined differences on mean
health behavior measures on 3 exercise frequency levels (low, medium, and high) and
2 intensity levels (vigorous physical activity [VPA] and moderate physical activity [MPA]).
RESULTS: Results showed adolescents engaged in high levels of VPA used marijuana
less frequently (p = .05) and reported heavy use of marijuana less frequently (p = .03);
consumed greater numbers of healthy carbohydrates (p < .001) and healthy fats in their
diets (p < .001); used stress management techniques more frequently (p < .001); and
reported a higher quality of sleep (p = .01) than those engaged in low levels of VPA.
Fewer differences were found on frequency of MPA and health behaviors of adolescents.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that adolescents who frequently participate
in VPA may be less likely to engage in drug use, and more likely to participate in a
number of health promoting behaviors. Longitudinal and experimental studies are
needed to determine what role frequent VPA may play in the onset and maintenance of
health enhancing and protecting behaviors among adolescent populations.
Keywords: adolescent health; physical fitness; health behaviors.
Citation: Delisle TT, Werch CE, Wong AH, Bian H, Weiler R. Relationship between
frequency and intensity of physical activity and health behaviors of adolescents. J Sch
Health. 2010; 80: 134-140.
Received August 13, 2008
Accepted July 9, 2009
aGraduate Assistant/Doctoral Student, ([email protected]), Department of Health Education and Behavior, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida,
Florida Gymnasium Room 5, Gainesville, FL 32611.
bProfessor and Director, ([email protected]), Addictive & Health Behaviors Research Institute, University of Florida, 7800 Belfort Parkway, Suite 270, Jacksonville, FL 32256.
cResearch Assistant, ([email protected]), Addictive & Health Behaviors Research Institute, University of Florida, 7800 Belfort Parkway, Suite 270, Jacksonville, FL 32256.
dCoordinator, ([email protected]), Data Management and Analysis, Addictive & Health Behaviors Research Institute, U ...
Take a look at this dnp capstone project sample and discover what is correct format of it. FOr more info check this site. https://www.capstonepaper.net/our-capstone-papers/capstone-nursing-paper-writing-services/
This essay is the first in a series of three essays that will deal.docxchristalgrieg
This essay is the first in a series of three essays that will deal with a single issue or event in the world today. In this essay, you will be explaining the facts of your event or issue, not presenting the various perspectives or your own personal view on your issue. This is the place where you present a view of the data the upcoming perspectives are based on.
You may choose to approach this assignment in one of several ways, depending on your issue. You may choose to present a timeline of events leading up to present day. You may choose to present the basic concepts on which your issue rests. You may choose to combine these approaches. However you approach this assignment, you need to remember to retain an empirical stance while striving to present your data in a unique, interesting way.
Some tips to completing this assignment successfully:
· Try to find a unique angle or presentation for you issue in order to engage the reader.
· Focus on one aspect of your broad issue--you're going for depth, not breadth of coverage
· Remember to stick to an empirical stance. You will have the chance to present the different sides of your issue, as well as your own position, at a later date.
This essay must be at least 4 pages long, set in Times New Roman font with 1-inch margins. Your text must be double-spaced and you must use MLA format. Also, remember to cite all information that you cull from outside sources.
Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW 1
LITERATURE REVIEW 2
Literature Review: Childhood Obesity
Student’s name
Institution
Date
Literature Review: Childhood Obesity
The prevalence of childhood obesity in the United States has increased at such a rapid rate that this has been considered a serious healthcare issue. This issue has attracted the attention of policy makers, government agencies, and the community. Due to the extent of the problem, a large number of researchers have investigated a number of factors relating to childhood obesity. One of the factors that have been investigated is the impact of changing the attitudes of the patients towards obesity and lifestyle factors that cause a risk factor. In this study, the main factor being investigated is the impact of education on exercise and diet on patients who have a BMI of more than 30. The following is a summary of a review of the literature used to determine the impact of educating patients on exercise and diet changes.
Comparison of Research Questions
Most of the literature analyzed for this study focuses on the intervention strategies for childhood obesity. Cheung et al. seeks to understand the extent of the childhood obesity in America. The research asks about the incidence of childhood obesity in America in a bid to demonstrate the extent of the problem.
Ickes et al. (2014) research question compares the intervention strategies used in the American schools and international ones. The main aim of this study is to determine the gaps in the intervention used in American school ...
Running head NUTRITION1NUTRITION 8Nutriti.docxtodd581
Running head: NUTRITION 1
NUTRITION 8
Nutrition
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
Nutrition
Introduction/Key Points
Topic and Question
Topic five: Interventions to improve additional nutritional status: What type of interventions improve adherence to recommendations on nutritional intake?
Define the Topic and Question
This topic question is defined by interventions to enhance adherence to dietary advice for preventing and managing chronic diseases in adults. By introducing these interventions earlier, it will be possible to prevent people from being affected by chronic diseases.
Overview/Significance of the Problem
The acceptance and implementation of a healthy diet has been recognized as the foundation for managing, preventing, and fighting chronic diseases. However, the inability to be dynamic and diversify one’s life diet can lead to significant problems. It is also vital that people know that people acknowledge the importance of obeying dietary counsel since one’s adherence level can determine the efficiency of dietary treatment. The ability of one to diversify his diet reduces the risk of developing food allergy and intolerance (Ball et al., 2016). Additionally, the lack of education has been mostly associated with a poor quality and less diversified diet in people with diabetes (Tiew, Chan, Lye & Loke, 2014). It is, therefore, evident how the ability to diversify and be dynamic on one’s diet improves the nutritional status.
Article Search
Current and Credible Sources
When searching for my article, I established the Chamberlain Library as an essential tool to assist during the search. I started with my electronic database known as CINHAL where I successfully found the article.
Database search-terms and methods/ Number of articles located
While I was searching for the article, among the terms that I used was; what type of interventions improve adherence to recommendations on nutritional intake? The search provided me with 1,123 articles to refer from. Other search terms that I used were compliance, telemedicine, nutrition, dietary intervention, chronic disease, and adults. The types of articles were limited to be from the Chamberlain Library, written in English, academic journals, descriptive statistics, and full-text peer-reviewed articles. The publication year on the search filter was restricted to 2015 to 2020 to provide the most recent data.
List additional sources outside of ATI module
Main article, “Understanding the nutrition care needs of patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes: a need for open communication and patient-focused consultations,” written by (Ball et al., 2016). Another article is “Factors Associated with Dietary Diversity Score among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,” published by (Tiew, Chan, Lye & Loke, 2014). Another article is “Prevent Type 2 Diabetes in Kids” by (CDC, 2017).
Article Findings
Why this article?
I chose this article because it has been well.
Running head NUTRITION1NUTRITION 8Nutriti.docxglendar3
Running head: NUTRITION 1
NUTRITION 8
Nutrition
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
Nutrition
Introduction/Key Points
Topic and Question
Topic five: Interventions to improve additional nutritional status: What type of interventions improve adherence to recommendations on nutritional intake?
Define the Topic and Question
This topic question is defined by interventions to enhance adherence to dietary advice for preventing and managing chronic diseases in adults. By introducing these interventions earlier, it will be possible to prevent people from being affected by chronic diseases.
Overview/Significance of the Problem
The acceptance and implementation of a healthy diet has been recognized as the foundation for managing, preventing, and fighting chronic diseases. However, the inability to be dynamic and diversify one’s life diet can lead to significant problems. It is also vital that people know that people acknowledge the importance of obeying dietary counsel since one’s adherence level can determine the efficiency of dietary treatment. The ability of one to diversify his diet reduces the risk of developing food allergy and intolerance (Ball et al., 2016). Additionally, the lack of education has been mostly associated with a poor quality and less diversified diet in people with diabetes (Tiew, Chan, Lye & Loke, 2014). It is, therefore, evident how the ability to diversify and be dynamic on one’s diet improves the nutritional status.
Article Search
Current and Credible Sources
When searching for my article, I established the Chamberlain Library as an essential tool to assist during the search. I started with my electronic database known as CINHAL where I successfully found the article.
Database search-terms and methods/ Number of articles located
While I was searching for the article, among the terms that I used was; what type of interventions improve adherence to recommendations on nutritional intake? The search provided me with 1,123 articles to refer from. Other search terms that I used were compliance, telemedicine, nutrition, dietary intervention, chronic disease, and adults. The types of articles were limited to be from the Chamberlain Library, written in English, academic journals, descriptive statistics, and full-text peer-reviewed articles. The publication year on the search filter was restricted to 2015 to 2020 to provide the most recent data.
List additional sources outside of ATI module
Main article, “Understanding the nutrition care needs of patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes: a need for open communication and patient-focused consultations,” written by (Ball et al., 2016). Another article is “Factors Associated with Dietary Diversity Score among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,” published by (Tiew, Chan, Lye & Loke, 2014). Another article is “Prevent Type 2 Diabetes in Kids” by (CDC, 2017).
Article Findings
Why this article?
I chose this article because it has been well.
Running head: NUTRITION 1
NUTRITION 8
Nutrition
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
Nutrition
Introduction/Key Points
Topic and Question
Topic five: Interventions to improve additional nutritional status: What type of interventions improve adherence to recommendations on nutritional intake?
Define the Topic and Question
This topic question is defined by interventions to enhance adherence to dietary advice for preventing and managing chronic diseases in adults. By introducing these interventions earlier, it will be possible to prevent people from being affected by chronic diseases.
Overview/Significance of the Problem
The acceptance and implementation of a healthy diet has been recognized as the foundation for managing, preventing, and fighting chronic diseases. However, the inability to be dynamic and diversify one’s life diet can lead to significant problems. It is also vital that people know that people acknowledge the importance of obeying dietary counsel since one’s adherence level can determine the efficiency of dietary treatment. The ability of one to diversify his diet reduces the risk of developing food allergy and intolerance (Ball et al., 2016). Additionally, the lack of education has been mostly associated with a poor quality and less diversified diet in people with diabetes (Tiew, Chan, Lye & Loke, 2014). It is, therefore, evident how the ability to diversify and be dynamic on one’s diet improves the nutritional status.
Article Search
Current and Credible Sources
When searching for my article, I established the Chamberlain Library as an essential tool to assist during the search. I started with my electronic database known as CINHAL where I successfully found the article.
Database search-terms and methods/ Number of articles located
While I was searching for the article, among the terms that I used was; what type of interventions improve adherence to recommendations on nutritional intake? The search provided me with 1,123 articles to refer from. Other search terms that I used were compliance, telemedicine, nutrition, dietary intervention, chronic disease, and adults. The types of articles were limited to be from the Chamberlain Library, written in English, academic journals, descriptive statistics, and full-text peer-reviewed articles. The publication year on the search filter was restricted to 2015 to 2020 to provide the most recent data.
List additional sources outside of ATI module
Main article, “Understanding the nutrition care needs of patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes: a need for open communication and patient-focused consultations,” written by (Ball et al., 2016). Another article is “Factors Associated with Dietary Diversity Score among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,” published by (Tiew, Chan, Lye & Loke, 2014). Another article is “Prevent Type 2 Diabetes in Kids” by (CDC, 2017).
Article Findings
Why this article?
I chose this article because it has been well ...
Similar to Case Number 7Student’s NameInstitution Affiliation.docx (20)
CASE STUDY 2.1 W. L. Gore and AssociatesHe was ready for anythi.docxdewhirstichabod
CASE STUDY 2.1: W. L. Gore and Associates
He was ready for anything—or so he thought. Dressed in his finest and armed with an MBA degree fresh off the press, Jack Dougherty walked in for his first day of work at Newark, Delaware–based W. L. Gore and Associates, the global fluoropolymer technology and manufacturing giant that is best known as the maker of Gore-Tex.
But it turned out he wasn’t ready for this: “Why don’t you look around and find something you’d like to do,” founder and CEO Bill Gore said to him after a quick introduction. Although many things have changed over the course of W. L. Gore and Associates’ 50+ years in business, the late Gore stuck to his principles regarding organizational structure (or lack thereof), a legacy he passed down to subsequent generations of management. Gore wasn’t fond of thick layers of formal management, which he believed smothered individual creativity. According to Gore, “A lattice (flat) organization is one that involves direct transactions, self-commitment, natural leadership, and lacks assigned or assumed authority.”
In the 1930s, Gore received a bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering and a master’s degree in physical chemistry. During his career, he worked on a team to develop applications for polytetraflurothylene (PTFE), commonly known as Teflon. Through this experience, Gore discovered a sense of excited commitment, personal fulfillment, and self-direction, which he yearned to share with others. Spending nights tinkering in his own workshop, he did what he had previously thought to be impossible: he created a PTFE-coated ribbon cable. It occurred to Gore that he might be able to start his own business producing his invention, so he left his stable career of 17 years, borrowed money, and drained his savings. Though his friends advised him against taking such a risk, W. L. Gore and Associates was born in January 1958. The basement of the Gore home was the company’s first facility.
Although no longer operating from a family basement (Gore boasts more than $3 billion in annual sales and 9,000 employees in more than 45 facilities worldwide), the sense of informality has stuck. “It absolutely is less efficient upfront,” said Terri Kelly, chief executive of W. L. Gore. (Her title is one of the few at the company.) “[But] once you have the organization behind it . . . the buy-in and the execution happens quickly,” she added.
Structure and Management of Unstructure and Unmanagement
Even as Gore started to grow, the company continued to resist titles and hierarchy. It had no mission statement, no ethics statement, and no conventional structures typical of companies of the same size. The only formal titles were “chief executive” and “secretary-treasurer”—those required by law for corporations. There were also no rules that business units within the company couldn’t create such structures, and so some of them did create their own mission statements and such. Many called Gore’s management style “unmanag.
Case study 1Client ProfileMrs. Harriet is a 68-year-old .docxdewhirstichabod
Case study 1
Client Profile
Mrs. Harriet is a 68-year-old woman who is alert and oriented. Allergies are Erythromycin. She presents to the emergency department with complaints of chest tightness, shortness of breath, cough, and congestion. She states, "I have been having these symptoms for three days now. I have been taking Maximum Strength Robitussin for my cough but it has not helped very much. When I woke up this morning. I felt very weak so I came in to be checked out." Her vital signs are blood pressure 110/70, pulse 94, respiratory rate of 28, and temperature of 102.7 F. Her oxygen saturation on room air is 92%. She is placed on 2 liters (L) of oxygen by nasal cannula. The HCP prescribes a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) and chest X-ray (CXR). Laboratory tests prescribed include complete blood count (CBC), basic metabolic panel (BMP), brain natriuretic peptide (B-type natriuretic peptide assay or BNP), total creatine kinase (CK, CPK), creatine kinase-MB (CPK-MB), and troponin. The HCP will also assess blood cultures x 2, AGs on room air, sputum culture and sensitivity (C &S), and asks that the client have a Mantoux (tuberculin, purified protein derivative, or PPD) test.
Case Study
Mrs. Harriet's ECG shows normal sinus rhythm (NSR) with a heart rate of 98 beats per minute. The CXR reveals a right lower lobe(RLL) infiltrate. Laboratory tests include the following results: white blood cell cot (WBC) 12,2000 cells/mm3, 72& seg neutrophils with a left shift of 11% bands, and a BNP of 50.9 pg/mL. ABGs on room air is pH 7.44, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) 39 mmHg, bicarbonate (HCO3) 26.9 mEq/L, partial pressures of oxygen (PaO2) 58 mmHg, and oxygen saturation (SaO2) of 92%. Results of the sputum culture show Streptococcus pneumoniae. The CPK, CPK-MB, and troponin are all within normal limits. Mrs. Harriet is five feet three inches tall and weighs 224 pounds (101.8 kg). On assessment, the nurse hears expiratory wheezes and rhonchi bilaterally with diminished lung sounds in the right base. Her thoracic (chest) expansion is equal but slightly decreased on inspiration. Accessory muscle retraction is not noted, and she does exhibit central cyanosis. The capillary refill of the client's nail beds is four seconds.
Mrs. Harrier is admitted with acute bronchitis and pneumonia. The HCP prescribes oxygen via nasal cannula to keep the client's saturations greater or equal to 95%, Ceftriaxone sodium, Erythromycin, Albuterol, Acetaminophen every four to six hours as needed, bed rest, an 1800 calorie diet, increased oral (PO) fluid intake to 2 to 4 liters per day, coughing and deep breathing exercises and use of the incentive spirometer (IS).
1. Discuss additional assessment data that would help gain a more thorough understanding or Mrs. Harriet's symptoms?
2. Discuss the causes, pathophysiology, and symptoms of acute bronchitis?
3. Discuss the pathophysiology and causes of pneumonia in general?
4. Compare the defining characteri.
Case Study 11.1 Why the Circus No Longer Comes to TownFor 146 y.docxdewhirstichabod
Case Study 11.1: Why the Circus No Longer Comes to Town
For 146 years, the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus traveled the United States by train, putting on shows featuring acrobats, trapeze artists, clowns, and exotic animals. In 2017, the circus held its last performances after a significant decline in attendance and revenue due to changing public tastes. Shorter attention spans also contributed to its demise. The final blow to the circus came from its decision to eliminate elephant acts. According to a press release from Feld Entertainment, the company that owned the circus, this move led to a “greater than could have been anticipated” decline in ticket sales.1
For decades the American Humane Society, PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals), and other animal rights groups tried to ban elephant acts in Ringling Brothers performances. Protesters regularly picketed the circus, and for 14 years animal rights groups fought Ringling Brothers in court. Activists claimed that elephant acts were cruel and pointed out that these highly intelligent animals were chained up much of their lives. In 2011, Feld Entertainment was fined $270,000 for violations of the Animal Welfare Act. However, Feld Entertainment successfully fended off the lawsuits, winning a $24 million judgment against the animal rights groups in 2014. Nonetheless, Ringling Brothers agreed to retire all traveling elephants to its Center for Elephant Conservation in Florida that same year. (During this same period, Los Angeles, Oakland, and Asheville, North Carolina, restricted animal acts.)
Animal rights groups cheered the closing of the circus. According to PETA’s president, “PETA heralds the end of what has been the saddest show on earth for wild animals, and asks all other animal circuses to follow suit, as this is a sign of changing times.”2 The CEO of the United States Humane Society said, “I applaud their decision to move away from an institution grounded on inherently inhumane wild animal acts.”3 CEO Kenneth Feld acknowledged that the negative publicity generated by the lawsuits took its toll: “We prevailed in court 100% [but] obviously, in the court of public opinion we didn’t win.”4
Ringling Brothers/Feld Entertainment isn’t the only company that has had to deal with changing societal attitudes toward animals. For decades killer whales were the major attraction at SeaWorld parks in San Diego, Orlando, and San Antonio. However, the death of trainer Dawn Brancheau, who was dragged into the water and drowned by Sea World’s largest breeding male, Tilikum (“Tilly”), galvanized opposition to captive orca programs. The film Blackfish documented the death of Brancheau and whale mistreatment. Matt Damon, Harry Styles, Willie Nelson, and other celebrities joined the protest. Animal activists noted that orcas (which are really large dolphins) never kill humans in the wild. In captivity, young killer whales are separated from their families and are forced to live thei.
Case Study 10.3 Regulating Love at the OfficeThe office has bec.docxdewhirstichabod
Case Study 10.3: Regulating Love at the Office
The office has become a hotbed of romance. In one survey, 60% of employees surveyed reported that they had participated in an office romance during their careers and 64% said they would do so again. And the percentage of workplace romances is likely to climb as younger workers (ages 25 to 34) put in more hours at work. As one human resource writer notes:
Traditional places like church, family events, and leisure time don’t present the same pool of candidates as they did in earlier times. The workplace provides a preselected pool of people who share at least one important area of common ground. People who work together also tend to live within a reasonable dating distance, and they see each other on a daily basis.1
Office romances can pose a number of problems, including a loss of productivity, public displays of affection, gossip, damage to the professional image of the organization, charges of favoritism, and affairs in cases where romantic partners already have spouses or significant others. Serious issues arise when superiors and subordinates date and then break up. The subordinate (often a young female assistant) may claim that she was sexually harassed because she was pressured into having sex to keep her job or that her supervisor (often an older male executive) retaliated when the relationship ended.
The nation was reminded of the dangers of superior–subordinate relationships when former late-night talk show host David Letterman admitted that he’d had a series of sexual relationships with female writers and staffers at his production company. Letterman went public with his affairs after a CBS producer who dated his long-term girlfriend, Stephanie Birkett, tried to extort money from the entertainer in return for keeping silent about his sexual activities. While Letterman’s relationships were consensual, it appeared as if the women he dated received special benefits. For example, Birkitt was featured in broadcast segments even though she did not seem to be particularly talented.
Human resource departments are taking note of the dangers of office romances. The number of companies developing written policies to address office romances rose from 20% to 42% over an eight-year period, according to the Society of Human Resource Management. And the policies grew stricter. Almost all the firms surveyed by SHRM forbid romantic relationships between superiors and subordinates; one-third forbid relationships between those reporting to the same supervisor or with a client or customer; 10% don’t allow romances between their employees and employees of competitors. Punishments range from minimal (relationship counseling and department transfers) to severe (suspension and termination). Executives at the American Red Cross, the World Bank, Walmart, Boeing, and the Harvard Business Review lost their jobs for having relationships with subordinates.
Not everyone is convinced that restrictions on dating are just.
Case Study 1 Is Business Ready for Wearable ComputersWearable .docxdewhirstichabod
Case Study 1: Is Business Ready for Wearable Computers?
Wearable computing is starting to take off. Smartwatches, smart glasses, smart ID badges, and activity trackers promise to change how we go about each day and the way we do our jobs. According to Gartner Inc., sales of wearables will increase from 275 million units in 2016 to 477 million units by 2020. Although smartwatches such as the Apple Watch and fitness trackers have been successful consumer products, business uses for wearables appear to be advancing more rapidly. A report from research firm Tractica projects that worldwide sales for enterprise wearables will increase exponentially to 66.4 million units by 2021.
Doctors and nurses are using smart eyewear for hands-free access to patients’ medical records. Oil rig workers sport smart helmets to connect with land-based experts, who can view their work remotely and communicate instructions. Warehouse managers are able to capture real-time performance data using a smartwatch to better manage distribution and fulfillment operations. Wearable computing devices improve productivity by delivering information to workers without requiring them to interrupt their tasks, which in turn empowers employees to make more-informed decisions more quickly.
Wearable devices are helping businesses learn more about employees and the everyday workplace than ever before. New insights and information can be uncovered as IoT sensor data is correlated to actual human behavior. Information on task duration and the proximity of one device or employee to another, when combined with demographic data, can shed light on previously unidentified workflow inefficiencies. Technologically sophisticated firms will understand things they never could before about workers and customers; what they do every day, how healthy they are, where they go, and even how well they feel. This obviously has implications for protecting individual privacy, raising potential employee (and customer) fears that businesses are collecting sensitive data about them. Businesses will need to tread carefully.
Global logistics company DHL worked with Ricoh, the imaging and electronics company, and Ubimax, a wearable computing services and solutions company, to implement “vision picking” in its warehouse operations. Location graphics are displayed on smart glasses guiding staffers through the warehouse to both speed the process of finding items and reduce errors. The company says the technology delivered a 25 percent increase in efficiency. Vision picking gives workers locational information about the items they need to retrieve and allows them to automatically scan retrieved items. Future enhancements will enable the system to plot optimal routes through the warehouse, provide pictures of items to be retrieved (a key aid in case an item has been misplaced on the warehouse shelves), and instruct workers on loading carts and pallets more efficiently.
Google has developed Glass Enterprise Edition smar.
Case Study 1 Headaches Neurological system and continue practicing .docxdewhirstichabod
Case Study 1 Headaches: Neurological system and continue practicing documentation of a focused/episodic SOAP note for Assignment
A 20-year-old male complains of experiencing intermittent headaches. The headaches diffuse all over the head, but the greatest intensity and pressure occurs above the eyes and spreads through the nose, cheekbones, and jaw.
Episodic/Focused SOAP Note Template
Patient Information:
Initials, Age, Sex, Race
S.
CC
(chief complaint) a BRIEF statement identifying why the patient is here - in the patient’s own words - for instance, "headache", NOT "bad headache for 3 days”.
HPI
: This is the symptom analysis section of your note. Thorough documentation in this section is essential for patient care, coding, and billing analysis. Paint a picture of what is wrong with the patient. Use LOCATES Mnemonic to complete your HPI. You need to start EVERY HPI with age, race, and gender (e.g., 34-year-old AA male). You must include the seven attributes of each principal symptom in paragraph form, not a list. If the CC was “headache”, the LOCATES for the HPI might look like the following example:
Location: head
Onset: 3 days ago
Character: pounding, pressure around the eyes and temples
Associated signs and symptoms: nausea, vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia
Timing: after being on the computer all day at work
Exacerbating/ relieving factors: light bothers eyes, Aleve makes it tolerable but not completely better
Severity: 7/10 pain scale
Current Medications
: include dosage, frequency, length of time used and reason for use; also include OTC or homeopathic products.
Allergies:
include medication, food, and environmental allergies separately (a description of what the allergy is ie angioedema, anaphylaxis, etc. This will help determine a true reaction vs intolerance).
PMHx
: include immunization status (note date of
last tetanus
for all adults), past major illnesses and surgeries. Depending on the CC, more info is sometimes needed
Soc Hx
: include occupation and major hobbies, family status, tobacco & alcohol use (previous and current use), any other pertinent data. Always add some health promo question here - such as whether they use seat belts all the time or whether they have working smoke detectors in the house, living environment, text/cell phone use while driving, and support system.
Fam Hx
: illnesses with possible genetic predisposition, contagious or chronic illnesses. The reason for the death of any deceased first degree relatives should be included. Include parents, grandparents, siblings, and children. Include grandchildren if pertinent.
ROS
: cover all body systems that may help you include or rule out a differential diagnosis You should list each system as follows:
General:
Head
:
EENT
: etc. You should list these in bullet format and document the systems in order from head to toe.
Example of Complete ROS:
GENERAL: No weight loss, fever, chills, weakness or fatigue.
HEENT: Eyes: No visu.
CASE STUDY 1 HeadachesA 20-year-old male complains of exper.docxdewhirstichabod
CASE STUDY 1: Headaches
A 20-year-old male complains of experiencing intermittent headaches. The headaches diffuse all over the head, but the greatest intensity and pressure occurs above the eyes and spreads through the nose, cheekbones, and jaw.
Evaluate abnormal neurological symptoms
Apply concepts, theories, and principles relating to health assessment techniques and diagnoses for cognition and the neurologic system
Assess health conditions based on a head-to-toe physical examination
USE THE ATTACHED EPISODIC SOAP NOTE
.
Case Study - Stambovsky v. Ackley and Ellis Realty Supreme C.docxdewhirstichabod
Case Study -
Stambovsky v. Ackley and Ellis Realty
Supreme Court, Appellate Division, State of New York 169 A.D.2d 254 (1991)
he assignment should consist of a Word Document, 2 pages in length double spaced, 12-point font, 1-inch margins not including the title page and reference page. (Short papers will lose significant points!!). All cases will automatically be submitted to Turnitin. Your paper should follow the case format (below) and include a summary of the relevant facts, the law, judicial opinion, etc.
Research the case using the case citation in the Library under databases (select - HeinOnline), FindLaw.com, and other legal sources. Research the parties and circumstances of the case itself.
Utilize the case format found in the Case Analysis Module.
Submit your assignment as a Microsoft Word document.
.
CASE STUDY - THE SOCIAL NETWORKThe growing use of social network.docxdewhirstichabod
CASE STUDY - THE SOCIAL NETWORK
The growing use of social network sites (such as Facebook) and online communities (such as
for instance the Apple Computer community, the community of Harley-Davidson riders,
and the community of Starbucks customers) provides exciting opportunities for
organizations. Online brand communities allow organizations to engage and interact with
customers, obtain market information, sell and advertise products, rapidly disseminate
information, develop long-term relationships with the community, and eventually to
influence consumers’ preferences and behavior (Dholakia and Bagozzi, 2001, Dholakia,
Bagozzi, and Pearo, 2004, Franke and Shah, 2003, Muniz and Schau, 2005, Tedjamulia, Olsen,
Dean, and Albrecht, 2005). “Brand community” is a term that is used to describe likeminded
consumers who identify with a particular brand and share significant traits, such as
for instance “a shared consciousness, rituals, traditions, and a sense of moral responsibility”
(Muniz and O’Guinn, 2001, p. 412). Online brand communities are based on their core value
- the brand- and grow by building relationships with and among members interested in the
brand (Jang et al. 2008).
There are several possible categorizations of online brand communities, but they are
generally grouped into two categories based on who initiates and manages the community;
(1) company-initiated communities, built by the company that owns the brand and (2) userinitiated
communities, voluntarily built by their members (that is, the consumer) (e.g.,
Armstrong and Hagel 1996; Kozinets 1999). These two types of brand communities provide
different opportunities for marketers. For instance, a brand community on a company
website is one of the key determinants of attracting consumers to and retaining customers
on the website (Nysveen and Pedersen, 2004). Consumer-initiated online brand
communities may provide consumers with useful information about other consumers’
experiences with the product or service and the strengths and weaknesses of products or
services (Jang et al. 2008).
The success of online brand communities is heavily dependent on consumer participation in
the online brand community. To determine why consumers participate in online brand
communities business student Jesse Eisenberg has developed a model based on extant
service marketing literature. The main idea in this literature is that perceived value and
satisfaction are antecedents of the intention to use a product or service (Anderson, Fornell,
and Lehmann 1994; Bolton and Drew 1991; Grönroos 1990; Hocutt 1998; Kang, Lee, and Choi
2007; Ravald and Grönroos 1996). Jesse wants to apply this idea to consumer participation in
online brand communities. According to Jesse, “members will probably be satisfied with an
online brand community and have the intention to participate in the community when they
derive value from the community. Therefore it is important to know which values.
Case Study #1 Probation or PrisonWrite a 12 to one page (.docxdewhirstichabod
Case Study #1: Probation or Prison?
Write a 1/2 to one page (150–275 words) response in which you answer the three questions that follow the case study below:
You could have been in the same situation yourself. Instead, it is Mary Lee Smith, one of your probationers, who is about to stand before the judge in a probation revocation hearing.
When you and your husband split 10 years ago, you had two children and eventually had to declare bankruptcy and accept food stamps to be able to pay the rent. After seven years working as a secretary at the nearby state juvenile corrections center, receiving constant encouragement from Mrs. Jones, the superintendent, and taking advantage of a criminal justice scholarship program, you finished a degree in administration of justice and qualified for an entry-level position with the community resources division of the state department of corrections. You advanced as the system grew, and now, three years later, you are a probation supervisor in Judge Longworth's court.
In a way, Mary Lee is as much a victim as she is an offender. Married at seventeen, she quit high school and moved west with her husband who was in the army. By the time she was twenty, she had two children and was divorced. With babysitters to pay and skills that would command no more than minimum wage, Mary Lee turned to such income supplements as shoplifting, bad check writing, and occasionally prostitution. Her check-passing skills developed rapidly, and it was not long before she had amassed a series of convictions, not to mention several lesser offenses for petty larceny that were disposed of by the prosecutor's declaration of
nolle prosequi
. To date, Mary Lee has not served a day in prison. Judge Longworth has used admonition, restitution, suspended sentence, and probation to rehabilitate Mary Lee. However, Mary Lee's criminal conduct has persisted, as has her inability to stretch her food stamps, welfare payments, and part-time minimum-wage employment into a satisfactory existence for herself and her children. To complicate the matter, the welfare safety net that had helped keep Mary Lee and her children afloat would cease to exist for her within 24 months.
Judge Longworth has called you into his chambers before the hearing. He read your violation report with interest. You pointed out Mary Lee's family obligations and the imminent possibility that the children would have to be placed in foster homes if she were confined. You also pointed out that she has been faithful in making restitution and that she maintains a steady church relationship and a good home environment for her children. Although your report is fair and accurate, you realize that the judge has sensed your misgivings and uncertainty concerning Mary Lee.
Judge Longworth looks up from your report and comes directly to the point. "Do you really believe this woman deserves to go back into the community? You certainly seem to have found some redeeming features in her cond.
Case Studies of Data Warehousing FailuresFour studies of data .docxdewhirstichabod
Case Studies of Data Warehousing Failures
Four studies of data warehousing failures are presented. They were written based on interviews with people who were associated with the projects. The extent of the failure varies with the organization, but in all cases, the project was at least a disappointment.
Read the cases and prepare a report that provides a substantive discussion on each of the following:
1. What’s the scope of what can be considered a data warehousing failure?
2. What do you find most interesting in the failure stories?
3. Do they provide any insights about how a failure might be avoided?
Your discussion should be at least 2 pages in length with 1.5” spacing & 1” margins.
Case Study 1: Auto Guys
Auto Guys initiated a data warehousing project four years ago but it never achieved full usage. After initial support for the project eroded, management revisited their motives for the warehouse and decided to restart the project with a few changes. One reason for the restructuring, according to the project manager, was the complexity of the model initially employed by Auto Guys.
At first, the planner for the data warehouse wanted to use a dimensional model for tabular information. But political pressure forced the system’s early use. Consequently, mainframe data was largely replicated and these tables did not work well with the managed query environment tools that were acquired. The number of tables and joins, and subsequent catalog growth, prevented Auto Guys from using data as it was intended in a concise and coherent business format.
The project manager also indicated that the larger the data warehouse, the greater the need for high-level management support – something Auto Guys lacked on their first attempt at setting up the warehouse. Another problem mentioned by the project manager was that the technology Auto Guys chose for the project was relatively new at the time, so it was not accepted and did not garner the confidence that a project using proven technology would have received. This is a risk inherent in any “cutting edge” technology adoption. The initial abandonment of the project was undoubtedly hastened by both corporate discomfort with this new technology and the lack of top management support.
A short time after dropping the project, top management felt pressure to reestablish it. Because Auto Guys initially planned an enterprise-wide warehouse, they had considerable computer capacity. It was put to use on a much smaller project that focused exclusively on a single subject area. Other subject areas were due to be added once the initial subject area project was completed. Auto Guys expects to grow the warehouse to two terebytes within a year or two and eventually expand to their projected enterprise-wide data warehouse. The biggest difference between pre- and post-resurrection will be that the project will evolve incrementally.
Given his experience with the warehouse, the project manager made the following summary .
Case Studies GuidelinesWhat is a Case StudyCase studies.docxdewhirstichabod
Case Studies Guidelines
What is a Case Study:
Case studies are stories. They are formatted in such a way that at a glance one could easily determine the “issue” about to be discussed. We look to clearly address the who, what, where, when, why and how to ensure that we have covered the story in its entirety. If you miss one of these factors, you leave the reader guessing and questioning your report. In public policy & administration our case studies/stories are required to be fact based. Make sure your research is based on credible information. Verify, verify, verify. Make a mistake and/or be challenged on one of your “facts”, could create a host of issues. If you are found to be incorrect, the entire report is incorrect and your credibility is suspect. Cite your research appropriately.
We call it an issue rather than a “problem” because a problem presents a negative image/connotation. Issues are not necessarily negative and provides the policy analyst with an opportunity to evaluate each issue based on its own merits without taking a position of negative or positive.
What Does a Case Study Look Like:
A case study should set up similar to story-telling.
Do not write this as you would a thesis.
You don’t want to put in a lot of “fluff & stuff”. Think of the reader as a high level administrator whose in-box is full of documents that require review. To catch this administrator’s attention, consider what he/she would be concerned with. The “issue” clearly delineated, then the people involved “stakeholders”, the positions (where one stands depends upon where one sits), of these people/perspectives” of the stakeholders and then a fact based well thought out “recommendation”. Use the first paragraph or two to set the tone for the issue under consideration. Once you have the reader’s attention then you are prepared to move onto your 4-step policy analyses.
Why a 4-Step Policy Analysis:
We use the four-step policy analysis because of its simplicity and its thoroughness. There are plenty of other models, some with seven-steps and others with ten-steps. It is not the number of steps that makes a case study. It is the report itself that stands on merit.
Do not change the language of the 4-steps or add other language, as new headings could change the report and its intent. It is vital that you understand this foundation as it will be used throughout your baccalaureate curriculum. Learning to use this in both your professional and personal lives will help you with your decision making in a variety of ways.
How Do I Begin:
Case studies are complex and may contain a myriad of issues, stakeholders, etc. It is your job to select one issue and then to stay on course as you work through your critical thinking and 4-step policy analysis. Do not say there are “many” issues as this may confuse the reader of leave him/her questioning why you chose one issue over another. Chose one….
How Should the Final Case Study Paper Set Up:
Use APA format when c.
Case Project 8-2 Detecting Unauthorized ApplicationsIn conducti.docxdewhirstichabod
Case Project 8-2: Detecting Unauthorized Applications
In conducting a review of the Oss running on the Alexander Rocco network, you detect a program that appears to be unauthorized. No one in the department knows how this program got on the Linux computer. The department manager thinks the program was installed before his start date three years ago. When you review the program’s source code, you discover that it contains a buffer overflow vulnerability. Based on this information, write a report to the IT manager stating what course of action should be taken and listing recommendations for management.
Your essay should be a minimum of 350 words and include the steps you took to discover file.
Use reference:
Simpson, M. T., Backman, K., & Corley, J. (2011).
Hands-on ethical hacking and network defense
. Cengage Learning.
Add any other recent references
.
Case number #10 OVERVIEWAbstract In this case, a local chapt.docxdewhirstichabod
Case number #10
OVERVIEW
Abstract In this case, a local chapter of a national nonprofit organization continuously struggles with funding and must, therefore, be proactive in seeking out additional revenue sources. The local coordinator encounters a situation involving a potential donor that forces her to weigh the pros and cons of breaking the rules and the best way to communicate her concerns to her superiors and the donor. A chance meeting on a flight leads to a potential conflict-of-interest situation for the local coordinator.
Main Topics Decision making, Ethics
Secondary Topic Communication, Intergovernmental affairs*
Teaching Purpose To discuss the complexities involved in balancing personal and organizational responsibilities within the framework of a nonprofit organization.
The Organization ReadNow is a nonprofit program that promotes early literacy by giving new books to children and advice to parents about the importance of reading aloud in pediatric exam rooms across the nation.
* Main Characters: • Michael Vaughn, Executive Vice President of Johnson Hospital • Dr. Lea Nelson, Head of National ReadNow • Patricia Clay, Local ReadNow Coordinator • Molly Carter, Tillingast Foundation employee • Dr. Katie Nelson, ReadNow Local Director
BACKGROUND
In 1962, a group of doctors at a hospital in Phoenix, Arizona, were brain-storming ways to increase early childhood literacy and parent– parent– child interactions among their patients. One doctor had the idea of distributing children's books to their patients during checkups, accompanied by advice to the parents about the importance of reading aloud to their children. From this modest beginning, ReadNow developed into a national, nonprofit organization that distributes books and early literacy guidance to more than 2.5 million children and their families. ReadNow has offices all over the United States and is currently supported in part through a grant from the U.S. Department of Education. ReadNow opened a branch in Crown City, Michigan, in August with a partnership between the National ReadNow and the Johnson Children's Medical Center. One of the founders, Dr. Mark Jeffries, still active within ReadNow, approached Dr. Katie Nelson, a pediatrician at Johnson Hospital with the opportunity to bring ReadNow to Crown City. Dr. Nelson soon had more than thirty pediatric clinics participating in the program and hired a coordinator, Patricia Clay, to manage the day-to-day operations of the Crown City chapter.
As a result of its affiliation with the Johnson Children's Medical Center, ReadNow was fortunate to have its rent, computers, telephones, and office supplies provided by the hospital. Johnson Children's Medical Center agreed to support the office environment of ReadNow, as well as to guarantee the coordinator a stipend of $ 50,000 each year. However, part of Patricia Clay's duties included raising funds to purchase books to distribute in clinics across the metropolitan area and t.
Case GE’s Two-Decade Transformation Jack Welch’s Leadership.docxdewhirstichabod
Case: GE’s Two-Decade Transformation: Jack Welch’s Leadership
Thoroughly: -Identifies core problem of the case with applicable rationale and evidence. -Discusses the severity of the core problem. Provides supporting rationale. -Discusses implications of the core problem. How and to what extent may the core problem affect the stakeholders/those being led? Provides supporting rationale.
.
CASE BRIEF 7.2 Tiffany and Company v. Andrew 2012 W.docxdewhirstichabod
CASE BRIEF 7.2
Tiffany and Company v. Andrew
2012 WL 5451259 (S.D.N.Y.)
FACTS: Tiffany (plaintiffs) allege that Andrew and others (defendants) sold counterfeit Tiffany
products through several websites hosted in the United States. Andrew accepted payment in U.S.
dollars, used PayPal, Inc. to process customers' credit card transactions, then transferred the sales
proceeds to accounts held by the Bank of China (“BOC”), Industrial and Commercial Bank of
China (“ICBC”), and China Merchants Bank (“CMB”) (“Banks”).
Andrew defaulted on the suit, and Tiffany sought discovery from the Banks by serving subpoenas
seeking the identities of the holders of the accounts into which the proceeds of the counterfeit sales
were transferred and the subsequent disposition of those proceeds. The Banks involved all
maintained branch offices in the Southern District of New York, and the subpoenas were served
on those branch offices.
The Banks responded to the subpoenas by explaining that the information sought was all
maintained in China and that the New York branches of the Banks lacked the ability to access the
requested information. China's internal laws prohibited the disclosure of the information except
under certain conditions. The Banks proposed that the plaintiffs pursue the requested discovery
pursuant to the Hague Convention.
The court concluded that Tiffany should pursue discovery through the Hague Convention. Tiffany
submitted its Hague Convention application to China's Central Authority in November 2010, and
on August 7, 2011, the Ministry of Justice of the People's Republic of China (“MOJ”) responded
by producing some of the documents requested. For each of the Banks, the MOJ produced account
opening documents (including the government identification card of the account holder), written
confirmation of certain transfers into the accounts and a list of transfers out of the accounts. With
respect to CMB, the records indicate that all funds in the account were withdrawn through cash
transactions at either an ATM or through a teller. BOC and CMB each produced documents
concerning a single account; ICBC produced documents for three accounts.
In its cover letter, the MOJ noted that it was not producing all documents requested. Specifically,
the letter stated, “Concerning your request for taking of evidence for the Tiffany case, the Chinese
competent authority holds that some evidence required lacks direct and close connections with the
litigation. As the Chinese government has declared at its accession to the Hague Evidence
Convention that for the request issued for the purpose of the pre-trial discovery of documents only
the request for obtaining discovery of the documents clearly enumerated in the Letters of Request
and of direct and close connection with the subject matter of the litigation will be executed, the
Chinese competent authority has partly executed the requests which it d.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Case Number 7Student’s NameInstitution Affiliation.docx
1. Case Number 7
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Case Number 7. The case of physician do not heal thyself
Questions
1. Have you recently engaged in risky behaviors such as binge
eating, unsafe sex, gambling, drug and substance abuse, or risky
driving?
1. How would you describe your relationships with people such
as your spouse, friends, neighbors, colleagues, and strangers
while considering aspects of anger, irritability, and violence?
1. Do you have a recurring problem of variant moods that result
to interpersonal stress, feeling of emptiness, and other
challenges that are stress-related and they push you towards
suicidal thoughts?
People to speak to
It is crucial to identify the right people to provide essential
details for the assessment of the patient. Some of the most
important people include the spouses, siblings, family friends,
personal friends, and neighbors. Furthermore, the patient’s
colleagues can provide important information regarding the
behaviors of the patient and help in identifying issues that the
patient could be hiding. Speaking to the people to whom the
patient exercises authority is important in attaining the true
image of the person.
2. Physical exam and diagnostic test
The disorder is mental, but it can be assessed through physical
exams that indicate how the brain is working in relation to
actions ( Stahl 2013). Fixing a puzzle would be an effective way
of testing the patient and how stable they can be. The other
approach is engaging the patient in a physical exercise and
observing their participation. Physical exams provide a
diagnostic insight to test how the patient relates with others.
Diagnoses
Personality Disorder
Mood Disorder
Depression with psychotic features
Pharmacological agents
Application of antidepressants
Use of antipsychotics
Administering mood-stabilizing drugs
Contradictions or Alterations
It is a complex situation to treat a complex and long-term
unstable disorder of mood because the patients experience
different emotions even during therapy (Yasuda & Huang 2008).
It becomes difficult to separate mood disorder from personality
disorder especially for difficult patient like in this case.
Furthermore, there are no specific drugs that can be used for
treatment without additional therapy since this patient is able to
adjust or play with their own treatment as a physician. The
mental condition observed in the patient requires a careful
approach due to the delicate situations involving suicidal
thoughts and aggression.
Lessons Learned
In the case study “The case of physician do not heal thyself,”
the lessons include the importance of conducting a complete
assessment of the patient and including other people who
interact with the patient. It would be more effective to treat
such conditions if the patients had stable emotions, but strategic
approaches can help to streamline the treatment process ( Stahl
2014b).
3. References
Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology:
Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (4th ed.). New
York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Stahl, S. M. (2014b). The prescriber’s guide (5th ed.). New
York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Yasuda, S.U., Zhang, L. & Huang, S.-M. (2008). The role of
ethnicity in variability in response to drugs: Focus on clinical
pharmacology studies. Clinical Pharmacology &
Therapeutics, 84( 3), 417–423. Retrieved from
https://web.archive.org/web/20170809004704/https://www.fda.g
ov/downloads/Drugs/ScienceRe search/.../UCM085502.pdf
Stand-Biased Versus Seated Classrooms and
Childhood Obesity: A Randomized Experiment
in Texas
4. Monica L. Wendel, DrPH, MA, Mark E. Benden, PhD, CPE,
Hongwei Zhao, PhD, and Christina Jeffrey, MS
Objectives.To measure changes in body mass index (BMI)
percentiles among third- and
fourth-grade students in stand-biased classrooms and traditional
seated classrooms in
3 Texas elementary schools.
Methods. Research staff recorded the height and weight of 380
students in 24
classrooms across the 3 schools at the beginning (2011–2012)
and end (2012–2013) of
the 2-year study.
Results. After adjustment for grade, race/ethnicity, and gender,
there was a statisti-
cally significant decrease in BMI percentile in the group that
used stand-biased desks for
2 consecutive years relative to the group that used standard
desks during both years.
Mean BMI increased by 0.1 and 0.4 kilograms per meter
squared in the treatment and
control groups, respectively. The between-group difference in
BMI percentile change
was 5.24 (SE = 2.50; P = .037). No other covariates had a
5. statistically significant impact
on BMI percentile changes.
Conclusions. Changing a classroom to a stand-biased
environment had a significant
effect on students’ BMI percentile, indicating the need to
redesign traditional classroom
environments. (Am J Public Health. 2016;106:1849–1854.
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303323)
See also Galea and Vaughan, p. 1730.
Despite considerable attention, resourceinvestment, and effort,
obesity—in
particular childhood obesity—remains one
of the prominent public health issues in the
United States. Although overall obesity rates
seem to have stabilized, the prevalence of
childhood obesity is still alarmingly high. In
their longitudinal analysis of national data,
Ogden et al. found that 16.9% of children
aged 2 to 19 years were obese in 2012, and
another 14.9% were overweight.1 Obese
children are at significantly increased risk for
chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardio-
vascular disease, hypertension, osteoarthritis,
stroke, and several types of cancer.2,3 In ad-
dition, children who are overweight or obese
are more likely to have low self-esteem,
perform worse in school, and be victims
of bullying.4–6 Obese children are more
likely than their normal-weight peers to
become obese adults, and the long-term
6. implications include increased risk of
disease, disability, and early death.7,8
At the most basic level, childhood obesity
is caused by energy imbalance, or the con-
sumption of more calories than are used by
the body over an extended period of time.9
However, myriad social and environmental
factors contribute to childhood obesity, such
as poverty, neighborhood safety, and low cost
of nutritionally poor foods.10,11 These factors
complicate the development and imple-
mentation of effective population-level
strategies to combat childhood obesity.
Given that the vast majority of children
spend between 7 and 9 hours of their 14 to
16 hours of awake time at school each day,
many public health initiatives, such as the
National Football League’s “Play 60” and
Michelle Obama’s “Let’s Move!” campaign,
have focused on schools as a key setting for
obesity-related interventions.12 Many
school-based initiatives have primarily aimed
to reduce caloric intake through compre-
hensive school-based nutrition services out of
concern that initiatives aimed at increasing
physical activity in schools take away from
time for academic instruction.13,14 A greater
focus on standardized test scores has created
pressure on teachers and administrators and
contributed to decreased requirements for
students to participate in physical activity
during the school day.14,15 This situation has
7. also led to significant amounts of prolonged
sedentary behaviors among students, and
these behaviors are associated with a signifi-
cant risk of chronic disease and measurable
metabolic changes.16,17
A variety of interventions designed to
reduce sitting or sedentary behavior, increase
physical activity, or increase passive caloric
expenditures have been tested, primarily
among office workers. One systematic review
showed that standing, stand-biased, and ad-
justable work stations decreased sitting time
and increased caloric expenditures, as well as
improving posture and decreasing pain.18 In
addition, the use of stand-biased desks in
office settings has been shown to mitigate the
biological effects of sitting.19 Although results
among adults are promising, relatively little
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Monica L. Wendel is with the Department of Health Promotion
and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of
Public Health & Information Sciences, Louisville, KY. Mark E.
Benden is with the Department of Environmental and
Occupational Health, Texas A&M School of Public Health,
College Station. Hongwei Zhao is with the Department of
Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M School of Public
Health. Christina Jeffrey is with the Department of Educational
Psychology, Texas A&M University.
Correspondence should be sent to Mark E. Benden, PhD, CPE,
1266 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-1266 (e-mail:
[email protected]). Reprints can be ordered at
http://www.ajph.org by clicking the “Reprints” link.
8. This article was accepted June 13, 2016.
doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303323
October 2016, Vol 106, No. 10 AJPH Wendel et al. Peer
Reviewed Research 1849
AJPH RESEARCH
mailto:[email protected]
http://www.ajph.org
research has been conducted in classroom
settings to explore whether stand-biased desks
yield similar effects among children. The
studies published in the peer-reviewed lit-
erature thus far have been limited to pilot
investigations.20–24
In view of the aforementioned concerns
with respect to in-school activity-promoting
initiatives, school-based physical activity in-
terventions, if they are to be practical and
scalable, must be simple and affordable and
must require minimal instructional or staff
time. Hence, in this study, we tested the
effectiveness of activity-permissive learning
environments as a means of meeting academic
as well as health goals. The intervention
assessed involved changing classroom envi-
ronments from traditional seated desks to
stand-biased desks, which are set at a height at
which children can work at their desk while
standing but are also outfitted with a stool so
that they can sit if they so choose. Changing
classroom environments is relatively simple,
9. the equipment is comparable in cost to that
of traditional classroom desks, and the in-
tervention requires no instructional time.
Several earlier investigations established
evidence foundational for the current study.
In 2009, we conducted a laboratory study
confirming that the Sensewear Armband was
a sufficiently sensitive device to measure ca-
loric expenditures among elementary school
children.25 In the 2009–2010 academic year,
we launched a small pilot study to examine
whether use of stand-biased desks in first-
grade classrooms increased caloric expendi-
tures. That study’s findings not only indicated
that caloric expenditures indeed increased
in the treatment classrooms but also pro-
vided anecdotal evidence that standing
improved students’ behavioral classroom
engagement.22,26,27
In 2011, our research team began ex-
ploring ideal stand-biased desk designs for
classrooms. Partnering with Stand2Learn
(a small, ergonomically focused school fur-
niture design company) and supported by
a small business innovation research grant
from the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, the team developed desks and
tested them to ensure that they were af-
fordable and ergonomically correct, with
a small footprint and adequate storage. The
purpose of the 2-year study described here
was to determine the impact on students’
body mass index (BMI) of altering elementary
10. school classroom environments from tradi-
tional to stand-biased environments.
METHODS
We approached 24 teachers in 3 Texas
schools (8 in each school), informed them of
the study’s purpose and protocol, and offered
them a financial incentive for their partici-
pation. All 24 teachers consented to take part
in the study, and 4 in each school were
randomly assigned to treatment conditions
and 4 to control conditions. In August 2011,
research staff members attended the parent
orientation events held at each of the schools
and presented study information to parents.
A total of 480 students were eligible for
participation in our 2-year study (which
encompassed the 2011–2012 and 2012–2013
school years), and parental consent and
child assent were obtained for 380 of them.
Two of the sample classrooms used exercise
balls as chairs instead of the traditional
layout and thus failed to meet the study’s in-
clusion criteria; as a result, 37 students were
removed from the initial sample. At the start of
the first semester of the study, 6 students
dropped out of the study owing to behavioral
issues or switching to a different school.
Therefore, the final sample at the beginning of
the study consisted of 337 students. Parental
consent (or child assent) was not obtained for
any new children after this time frame.
Because our research was conducted in
11. a school environment, many factors were
outside of our control. School administrators
and teachers were incredibly helpful and
gracious, but they were unable to accom-
modate all research requests. For example, in
the transition from year 1 to year 2 of the
study, students were assigned to different
classrooms (as is the case at almost all public
elementary schools); also, the stand-biased
desks had to stay with the original teachers,
who typically remained in the same grade. As
a result, the student cohorts were not wholly
maintained in the transition from year 1 to
year 2; that is, some students who were in
a control condition in year 1 were assigned to
a treatment classroom in year 2, and vice versa.
Thus, 4 distinctgroups emerged from the final
sample: those who remained in treatment
conditions for both years of the study (the
T-T group), those who remained in a con-
trol condition for both years of the study
(the C-C group), those who switched from
a control to a treatment condition (the C-T
group), and those who switched from a treat-
ment to a control condition (the T-C group).
One grade at one of the schools was also
excluded from data collection in the second
year of the study as a result of students
switching to classrooms that were not par-
ticipating in the study. Thus, the final
sample size for our analyses was 193. (Data on
overall attrition across the study period are
shown in Figure A, available as a supplement
to the online version of this article at http://
12. www.ajph.org.)
Intervention
In each of the participating schools, the
control classrooms were left unchanged,
outfitted identically to the rest of the class-
rooms in the school, with traditional seated
desks (FBBK Series Model 2200, Scholar
Craft Products, Birmingham, AL) and ac-
companying chairs (9000 Classic Series, Virco
Inc., Torrance, CA). The treatment class-
rooms were outfitted completely with
Stand2learn LLC (College Station, TX)
stand-biased desks and stools (models S2LK04
and S2LS04, respectively). It is important
to note that all desks in the treatment class-
rooms were changed to stand-biased desks,
regardless of parental or student consent
to participate in the study; consent was
relevant solely to data collection.
Data Collection
After completion of the consent process,
researchers organized trips to each classroom
early in the first semester of the academic year
to record students’ height, weight, gender,
birth date, and age. These data were used
to calculate each student’s BMI, BMI per-
centile, and BMI category, according to the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
guidelines (https://nccd.cdc.gov/dnpabmi/
calculator.aspx). This process was repeated at
the conclusion of the 2-year study, late in the
spring semester. Teachers received $50 per
13. semester after data collection as an incentive
for their participation. (We also used Sense-
wear Armbands to collect data on caloric
expenditures; these findings are being ana-
lyzed and will be reported separately.)
AJPH RESEARCH
1850 Research Peer Reviewed Wendel et al. AJPH October
2016, Vol 106, No. 10
http://www.ajph.org
http://www.ajph.org
https://nccd.cdc.gov/dnpabmi/calculator.aspx
https://nccd.cdc.gov/dnpabmi/calculator.aspx
Statistical Analyses
At the beginning of the study, treatment
group randomization (traditional desks vs
stand-biased desks) was performed at the
classroom level in each of the 3 schools.
However, the classroom formation could not
be maintained in the second study year be-
cause students had different classroom as-
signments as they transitioned to the next
grade level. Thus, although desirable, a mul-
tilevel analysis with classrooms as the units of
analysis was not possible. Another study
feature is that weight and height measure-
ments were made at the beginning of the
study, before stand-biased desks were in
use, and later toward the end of the study,
after these desks had been in use for about
2 academic years. As a result, the most ap-
14. propriate strategy involved data analysis of
changes in BMI percentiles in the 4 treatment
groups (T-T, T-C, C-T, and C-C) described
earlier.
Initially, box plots were used to identify
obvious outliers. Next, we examined de-
scriptive statistics with respect to the char-
acteristics of students in each treatment group.
We conducted c2 comparison tests (for cat-
egorical variables) to ensure that the 4 treat-
ment groups were similar in terms of baseline
characteristics. For each treatment group, raw
BMI measures, BMI percentiles, and BMI
categories (normal or underweight, over-
weight, obese) were used to summarize BMI
measurements taken at the beginning and end
of the study and BMI changes over the study
period. Because the percentage of students
with changes in BMI categories over the
2-year study period was quite small, we de-
cided to use BMI percentile (which involves
more information than BMI category and
takes into consideration natural increases in
BMI among growing children) as the primary
outcome variable.
The main focus of our analysis was the
impact of stand-biased desks on BMI per-
centile changes over the 2-year period. We
first calculated students’ BMI percentile
change scores. We then fit an ordinary linear
regression model to the data with BMI per-
centile change score as the dependent variable
and treatment, grade, gender, and race/
ethnicity as the covariates. The C-C group
15. served as the reference group in comparisons
of each of the other 3 treatment types. We also
considered interactions between covariates
(grade, gender, and race/ethnicity) and
treatment types. The statistical significance
level was set at .05. In addition, because
students from 3 different schools were en-
rolled in the study, we fit a multilevel
linear mixed-effect model to the data with
the same covariates just mentioned as fixed
effects and school as a random effect. A
likelihood ratio test (assessing whether the
variance of the random effect was equal to
zero) was conducted to examine the necessity
of including school as a random effect.
RESULTS
In general, the sample was almost equally
made up of male and female students, with
a mean age of 8.8 years. The majority of
participating students were White (75%);
approximately 8% were Hispanic, 7% were
African American, and roughly 10% were of
Asian or Native American descent. According
to the weight percentiles for children set forth
by the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, approximately 79% of the stu-
dents were in the normal-weight category,
12% were overweight, and 9% were obese at
the start of the study.28 Table 1 shows de-
scriptive statistics for participants in each
treatment group.
As a result of the aforementioned attrition
16. and participant exclusion, treatment and
control group sample sizes were dispropor-
tionate across schools and grades. Despite
these discrepancies, there were no significant
differences in baseline characteristics such as
race/ethnicity, gender, and BMI category
(Table 1). Table 2 shows BMI and BMI
percentile means and standard deviations for
all of the treatment groups during each study
year, as well as changes during the 2 years of
the study in BMI, BMI percentile, and BMI
category. The largest decrease in BMI per-
centile across both years occurred in the T-T
group; there was also an increase in BMI
percentile in the C-C group.
To evaluate the effects of stand-biased
desks on students’ body weight, we fit
a linear regression model with BMI per-
centile changes over the 2 study years as the
outcome variable and grade, race/ethnicity,
gender, and their treatment group in-
teractions as the covariates. None of the
interaction terms were statistically signifi-
cant, and these terms were consequently
removed from the final model. The results
are summarized in Table 3.
After adjustment for grade, race/ethnicity,
and gender, there was a statistically significant
decrease in BMI percentile in the group that
used stand-biased desks for 2 consecutive
years relative to the group that used standard
desks during both years. The estimated dif-
ference in BMI percentile change between
17. these groups was 5.24 (SD = 2.50, P = .037).
There were no significant differences be-
tween the group that used stand-biased desks
for 2 consecutive years and the 2 other groups
that used stand-biased desks for only 1 year of
the study (P values not shown). No other
covariates had a significant impact on changes
in BMI percentiles.
We also fit a multilevel linear mixed-
effect model to the data with treatment
group, grade, race/ethnicity, and gender
as fixed effects and school as a random
effect. The treatment effect for the T-T
group relative to the C-C group was re-
duced, with an estimated difference of 3.89
(P = .075). The effects for the other 2
treatment groups (T-C and C-T) were
similar to the effects obtained with the linear
regression model. The likelihood ratio test
assessing the variance of the random effect
produced a nonsignificant result, indicating
that it was not necessary to include school as
a random effect.
DISCUSSION
The results of this study indicate that simply
changing a classroom to a stand-biased envi-
ronment had a significant effect on students’
BMI percentile. The greatest impact occurred
among students who were in treatment class-
rooms (T-T) in both study years. However,
the other 2 groups that had stand-biased
desks for least 1 year (T-C and C-T) experi-
enced smaller (nonsignificant) BMI percentile
18. changes than the group that was in a control
classroom(C-C) during both years. In addition,
there were no statistically significant in-
teractions according to gender or race/
ethnicity, suggesting that this 2-year in-
tervention benefitted our elementary school
study population equivalently across de-
mographic groups. Consistent with our pilot
AJPH RESEARCH
October 2016, Vol 106, No. 10 AJPH Wendel et al. Peer
Reviewed Research 1851
study findings amongfirst graders, an age group
in which many habits are being formed, the
intervention resulted in a marked decrease in
students’ BMI percentiles. Our findings are also
consistent with what has been found among
adults using stand-biased desks in workplaces.
As noted by Dunstan et al., “prolonged
sitting has been engineered into our lives
across many settings.”16(p368) The norm for
TABLE 2—Body Mass Index (BMI) Measures for Participating
Students: 3 Texas Schools, 2011–2013
Variable
T-T Group (n = 62),
% or Mean (SD)
T-C Group (n = 59),
19. % or Mean (SD)
C-T Group (n = 23),
% or Mean (SD)
C-C Group (n = 49),
% or Mean (SD)
BMI category statusa
Moved down 1 category 6.5 0.0 8.7 2.0
Maintained category 88.7 94.9 87.0 85.7
Moved up 1 category 4.8 5.1 4.4 12.2
BMI
Year 1 16.9 (2.2) 18.0 (3.5) 16.9 (3.2) 17.3 (2.9)
Year 2 17.0 (2.5) 18.3 (4.1) 17.0 (3.5) 17.7 (3.0)
Change 0.1 (1.2) 0.3 (1.0) 0.1 (0.7) 0.4 (1.1)
BMI percentile
Year 1 52.7 (27.4) 54.8 (30.4) 45.9 (32.1) 55.6 (26.6)
Year 2 49.7 (29.5) 53.3 (34.9) 44.9 (32.5) 57.4 (27.8)
Change –3.1 (14.5) –1.5 (10.0) –1.0 (10.3) 1.8 (14.6)
Note. Treatment groups are as follows: students who remained
in a treatment condition for both years of the study (T-T),
students who remained in a control
condition for both years of the study (C-C),students who
20. switched from a control to a treatment condition (C-T), and
students who switched from a treatment to
a control condition (T-C). BMI, BMI percentile, and BMI
category were determined according to the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention guidelines
(https://nccd.cdc.gov/dnpabmi/calculator.aspx).
aIndicates whether children moved up from, moved down from,
or maintained their original BMI category.
TABLE 1—Baseline Characteristics of Participating Students: 3
Texas Schools, 2011–2013
Characteristic T-T Group (n = 62), % T-C Group (n = 59), % C-
T Group (n = 23), % C-C Group (n = 49), % Total (n = 193), %
P a
School < .001
School 1 (n = 35) 33.9 23.7 0.0 0.0 18.1
School 2 (n = 107) 35.5 57.6 47.8 81.6 55.4
School 3 (n = 51) 30.7 18.6 52.2 18.4 26.4
Gender .88
Female (n = 97) 46.8 50.9 56.5 51.0 50.3
Male (n = 96) 53.2 49.2 43.5 49.0 49.7
Grade .005
Grade 2 (n = 103) 59.7 37.3 78.3 53.1 53.4
Grade 3 (n = 90) 40.3 62.7 21.7 46.9 46.6
Race/ethnicity .42
21. White (n = 144) 77.4 76.3 82.6 65.3 74.6
Hispanic (n = 15) 8.1 8.5 8.7 6.1 7.8
Black (n = 14) 4.8 10.2 0.0 10.2 7.3
Other (n = 20) 9.7 5.1 8.7 18.4 10.4
Body mass index categoryb .07
Normal or underweight (n = 153) 82.3 72.9 82.6 81.6 79.3
Overweight (n = 23) 14.5 8.5 8.7 14.3 11.9
Obese (n = 17) 3.2 18.6 8.7 4.1 8.8
Note. Treatment groups are as follows: students who remained
in a treatment condition for both years of the study (T-T),
students who remained in a control
condition for both years of the study (C-C), students who
switched from a control to a treatment condition (C-T), and
students who switched from a treatment
to a control condition (T-C).
aP values determined by Pearson c2 test.
bBody mass index category was determined according to the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines
(https://nccd.cdc.gov/dnpabmi/calculator.aspx).
AJPH RESEARCH
1852 Research Peer Reviewed Wendel et al. AJPH October
2016, Vol 106, No. 10
https://nccd.cdc.gov/dnpabmi/calculator.aspx
https://nccd.cdc.gov/dnpabmi/calculator.aspx
22. general public school classrooms is seated
instruction; they were designed that way.
However, with a growing body of evidence
that prolonged sitting greatly increases one’s
risk not only for obesity but also for metabolic
issues and chronic diseases, is it time to
reengineer classrooms? Our society is ripe
with examples of using scientific findings to
shape policy.29 Perhaps the more important
question is can we choose not to redesign the
classroom environment, knowing that we are
doing long-term harm to children by con-
ditioning them to prolonged sitting?
Limitations
A few limitations of our study warrant
attention. First, measuring children’s BMIs is
complex; because BMI is based on height and
weight, both of which are expected to in-
crease as children grow and develop, child
BMI results must be interpreted carefully and
in light of what is developmentally normal.
Examining changes in BMI percentile is one
way of balancing this issue, because growth
charts account for anticipated increases in
height and weight. In addition, our
measurements were taken over a 2-year pe-
riod, thus allowing time to balance out
fluctuations related to episodic growth spurts.
A second limitation is that, although our
intervention was provided to all of the students
23. in treatment classrooms, we were able to collect
data only for those children who assented and
whose parents provided consent. Thus, our
resultsdonotincludeeveryonewhowastreated.
Wedid not observe specific differences between
children whodidanddidnotparticipate,butit is
possible that small differences existed.
Finally, our research was challenged by its
implementation in real school environments,
where many factors were out of our control.
For example, some teachers themselves stood
more than others and consequently influ-
enced classroom dynamics; although our total
of 24 classroom interventions is not sufficient
to thoroughly examine teacher effects, it is
sufficient to account for classroom variations.
Ultimately, implementation in actual school
settings was a benefit of the study, as the results
suggest what effects might be expected if
the intervention were replicated.
Public Health Implications
Changing classroom environments to
stand-biased environments has the potential
to affect millions of children; according to the
National Center for Education Statistics, 49.8
million students were enrolled in public
schools in fall 2014.30 Stand-biased classrooms
can interrupt sedentary behavior patterns
among students in kindergarten through
grade 12 (and beyond) during the hours they
spend at school, and this can be done simply,
at a low cost, and without disrupting class-
room instruction time.
24. Research solely based on 2 hours of in-
structional time each day indicates that
stand-biased classrooms have measurable ef-
fects on elementary school students. Con-
sidering the increase in seated instructional
time as students move to higher grade levels,
the potential impact could be even greater
among secondary school students. Additional
research should examine actual effects on
older students as their instructional contexts
change and they progress with respect to
physiological development.
CONTRIBUTORS
M. L. Wendel was the co–principal investigator of the
study, contributed to the study design and data analysis,
and led the writing of the article. M. E. Benden was the
principal investigator of the study, led the study design,
and contributed to the writing of the article. H. Zhao led
the statistical design and analysis of data and contributed to
the results section of the article. C. Jeffrey led the data
collection for the study and contributed to the back-
ground and methods sections of the article.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver
National Institute of Child Health and Human Devel-
opment (grant 5R21HD068841).
M. E. Benden declares a financial conflict of interest
associated with this research since his US patented designs
for standing height school desks have been licensed by
Texas A&M University to Stand2Learn LLC, a faculty led
startup company, of which he owns stock and whose desks
25. were included in the treatment groups used in this study.
M. E. Benden’s COI is managed by a TAMU approved
plan and his involvement was at the experimental design
stage and not the data collection or analysis phases.
We thank the College Station (TX) Independent
School District for its partnership in this project, the 24
teachers whograciouslyallowedusintotheirclassroomsto
collect data over the 2-year study period, and the children
who taught us so much, kept us laughing, and reminded us
why we do this work.
Note. The conclusions presented are those of the
authors and do not necessarily represent the official po-
sition of the National Institutes of Health.
HUMAN PARTICIPANT PROTECTION
This study was approved bythe institutional review boards
of Texas A&M University and the College Station In-
dependent School District. Written informed consent was
obtained from parents or guardians, and verbal assent was
obtained from students, prior to data collection.
REFERENCES
1. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Preva-
lence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States,
2011–2012. JAMA. 2014;311(8):806–814.
2. Park MH, Falconer C, Viner RM, Kinra S. The impact
of childhood obesity on morbidity and mortality in
adulthood: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2012;13(11):
985–1000.
3. Reilly JJ, Kelly J. Long-term impact of overweight and
obesity in childhood and adolescence on morbidity and
premature mortality in adulthood: systematic review. Int J
26. Obes (Lond). 2011;35(7):891–898.
4. Fox CL, Farrow CV. Global and physical self-esteem
and body dissatisfaction as mediators of the relationship
between weight status and being a victim of bullying. J
Adolesc. 2009;32(5):1287–1301.
5. Wang F, Veugelers PJ. Self-esteem and cognitive
development in the era of the childhood obesity epi-
demic. Obes Rev. 2008;9(6):615–623.
6. Janssen I, Craig WM, Boyce WF, Pickett W. Asso-
ciations between overweight and obesity with bullying
behaviors in school-aged children. Pediatrics. 2004;113(5):
1187–1194.
7. Freedman DS, Khan LK, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR,
Berenson GS. Relationship of childhood obesity to
coronary heart disease risk factors in adulthood: the
Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics. 2001;108(3):712–718.
8. Freedman DS, Mei Z, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS,
Dietz WH. Cardiovascular risk factors and excess adiposity
among overweight children and adolescents: the Bogalusa
Heart Study. J Pediatr. 2007;150(1):12–17.
TABLE 3—Changes in Body Mass Index
Percentiles Associated With Stand-Biased
vs Seated Classrooms: Students in 3 Texas
Schools, 2011–2013
Variable b (95% CI) SE
Intercept 3.93 (–0.89, 8.75) 2.44
Treatment group
27. T-T –5.24 (–10.16, –0.31) 2.50
T-C –2.96 (–7.97, 2.05) 2.54
C-T –3.94 (–10.56, 2.68) 3.35
Male gender –1.08 (–4.81, 2.65) 1.89
Grade 3 –2.41 (–6.27, …
RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access
Enrolment of families with overweight
children into a program aimed at reducing
childhood obesity with and without a
weight criterion: a natural experiment
Emma Esdaile1* , Emely Hernandez1, Carly Jane Moores2 and
Helen Anna Vidgen1
Abstract
Background: Difficulties engaging families with overweight
children to enrol into programs aimed at reducing
childhood obesity have been well documented. During the
implementation of the Parenting, Eating and Activity for
Child Health Program (PEACH™) over a large geographical
area (Queensland (QLD), Australia), a natural experiment
developed. This experiment provided an opportunity to observe
if there was a difference in enrolment for families
with overweight children with a weight criterion (referred to as
the period with a Targeted Eligibility Criterion (TEC))
compared to when a weight criterion was removed (the period
referred to as Universal Eligibility Criterion (UEC)). We
28. also examined the eligibility criterion’s relationship with
attendance, parental concern about their child’s weight,
estimation of overweight and obesity from parent-reported data.
Methods: A secondary analysis of baseline data from 926
overweight/obese children from 817 families enrolled in
PEACH™ QLD was performed. Analyses were adjusted to
control for the presence of clustered data. Bivariate statistics
were performed using Pearson chi-square test with the second-
order Rao-Scott correction, and Mann–Whitney U-test
for non-parametric continuous variables. Generalized
Estimating Equations (GEE) explored the association between
weight status-based eligibility criteria and enrolment of
overweight children. GEE were adjusted for sex, age and
socioeconomic index and stratified for weight category.
Results: Compared to obese children, overweight children were
almost twice as likely to be enrolled when the
program did not have weight status-based eligibility criteria
(during UEC period) (OR = 1.90 (CI 95% 1.35–2.68, p <
0.001)). Parents of overweight children enrolled during the UEC
period were more likely to regard their child’s weight
as less of a concern than during the TEC period (UEC 67% vs.
TEC 45%, p = 0.036). Children whose parent-reported data
underestimated their weight category were more likely to be
enrolled while the program did not have weight-related
eligibility criteria OR = 2.27 (CI 1.38–3.70, p < 0.01). Program
session attendance did not appear to be impacted by the
changes in eligibility criteria.
Conclusions: The omission of weight criteria for healthy
lifestyle programs is a consideration for health professionals
and
decision-makers alike when encouraging the enrolment of
children who are overweight into healthy lifestyle programs.
30. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
mailto:[email protected]
Background
Elevated obesity prevalence rates are an international
phenomenon, and one in four Australian children aged 5–
17 years are overweight or obese [1]. Body Mass Index
(BMI) categories of excess weight reflect the different
levels of risk of chronic illness experienced by overweight
and obese individuals. Obesity contributes to multiple
co-morbidities in childhood and adulthood, as well as with
all-cause mortality when compared to normal or over-
weight status [2–5], and increases lifetime risk of develop-
ing chronic disease [6]. As such, returning children to
their healthy weight range is likely to have the greatest
health benefits relative to the risks associated with lifelong
excess weight. While childhood weight management pro-
grams likely have benefits irrespective of the child’s weight
status at enrolment, those who are overweight, rather than
obese, are more likely to shift their weight status category
into the healthy range [7], giving them the healthiest foun-
dation for adulthood [8, 9]. This reinforces the importance
of early identification and intervention.
The Parenting, Eating and Activity for Child Health
(PEACH™) Program is an evidence-based [7, 10] healthy
lifestyle program that was scaled up and delivered state-
wide in Queensland (a geographically large state of
Australia) to parents of primary school-aged children who
were above their healthy weight range. In Queensland, the
prevalence of overweight in children aged 5–17 years is
19%, while the obesity prevalence is 7% [11]. Despite the
higher proportion of overweight compared to obese chil-
dren in the general population, the children who enrolled
into PEACH™ Queensland (PEACH™ QLD) and were
31. above a healthy weight were predominantly obese (79%)
rather than overweight (21%) [10]. Other studies show dif-
ficulties in recruiting families with overweight children
into weight management programs in Australia; when par-
ents enrol, their children tend to be disproportionately
obese, rather than overweight [10, 12]. Despite these diffi-
culties PEACH™ QLD was interested in increasing enrol-
ments among children who were overweight, in order to
better reflect the target population.
From a public health perspective weight loss among
obese and overweight children is significant. However, the
probability of returning to a healthy weight is higher [7]
while avoiding the development of co-morbidities is lower
[13] for children who are overweight (compared to obese)
and so maximising their enrolments into healthy lifestyle
programs is a key prevention strategy. Early qualitative re-
search undertaken among parents who enrolled into
PEACH™ QLD identified that parents sought out a range
of other methods to act on their child’s weight before they
considered enrolling into a weight management program
[14], suggesting there are factors which delay enrolment
as children continue to gain excess weight. Continuous
quality improvement during the scaling up of PEACH™
QLD (described in detail elsewhere [15]) provided the op-
portunity for a retrospective natural experiment to explore
whether parents of overweight children were more likely
to enrol into the program when the weight status eligibil-
ity criterion was removed.
Our research aim was to investigate if a weight criterion
acts as a barrier to enrolment into healthy lifestyle pro-
grams aimed at reducing childhood obesity. Three key
themes emerge from the literature as the primary barriers
for parents of overweight children not enrolling into a
32. weight management program. These barriers include per-
ceived stigma [16–18], inability of parents to recognise
their child is above their healthy weight [19, 20] and par-
ents not considering weight to be an immediate health
issue [20, 21]. While stigma was not measured, our evalu-
ation framework collected data that relates to the other
identified barriers. These were the extent of agreement be-
tween parent-reported and facilitator-measured anthropo-
metric data and the extent to which parents were
concerned about the seriousness of obesity for their child.
We hypothesised that the removal of a weight criterion
would lower barriers to entry and proportionately more
parents with overweight children would enrol, rather than
delaying seeking external support for their child. To ex-
plore this, we compared the proportion of overweight and
obese children enrolled into the program before and after
the removal of weight status-based eligibility criterion to
be above a healthy weight. We compared factors that re-
lated to identified barriers to enrolment, where data were
available. We also compared enrolment and attendance
before and after the weight-status eligibility criterion to
observe if there was a difference in these characteristics in
order to inform recruitment for future programs.
Methods
PEACH™ Queensland
The Queensland Government contracted Queensland
University of Technology to deliver the PEACH™ Program
using a license from its creators [10], this project is re-
ferred to as PEACH™ QLD [15]. We have previously de-
scribed implementation learnings [15], evaluation [22] and
program outcomes [7] of PEACH™ QLD elsewhere.
Briefly, PEACH™ consists of ten 90-min group-based face-
to-face sessions delivered by a trained facilitator over a
six-month period. The parent group sessions focus on
33. parenting skills training to improve the healthy lifestyle
behaviours (diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour
including screen time) of children [23]. Consistent with
clinical practice guidelines [24], PEACH™ QLD focused on
healthy lifestyle messages using whole-of-population mes-
sages from the Australian Dietary Guidelines [25] and
Australia’s Physical Activity & Sedentary Behaviour Guide-
lines for Children [26] rather than focus on weight reduc-
tion explicitly. As such, its content was suitable for all
Esdaile et al. BMC Public Health (2019) 19:756 Page 2 of
12
children irrespective of weight status. Facilitators then de-
veloped parents’ skills in recognising the obesogenic envir-
onment and developing strategies to guide their family in
adopting healthy behaviours. Children participate in con-
current facilitated sessions which include non-competitive
physical activities and a brief healthy lifestyle activity de-
signed to complement the content of the parent sessions.
The primary objectives of PEACH™ QLD were to enrol
1100 children and to deliver the program as broadly
across the state of Queensland as possible [15]. Eligibility
to enrol into the program originally required children to
reside in Queensland, be 5–11 years of age, and be above
a healthy weight range for their age and gender. The
PEACH™ QLD project was delivered in five waves across
more than 3 years and changes to eligibility are sum-
marised in Table 1.
Waves one and two (October 2013 to April 2015) were
primarily focused on the piloting of the program across
different healthcare settings, with a secondary focus on
34. geographical reach. Waves three and four (February 2015
to April 2016) heavily focused on geographical reach, and
smaller towns reported finding it more difficult to recruit
participants [15]. Between 2014 and late 2015 several
meetings were held with program facilitators and informal
discussions were held with participants as part of the qual-
ity improvement cycle to identify strategies for improving
program delivery. Also, health professionals in towns with
close-knit communities identified that the removal of a
weight criterion could reduce the potential stigma of at-
tending a weight management program and may encour-
age more families to enrol and attend sessions. There
were also concerns that the program was not reaching
those most likely to successfully transition to their healthy
weight range. After consideration of this feedback and in
consultation with the funder, the eligibility criteria for
child weight status was removed for the final roll out
phase, Wave 5 (February to September 2016). In this
paper, we refer to Waves one to four as the TEC phase
and Wave five as Universal Eligibility Criterion (UEC)
phase in relation to these differences in eligibility relating
to child weight status, as in Table 1.
Messages within the PEACH™ Program focused on
healthy lifestyle and not specifically on weight loss, so
program content was not changed and the removal of
the weight-based eligibility criterion meant that the pro-
gram acted as both a primary and secondary prevention
intervention in the UEC groups. Marketing and advertis-
ing materials were also changed: original marketing ma-
terials during the TEC made reference to ‘healthy
weight’ while later UEC marketing messages focused on
‘healthy lifestyle’ with no reference to weight.
Measures
35. Demographics
Demographic data, including child age, gender, height and
weight, postcode and source of referral, were collected at
the first point of contact with parents in order to assess
eligibility for enrolment. Parent Indigeneity was also deter-
mined at enrolment, in line with best practice [27]. Social
disadvantage, and accessibility and remoteness were deter-
mined using the postcode-based scores: Index of Relative
Socio-Economic Disadvantage (IRSD) [28] and the Acces-
sibility/Remoteness Index of Australia (ARIA2011+) [29],
respectively. The IRSD is a component of the Socioeco-
nomic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) [28], where the highest
IRSD quintile indicates a relative lack of disadvantage in
general, and the lowest quintile indicates a greater level of
disadvantage in general [28]. ARIA2011+ is a measure of
geographical remoteness or accessibility for every location
in Australia, and it can be classified as five categories, that
range from highly accessible to very remote. Both
measures were used as categorical and continuous vari-
ables in this study.
Recruitment and weight status
Referrals into the program came in two ways: either parents
self-referred or they were referred by the health sector
(health professionals or directly from a hospital wait list,
see [15] for a more detailed description of these referral
methods). Health professional-reported or parent-reported
child height and weight were collected for the duration of
the program. During the phase of the program with a
weight status eligibility criterion (referred to as the Target
Eligibility Criterion (TEC) phase) these reported child mea-
sures were used to assess the eligibility for enrolment into
the program, set at or above the 85th percentile for child
Table 1 Summary of PEACH™ QLD timeline with targeted
versus universal eligibility criteria
36. Targeted Eligibility Criterion (TEC) Universal Eligibility
Criterion (UEC)
Program Wave Waves 1–4 Wave 5
Date range October 2013–April 2016 February – September
2016
Age criterion 5–11 years Primary school ageda
Weight criterion Above healthy weight only All weight
categories were accepted
Residence Families must reside in Queensland
aIn Queensland, children are able to commence primary school
from 4 years, depending on when their date of birth falls in the
calendar year. The age criteria (5–
11 years) meant that some primary school aged children were
not eligible to enrol. In Wave 5 the extension to ‘primary school
age’ was made to streamline
recruitment strategies [16]
Esdaile et al. BMC Public Health (2019) 19:756 Page 3 of
12
age and gender, calculated using US-CDC BMI growth
charts [30]. Self-referral was initiated through a compre-
hensive marketing strategy whose messages were modified
as a result of change in eligibility criteria (details reported
elsewhere [15]).
Children also had their height, weight, and waist circum-
ference measured by trained child facilitators when they
37. attended their first session. The method of weight meas-
urement used for the PEACH™ QLD program has been de-
scribed previously [7]. Children with biologically
implausible values for anthropometric data, defined by the
US-CDC [30], were excluded from all analyses as described
in a previous paper [7]. These 17 cases (1.8%) were all gen-
erated by parent-reported child measures. Facilitator-mea-
sured data were available for 700 children who attended
the program (75.6% of enrolled children above their
healthy weight). In the present study, parent- or health
professional-reported anthropometric data obtained at en-
rolment were used for children without facilitator-mea-
sured height and weight (n = 226).
The agreement between parent-reported data at enrol-
ment, and facilitator-measured data at program sessions
was explored for the subsample with available data (n =
551). These measures were compared to determine the re-
lationship of parental reporting biases (i.e., if they were
aware of their child’s current weight and height) with
enrolment into the program. For this analysis, the
parent-reported anthropometric data was classified as
over-reporting, under-reporting or agreement. These clas-
sifications refer to parent reporting of child height and
weight, not the reporting of child weight status. Over-
reporting was defined as parent-reported height and
weight resulting in a weight status category higher than
that derived from facilitator-measured data (i.e.,
parent-reported data was calculated to result in an obese/
overweight category, when the facilitator-measured data
was calculated to result in overweight/ normal weight cat-
egory). In contrast, under-reporting was defined as
parent-reported height and weight resulting in a weight
status category lower than that derived from
facilitator-measured data (i.e., parent-reported data was
calculated to result in underweight/ normal weight/ over-
38. weight, when facilitator-measured data was calculated to
result in normal weight/ overweight/ obese result). Finally,
agreement meant that the information parents provided at
enrolment, when calculated, was in agreement with the
measured data.
Program attendance
Trained facilitators who delivered PEACH™ recorded
parent attendance at each session and classified children
as ‘attended’ if their parents attended at least one session
and ‘never attended’, if parents did not attend any ses-
sions. Families were able to enrol until the third session.
For those who attended, the total number of sessions
attended was calculated as a range from 1 to 10.
Parental perceptions
Parent’s perceptions regarding the severity of their child’s
weight status were captured at baseline. Parents were
asked: “Do you think that your child’s weight is a serious
health condition?” Parents responded to each item using a
5-point Likert scale (end points: not serious, very serious).
These responses were re-coded into 3 categories: not ser-
ious (answers 1 and 2), serious (answer 3), very serious
(answers 4 and 5).
Sample and statistical analysis
Children above their healthy weight at enrolment were
selected in order to directly compare differences be-
tween participants in PEACH™ QLD with UEC and
TEC. These children were classified as overweight or
obese (including children classified as obese/morbidly
obese according to IOTF extended) [31].
The program allowed for multiple children from the
same family to be enrolled into the program. This led to
39. a mixture of children enrolled alone (without siblings),
and children enrolled with one or more siblings. In these
cases, observations from children from the same family
were not independent from one another for some vari-
ables. Consequently, our methods have been adapted to
account for potential cluster effect of the presence of
siblings in the dataset. Specifically, Pearson chi-square
test with the second-order Rao-Scott correction and
Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) were used in-
stead of conventional Pearson chi-square and logistic re-
gression, respectively.
The proportion of categorical variables were compared
by enrolment phase (TEC vs UEC) using Pearson
chi-square test with the second-order Rao-Scott correc-
tion. Total number of sessions attended, a non-parametric
continuous variable, was compared by the enrolment of
TEC and UEC phase using the Mann–Whitney U-test.
Chi-square analyses conducted to compare the proportion
of children enrolled in the TEC and UEC stages of the
program in terms of their parents’ perceptions of the ser-
iousness of their weight, included adjusted residuals which
indicate the magnitude of the difference between observed
and expected counts. Analyses evaluating attendance and
parental concern for their child’s weight were performed
in the whole sample as well as stratified for weight cat-
egory, in order to detect possible confounding effects.
Family-level data from the subset of 99 families that
enrolled more than one child was evaluated with the
aim of determining if overweight children were recruited
along with obese siblings, as opposed to being independ-
ently recruited. A conventional Pearson chi-square ana-
lysis was used to compare the proportions of families
Esdaile et al. BMC Public Health (2019) 19:756 Page 4 of
40. 12
that enrolled exclusively overweight siblings, exclusively
obese siblings or a combination of both weight categor-
ies during the UEC and TEC phases.
To account for clustering of siblings at the family level,
GEE logistic regression analyses with robust standard er-
rors, were used to assess the relationship between UEC
enrolment and weight category, as well as the agreement
of weight category calculated from parent-reported data
with categories derived from measures taken by facilita-
tors. GEE has been shown to be an appropriate analysis
strategy for datasets with intra-cluster dependence and
small, unbalanced clusters [32–34]. GEE models were
computed using an exchangeable correlation matrix
structure with a binomial probability distribution and a
logit link function. Both children and families were en-
tered as subject variables in the model.
The GEE logistic regression analyses were conducted in
several steps. First, we estimated the unadjusted odds ra-
tios for each relationship. Potential confounding variables
for this relationship were selected a priori based on the lit-
erature and their association with the predictor and the
outcome, and then sequentially included in the model.
Evaluated confounders were: age, sex, and SEIFA score.
Data were entered and analysed in SPSS version 21
(SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill., USA) where test results with
p ≤ 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.
Results
A total of 926 children above a healthy weight were en-
41. rolled in PEACH™ QLD from 817 families.
Characteristics of children are presented in Table 2.
Overall, most children were obese, from highly accessible
geographical areas and from areas with a relative lack of
disadvantage. Over two-thirds (76%) of children were
self-referred into the program by their parents or carers.
In order to assess the effect of modifying the program eli-
gibility criteria to include all weight categories, we com-
pared children enrolled when the program had weight
category eligibility criteria (TEC, waves 1–4) with children
enrolled during the time when the program did not have
weight category eligibility criteria (UEC, wave 5), see Table
1. When compared to children enrolled at the time of
TEC, children enrolled at the time of UEC were more
likely to be overweight (30% vs. 20%, p = 0.001), male (57%
vs. 43%, p < 0.001), living in highly accessible areas
(ARIA) (82% vs. 69%, p = 0.012), referred to the program
by a health professional (21% vs. 14%, p < 0.001) and have
parents identify as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander
(7% vs. 5%, p < 0.001), see Table 2. With the exception of
accessibility index (ARIA), these differences stayed signifi-
cant when data from children with facilitator-measured
anthropometry were analysed (Table 2).
To explore whether the enrolment of overweight sib-
lings of obese children was a contributing factor to the
greater proportion of overweight children during UEC,
analysis of a subset of families (n = 99 families) with
more than one child enrolled and available weight data,
was performed (data not shown). During UEC a greater
proportion of families with only overweight children
were enrolled (UEC 15% vs. TEC 2%, p = 0.001). On the
other hand, a greater percentage of families with a com-
bination of obese and overweight children enrolled dur-
42. ing UEC (UEC 57% vs. TEC 37%, p = 0.001), at the
expense of a smaller proportion of families that only en-
rolled obese siblings (UEC 27% vs. TEC 61%, p = 0.001).
A total of 551 children had both parent-reported an-
thropometric data at enrolment and facilitator-measured
height and weight from sessions. IOTF weight categories
derived from parent-reported data were compared to
those obtained from facilitator-measured anthropometric
measurements to estimate the agreement of these mea-
surements. A median period of 42 days (IQR = 19–86)
elapsed between parent-reported and facilitator-measured
anthropometric data. For the majority of children (73.3%,
n = 404), parent-reported data was in agreement with
facilitator-measured data. Weight category calculated
from parent-reported data was underestimated in 16.9%
(n = 93) and overestimated in 9.8% (n = 54) of children in
the subsample with these available data.
Table 3 shows the results of GEE logistic regression ana-
lyses performed to determine if being enrolled during the
UEC stage of the program was associated with weight sta-
tus. After adjusting for sex, age, and a socioeconomic
index (SEIFA IRSD), children who were overweight were
nearly twice as likely to enrol during the UEC stage of the
program than during the TEC, when compared to chil-
dren who were obese (OR = 1.90 (CI 95% 1.35–2.68, p <
0.001)). Exclusion of children without facilitator-measured
anthropometric data from the regression model did not
change these results substantially (Table 4).
Further, children whose parent-reported anthropometric
data yielded a lower weight category than the one ob-
tained from facilitator-measured data (i.e., under-reported
their child’s weight category), were two times more likely
to enrol during the UEC stage, when compared to chil-
43. dren whose weight category derived from parent-reported
data showed agreement with facilitator-measured weight
category (OR = 2.27 (CI 1.38–3.70, p < 0.01), Table 4).
Attendance
A significantly higher percentage of children above their
healthy weight enrolled at the time of UEC did not attend
any sessions when compared to those enrolled in groups
with TEC (27.6% vs. 20.4%, p = 0.042). After stratifying for
weight status category, this association appeared to be sta-
tistically significant for obese children (26.9% vs. 19.3%,
p = 0.050), but not for overweight children (29.2% vs.
24.4%, p = 0.481) (Fig. 1).
Esdaile et al. BMC Public Health (2019) 19:756 Page 5 of
12
For children that attended one or more sessions (n =
720), a Mann-Whitney U-test indicated that the total
number of sessions attended was marginally, but signifi-
cantly greater for children enrolled in groups with UEC
(Mdn = 7, IQR = 4.25–9, Mean Rank = 387) than for chil-
dren enrolled in groups with TEC (Mdn = 7, IQR = 3–9,
Mean Rank = 352), U = 43,178.5, p = 0.049 two-tailed.
Parental perceptions about child weight
A significant relationship was observed between the type
of eligibility criteria at the time of a child’s enrolment and
the parental concern about their child’s weight (Table 5).
During the UEC stage, parents were significantly more
likely to consider their child’s weight less of a concern (‘not
serious’: UEC 35% vs. TEC 25%, p = 0.044). After stratifying
Table 2 General characteristics of overweight and obese
44. children enrolled in PEACH™ QLD, and their families
Anthropometric data collection
All participants with available
anthropometric dataa (n = 926)
Participants with anthropometric
data measured by facilitator (n = 700)
All Targeted Eligibility
Criterion
Universal Eligibility
Criterion
p All Targeted Eligibility
Criterion
Universal Eligibility
Criterion
p
Child characteristics n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%)
Sex
Boys 435 (47.0) 297 (43.5) 138 (56.8) < 0.001 319 (45.6) 229
(43.3) 90 (52.6) 0.037
Girls 491 (53.0) 386 (56.5) 105 (43.2) 381 (54.4) 300 (56.7) 81
(47.4)
Age at baseline