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Thinking Differently About Social Presence in Online Courses -- Northwest eLearn 2014
This document discusses the history and evolution of social presence theory in online courses. It begins with an overview of the origins of social presence theory focusing on 1-on-1 communication. It then outlines how understanding of social presence has evolved over time to focus on many-to-many communication and learning communities. Various definitions of social presence are provided from different scholars. The remainder of the document discusses strategies to build social presence in online courses through teacher/student bios, orientation, feedback, discussions, small groups and more organic interactions. Recent work on social presence focusing on the instructor's role, location-based presence and alternatives to video are also mentioned.
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Thinking Differently About Social Presence in Online Courses -- Northwest eLearn 2014
- 1. Thinking differently aboutSocial Presence in Online Courses Patrick R. Lowenthal Boise State University @plowenthal slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 2. A Bit aboutMe Assistant Professor @ Boise State educator researcher designer developer slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 3. Agenda History of Social Presence Evolution of Social Presence Social Presence Strategies Recent Work & Challenges slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 4. HISTORY OF SOCIALPRESENCE slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 5. Social Presence Theory Social presence is the degree of salience (i.e., quality or state of being there) between two communicators using a communication medium.
- 6. What does thismean? It’s a quality of a communication medium. Some media (e.g., video) have higher social presence than other media (e.g., audio) Media w/ high social presence are sociable, warm, & personal; media w/ low social presence are as less personal.
- 7. What does thismean? It’s a quality of a communication medium. Some media (e.g., video) have higher social presence than other media (e.g., audio) Media w/ high social presence are sociable, warm, & personal; media w/ low social presence are as less personal.
- 8. What does thismean? It’s a quality of a communication medium. Some media (e.g., video) have higher social presence than other media (e.g., audio) Media w/ high social presence are sociable, warm, & personal; media w/ low social presence are as less personal.
- 9. Less Social PresenceMore Social Presence slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 10. Focused on 1-on-1 slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 11. 1980’s & CMC Cuelessness Theory developed by Rutter (1984, 1987) Media Richness Theory developed by Daft & Lengel (1984, 1986; Daft, Lengel, & Trevino, 1987) slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 12. EVOLUTION OF SOCIALPRESENCE slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 13. Timeline 1970 19761979 1984 1992 1995 1999 slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 14. Phase Period KeyFigures Focus of Research 1. 1970s Short et al. Focused on Telecommunications 2. 1980s to early 1990s Rutter Daft & Lengel Kiesler Walther Focused on CMC 3. Early 1990s to early 2000s Gunarwardena Garrison et al. Tu Swan Richardson Focused on Online Learning 4. Mid 2000s to present Garrison Shea Cleveland-Innes Akyol Swan Richardson Focused on Online Learning & the CoI slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 15.
- 16. Affective Communication •Expression of emotions • Use of humor • Self-disclosure Cohesive Communication • Continuing a thread • Quoting from others’ messages • Referring explicitly to other’s messages • Asking questions • Complimenting, expressing appreciation • Expressing agreement Interactive Communication • Vocatives • Refers to group using inclusive pronouns • Phatics, salutations + slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 17. Focused on Many-to-Many slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 18. Various Definitions •“the degree to which a person is perceived as a ‘real person’ in mediated communication” (Gunawardena, 1995, p. 151) • the ability of learners to project themselves socially and affectively into a community of inquiry (Rourke et al., 1999) • “as the ability of participants in a community of inquiry to project themselves socially and emotionally, as ‘real’ people (i.e., their full personality), through the medium of communication being used” (p. 94) • “…the degree of feeling, perception, and reaction of being connected by CMC” (Tu & McIsaac, 2002) • “…a student’s sense of being in and belonging in a course and the ability to interact with other students and an instructor” (Picciano, 2002, p. 22) • the degree to which another in communication appears to be a “real‟ person (Kreijns et al., 2011) slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 19. Various Definitions •“the degree to which a person is perceived as a ‘real person’ in mediated communication” (Gunawardena, 1995, p. 151) • the ability of learners to project themselves socially and affectively into a community of inquiry (Rourke et al., 1999) • “as the ability of participants in a community of inquiry to project themselves socially and emotionally, as ‘real’ people (i.e., their full personality), through the medium of communication being used” (p. 94) • “…the degree of feeling, perception, and reaction of being connected by CMC” (Tu & McIsaac, 2002) • “…a student’s sense of being in and belonging in a course and the ability to interact with other students and an instructor” (Picciano, 2002, p. 22) • the degree to which another in communication appears to be a “real‟ person (Kreijns et al., 2011) slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 20. Various Definitions •“the degree to which a person is perceived as a ‘real person’ in mediated communication” (Gunawardena, 1995, p. 151) • the ability of learners to project themselves socially and affectively into a community of inquiry (Rourke et al., 1999) • “as the ability of participants in a community of inquiry to project themselves socially and emotionally, as ‘real’ people (i.e., their full personality), through the medium of communication being used” (p. 94) • “…the degree of feeling, perception, and reaction of being connected by CMC” (Tu & McIsaac, 2002) • “…a student’s sense of being in and belonging in a course and the ability to interact with other students and an instructor” (Picciano, 2002, p. 22) • the degree to which another in communication appears to be a “real‟ person (Kreijns et al., 2011) slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 21. Various Definitions •“the degree to which a person is perceived as a ‘real person’ in mediated communication” (Gunawardena, 1995, p. 151) • the ability of learners to project themselves socially and affectively into a community of inquiry (Rourke et al., 1999) • “as the ability of participants in a community of inquiry to project themselves socially and emotionally, as ‘real’ people (i.e., their full personality), through the medium of communication being used” (p. 94) • “…the degree of feeling, perception, and reaction of being connected by CMC” (Tu & McIsaac, 2002) • “…a student’s sense of being in and belonging in a course and the ability to interact with other students and an instructor” (Picciano, 2002, p. 22) • the degree to which another in communication appears to be a “real‟ person (Kreijns et al., 2011) slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 22. Various Definitions •“the degree to which a person is perceived as a ‘real person’ in mediated communication” (Gunawardena, 1995, p. 151) • the ability of learners to project themselves socially and affectively into a community of inquiry (Rourke et al., 1999) • “as the ability of participants in a community of inquiry to project themselves socially and emotionally, as ‘real’ people (i.e., their full personality), through the medium of communication being used” (p. 94) • “…the degree of feeling, perception, and reaction of being connected by CMC” (Tu & McIsaac, 2002) • “…a student’s sense of being in and belonging in a course and the ability to interact with other students and an instructor” (Picciano, 2002, p. 22) • the degree to which another in communication appears to be a “real‟ person (Kreijns et al., 2011) slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 23. Various Definitions •“the degree to which a person is perceived as a ‘real person’ in mediated communication” (Gunawardena, 1995, p. 151) • the ability of learners to project themselves socially and affectively into a community of inquiry (Rourke et al., 1999) • “as the ability of participants in a community of inquiry to project themselves socially and emotionally, as ‘real’ people (i.e., their full personality), through the medium of communication being used” (p. 94) • “…the degree of feeling, perception, and reaction of being connected by CMC” (Tu & McIsaac, 2002) • “…a student’s sense of being in and belonging in a course and the ability to interact with other students and an instructor” (Picciano, 2002, p. 22) • the degree to which another in communication appears to be a “real‟ person (Kreijns et al., 2011) slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 24. Varied Understandings EmotionalNonemotional Connection Nonconnection Community Noncommunity slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 25. Social Presence Learning Community = slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 26. slides @ patricklowenthal.com Interaction Bounded Learning Community Social Presence Professional Learning Community
- 27. SOCIAL PRESENCE STRATEGIES slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 28. Social Presence Strategies Bio strategies Orientation strategies Reconnecting strategies Feedback strategies Discussion strategies Small group strategies Organic interaction strategies
- 29. Teacher Bios DigitalStories Scholarship & Philosophy
- 30. Student Bios Aladdin’sLamp Superhero Powers Digital Stories
- 31. Student Bios 5minute phone call Photo Roster
- 32. Orientation Strategies OrientationVideos Detailed Announcements & Emails slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 33. Reconnecting Strategies Soundtrackof your life Virtual Paper Bag
- 34. Feedback Strategies VideoFeedback
- 35. Discussion Strategies Non-threateningdiscussions Discussion Protocols Synchronous Discussions
- 36. Small Group Strategies Peer Review Group Work Document Co-Creation
- 37. Organic Interaction Strategies Social Media
- 38. RECENT WORK ONSOCIAL PRESENCE slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 39. Instructor Social Presence slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 40. Situated/location-based Presence slides@ patricklowenthal.com
- 41. Video Is NotAlways King slides @ patricklowenthal.com
- 42. Patrick Lowenthal patricklowenthal@boisestate.edu www.patricklowenthal.com CONTACT ME