Nutrition research of biofortified crops an update
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Impact pathway and nutrition research findings on bio-availability and efficacy of provitamin A maize, cassava and sweet potato; high iron beans and pearl millet; high Zinc rice and wheat.
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Nutrition research of biofortified crops an update
- 1. HarvestPlus c/o IFPRI 2033 K Street, NW • Washington, DC 20006-1002 USA Tel: 202-862-5600 • Fax: 202-467-4439 HarvestPlus@cgiar.org • www.HarvestPlus.org Advances in Biofortification: plant breeding, nutrition and crop deployment Erick Boy Grasmere,UK (May 17, 2016)
- 2. Biofortification • Increases staple crop nutrient concentration without sacrificing agronomic traits (i.e. yield, pest resistance, drought resistance) • Focuses on conventional plant breeding • Iron, provitamin-A carotenoids, zinc • Targets the poor rural farming populations • Cost effective: upfront investment in research & development sustainable public good
- 3. HarvestPlus Impact & Product Pathway Development of Crop Product Concepts Discovery: HPlus I 2004-2008 Determine Cost /Benefit compared to other Interventions Identify Target Populations & Staple food consumption Setting Nutrient Target Levels Screening & Determine Breeding Feasibility
- 4. HarvestPlus Impact & Product Pathway Nutrition Retention and Bioavailability Nutritional Efficacy Studies on Human Subjects Crop Development Development: HPlus II 2009-2013 GxE Performance Testing in Target Countries
- 5. Cassava Vitamin A Beans Iron Maize Vitamin A Release Dates for 1st Wave Varieties 2007 Sweetpotato Vitamin A Pearl Millet Iron Rice Zinc Wheat Zinc 2013 2012 2013 20122011 2013 2012
- 6. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2014, 62 (27), pp 6317–6325
- 7. Fractional Absorption of iron and zinc 0 5 10 15 20 25 FA (%) ZINC RICE WHEAT IRON PEARL MILLET BEANS Biofortified Non biofortified
- 8. Human Nutrition Efficacy Trials Twelve Efficacy Trials completed: • High iron crops Meta-analysis completed for beans, rice and pearl millet • High pro-vitamin A crops Multiple efficacy trials completed for sweet potato, maize, and cassava • High zinc crops Bioavailability studies positive, wheat efficacy trials completed
- 9. When bf pearl millet is consumed regularly…. After 6 months of high iron pearl millet consumption 65% of iron deficiency had been resolved in school children in rural India. . J Nutr. 2015 Jul;145(7):1576-81. doi: 10.3945/jn.114.208009. Epub 2015 May 6. Photo credit: Jere Haas, Cornell University
- 10. 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 Hb, g/L Ferritin, µg/L Body Iron, mg/kg Low Iron Effects of Biofortified Beans on Iron status after 4.5 months ChangeinIronStatus LSMeansbaselineto4.5 months P<0.001 p=0.011 p=0.059 High Iron J Nutr. 2016 Aug;146(8):1586-92.
- 11. Research findings and gaps Provitamin A • Efficacious cassava, maize and orange fleshed sweet potato. • Effective OFSP • Highly bioavailable carotenoids in cassava and maize (<6:1 bioconversion ratio) • Considerable degradation of pVACs during storage • Problems with serum retinol to estimate impact Iron: • Efficacious pearl millet & common beans (lower phytate desirable)
- 12. Zinc biofortified crops summary • Adequate zinc absorption (TAZ) from pearl millet, maize and wheat • Two zinc-wheat efficacy trials in India: women and children under 2 years in New Delhi slums & school children in Bangalore • One zinc-and-iron pearl millet efficacy trial in India: children under 2 years – in progress. • Zinc targets in rice & wheat revised up to meet >30% daily requirements.
- 13. WHO evidence based essential nutrition actions: considering biofortification Annals NYAS, Nov. 2017 (summary during MNF/Cancun, October 2016)
- 14. TECHNICAL DIAGNOSTIC ADVANCE Labrique et al. BMC Ophthalmology (2015) 15:74 • A novel device for assessing dark adaptation in field settings • Night vision (dark adaptation) improves: Mkushi children • Intracellular, sensitive Zn biomarkers and metabolic effects of zinc/deficiency (J.King/CHORI)
- 15. HarvestPlus Impact & Product Pathway Continued Releases C Seed Production Launch | Test Marketing Delivery: HPlus III 2014 - 2018 Advocacy Delivery | Commercialization Marketing Awareness | Demand Creation Acceptability Studies Extension Market & Product Development Conventional & Electronic Markets Shakti man Food science & technol. support C
- 16. Global Micronutrient Deficiency Map prepared by HarvestPlus (www.harvestplus.org)
- 17. Beans Uganda Burundi Malawi Tanzania Potato Rwanda Ethiopia China Maize Wheat Rice Sweetpotato Banana & Plantain Burundi DR Congo Nigeria Cameroon Ivory Coast India Cowpea Sorghum Lentil Maize Zimbabwe Ghana Nepal Lentil Syria Lentil
- 18. >30 Crop Releases in 2015 Lentil Rice Wheat Maize Pearl Millet Sorghum Cassava Orange Sweetpotato Potato Banana Plantain Beans Cowpea
- 19. >2 million Households Reached in 2015 480,000 175,000 100,000 125,000 520,000 180,00090,000 15,000 40,000 10,000 115,000 160,000 35,000 1,000 Iron Bean Rwanda Iron Bean DRC Iron Bean Uganda Iron Pearl Millet India Vita-A Cassava Nigeria Vita-A Cassava DRC Vita-A Maize Zambia Vita-A Maize Nigeria Vita-A Maize Zimbabwe Vita-A Maize DRC Vita-A OSP Uganda Zinc Rice Bangladesh Zinc Wheat India Zinc Wheat Pakistan
- 20. 4 million farming Households Targeted in 2016 400,000 250,000 60,000 20,000 195,000 600,000360,000 175,000 75,000 85,000 55,000 85,000 480,000 130,000 11,000 Iron Bean Rwanda Iron Bean DRC Iron Bean Uganda Iron Bean Zimbabwe Iron Pearl Millet India Vita-A Cassava Nigeria Vita-A Cassava DRC Vita-A Maize Zambia Vita-A Maize Nigeria Vita-A Maize Zimbabwe Vita-A Maize DRC Vita-A OSP Uganda Zinc Rice Bangladesh Zinc Wheat India Zinc Wheat Pakistan
- 21. Farmer preferred Trait Packages Participatory Variety Selection in Lead Identification Seed production BHU6 2015
- 22. A large crowd waiting to receive stems at the Governor’s office in Abia Awareness & Demand Creation are Key in Developing Sustainable Markets
- 23. Marketing – Consumer Goods • Create demand in particular for main channel processed products such as flour in generating pull in market development
- 24. Vita-A Maize Aggregation in Zambia by NWK / HarvestPlus Linking Demand & Supply
- 25. What is the Way Forward? Mainstreaming Photo: Neil Palmer (CIAT)
- 26. Breed competitive crops to target nutrient levels and broader applicability across agro-ecological zones & uses Molecular markers & diagnostic tool development Core / non-negotiable trait → endorsed by CG-Center DGs Anti-nutrients & promoters Phytate / Phytase … proVita-A retention/stability Strengthen the pipeline of biofortified varieties • Successfully develop next waves of crops • Enhance knowledge base & deliver improved enabling technologies • Mainstream biofortification • Improve bioavailability of iron and zinc • Improve pVAC nutritional stability HarvestPlus Phase III Strategic Priorities
- 27. Qualitative Semi- Quantitative NIRS Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy XRF Colorimetric Image Analyzer 2005 2010 Development of High-Throughput Methods 400 200 Samples day-1 Zn/Fe, pVAC compounds e.g. % Protein Multitude of Elements $US Cost Sample-1 5 Minerals ICP: $US15/sample pVAC HPLC: $US 35-75/sample Precision Methods Year < 1 X-Ray
- 28. Non-contaminating mills/grinders modified and distributed to CGIAR & NARS Partners James Stangoulis, Flinders University, Adelaide
- 29. % Mainstreaming Effort at CG-Centers 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Pearl Millet ICRISAT Bean CIAT Cassava CIAT Cassava IITA Maize IITA Maize CIMMYT Mid-Alt Maize CIMMYT Global Wheat CIMMYT Rice IRRI % Mainstreaming 2012 2014 ‘Equilibrium’ By 2018
- 31. Mainstreaming Through Key Stakeholders • Help mainstreaming Biofortification In Plant Breeding • Help With Advocacy, Coordination, Policy • Help in Extension To Farmers • Help in Establishing Value Chains • Help in Supportive Government Policies • Help in Institutional Innovation and Funding
- 32. HarvestPlus Delivery Goals Globally By 2030 • One billion people will be benefitting from biofortified nutritious foods Globally By 2020 • 100 million people will be benefitting from biofortified nutrition foods 9 “Target” and 23 “Partnership” Countries • 32 key countries have been identified and HarvestPlus has mapped in broad strokes how these numbers will be reached
- 33. Industrial Food Fortification Biofortified Crops Public Health Interventions Dietary Diversity Supplements Behavior Modification Context-specific sustainable, effective mix of options addressing immediate and underlying causes with a life cycle approach
- 34. TDRC, ZAMBIA Global Nutrition Research Collaborators
- 35. HarvestPlus c/o IFPRI 2033 K Street, NW • Washington, DC 20006-1002 USA Tel: 202-862-5600 • Fax: 202-467-4439 HarvestPlus@cgiar.org • www.HarvestPlus.org Thank you!