The document discusses the importance of nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. It notes that the last two trimesters of pregnancy and first six months of lactation represent a critical period for an infant's growth and development. Inadequate maternal nutrition during this time can negatively impact both mother and fetus, leading to issues like low birth weight, prematurity, and impaired growth and development. Proper nutrition is essential to support the high demands of pregnancy, lactation, and the rapid growth and development of the fetus and infant.
Nutrition requirements increases tremendously during pregnancy and lactation as the expectant or nursing mother not only has to nourish herself but also growing foetus and the infant who is being breast fed
Nutrition during pregnancy
Nutrition before pregnancy
unhealthy eating trends
Nutrition during pregnancy
important of good Nutrition during pregnancy
Key Nutrition during pregnancy
Optimal weight gain during pregnancy
1st trimester
2nd trimester
3rd trimester
Nutrition during lactation
protein
Sources of vitamins
The intense fetal growth and development during pregnancy requires maternal physiologic adaptation and a change in nutritional needs.
Adequate maternal intake of macronutrients and micronutrients promotes normal embryonic and fetal development.
Importantly, maternal nutritional status is a modifiable risk factor that can be evaluated, monitored, and, when appropriate, improved.
Beginning this process before conception is important since addressing diet during pregnancy can impact some outcomes (eg, gestational weight gain), but may not be sufficiently early to affect others, such as the occurrence of gestational diabetes related to obesity .
Nutrition for Pregnant and Lactating womanCM Pandey
These are the slides that me, Madan Pandey & my friend, Deepak Kumar Mandal has presented in our class, B. Sc. (Nutrition & dietetics) 3rd year. We have slides here about physiological changes during pregnancy & lactation; complications at these stages and nutritional requirements according to ICMR, 2010. I hope it would be useful for the friends who are studying in field of food, nutrition, health & medicine.
Madan Pandey
Central Campus of Technology, Dharan
Tribhuvan University
Kathmandu, Nepal
Nutrition requirements increases tremendously during pregnancy and lactation as the expectant or nursing mother not only has to nourish herself but also growing foetus and the infant who is being breast fed
Nutrition during pregnancy
Nutrition before pregnancy
unhealthy eating trends
Nutrition during pregnancy
important of good Nutrition during pregnancy
Key Nutrition during pregnancy
Optimal weight gain during pregnancy
1st trimester
2nd trimester
3rd trimester
Nutrition during lactation
protein
Sources of vitamins
The intense fetal growth and development during pregnancy requires maternal physiologic adaptation and a change in nutritional needs.
Adequate maternal intake of macronutrients and micronutrients promotes normal embryonic and fetal development.
Importantly, maternal nutritional status is a modifiable risk factor that can be evaluated, monitored, and, when appropriate, improved.
Beginning this process before conception is important since addressing diet during pregnancy can impact some outcomes (eg, gestational weight gain), but may not be sufficiently early to affect others, such as the occurrence of gestational diabetes related to obesity .
Nutrition for Pregnant and Lactating womanCM Pandey
These are the slides that me, Madan Pandey & my friend, Deepak Kumar Mandal has presented in our class, B. Sc. (Nutrition & dietetics) 3rd year. We have slides here about physiological changes during pregnancy & lactation; complications at these stages and nutritional requirements according to ICMR, 2010. I hope it would be useful for the friends who are studying in field of food, nutrition, health & medicine.
Madan Pandey
Central Campus of Technology, Dharan
Tribhuvan University
Kathmandu, Nepal
Primary Maternal Care: Assessment of fetal growth and condition during pregnancySaide OER Africa
Primary Maternal Care addresses the needs of healthcare workers in level 1 district hospitals and clinics who provide antenatal and postnatal care, but do not conduct deliveries. It is adapted from theory chapters and skills workshops from Maternal Care. This book complements the national protocol of antenatal care in South Africa. It covers: booking for antenatal care, assesing fetal growth and wellbeing, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, antepartum haemorrhage, preterm labour, important medical conditions
I believe pregnancy is a long and difficult process for every mum in the world. Through a better diet planning for pregnant women, they can have a healthier body to welcome their beloved baby.
The human body cannot make protein from carbohydrate or fat. So, we must eat adequate protein everyday.
Protein intake of both quantity and quality, during the first 2 years of life has important effects on growth, neurodevelopment, and long-term health.
In early life, the diet of children and adolescents is characterized by a higher protein intake than recommended.
PRECONCEPTION CARE
definition
aims
purposes
components
role of midwife
ANTENATAL CARE
definition
goals
schedule for anc
assessment
antenatal preparation
health education
anc exercise
anc diet
prevention from radiation
CULTURAL ASPECTS DURING PREGNANCY
The focus of our discussion is "Menopausal Health," a crucial topic that warrants our attention due to its significant impact on women's well-being. We'll delve into various aspects including genitourinary symptoms, screening for cancers, HRT, postmenopausal bleeding, health tips etc
It’s common to feel discomfort around your abdomen, lower back, and thighs when you’re menstruating.
During your period, the muscles of your womb contract and relax to help shed built-up lining. Sometimes you’ll experience cramps, which are your muscles at work. Some women and girls may experience nausea, vomiting, headaches, or diarrhea as well.
A woman’s emotional wellbeing is as important as her physical health during pregnancy. Pregnancy can also bring up other emotionally charged issues, such as difficult family relationships, insecurities and unrealistic expectations, which may have previously been suppressed or ignored.
Is painless delivery safe? Is painless delivery really painless? Can labour be painless? Is epidural birth same as natural birth?
If you are one among those women, who plan to have a c-section only because of the fear of labor pains or
if you have a question “how to get normal delivery without pain?”; you have another option to bring your baby into this world without pain, known as “Painless delivery” or “Epidural delivery”.
Almost everyone knows the severity of the pain a woman has during natural birth. The pain a woman experiences during the process of childbirth is considered to be the most severe form of pain. And the survival after delivery is considered as the rebirth of the woman.
If you're older than age 35 and hoping to get pregnant, then this is for you. Many women are delaying pregnancy well into their 30s and beyond — and delivering healthy babies. Taking special care can help give your baby the best start.
Dental health (also called oral health) is the health of your mouth, teeth and gums. It’s an important part of your overall health. And if you’re pregnant, it’s an important part of your prenatal care. Being pregnant can increase your risk for oral health problems, and these problems can affect your pregnancy.
Hormones change quite a bit during pregnancy, causing fatigue, mood changes, and even changes in oral health. If you experience sensitivity or bleeding, swollen gums during pregnancy, you could be experiencing what’s called, “pregnancy gingivitis.” A rapid increase in hormones estrogen and progesterone can increase the flow of blood to your gum tissue. Hormonal changes also have the ability to impact the way the body fights infection, too. Because of this, it’s crucial to maintain good daily oral health habits and dental visits during your pregnancy.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
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3. Pregnancy & Lactation: First 4 Trimesters of Growth
Pregnancy – importance of Nutrients
Maternal nutrition-Impact on Fetal health
Lactation – importance of Nutrients
Clinical evidences
Breastfeeding Benefits – Mother & Child
Overview
4. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
Nutrition during pregnancy & lactation
• 2nd trimester to 6 months of lactation is a critical
period for an infant’s growth.
• 70% of brain development happens by birth & an
infant doubles its birth weight during 1st 6months
• Many mothers don’t get the extra nutrients they
need during this period
5. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
The human growth velocity - most rapid during 3rd
trimester & 4-5 months after birth
Nutrition during pregnancy & lactation
It is measured as gains in length,
skull circumference and weight
6. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
Pregnancy & Lactation: Physiology
• Nutrition demand increases
• For normal growth of infants in utero and
during early post-natal life
• The increased need for nutrients cannot always
be met from the maternal diet, however ample
it may be.
7. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
• Indian Mom* needs 31% extra energy & 41% extra protein
during lactation along with incr requirement of Calcium
(100%), Iron (19%), Vit B12 (50%) & Folic acid (50%)
Pregnancy & Lactation: Physiology
8. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
Dietary gaps in India: Birth Outcomes
30% Incidence of IUGR
26% prevalence of LBW
21% prevalence of pre-term
9. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
One of the most vulnerable segments of the
population for micronutrient deficiencies
Pregnant and lactating women
10. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
~27 million pregnancies/year
India contributes about 20% of births worldwide
India has the highest proportion of children < 5 years.
We need to improve maternal nutrition
11. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
Pregnancy- Recommended protein intake
Maximum during 3rd Trimester
For 10 kg gestational wt gain - 1, 7 and 23 g/day in 1st, 2nd,
and 3rd trimesters respectively.
12. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
Nutrients
FOLIC ACID
• Reduces the risk of congenital malformations and increases the birth weight
IRON
• Meet the high demands of erythropoiesis (RBC formation).
CALCIUM
• Proper formation of bones and teeth of the offspring, for secretion of breast-milk rich
in calcium and to prevent osteoporosis in the mother.
IODINE
• Ensures proper mental health of the growing foetus and infant.
VITAMINS
• Vitamin A is required during lactation to improve child survival. Besides these,
nutrients like vitamins B and C need to be taken by the lactating mother
13. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
Pregnancy– Nutrient deficiency
• Increased risk of premature birth and low birth
weight, neurodevelopmental problems and poor
growth outcomes in infants .
• Need in pregnancy
– Protein,
– Vitamin A, B12, C, D
– Folic acid, zinc, iron and choline
14. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
Maternal weight gain & fetal body weight
Gestational weight gain
of 10 to 14 kg,
average 12 kg
Birth weight of 3.1 - 3.6
kg with a desirable birth
weight of 3.3 kg
1kg = 20 to 25 gm
birthweight
15. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
Maternal weight gain & fetal body weight
• Energy + weight gain = protein, fat and water
• Protein - deposited in fetus (42%), uterus (17%),
blood (14%) placenta (10%) and breast (8%)
• Fat – mainly in fetus and maternal tissues &
contributes substantially to overall energy cost of
pregnancy
16. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
Maternal weight gain & fetal body weight
Tissue deposition max during 2nd & 3rd trimester
17. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
Lactation – importance of nutrients
There is growing evidence that optimal dietary
intake of important nutrients, like iodine, DHA,
choline, and folate, is necessary during pregnancy
and lactation
Ziessel et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):685S–7S
19. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
Nutrients affecting infant health
• The main nutrients include
– Vitamins A, C, and D
– B vitamins,
– Iodine, and
– Choline
20. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
ESPGHAN COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION
The provision of supplemental food is able to improve
milk production and the duration of exclusive
breastfeeding among undernourished women.
21. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
Maternal nutritional risk factors for SGA
babies in a developed country.
This study has shown that eating more fish and
carbohydrate rich foods and taking folate
supplements around the time of conception is
associated with a reduced risk of having an SGA
baby.
Methods:
Case-control study of 844 cases (SGA) and 870 controls (appropriate size for
gestational age (AGA)). Only term (37+ completed weeks of gestation)
infants were included. Retrospective food frequency questionnaires were
completed at birth on the diet at the time of conception and in the last
month of pregnancy.
22. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
preterm birth (A), low birth weight (B)
Preconception dietary patterns Preterm
Delivery
23. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
The Barker theory (Fetal origin of adult diesase)
Fetal Malnutrition & Adult Metabolic Diseases
24. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
Consequences Of Maternal
Anemia
Foetal
Outcomes
Reduced
Cognitive
Development
LBW &
SGA
Prone to
Infection
after
birth
Maternal Outcomes
Abruptio
Placenta
Prolonged
labour &
PPH
Compro
mised
Physical
capacity
Clinicalevidence Iron supplementation
25. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
Balanced energy Supplementation
WHO & Cochrane review
• Balanced energy and protein supplementation
improves fetal growth, reduces risk of stillbirth, LBW,
SGA infants, especially among undernourished pregnant
women.
• Antenatal nutritional advice - to reduce risk of preterm
birth.
26. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
Benefits of Breastfeeding to Babies
Incidence and severity
of infections
Growth until one
year of age
Incidence of obesity
in adulthood
Improves mental
development
27. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
Not breastfeeding is associated with
health risks for babies
Increased incidence of
Infectious morbidity (otitis media, GE, pneumonia)
Elevated risks of
Childhood obesity,
Type 1 & type 2 diabetes,
Leukemia
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2009;2(4):222-231
28. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
In India, preferred alternative to Human Milk is:
Bovine Milk
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) states that:
Unmodified cow's milk is not recommended for
infants less than 12mo of age
29. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
g/dl Human milk Cow milk
Total proteins 0.89 3.30
Caseins 0.25 2.60
Whey proteins 0.70 0.67
-Lactalbumin 0.26 0.12
ß-Lactoglobulin - 0.30
Lactoferrin 0.17 trace
Serum albumin 0.05 0.03
Lysozyme 0.05 trace
Immunoglobulin 0.105 0.066
Protein composition of mature HM and cow milk
is very different
(Hambaeus Nutr Abstr Rev, Rev Clin Nutr 1984;54:219-236)
30. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
Psychological benefits
for mother, child
& father
LAM – Contraception
Benefits of Breastfeeding to mother
Weight loss
after
delivery
31. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
If mother is not breastfeeding
• Epidemiologic data suggest that women who do
not breastfeed face higher risk of
– Breast and ovarian cancer,
– Obesity,
– Type 2 diabetes,
– Metabolic syndrome, and
– Cardiovascular disease.
Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2009;2(4):222-231
32. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
Maternal Counseling
Reasons for early breastfeeding discontinuation:
– Lack of confidence in mothers' ability to breastfeed,
– Problems with the infant latching or suckling, breast
pain or soreness,
– Perceptions of insufficient milk supply, and
– Lack of individualized encouragement from their
clinicians in the early post discharge period.
33. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
Summary
Maternal Nutrition is one of the indicators for
improving Maternal and Child Health Care.
The last two trimesters of pregnancy and first two
trimesters of lactation are most critical periods for
Infants growth & development.
The increased need for energy, protein, and
micronutrients cannot always be met from the
maternal diet, however ample it may be.
34. Proprietary and confidential — do not distribute
Summary
Inadequate nutrition may affect and lead to adverse
outcomes both in mother as well as fetus.
In addition to adequate nutrition, maternal counseling
for breastfeeding plays a very important role in
effective lactation.