The document discusses nutrition requirements during pregnancy and lactation. It recommends increased calorie, protein, vitamin and mineral intake during these stages. Key recommendations include 300 extra calories per day during pregnancy, 10-12 kg total weight gain, and extra 20-30g protein during lactation. Deficiencies of iron, iodine, calcium and vitamin D can lead to complications. A balanced diet with milk, fruits and vegetables can meet nutritional demands.
Nutrition is important before, during, and after pregnancy. Getting enough micronutrients like folic acid, iron, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, calcium, vitamin D, and iodine is essential for fetal and placental growth and development. Folic acid reduces the risk of neural tube defects and premature birth. Good sources of nutrients include green leafy vegetables, fortified cereals, fish, dairy, and lean meats. Caffeine and alcohol should be limited or avoided during pregnancy. Proper weight gain and calorie intake are also important for a healthy pregnancy.
The document discusses the importance of nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. It notes that the last two trimesters of pregnancy and first six months of lactation represent a critical period for an infant's growth and development. Inadequate maternal nutrition during this time can negatively impact both mother and fetus, leading to issues like low birth weight, prematurity, and impaired growth and development. Proper nutrition is essential to support the high demands of pregnancy, lactation, and the rapid growth and development of the fetus and infant.
This document discusses nutrition recommendations during pregnancy. It covers recommended weight gain, dietary allowances, macronutrients including protein, carbohydrates, fat and seafood guidelines. It also discusses micronutrients including vitamin and mineral needs such as folate, iron, iodine and cautions around excess vitamin A intake. Habits around caffeine, pica and alcohol are also covered. The document is authored by Prof. Aboubakr Elnashar from Benha University Hospital in Egypt.
It is natural and necessary to gain weight during pregnancy, with the average being 25-35 lbs. Nutritional needs increase during pregnancy, including protein and vitamins/minerals that are essential for fetal development. Common concerns during pregnancy include nausea, constipation, heartburn, and pregnancy-induced hypertension. A healthy diet is important, while avoiding alcohol, drugs, tobacco, and limiting caffeine intake. Lactation requires extra nutrients as breast milk production demands additional calories. Breastfeeding provides antibodies and proper nutrition for infant growth and development.
This document discusses the importance of nutrition for a healthy pregnancy and baby. It covers key nutrients needed like protein, iron, folate, vitamins A, C, B6, B12, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids. The roles and sources of these nutrients are described. Nutritional needs vary in the three trimesters, with energy and nutrients especially important in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters to support rapid fetal growth. Both under-eating and over-eating can impact pregnancy outcomes. Maintaining a healthy diet and weight gain during pregnancy is important for the health of both mother and baby.
Nutrition is important before, during, and after pregnancy. Getting enough micronutrients like folic acid, iron, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, calcium, vitamin D, and iodine is essential for fetal and placental growth and development. Folic acid reduces the risk of neural tube defects and premature birth. Good sources of nutrients include green leafy vegetables, fortified cereals, fish, dairy, and lean meats. Caffeine and alcohol should be limited or avoided during pregnancy. Proper weight gain and calorie intake are also important for a healthy pregnancy.
The document discusses the importance of nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. It notes that the last two trimesters of pregnancy and first six months of lactation represent a critical period for an infant's growth and development. Inadequate maternal nutrition during this time can negatively impact both mother and fetus, leading to issues like low birth weight, prematurity, and impaired growth and development. Proper nutrition is essential to support the high demands of pregnancy, lactation, and the rapid growth and development of the fetus and infant.
This document discusses nutrition recommendations during pregnancy. It covers recommended weight gain, dietary allowances, macronutrients including protein, carbohydrates, fat and seafood guidelines. It also discusses micronutrients including vitamin and mineral needs such as folate, iron, iodine and cautions around excess vitamin A intake. Habits around caffeine, pica and alcohol are also covered. The document is authored by Prof. Aboubakr Elnashar from Benha University Hospital in Egypt.
It is natural and necessary to gain weight during pregnancy, with the average being 25-35 lbs. Nutritional needs increase during pregnancy, including protein and vitamins/minerals that are essential for fetal development. Common concerns during pregnancy include nausea, constipation, heartburn, and pregnancy-induced hypertension. A healthy diet is important, while avoiding alcohol, drugs, tobacco, and limiting caffeine intake. Lactation requires extra nutrients as breast milk production demands additional calories. Breastfeeding provides antibodies and proper nutrition for infant growth and development.
This document discusses the importance of nutrition for a healthy pregnancy and baby. It covers key nutrients needed like protein, iron, folate, vitamins A, C, B6, B12, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids. The roles and sources of these nutrients are described. Nutritional needs vary in the three trimesters, with energy and nutrients especially important in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters to support rapid fetal growth. Both under-eating and over-eating can impact pregnancy outcomes. Maintaining a healthy diet and weight gain during pregnancy is important for the health of both mother and baby.
Pediatric Nutrition for Children of different Age GroupsEPIC Health
Pediatric nutrition guidelines vary by age but all aim to support optimal growth and development through essential nutrients. For newborns, breast milk alone is best for the first six months. Around six months, solid foods can be introduced like mashed banana and rice cereal. For toddlers, meals should include a variety of foods from all nutrition groups while avoiding overly salty or sugary snacks. Preschoolers benefit from plenty of fruits and vegetables as well as meals at set times to encourage healthy eating habits.
The document discusses nutrition needs during pregnancy and lactation. It explains that pregnancy lasts about 40 weeks and is divided into trimesters. During pregnancy, a woman needs more calories, protein, minerals, vitamins and other nutrients to support the growth of the fetus and development of maternal tissues. Nutritional demands continue during lactation to support milk production. The diet during lactation should provide additional calories, fluids, rest and relaxation to sustain breastfeeding.
This document discusses neonatal and infant nutrition. It covers:
1. The importance of fetal and breastfeeding nutrition for short and long-term health outcomes. Breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition as well as protection from diseases for both infant and mother.
2. Guidelines for assessing adequate breastfeeding including weight gain patterns, number of wet diapers, stool frequency and appearance. Supplements like vitamin K may be needed for breastfed infants.
3. Risks of intrauterine growth restriction including hypoglycemia, necrotizing enterocolitis and problems of prematurity. Guidelines are provided for feeding preterm or growth restricted infants to minimize risks like NEC.
This document discusses the nutritional needs and diet during pregnancy. It notes that pregnancy places high nutritional demands on the mother to nourish herself and support the growth of the fetus. The daily caloric intake requirement increases by 300 calories in the second and third trimesters to support the mother and fetus. Weight gain recommendations vary based on the mother's BMI, ranging from 7-14 kg. Certain nutrients like proteins, folic acid, calcium, iron, vitamin C, and omega-3 are especially important during pregnancy to support fetal development and the mother's health. Maintaining a balanced diet that meets increased requirements is essential for a healthy pregnancy.
1. The document discusses folic acid supplementation recommendations during pregnancy. It recommends that all women of reproductive age take a folic acid supplement before and during early pregnancy to help prevent neural tube defects and other congenital anomalies.
2. Women are classified as low, moderate, or high risk depending on their personal and family health histories. The recommendations include taking 0.4 mg, 1.0 mg, or 4.0 mg of folic acid daily based on risk level, beginning several months before conception through the first trimester and continuing through pregnancy.
3. Folic acid supplementation has been shown to reduce the risk of neural tube defects by up to half, as well as certain other birth defects, anemia
The document provides information on diet and nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. It discusses how additional nutrients are needed to support the growth of the fetus and infant. Specific nutrients that require extra attention include iron, calcium, iodine, vitamin A, folic acid, and vitamin D. Recommended daily intake amounts for various nutrients are provided. The risks of being overweight or underweight during pregnancy are also covered. Food safety tips to prevent food poisoning are given. Maintaining a balanced diet with extra nutrients as per guidelines is important for the health of the mother and baby.
The document discusses medical nutrition therapy (MNT) for diabetes. It provides guidelines on who should receive MNT, how counseling should be conducted, and what messages to emphasize for MNT in barangay health stations. These include choosing foods from the plate method and using hand sizes as guides for portion control. The document also outlines goals and approaches for MNT, including setting behavioral goals, assessing patients' views on food and willingness to change, and enhancing adherence through mobile phone interventions.
1) Pregnancy requires proper nutrition for both mother and baby's development. The mother needs to eat a balanced diet with adequate proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals.
2) Common misconceptions about foods like bananas, green vegetables and lentils need to be avoided as they provide important nutrients.
3) In addition to a balanced diet, mothers also require an extra 300 calories, 15g protein and 10g fat per day during pregnancy. Regular checkups and adequate rest are also important.
This document discusses the importance of maternal nutrition for fetal development and lifelong health outcomes. It defines an optimum fetus and lists the benefits of achieving this. Key factors that influence fetal growth such as gestational age, maternal weight gain, and nutrition are examined. The link between maternal nutrition and fetal status is established through evidence from wartime famines. The roles of specific nutrients including iron, calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, folate, antioxidants, and omega-3s are outlined. Food-borne infections and the ideal diet for pregnant women are also addressed.
The document discusses maternal nutrition during pregnancy. It notes that pregnancy causes physiological changes in women to accommodate the fetus, including hormonal changes, weight gain, breast growth, increased blood volume, and fluid retention. Nutritional needs increase during the second and third trimesters to support fetal growth. Inadequate nutrition can lead to complications like preterm birth and low birth weight. Key nutrients that increase in recommended intake include calories, protein, fatty acids, fiber, vitamins A, C, D, B vitamins, iron, calcium and folate. Ensuring good prenatal nutrition promotes healthy pregnancy and birth outcomes.
Maternal nutrition year i hec curriculum june oct 2015 (1)Aga Khan University
This document discusses maternal and childhood nutrition. It emphasizes the importance of preconception nutrition in establishing nutritional stores for a healthy pregnancy and fetus. Key factors for a successful pregnancy include gestation over 37 weeks, birth weight over 2.5kg, and adequate maternal stores for lactation. The needs for iron, calcium and other nutrients increase during pregnancy and lactation. Weight gain recommendations vary based on pre-pregnancy BMI. Common nutritional risks include adolescent pregnancy and substance abuse. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and appropriate introduction of complementary foods are recommended for infant nutrition.
Ante Natal, Intra Natal AND Post Natal Care of Asian WomenSharda University
This document provides information on maternal and child health (MCH). It begins by introducing MCH and noting that mothers and children are vulnerable groups. MCH refers to promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative healthcare for mothers and children, including maternal health, child health, family planning, and more. The objectives of MCH are to reduce mortality and morbidity in mothers, newborns, infants and children, promote reproductive health, and promote physical and psychological development of children. The document then discusses various aspects of MCH including preconceptional care, antenatal care, the maternity cycle, and health education topics for expectant mothers.
1. The document discusses maternal nutrition during pregnancy, outlining nutrient requirements and dietary guidelines. It covers topics like pre-pregnancy nutrition, ideal weight gain, increased needs for calories, protein, iron and other nutrients during pregnancy.
2. Nutritional concerns during pregnancy like nausea, constipation and heartburn are addressed, along with interventions like eating small frequent meals and staying hydrated.
3. Inadequate or excessive weight gain is also covered, noting the risks and recommended rates of gain depending on pre-pregnancy BMI. Maintaining a balanced diet according to daily food group guidelines is emphasized.
The document provides dietary guidelines for pregnant women, recommending a balanced diet that meets increased caloric and nutrient needs. It emphasizes consuming complex carbohydrates, sprouted grains, and home-cooked foods. A daily diet should include cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, milk, and moderate fats/oils. Key nutrients like folic acid, iron, iodine, vitamins, calcium are vital for fetal development and lactation. Traditional Indian concepts of Sattvic foods like vegetables are best.
Vitamin D deficiency remains the most common cause of rickets in children. Breastfed infants rely on sunlight or supplements for vitamin D as breast milk is low in vitamin D. Cutaneous vitamin D synthesis can be limited by winter sunlight, sun avoidance, skin pigmentation, and cultural practices. Vitamin D deficiency is now considered a global pandemic with implications for skeletal and overall health in young children. Oral or intramuscular high dose vitamin D supplements are effective treatments for nutritional vitamin D deficiency in children.
Complementary feeding refers to supplementing breast milk with solid or semi-solid foods after 6 months of age. It should be timely, adequate, and safe. The purposes of complementary feeding are that breast milk alone is no longer sufficient for nutritional needs after 6 months and breastfeeding should continue along with complementary foods. Complementary foods should include foods from at least 4 groups - grains, legumes, dairy, flesh foods, eggs, and vitamin-A rich fruits and vegetables. The consistency of complementary foods should be thick enough to stay on a spoon without running off. [END SUMMARY]
This document outlines a lecture on infant nutrition. It discusses assessing newborn health, including birthweight and factors related to infant mortality. It covers infant development, including motor, cognitive, and digestive system development. It also addresses energy and nutrient needs of infants, including calories, protein, fat and other nutrients. The document discusses physical growth assessment of infants and common feeding practices in early infancy, including breastfeeding and formula. It concludes by covering the development of infant feeding skills.
This document discusses the importance of pediatric nutrition at different age groups from infancy to adolescence. It outlines nutritional guidelines for each group, emphasizing the critical role of proper nutrition in growth and development. For infants, exclusive breastfeeding for six months and gradual introduction of complementary foods is recommended. For toddlers and preschoolers, a variety of nutritious foods from all food groups should be provided. School-aged children need a balanced diet and physical activity. Adolescents have increased nutritional needs to support development and should make healthy choices. Maintaining good oral health is also covered.
Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation-chakri-http://www.ewhat.net/rakeshkatta567
This document discusses nutrition guidelines for pregnancy and lactation. It provides recommendations for appropriate weight gain during pregnancy based on pre-pregnancy BMI. It also outlines the increased energy, protein, vitamin and mineral needs during pregnancy, including folate to prevent neural tube defects. Common issues like nausea, vomiting and constipation are addressed. The importance of iron and risks of deficiency are discussed. Food safety guidelines to avoid listeria and mercury exposure are also summarized.
The document discusses important nutrition considerations during pregnancy. It recommends getting proper nutrition prior to conception to support fetal development during the first few weeks. Key nutrients discussed include folate, iron, calcium, vitamins D and A, omega-3 fatty acids, protein, and carbohydrates. Adequate intake of these nutrients is important for reducing health risks for both mother and baby during pregnancy and development.
Nutrition before and during pregnancy is critical for both mother and baby's health. Pre-pregnancy weight, weight gain during pregnancy, and intake of key nutrients like folic acid, iron, calcium, and iodine can significantly impact outcomes. Being underweight, overweight, or gaining too much or too little weight during pregnancy increases health risks for both. Inadequate intake of critical nutrients can lead to issues like birth defects, preterm birth, low birthweight, and developmental problems. The document outlines recommended intakes and sources for important nutrients to support a healthy pregnancy.
Pediatric Nutrition for Children of different Age GroupsEPIC Health
Pediatric nutrition guidelines vary by age but all aim to support optimal growth and development through essential nutrients. For newborns, breast milk alone is best for the first six months. Around six months, solid foods can be introduced like mashed banana and rice cereal. For toddlers, meals should include a variety of foods from all nutrition groups while avoiding overly salty or sugary snacks. Preschoolers benefit from plenty of fruits and vegetables as well as meals at set times to encourage healthy eating habits.
The document discusses nutrition needs during pregnancy and lactation. It explains that pregnancy lasts about 40 weeks and is divided into trimesters. During pregnancy, a woman needs more calories, protein, minerals, vitamins and other nutrients to support the growth of the fetus and development of maternal tissues. Nutritional demands continue during lactation to support milk production. The diet during lactation should provide additional calories, fluids, rest and relaxation to sustain breastfeeding.
This document discusses neonatal and infant nutrition. It covers:
1. The importance of fetal and breastfeeding nutrition for short and long-term health outcomes. Breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition as well as protection from diseases for both infant and mother.
2. Guidelines for assessing adequate breastfeeding including weight gain patterns, number of wet diapers, stool frequency and appearance. Supplements like vitamin K may be needed for breastfed infants.
3. Risks of intrauterine growth restriction including hypoglycemia, necrotizing enterocolitis and problems of prematurity. Guidelines are provided for feeding preterm or growth restricted infants to minimize risks like NEC.
This document discusses the nutritional needs and diet during pregnancy. It notes that pregnancy places high nutritional demands on the mother to nourish herself and support the growth of the fetus. The daily caloric intake requirement increases by 300 calories in the second and third trimesters to support the mother and fetus. Weight gain recommendations vary based on the mother's BMI, ranging from 7-14 kg. Certain nutrients like proteins, folic acid, calcium, iron, vitamin C, and omega-3 are especially important during pregnancy to support fetal development and the mother's health. Maintaining a balanced diet that meets increased requirements is essential for a healthy pregnancy.
1. The document discusses folic acid supplementation recommendations during pregnancy. It recommends that all women of reproductive age take a folic acid supplement before and during early pregnancy to help prevent neural tube defects and other congenital anomalies.
2. Women are classified as low, moderate, or high risk depending on their personal and family health histories. The recommendations include taking 0.4 mg, 1.0 mg, or 4.0 mg of folic acid daily based on risk level, beginning several months before conception through the first trimester and continuing through pregnancy.
3. Folic acid supplementation has been shown to reduce the risk of neural tube defects by up to half, as well as certain other birth defects, anemia
The document provides information on diet and nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. It discusses how additional nutrients are needed to support the growth of the fetus and infant. Specific nutrients that require extra attention include iron, calcium, iodine, vitamin A, folic acid, and vitamin D. Recommended daily intake amounts for various nutrients are provided. The risks of being overweight or underweight during pregnancy are also covered. Food safety tips to prevent food poisoning are given. Maintaining a balanced diet with extra nutrients as per guidelines is important for the health of the mother and baby.
The document discusses medical nutrition therapy (MNT) for diabetes. It provides guidelines on who should receive MNT, how counseling should be conducted, and what messages to emphasize for MNT in barangay health stations. These include choosing foods from the plate method and using hand sizes as guides for portion control. The document also outlines goals and approaches for MNT, including setting behavioral goals, assessing patients' views on food and willingness to change, and enhancing adherence through mobile phone interventions.
1) Pregnancy requires proper nutrition for both mother and baby's development. The mother needs to eat a balanced diet with adequate proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals.
2) Common misconceptions about foods like bananas, green vegetables and lentils need to be avoided as they provide important nutrients.
3) In addition to a balanced diet, mothers also require an extra 300 calories, 15g protein and 10g fat per day during pregnancy. Regular checkups and adequate rest are also important.
This document discusses the importance of maternal nutrition for fetal development and lifelong health outcomes. It defines an optimum fetus and lists the benefits of achieving this. Key factors that influence fetal growth such as gestational age, maternal weight gain, and nutrition are examined. The link between maternal nutrition and fetal status is established through evidence from wartime famines. The roles of specific nutrients including iron, calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, folate, antioxidants, and omega-3s are outlined. Food-borne infections and the ideal diet for pregnant women are also addressed.
The document discusses maternal nutrition during pregnancy. It notes that pregnancy causes physiological changes in women to accommodate the fetus, including hormonal changes, weight gain, breast growth, increased blood volume, and fluid retention. Nutritional needs increase during the second and third trimesters to support fetal growth. Inadequate nutrition can lead to complications like preterm birth and low birth weight. Key nutrients that increase in recommended intake include calories, protein, fatty acids, fiber, vitamins A, C, D, B vitamins, iron, calcium and folate. Ensuring good prenatal nutrition promotes healthy pregnancy and birth outcomes.
Maternal nutrition year i hec curriculum june oct 2015 (1)Aga Khan University
This document discusses maternal and childhood nutrition. It emphasizes the importance of preconception nutrition in establishing nutritional stores for a healthy pregnancy and fetus. Key factors for a successful pregnancy include gestation over 37 weeks, birth weight over 2.5kg, and adequate maternal stores for lactation. The needs for iron, calcium and other nutrients increase during pregnancy and lactation. Weight gain recommendations vary based on pre-pregnancy BMI. Common nutritional risks include adolescent pregnancy and substance abuse. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and appropriate introduction of complementary foods are recommended for infant nutrition.
Ante Natal, Intra Natal AND Post Natal Care of Asian WomenSharda University
This document provides information on maternal and child health (MCH). It begins by introducing MCH and noting that mothers and children are vulnerable groups. MCH refers to promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative healthcare for mothers and children, including maternal health, child health, family planning, and more. The objectives of MCH are to reduce mortality and morbidity in mothers, newborns, infants and children, promote reproductive health, and promote physical and psychological development of children. The document then discusses various aspects of MCH including preconceptional care, antenatal care, the maternity cycle, and health education topics for expectant mothers.
1. The document discusses maternal nutrition during pregnancy, outlining nutrient requirements and dietary guidelines. It covers topics like pre-pregnancy nutrition, ideal weight gain, increased needs for calories, protein, iron and other nutrients during pregnancy.
2. Nutritional concerns during pregnancy like nausea, constipation and heartburn are addressed, along with interventions like eating small frequent meals and staying hydrated.
3. Inadequate or excessive weight gain is also covered, noting the risks and recommended rates of gain depending on pre-pregnancy BMI. Maintaining a balanced diet according to daily food group guidelines is emphasized.
The document provides dietary guidelines for pregnant women, recommending a balanced diet that meets increased caloric and nutrient needs. It emphasizes consuming complex carbohydrates, sprouted grains, and home-cooked foods. A daily diet should include cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, milk, and moderate fats/oils. Key nutrients like folic acid, iron, iodine, vitamins, calcium are vital for fetal development and lactation. Traditional Indian concepts of Sattvic foods like vegetables are best.
Vitamin D deficiency remains the most common cause of rickets in children. Breastfed infants rely on sunlight or supplements for vitamin D as breast milk is low in vitamin D. Cutaneous vitamin D synthesis can be limited by winter sunlight, sun avoidance, skin pigmentation, and cultural practices. Vitamin D deficiency is now considered a global pandemic with implications for skeletal and overall health in young children. Oral or intramuscular high dose vitamin D supplements are effective treatments for nutritional vitamin D deficiency in children.
Complementary feeding refers to supplementing breast milk with solid or semi-solid foods after 6 months of age. It should be timely, adequate, and safe. The purposes of complementary feeding are that breast milk alone is no longer sufficient for nutritional needs after 6 months and breastfeeding should continue along with complementary foods. Complementary foods should include foods from at least 4 groups - grains, legumes, dairy, flesh foods, eggs, and vitamin-A rich fruits and vegetables. The consistency of complementary foods should be thick enough to stay on a spoon without running off. [END SUMMARY]
This document outlines a lecture on infant nutrition. It discusses assessing newborn health, including birthweight and factors related to infant mortality. It covers infant development, including motor, cognitive, and digestive system development. It also addresses energy and nutrient needs of infants, including calories, protein, fat and other nutrients. The document discusses physical growth assessment of infants and common feeding practices in early infancy, including breastfeeding and formula. It concludes by covering the development of infant feeding skills.
This document discusses the importance of pediatric nutrition at different age groups from infancy to adolescence. It outlines nutritional guidelines for each group, emphasizing the critical role of proper nutrition in growth and development. For infants, exclusive breastfeeding for six months and gradual introduction of complementary foods is recommended. For toddlers and preschoolers, a variety of nutritious foods from all food groups should be provided. School-aged children need a balanced diet and physical activity. Adolescents have increased nutritional needs to support development and should make healthy choices. Maintaining good oral health is also covered.
Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation-chakri-http://www.ewhat.net/rakeshkatta567
This document discusses nutrition guidelines for pregnancy and lactation. It provides recommendations for appropriate weight gain during pregnancy based on pre-pregnancy BMI. It also outlines the increased energy, protein, vitamin and mineral needs during pregnancy, including folate to prevent neural tube defects. Common issues like nausea, vomiting and constipation are addressed. The importance of iron and risks of deficiency are discussed. Food safety guidelines to avoid listeria and mercury exposure are also summarized.
The document discusses important nutrition considerations during pregnancy. It recommends getting proper nutrition prior to conception to support fetal development during the first few weeks. Key nutrients discussed include folate, iron, calcium, vitamins D and A, omega-3 fatty acids, protein, and carbohydrates. Adequate intake of these nutrients is important for reducing health risks for both mother and baby during pregnancy and development.
Nutrition before and during pregnancy is critical for both mother and baby's health. Pre-pregnancy weight, weight gain during pregnancy, and intake of key nutrients like folic acid, iron, calcium, and iodine can significantly impact outcomes. Being underweight, overweight, or gaining too much or too little weight during pregnancy increases health risks for both. Inadequate intake of critical nutrients can lead to issues like birth defects, preterm birth, low birthweight, and developmental problems. The document outlines recommended intakes and sources for important nutrients to support a healthy pregnancy.
The nutritional status of women during pregnancy can significantly influence infant and maternal health. Studies have shown nutritional education and counseling during pregnancy leads to improved weight gain, larger head circumference in babies, and reduced risks of preterm birth and anemia. Ideal weight gain during a healthy pregnancy is 25-35 pounds, while excessive or insufficient gain can harm the baby and mother. A balanced, nutritious diet with the right proportions of protein, carbohydrates, and fats along with fruits and vegetables is important. Specific nutrients like folic acid, iron, vitamin D, calcium, iodine and zinc are especially crucial during pregnancy and deficiencies can be addressed through diet and supplements. Nutritional education is key to achieving the best outcomes
This document provides information on nutrition for breastfeeding women. It discusses how breast milk provides sufficient nutrition for infants and varies based on factors like prematurity. The key recommendations are that moderate weight loss and exercise do not compromise milk production. Nutrient needs during lactation depend on the woman's needs and milk output. The document provides guidelines on calcium, iron, folic acid, vitamins, caffeine, and other aspects of a healthy diet for breastfeeding women.
The document discusses nutrition guidelines for different life stages from childhood to adolescence to pregnancy and lactation. It provides details on nutrient and calorie needs for each stage of growth and development. For childhood, it outlines the food guide pyramid and recommended daily servings. It also discusses nutritional concerns and deficiencies that can occur. The nutrient and calorie needs increase during adolescence, pregnancy and lactation to support growth and development.
This document provides information on nutrition during pregnancy including recommended weight gain, calorie needs, important nutrients, food safety considerations, and general healthy eating guidelines. It recommends gaining 11.2-15.9 kg (25-35 lbs) during pregnancy, with calorie needs increasing by 300 calories per day in the second and third trimesters. Key nutrients discussed include folic acid, calcium, protein, iron, and omega-3 fatty acids. Foods to avoid due to safety risks such as listeriosis include raw seafood, deli meats, soft serve ice cream, undercooked meat/eggs, and peanuts.
Nutrition requirements increase tremendously during pregnancy and lactation as the expectant or nursing mother must nourish herself and her growing fetus or breastfeeding infant. During pregnancy, a woman's basal metabolic rate and gastrointestinal changes increase her total energy needs by 300 calories in the second and third trimesters. Inadequate nutrition during pregnancy increases risks for both mother and baby, including complications during labor and low birthweight. Nutritional needs are also increased during lactation to support milk production and the infant's needs. Adequate intake of proteins, vitamins, minerals and fluids is important for both mother and baby's health during these periods.
Nutrition is the study of nutrients in food, how the body uses them, and the relationship between diet, health, and disease.
Nutritionists use ideas from molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics to understand how nutrients affect the human body.
Nutritional changes during pregnancy are important because a pregnant woman's diet is the baby's main source of nourishment. The document recommends that pregnant women eat a variety of healthy foods to obtain key nutrients like calcium, iron, vitamins A, C, D, B6, B12, folate, protein, and dairy. While a balanced diet can meet increased needs, prenatal vitamins provide nutrients that are hard to get from food alone, like folic acid and iron. The document advises avoiding alcohol, excessive caffeine, and fish high in mercury.
RDA & Dietary Requirement Of Lactating MotherSarnali Paul
This document discusses lactation and the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for lactating women. It provides information on the RDA for energy, protein, fats, minerals, vitamins and fluids during lactation. The dietary management of lactating women aims to meet these increased nutritional needs to support both maternal health and infant development. The advantages of lactation for mothers and infants are also outlined, as are some potential disadvantages. Foods that should and should not be included in the diets of lactating women are listed. The conclusion emphasizes following the RDA guidelines with support from healthcare professionals and notes that breastfeeding offers important benefits for bonding and health.
This document discusses maternal nutrition and nutritional requirements during pregnancy and lactation. It defines maternal nutrient needs, explains the importance of pre-conception nutrition, and discusses various nutritional risk factors during pregnancy such as adolescents, multiple pregnancies, poverty, and substance abuse. Common pregnancy symptoms like nausea and constipation are described along with interventions. Nutritional needs increase during lactation to support breastfeeding.
Newborn nutrition requires supporting optimal growth and development through achieving normal growth rates and nutrient requirements, with human milk being the preferred milk for term infants and fortified human milk the optimal diet for preterm infants. Principles of nutritional support involve meeting the specific energy and nutrient needs of preterm compared to term infants based on intrauterine growth charts and accretion rates. The goals of newborn nutrition are to achieve normal growth and development through providing appropriate levels of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, water, minerals, and vitamins tailored to gestational age and medical conditions.
The document discusses nutrition requirements during pregnancy and lactation. It notes that nutritional needs increase tremendously during these periods as the mother must nourish herself as well as the growing fetus or breastfeeding infant. Specifically, it outlines how energy, protein, calcium, iron, vitamin and mineral needs escalate. Meeting these heightened requirements is important for limiting complications and supporting healthy fetal development and birth outcomes. Inadequate nutrition can endanger both mother and baby. The document also covers some potential issues like gestational diabetes, birth defects, and challenges that can arise during delivery or for the newborn.
Nutrition requirements increases tremendously during pregnancy and lactation as the expectant or nursing mother not only has to nourish herself but also growing foetus and the infant who is being breast fed
1. Certain groups like infants, children, mothers, and the elderly have greater nutritional requirements due to their physiological status.
2. During pregnancy, adequate nutrition is important especially in the first trimester to support fetal development and prevent complications. Maintaining a healthy weight and getting sufficient nutrients like folic acid, iron and fatty acids is recommended.
3. Breastfeeding provides all the nutrients an infant needs for the first 6 months, while complementary foods can be introduced gradually from 6 months onward with continued breastfeeding.
Nutritional Requirements in Different Age GroupsAli Faris
This document discusses nutritional requirements across different age groups. It focuses on requirements during pregnancy, lactation, and infancy. During pregnancy, nutrition is critical for fetal development, especially in the first trimester. The document recommends folic acid and iron supplementation during pregnancy. Breastfeeding is ideal for infants as breast milk provides all needed nutrients in easily digestible forms. The nutritional needs of lactating mothers also increase to support milk production.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for normal growth and maintenance of life. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B complex, C). Deficiencies can occur due to inadequate intake or malabsorption and cause diseases like beriberi, rickets, and scurvy. The document provides details on sources, daily requirements, and deficiency symptoms of each vitamin. It emphasizes the importance of vitamins for health and outlines how requirements vary based on age, gender, and physiological state.
Health talk on postnatal diet lesson Plan use in Clinical Submission in OBGsonal patel
This document outlines a health talk on postnatal diet that was given to nursing students. The talk covered the definition of postnatal diet and discussed the importance of various nutrients including folate, vitamin B12, iron, calcium, iodine, and vitamin D during the postnatal period. Food sources of these nutrients were provided. Tips for meeting vitamin D requirements were also discussed. The talk was delivered over 12 sections and evaluated the students' understanding of the objectives at the end of each section.
1. Certain groups like infants, children, mothers, and the elderly are more susceptible to nutritional deficiencies due to their physiological needs. 2. During pregnancy, nutrition is critical as deficiencies can harm fetal development and have long-term health consequences for both mother and child. 3. A balanced diet with sufficient calories, protein, fats, vitamins and minerals is important during pregnancy and lactation to support the growth of the fetus/infant and the health of the mother.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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2. • In terms of nutrition, pregnancy and lactation is a state of increased demand for
energy, proteins, vitamins, and minerals to due to increased growth of the maternal
tissues, foetus, placenta and increased basal metabolic rate.
• Inappropriate energy or protein intakes in pregnancy has been linked with an
increased risk of non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity
in the offspring.
• Calorie requirement : 300 kcal over the nonpregnant state.
• Average weight gain during pregnancy : 10-12.5 kg
• The weight gain should not exceed 2.5 kg in a month or 0.9 kg in a week.
• Excessive weight gain is associated with Gestational hypertension and
(birth weight > 4 kg)
• Low weight gain (<6 kg) is associated with Intrauterine growth restriction
4. Special conditions -
MULTIPLE GESTATION - For twin pregnancy, the IOM recommends a gestational
weight gain of 17-25 kg (37–54 lb) for women of normal weight, 14-23 kg (31–50
lb) for overweight women, and 11-19 kg (25–42 lb) for obese women.
BARIATRIC SURGERY AND PREGNANCY - All patients are advised to delay
pregnancy for 12- 18 months after surgery to avoid pregnancy during the rapid
weight loss phase. Patients should be evaluated for nutritional deficiencies,
including iron, B12, folate, vitamin D and calcium, and supplemented with vitamins
as necessary.
ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY - Mean GWG ranges from 10.0 to 16.7 kg in normal
weight adults whereas 14.6 to 18.0 kg in adolescents giving birth to term infants.
5. Recommended dietary allowances in Indian women
(macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals)
Nutrient Non-pregnant Pregnant Lactation
Energy (Kcal/d) 2850 3200 3450
Protein (g/d) 55 78 74
Iron (mg/d) 21 35 21
Calcium (mg/d) 600 1200 1200
Vitamin B12 (μg/d) 1 1.2 1.5
Folate (mg/d) 200 500 300
7. Pregnancy diet should ideally be light, nutritious and easily digestible.
The diet should consist of milk, green vegetables and fruits and should be salt
restricted. Dietic advice should be given with due consideration to the food habits,
socioeconomic status and should be reasonable and realistic.
8. The diet during pregnancy should be adequate to provide :
1.Good maternal health
2.Optimal foetal growth
3.The strength and vitality required during labour
4.Successful lactation
9. Deficiency of macronutrients, micronutrients and its complications in
pregnancy and lactation
Micronutrient deficiency Complications in pregnancy
Iron • Anaemia
• Preterm birth
• Low birth weight (LBW)
Vitamin B 12 • Macrocytic anemia
• Neurologic dysfunction
• Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR)
• Lbw
• Preterm delivery
• Pregnancy-induced hypertension
• Neural tube defects
Vitamin D • Autoimmune diseases
• Asthma
• Type 1 diabetes in the newborn (later in life)
Calcium • Preclampsia
Iodine • Cretinism
Selenium • Miscarriage
• Pre-eclampsia
• Fetal growth restriction
10. Consequences of maternal malnutrition
Consequences for maternal health
• Anemia
• Increased infection
• Lethargy and weakness, lower productivity
• Increased risk of maternal complications and mortality
Consequences for fetal health
• Birth defects
• Cretinism
• IUGR, LBW, and prematurity
• Increased risk of infection
• Increased morbidity and mortality of fetus, neonates, and infants
11. Pregnancy and protein metabolism
Active amino acid transfer takes place from the maternal circulation to the foetus.
There is improved dietary protein utilization and nitrogen retention to fulfil the
enhanced demands of late pregnancy and to ensure an adequate supply of
nutrients to the fetus..
An increased turnover of proteins is seen in early pregnancy as compared to
nonpregnant women.
Increase in protein synthesis was reported by 15% in the second and 25% during
the third trimester.
In late pregnancy - decreased urea synthesis - reduction in urinary nitrogen
excretion - increased nitrogen retention.
A balanced protein energy supplementation during pregnancy improves fetal
growth and reduces the risk of lbw in the baby.
Recommended protein intake in pregnancy – 60 g/day (1.1 g/kg/day)
Sources of protein – poultry, meat, fish, dairy products , soya chunks .
12. The diet of the pregnant woman should be reviewed at the booking visit and
advice given.
The patient should be advised an adequate fluid intake.
Intake of caffeine and alcohol should be restricted.
Smoking should be restricted.
WELL BALANCED DIET
Daily caloric intake should be increased by 300 kcal
Daily caloric requirement in pregnancy – 2500 kcal
Daily protein intake should be increased by 15 g per day
Daily protein requirement in pregnancy – 60 g/day
A normal diet reinforced with leafy vegetables, fruits, nuts and
with atleast 500 ml of milk will meet the nutritional demands of a
pregnancy.
Bananas, groundnuts and jaggery are excellent supplements for low
groups.
16. FOLIC ACID
Folic acid supplementation is very important during the pre and
periconception period as it reduces the risk of congenital
malformations.
Folic acid supplementation of 400 mcg/per day should be given
from 1 month prior to conception and to be continued till 3 month
post conception.
Sources of folic acid : leafy vegetables, meat, liver, kidney, chicken,
egg yolk, lentils, beetroot, almonds, banana, whole wheat grain,
Risk of deficiency :
1. Neural tube defects
2. Cleft lip, congenital heart disease
3. Megaloblastic anaemia
4. Preeclampsia (accumulation of homocysteine is associated with
folate deficiency)
400 mcg (0.4 mg) folic acid supplementation is RECOMMENDED
preconceptionally and throughout pregnancy for women with a
history of congenital anomalies (neural tube defects, cleft palate)
17. IRON
WHO lists iron deficiency as the major cause of anemia. Anemia is the direct cause
of 3-7% of maternal deaths.
Supplementary iron therapy is needed for all pregnant women from 16 weeks
onwards.
Incidence – According to WHO
40% of world’s population suffers from anemia.
Pregnant and elderly constitute 50%.
Non pregnant women constitute 35%.
Incidence in India is about 40-60%.
ICMR reports Indian incidence as 62%.
20. Dietary sources rich in iron
o Vegetables – spinach and fenugreek
o Cereals – whole wheat, jowar and bajra.
o Pulses – green peas and ground nuts
o Fruits – apple and banana
o Dates and jaggery
o Liver, meat, fishes and egg
21.
22.
23.
24. Role of specific vitamins and minerals
during pregnancy and lactation
CALCIUM
Calcium is required for the growth and development of bones as well as teeth of
the fetus.
Lactating woman produces about 750 ml of milk daily, which represents about 280
mg of calcium.
ICMR recommends a total of 1.2 g of calcium intake in pregnancy and to continue
with 1.2 g during lactation.
Sources of calcium – milk, yogurt, cheese, green leafy vegetables like spinach &
fenugreek, soybeans.
All women should be encouraged to consume a litre of milk a day. It provides 1 g
calcium, proteins, vitamin A and Vitamin D.
80 % of the total foetal calcium is deposited in the third trimester.
Restrict salt intake as salt increases urinary excretion of calcium.
25. Calcium supplementation helps in:
1.Reducing the risk of pregnancy-induced
hypertension (PIH).
2.Proper formation, growth, and development
of bones and teeth in the fetus.
3.Maintenance of fetal bone mineralization.
4.Secretion of breast milk rich in calcium.
5.Prevention of osteoporosis in the
mother.
26. VITAMIN D
Vitamin D helps to absorb calcium and phosphorous from dietary intakes.
Vitamin D deficiency is common during pregnancy, especially in high-risk
groups like vegetarians, women living in cold climates, and women with
darker skin.
Vitamin D can be synthesized in the skin through exposure to ultraviolet light or
can be obtained through dietary intake. Sunlight exposure is infuenced by skin
color, latitude, season, life style and cultural practice.
10-15 minutes sunshine, 3 times a week is enough to produce the body’s
requirement of vitamin D.
Sources of Vitamin D – Fish, red meat, liver, egg yolk, butter, cheese, dairy
products, mushroom
Vitamin D supplementation - 1000–2000 IU per day
27. IODINE
In pregnancy, the iodine requirement is enhanced.
Iodine deficiency results in cretinism - retarded physical and mental development.
Sources of iodine : Iodized salt and sea food
Risk of deficiency :
1. Miscarriage
2. Still births
3. Congenital anomalies
4. Goiter
5. Neurological cretinism
6. Myxoedematous cretinism.
7. Hypothyroidism
8. Mental retardation with deafness, spastic diplegia, squint.
28. ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS (FATS)
Omega-3 fatty acids particularly docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA) – impacts
fetal and infant neurodevelopment.
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA intake is recommended in pregnancy
and lactation.
MYO-INOSITOL is reported to play an important role in the mother and fetus, in
preventing gestational diabetes.
VITAMIN B GROUP (B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, AND B12) –
Enhances the immune system and reduces the plasma concentration of
homocysteine.
Risk of vitamin b deficiency : (associated with elevated maternal plasma
homocysteine)
1. Pre-eclampsia
2. Premature birth
3. LBW
29. Sources of Thiamine – grains, cereals
Sources of Riboflavin – meat, liver, grains
Sources of Nicotinic acid – meat, nuts, cereals
Sources of Vitamin B12 – animal proteins
30. VITAMIN A
Adequate maternal dietary vitamin A is recommended in the maintenance of
adequate levels in the breast milk.(RDA in pregnancy - 800 μg)
Sources of Vitamin A – vegetables, fruits, liver.
VITAMIN E
Protects polyunsaturated fatty acid from free radical damage.
VITAMIN C
Stimulates better absorption of iron
Acts as an antioxidant
Sources of Vitamin C – citrus fruits(lemon, sweet lime, orange)
31. Lactation
First 4 days postpartum - colostrum
10 to 15 days - transitional milk
After 15 days – mature milk
Milk composition is dramatically altered:
Sodium and chloride concentrations fall
Lactose, immunoglobulin A (IgA), lactoferrin (LTF), and other components of
mature milk increase.
The nutrient composition of human milk is strongly influenced by the stage of
lactation.
During mammary involution,
The concentration of lactose decreases fivefold
The concentration of proteins increases six-fold with a high content of antibacterial
proteins
32. Nutritional Requirements of
Lactating Mother
According to the WHO expert committee, the optimal daily milk output of the
mother’s milk is estimated to be 850 ml.
The ICMR Nutrition Expert Committee has estimated that the average amount of
milk secreted by lactating mothers in India to be 600 ml.
The effect of maternal nutrition during lactation (about 80% of energy, 50% of
proteins and 30% of the calcium) is converted into the milk to the newborn.
During lactation, the mother requires an additional intake of energy (at least 550
kilocalories more). During the first 6 months of lactation and for the next 6
months, additional energy 400 kilocalories per day must be supplemented.
According to the ICMR and NIN, the recommended daily increment in protein
intake in lactating women is about 20–30 g/day during lactation.
33. Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first 6 months of
life and is associated with decreased incidence of infections and
chronic diseases.
34. Human milk is the best nutrition source for infants, as it contains the right
balance of essential nutrients and other bioactive factors such as hormones,
antibodies, bioactive molecules, and stem cells.
Milk stimulates immunological competence and thus improves the survival of
the offspring.
Current dietary intake, nutrient stores, and alterations in nutrient utilization
are the three aspects of maternal nutrition that have an impact on human milk
composition.
Lactating mothers should be supplemented with required nutrient
supplementation to fulfill their own needs and needs of the feeding baby through
healthy breast milk.
The fourth trimester : the transition period after childbirth
The fourth trimester is marked by significant biological, psychological, and
social changes.
Mothers are faced with multiple challenges such as physical recovery, hormonal
imbalance, disturbance of sleep, and care (feeding) of the newborn.
The mother must be provided with sufficient nutritional intake to their
nutritional demand during the early postpartum period