Nutrition during infancy

1. NUTRITION DURING
INFANCY
BY :
Mangesh G Jadhav
Roll no. :8
MSc. Biochemistry Part 2
Fergusson College,Pune

2. Food
NutrientsNutrition
INTRODUCTION

4. STAGES OF LIFE AGE
Prenatal period Conception to Birth
Period of the neonate Birth to one month
Infancy 1 month to 2 years
Early childhood 2 to 6 years
Middle childhood 6 to 11 years
Adolescence 12 to 19 years
Early Adulthood 19 to 40 years
Middle age 40 to 60 years
Old age 60 and above

5. INFANCY
An Infant is a child Younger
Than One Year Of Age
Characteristics
• Shortest of All
Developmental Periods
• Is a Time of Radical
Adjustments
• Plateau in Development
• Preview of Later
Development
• Is a Hazardous Period

6. INFANT DEVELOPMENT
TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT
Psychosocial
Language
Cognitive
Physical

8. NUTRITION SOURCE FOR INFANTS
BREAST MILK & FORMULAS
Breast milk
– The milk is produced by the
mammary glands, which are
contained within the breasts.
Colostrum
• is the first pale yellow milk breasts
produce after giving birth
Mature milk
• secreted approximately two to four
days after baby is born
• produced in greater amounts than
colostrum.
Formulas
• Manufactured foods that mimic human
milk
• Partially or completely replace
breastfeeding
• Include powders, concentrated liquids,
and ready-to-use forms.
• Types :
– Cow milk protein-based
– Soy-based formulas
– Protein hydrolysate

9. NUTRIENT
FACTOR
BREAST MILK
CONTAINS
FORMULA
CONTAINS
COMMENT
FATS
-Rich in brain-building
omega 3s, namely
DHA and AA
-Automatically adjusts
to infant's needs;
levels decline as
baby gets older
-Rich in cholesterol
-Nearly completely
Absorbed
-Contains fat digesting
enzyme,lipase
-No DHA
-Doesn't adjust to
infant's needs
-No cholesterol
-Not completely
absorbed
-No lipase
Fat is the most important
nutrient in breastmilk; the
absence of cholesterol and
DHA, vital nutrients for
growing brains and bodies,
may predispose a child to
adult heart and central
nervous system diseases.
Leftover, unabsorbed fat
accounts for unpleasant
smelling stools in formula-
fed babies
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS

10. NUTRIENT
FACTOR
BREAST MILK
CONTAINS
FORMULA CONTAINS COMMENT
PROTEINS
Soft, easily-digestible
Completely absorbed
casein,
α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin,
secretory immunoglobulin
IgA, lysozyme, and serum
albumin.
Harder-to-digest casein
curds
Not completely absorbed,
more waste,
harder on kidneys No
lactoferrin, or only a trace
No lysozyme
Deficient or low in some
brain-and body-building
proteins
Deficient in growth factors
Does not contain as many
sleep inducing proteins.
Infants aren't
allergic to human
milk protein

11. NUTRIENT
FACTOR
BREAST MILK
CONTAINS
FORMULA
CONTAINS
COMMENT
Carbohydrates
Rich in lactose
Rich in oligosaccharides,
which promote intestinal
health
No lactose in some
formulas
Deficient in
oligosaccharides
Lactose is considered
an important
carbohydrate for brain
development. Studies
show the level of
lactose in the milk of a
species correlates with
the size of the brain of
that species.

12. NUTRIENT
FACTOR
BREAST MILK
CONTAINS
FORMULA
CONTAINS
COMMENT
Immune
boosters
Rich in living white
blood cells, millions
per feeding
Rich in
immunoglobulins :
Ig A,IgM,IgG
Also Contain Cytokines
& chemokines
No live white blood
cells-or any other
cells.
Dead food has less
immunological
benefit.
Few
immunoglobulins and
most are the wrong
kind
When mother is
exposed to a
germ, she makes
antibodies to that
germ and gives
these antibodies to
her infant via her
milk.

13. NUTRIENT
FACTOR
BREAST MILK
CONTAINS
FORMULA
CONTAINS
COMMENT
Vitamins &
Minerals
Better absorbed,
especially iron, zinc,
and calcium
Iron is 50 to 75 percent
absorbed.
Contains more
selenium (an
antioxidant)
Not absorbed as well
as Iron is 5 to 10
percent absorbed
Contains less
selenium (an
antioxidant)
Vitamins and minerals in
breast milk enjoy a
higher bioavailability-
that is, a greater
percentage is absorbed.
To compensate, more is
added to formula, which
makes it harder to
digest.

14. NUTRIENT
FACTOR
BREAST MILK
CONTAINS
FORMULA
CONTAINS
COMMENT
Enzymes &
Hormones
Rich in digestive
enzymes, such as lipase
and amylase
Rich in many hormones:
thyroid, prolactin,
oxytocin, and more than
fifteen others
Varies with mother's diet
Processing kills
digestive enzymes
Processing kills
hormones, which are
not human to begin
with Always tastes
the same
Digestive enzymes
promote intestinal
health.
Hormones contribute to
the overall biochemical
balance and well- being
of baby.
By taking on the flavour
of mother's diet,
breastmilk shapes the
tastes of the child to
family foods.

15. Advantages/Disadvantages Breastfeeding Formula Feeding
Nutrients
Ideal food for babies.Compostion
changes as they eat and grow
Modelled after human milk, but
certain components cannot be
dupilicated.composition does not
change with time. Must be
prepares carefully to supply the
correct nutrient mix and ratio of
nutrients of fluids
Amount
Underfeeding can be a problem in
new-borns if the mother is not well
versed in breastfeeding and the
signs of dehydration in the infant
Overfeeding is a risk because of
the desire of care givers to have
the baby empty the bottle
Immunity
Immune factors are transferred
from mother to infant
There are no immune factors in
formula
Allergies
Allergies to Brest milk are very
rare and the risk of food allergies
is reduced
There are a variety of choices if
the infant is allergic to one type of
formula.
Environmental Contamination
Breast milk is sterile but pumped
milk can become contaminated if
not stored properly
Bacterial contamination is a risk if
formula are prepared under
unsanitary conditions & stored
improperly.
Ease for baby
Suckling aids development of
teeth and facial muscles needed
for speech
May allow more sleep
Cost
Cheaper ,but mother should be
well nourished
More expensive than nursing &
cost includes formula as well as
equipment and energy used in
preparation.

16. COMPARISON OF GROWTH IN TERMS OF HEIGHT & WEIGHT IN
BREAST FED & FORMULA FED INFANTS

17. Infant Health Outcomes Maternal Health Outcomes
Increased incidence and severity of
infection :
Otitis media ,LRT infections,UTI,
Diarrhea,bacterial meningitis, sepsis
Higher prevalence of
hypertension,diabetes,hyperlipidemia,CVD,
Metabolic syndrome
Increased rate of
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC),
Post neonatal deaths
Increased risk of breast cancer ,Ovarian
cancer, rheumatoid arthritis.
Increased risk of atopic dermatitis,
leukaemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin’s disease,
asthma, diabetes
Reduction in bone health
Decreased cognitive development
Lack of amenorrhea (absence of
mensuration)
Increased obesity Increased sleep disturbances
HEALTH OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED
WITH NOT BREASTFEEDING

18. COMPLEMENTARY
FEEDING
Definition:
• Transition from exclusive breastfeeding to
family foods
• Initiated when breast milk no longer meets
the nutritional needs.
• Covers the period from 6 to 18-24 months
of age
• It is the time when malnutrition may
start
• Contributing to the high prevalence
of malnutrition in children under 5yrs
of age world-wide.
• WHO estimates that 2 out of 5
children are stunted in low-income
countries

19. COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING
What it should be?
• Timely : Should start in addition to breast milk 6 months onward
• Adequate: Amount,Frequency,consistency & food variety
• Hygienic : measure taken to avoid risk of contamination
• Appropriate : Food texture, Feeding practices
• Frequency :
– initially 2-3 times a day between 6-8 months,
– increasing to 3-4 times daily between 9-11 months
– 12-24 months with additional nutritious snacks offered 1-2 times per
day, as desired

20. COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING
• How to know if baby is ready for solid foods
– The baby is able to sit on a chair with back support.
– Baby’s head & neck are stable.
– Baby can open and close the mouth around a spoon.
– Baby is still hungry after breastfeeding/formula feeding & shows interest in
food.
• Precautions while you are introducing first solid food to baby
– Start with fruit pureed, as it’s easy to digest.
– Always follow 3 days-wait-rule.
– Stop feeding that particular food in case of food allergy.
– Always feed solid food to baby when he is sitting on a chair or your lap
– Start with a very small quantity and slowly increase the portion
– Weaning food must be a single grain food.
– Always feed freshly cooked food to your baby.