The intense fetal growth and development during pregnancy requires maternal physiologic adaptation and a change in nutritional needs.
Adequate maternal intake of macronutrients and micronutrients promotes normal embryonic and fetal development.
Importantly, maternal nutritional status is a modifiable risk factor that can be evaluated, monitored, and, when appropriate, improved.
Beginning this process before conception is important since addressing diet during pregnancy can impact some outcomes (eg, gestational weight gain), but may not be sufficiently early to affect others, such as the occurrence of gestational diabetes related to obesity .
Nutrition during pregnancy
Nutrition before pregnancy
unhealthy eating trends
Nutrition during pregnancy
important of good Nutrition during pregnancy
Key Nutrition during pregnancy
Optimal weight gain during pregnancy
1st trimester
2nd trimester
3rd trimester
Nutrition during lactation
protein
Sources of vitamins
The magic milk .....full of benefits ,vitamines and minerals .......that is human milk
what is composition ,benefits,storage guidelines ?
what is contraindication?
Nutrition during pregnancy
Nutrition before pregnancy
unhealthy eating trends
Nutrition during pregnancy
important of good Nutrition during pregnancy
Key Nutrition during pregnancy
Optimal weight gain during pregnancy
1st trimester
2nd trimester
3rd trimester
Nutrition during lactation
protein
Sources of vitamins
The magic milk .....full of benefits ,vitamines and minerals .......that is human milk
what is composition ,benefits,storage guidelines ?
what is contraindication?
I believe pregnancy is a long and difficult process for every mum in the world. Through a better diet planning for pregnant women, they can have a healthier body to welcome their beloved baby.
Nutrition requirements increases tremendously during pregnancy and lactation as the expectant or nursing mother not only has to nourish herself but also growing foetus and the infant who is being breast fed
Weight gain during pregnancy is common and necessary for the proper growth and development of a fetus. Many moms are disappointed to discover that their pregnancy weight gain was more than expected, or that fat has deposited in areas other than the belly.
I believe pregnancy is a long and difficult process for every mum in the world. Through a better diet planning for pregnant women, they can have a healthier body to welcome their beloved baby.
Nutrition requirements increases tremendously during pregnancy and lactation as the expectant or nursing mother not only has to nourish herself but also growing foetus and the infant who is being breast fed
Weight gain during pregnancy is common and necessary for the proper growth and development of a fetus. Many moms are disappointed to discover that their pregnancy weight gain was more than expected, or that fat has deposited in areas other than the belly.
The human body cannot make protein from carbohydrate or fat. So, we must eat adequate protein everyday.
Protein intake of both quantity and quality, during the first 2 years of life has important effects on growth, neurodevelopment, and long-term health.
In early life, the diet of children and adolescents is characterized by a higher protein intake than recommended.
Case Report on Invasive Mole. Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN) encom...Niranjan Chavan
Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN) encompasses a suite of rare but significant gynecological malignancies arising from aberrant placental trophoblast cells. As medical professionals and researchers, our comprehension of GTN's complexities is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. This introduction serves to illuminate the key features, diagnostic procedures, and treatment protocols associated with GTN, helping to navigate the intricate landscape of this disease.
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare form of heart failure that occurs during the last month of pregnancy or within the first five months postpartum. It presents significant challenges in diagnosis and treatment due to its overlap with symptoms of normal pregnancy and postpartum changes. This condition varies in incidence across different racial groups and geographical locations, with a notable occurrence in the United States and southern India.
DR. NNC LAPAROSCOPY IN PREGNANCY IAGE VARANASI, 17TH MARCH 2024.pptxNiranjan Chavan
Our journey will navigate the evolution of laparoscopy in the context of pregnancy, detailing key milestones, breakthroughs, and advancements in technology and techniques. The presentation highlights how laparoscopy has revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of conditions such as ectopic pregnancy, ovarian cysts and other gynecological disorders during pregnancy.
Optimising Delivery Of 1kg Fetus - Special Considerations.pptxNiranjan Chavan
After an uncomplicated vaginal birth in a health facility, healthy mothers and newborns should receive care in the facility for at least 24 hours after birth.
VACCINE IN WOMEN TOWARDS SDG 2030 DR.N N CHAVAN 10012024 AICOG HYDERABAD.pptxNiranjan Chavan
In our presentation today, we will unravel the transformative power of vaccines in women, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030. By exploring the pivotal role of vaccinations, we aim to elucidate how they contribute to women's health, empowerment, and overall well-being. Through this lens, we envision a future where widespread vaccine access propels us closer to achieving the SDGs and ensures a healthier, more equitable world for women globally.
RRRR IN OBSTETRIC HEMORRHAGE 09012024 AICOG 2024 HEYDERABAD.pptxNiranjan Chavan
This presentation focuses on a critical aspect of maternal care: "Reducing Maternal Mortality through Rapid Response in Obstetric Haemorrhage" (RRRR). As we navigate through this presentation, let us collectively work towards advancing our understanding and application of RRRR in obstetric care to safeguard the well-being of mothers during childbirth.
Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells and/OR their oxy...Niranjan Chavan
Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells and/OR their
oxygen-carrying capacity is insufficient to meet the body’s physiological needs.
HELLP syndrome is a pregnancy complication. It is a type of preeclampsia. It ...Niranjan Chavan
HELLP syndrome is a pregnancy complication. It is a type of preeclampsia. It usually occurs during the third trimester of pregnancy. But it also can develop in the first week after childbirth
Guidelines & Identification of Early Sepsis DR. NN CHAVAN 02122023.pptxNiranjan Chavan
Here is a highly informative session on guidelines and identification of early sepsis as it is critical for timely intervention and improved patient outcomes.
PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE IN OBGYN INFECTIONS 01102023.pptxNiranjan Chavan
Today, we face new infectious threats; but also benefit from advanced diagnostics and treatments. Looking ahead, it’s crucial to continue
adapting to emerging pathogens, implement stringent preventive measures, and
leverage cutting-edge technologies to ensure the safety and well-being of our patients in the ever-evolving landscape of obstetrics and gynecology.
Vaccination during pregnancy is crucial to protect both the mother and the developing baby. It helps prevent serious complications and ensures a healthier start in life. #VaccinateForTwo 🤰💉
Explore a comprehensive presentation on Invasive Cervical Carcinoma, shedding light on its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and preventive measures.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
3. Professor and Unit Chief, L.T.M.M.C & L.T.M.G.H, Sion Hospital
President, MOGS (2022-2023)
Joint Treasurer, FOGSI (2021-2025)
Organising Secretary, AICOG Mumbai 2025
Treasurer, AFG (2023-2024)
Member Oncology Committee, SAFOG (2021-2023)
Dean AGOG & Chief Content Director, HIGHGRAD & FEMAS Courses
Editor-in-Chief, FEMAS, JGOG & TOA Journal
67 publications in International and National Journals with 166 Citations
National Coordinator, FOGSI Medical Disorders in Pregnancy Committee (2019-2022)
Chair & Convener, FOGSI Cell Violence Against Doctors (2015-16)
Member, Oncology Committee AOFOG (2013-2015)
Coordinator of 11 batches of MUHS recognized Certificate Course of B.I.M.I.E at
L.T.M.G.H (2010-16)
Member, Managing Committee IAGE (2013-17), (2018-20), (2022-2023)
Editorial Board, European Journal of Gynaec. Oncology (Italy)
Course Coordinator of 3 batches of Advanced Minimal Access Gynaec Surgery (AMAS)
at LTMGH (2018-19)
DR. NIRANJAN CHAVAN
MD, FCPS, DGO, MICOG, DICOG, FICOG, DFP,
DIPLOMA IN ENDOSCOPY (USA)
4. INTRODUCTION
• The intense fetal growth and development during pregnancy requires
maternal physiologic adaptation and a change in nutritional needs.
• Adequate maternal intake of macronutrients and micronutrients promotes
normal embryonic and fetal development.
5. • While undernutrition and overnutrition (eg, an obesogenic
environment) may be associated with
• adverse maternal pregnancy and newborn outcomes
• including miscarriage
• some congenital anomalies
• hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
• gestational diabetes
• preterm birth
• small for gestational age newborn and
• suboptimal neurocognitive development
6. • Importantly, maternal nutritional status is a modifiable risk factor that can
be evaluated, monitored, and, when appropriate, improved.
• Beginning this process before conception is important since addressing
diet during pregnancy can impact some outcomes (eg, gestational weight
gain), but may not be sufficiently early to affect others, such as the
occurrence of gestational diabetes related to obesity .
7. DIETARY REQUIREMENTS
• Protein - The fetal/placental unit utilizes approximately 1000 g of protein, with
most of this requirement in the last six months.
• Recommended intake – The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend a
minimum daily nutritional goal of 71 g/day (1.1 g/kg/day)
8. Carbohydrates -
• Recommended intake – Carbohydrate requirements
increase to 175 g/day in pregnancy, up from 130
g/day in non pregnant females.
• Highly processed carbohydrates should be
minimized to help manage weight gain.
• Avoid high postprandial blood glucose levels,
particularly among those with or at high risk of
diabetes.
9. Fiber -
• Intake of 28 to 36 g/day is recommended in
pregnancy, which, along with adequate fluid intake,
may help prevent or reduce constipation.
• High fiber consumption prior to conception was
associated with a decreased risk of preeclampsia
and dyslipidemia in an observational study.
• High fiber intake may also have favourable effects
on blood glucose.
10. Fat -
• Recommended intake – The Dietary Guidelines for
Americans set daily nutritional goals for pregnant
individuals as 20 to 35 percent of total energy intake of
2200 -2400 calories should be obtained from Fat .
• <10 percent of total energy out of 25 to 35 % should be
obtained from saturated fatty acids and rest from
unsaturated fatty acids.
• Daily goals for essential fatty acids like linoleic and
linolenic acid is 13 g/day and 1.4 g/day respectrively.
• These goals are consistent with a healthy dietary pattern.
11. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids -
• Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are two n-3
(also known as omega-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3
LCPUFAs) derived primarily from fish or marine-based sources.
• DHA is necessary for normal development of the fetal brain and retina, and
seafood consumption during pregnancy has also been associated with favorable
cognitive development in offspring.
12. MICRONUTRIENTS
• Iron - is necessary for fetal brain and placental
development and to expand the maternal red cell mass.
Iron deficiency, which is the most prevalent single-
nutrient deficiency worldwide.
• Dietary reference values for iron in pregnancy vary
worldwide.
13. • The CDC recommends iron intake of 27 mg/day during
pregnancy (up from 18 mg/day in nonpregnant/non-
lactating people) to prevent iron deficiency anemia.
• For pregnant women with first or third trimester
hemoglobin [Hb] <11 g/dL or second-trimester Hb
<10.5 g/dL and low serum ferritin [<40 ng/mL]), an
additional iron supplement (30 to 120 mg/day) is
required until the anemia is corrected .
14. Calcium and Vitamin D -
• Fetal skeletal development requires approximately 30g
of calcium across pregnancy, primarily in the last
trimester.
• This total is a relatively small percentage of total
maternal body calcium and is easily mobilized from
maternal stores, if necessary.
• Intestinal absorption and renal retention of calcium
increase progressively throughout gestation.
• Average calcium consumption among pregnant people
is 1090 mg/day from foods and 1300 mg/day from
foods plus supplements.
15. • Folic Acid / Folate - The body of evidence supports
the efficacy of Folic acid supplementation and dietary
fortification to decrease the occurrence and
recurrence of neural tube defects (NTDs) by at least
70 percent.
• A supplement containing 0.4 to 0.8 mg of folic
acid one month before and for the first two to
three months after conception to reduce the risk of
open NTDs.
16. • An RDA of 0.6 mg is recommended
thereafter to meet the growing needs of
the fetus and placenta.
• Vitamin B12 functions closely with
folate and homocysteine and is involved
in DNA synthesis and cellular
metabolism.
17. FLUID REQUIREMENTS
• During pregnancy, adequate fluid intake
from the consumption of beverages (water and
other liquids) is estimated to be approximately
2.3 L/day (76 fluid ounces or approximately
10 cups) .
• Additional water is consumed in foods other
than beverages to meet the total adequate
intake of 3 L/day.
• Numerous factors (eg, ambient temperature,
humidity, physical activity, exercise influence)
also influence total water needs.
18. SPECIAL POPULATIONS
Pregnancy and diabetes mellitus -
• The goal of medical management of pregnant
patients with pregestational diabetes is to maintain
blood glucose concentration at or near
normoglycemic levels at the time of conception
and throughout the entire pregnancy.
• Taking into account that "normoglycemia" in
pregnant patients without diabetes is lower than in
the nonpregnant state.
• Good glycemic control during pregnancy
decreases the likelihood of adverse maternal, fetal,
and newborn outcomes (eg, congenital anomalies,
preeclampsia, macrosomia, neonatal
hypoglycemia).
19. Postpartum and breastfeeding -
An adequate, balanced diet is believed to be
important for the replenishment of maternal stores
that are expended during the pregnancy, for
promoting loss of excess weight, and for
nourishing the breastfed infant.
20. Multiple gestations -
• Nutritional requirements and weight
gain recommendations are higher in
multiple gestations.
21.
22. FENZA
Fenza is a motherhood supplement with DHA.
• Fish across the globe are living in polluted waters and are the
source of carcinogens - Pb, As, Cd, Hg, and microplastics.
They are harmful to both mother and child.
• Our Fish oil complies with US and EU guidelines.
• Our source of fish is from Iceland waters where the waters
are relatively less polluted.
23. • The supplier from Iceland has 80 years of experience in processing fish oil and is
one of the best fish oil producers in the world. The manufacturer is Lysi.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jz6a5jFUFVo
• Our fish oil has no taste or smell of fish.
• Thus doesn't trigger burping, nausea, and vomiting.
• Liquid inside the capsule, so no GI irritation and better absorption of the nutrients.
24. FENZA IS UNIQUE
The benefits of Tuna oil for baby are well know
Significant care is taken in choosing and processing of Tuna oil
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jz6a5jFUFVo
No fish smell and taste that triggers nausea.
No loss of nutrients in processing.
Free from contaminants.
Meets international standards.
25. Natural carotenoids as source of Vitamin A
Natural Vitamin E as source of Vitamin E
Ferrous Fumerate as source of Iron
Calcium Carbonate as source of Ca
26. FERROTONE
The iron supplement with ensured compliance
Developed especially for pregnant women
Small size capsule
Liquid inside the capsule
Vanilla fragnance
27. PRENATAL
Trusted supplement by prescribers
Widely prescribed motherhood supplement across
Ethiopia.
Has 11 Vitamins and 8 Minerals which are vital in
pregnancy for mother and baby to improve overall
nutrition
Complementary combinations ex: Iron/ Vit.c and
• Vit D/Ca
28. Trusted motherhood supplement by mothers
a) Softgel capsules – No taste inconvenience
- Doesn’t trigger nausea
b) Liquid inside the capsule – Faster absorption
with minimal/no gastric irritation.
c) Better compliance
29. REFERENCES
• Finnell RH, Shaw GM, Lammer EJ, et al. Gene-nutrient interactions: importance of
folates and retinoids during early embryogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004;
198:75.
• Feodor Nilsson S, Andersen PK, Strandberg-Larsen K, Nybo Andersen AM. Risk
factors for miscarriage from a prevention perspective: a nationwide follow-up study.
BJOG 2014; 121:1375.
• Shaw GM, Wise PH, Mayo J, et al. Maternal prepregnancy body mass index and risk
of spontaneous preterm birth. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2014; 28:302.
• Ramakrishnan U, Grant F, Goldenberg T, et al. Effect of women's nutrition before
and during early pregnancy on maternal and infant outcomes: a systematic review.
Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2012; 26 Suppl 1:285.