The study examined the characteristics of the Sumanpa stream’s Flow-Duration-Frequency Curve statistics for a period of 25years (1985-2009) and compared the 1990-1999 and 2000-2009 Flow-Duration-Curves. The high, low and mean Flow-Duration-Curves were also analysed. The discharge records were analysed to develop a general quantitative characterization of the stream’s flow variability. Streamflow data was generated from daily stage data using the rating curve model developed at the stream’s gauge station. Flow-Duration-Frequency-Curves were developed using the Weibull plotting position and used to analyse the catchment’s surface and groundwater storage and stream’s flow characteristics. The approach placed the midpoints of the moist, mid-range, and dry zones of the curves at 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles, respectively. The high zone was centered at the 5th percentile, while the low zone was centered at the 95th percentile. For 95% of the time, the streamflowequalled or exceeded 0.14 m3s-1, at 5% it equalled or exceeded 45 m3s-1 and at 50% flow equalled or exceeded 5.53 m3s-1.
Integrated application of HEC-RAS and GIS and RS for flood risk assessment i...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Analysis and Characterization of Kainji Reservoir Inflow System_ Crimson Publ...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Analysis and Characterization of Kainji Reservoir Inflow System by Mohammed J Mamman*, Otache Y Matins and Jibril Ibrahim in Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
The aquifer system covers about 1400 to 1800 sq.km.
In general, the aquifers consist of the upper water table aquifer up to 30 m depth and the lower artesian aquifer of more than 500 m thickness, separated by semi-confining layer with thickness of up to 45 m.
Modelling of runoff response in a semi-arid coastal watershed using SWATIJERA Editor
The GIS based hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is applied to a coastal watershed in the water scarce Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India, to understand the rainfall-runoff linkage. The study attempts to identify response of the coastal watershed for existing climatic conditions. The hydrological model is calibrated (2006-2009) and validated (2010-2012) at both daily and monthly scales. Performance of the model during calibration and validation period is evaluated through standard indices, NSE, R2 and PBIAS that indicate an acceptable response. At monthly scale, model performance is good for both low and above average rainfall years.
Integrated application of HEC-RAS and GIS and RS for flood risk assessment i...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Analysis and Characterization of Kainji Reservoir Inflow System_ Crimson Publ...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Analysis and Characterization of Kainji Reservoir Inflow System by Mohammed J Mamman*, Otache Y Matins and Jibril Ibrahim in Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
The aquifer system covers about 1400 to 1800 sq.km.
In general, the aquifers consist of the upper water table aquifer up to 30 m depth and the lower artesian aquifer of more than 500 m thickness, separated by semi-confining layer with thickness of up to 45 m.
Modelling of runoff response in a semi-arid coastal watershed using SWATIJERA Editor
The GIS based hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is applied to a coastal watershed in the water scarce Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India, to understand the rainfall-runoff linkage. The study attempts to identify response of the coastal watershed for existing climatic conditions. The hydrological model is calibrated (2006-2009) and validated (2010-2012) at both daily and monthly scales. Performance of the model during calibration and validation period is evaluated through standard indices, NSE, R2 and PBIAS that indicate an acceptable response. At monthly scale, model performance is good for both low and above average rainfall years.
Seasonal Variational Impact of the Physical Parameters On Mohand Rao River F...IJMER
The paper depicts the seasonal variational impact on water quality of Doon Valley . Study was
proposed to analyze the various water sample of Mohand-Rao river flowing in the Mohand Anticline in
the lower parts of Shiwalik hills in Doon Valley for physico-chemical characteristics of water quality
parameters such as pH; Temperature; Conductivity; Hardness; Alkalinity; Total Solids; Total Dissolved
Solids; Total Suspended Solids..To analyze the physical, chemical, and toxicological parameters of
Streams and rivers.
Weekly and Monthly Groundwater Recharge Estimation in A Rural Piedmont Enviro...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— La Colacha basin (Córdoba province, Argentina) is a typical piedmont rural area where the unconfined aquifer is used for agricultural activities. The objective of this work is to show the estimation of the recharge (R) rate in the unconfined aquifer, using the water table fluctuation method (WTF). Furthermore, considerations in relation to monthly and weekly recharge rhythms and to the aquifer discharge (D) were performed. The aquifer shows a typical behavior of groundwater recharge areas with an important and quick answer of water table to the arrival of precipitations (P). After that, a recession curve is observed, representing the groundwater discharge to the local base level (the main stream of the basin). The monthly estimation resulted in an annual average R value of 14.3 % of total P. Although the major amounts of recharge occur in full summer, according to the major total amounts of P, the correlation between monthly R and P was low (r2 < 0.2) as a result of the high quantities of rainfall water that are converted into runoff. The regression coefficient is higher (r2 = 0.6) for the end of summer and autumn when rainfalls diminish and have low intensities. This situation provides less water to the aquifer, but the recharge process is more efficient. The ratio R/D for the 3 year series was positive, which means that the aquifer recharge was dominant. In the weekly recharge analysis, the annual average R is slightly lower than in the monthly one, that is, 12.4 % of the total P. Thus, it may be concluded that, in this case, the change from monthly to a weekly time step, did not much improve the final value. However, the information obtained with the weekly estimation is much more useful to interpret the aquifer detailed behavior.
This presentation was given as part of the EPA-funded Catchment Science and Management Course focusing on Integrated Catchment Management, held in June 2015. This course was delivered by RPS Consultants. If you have any queries or comments, or wish to use the material in this presentation, please contact catchments@epa.ie
It is increasingly being recognised internationally that integrated catchment management (ICM) is a useful organising framework for tackling the ongoing challenge of balancing sustainable use and development of our natural resource, against achieving environmental goals. The basic principles of ICM (Williams, 2012) are to:
• Take a holistic and integrated approach to the management of land, biodiversity, water and community resources at the water catchment scale;
• Involve communities in planning and managing their landscapes; and
• Find a balance between resource use and resource conservation
ICM is now well established in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. In Europe the ICM approach has been proposed as being required to achieve effective water and catchment management, and is the approach being promoted by DEFRA for the UK, where it is called the “Catchment Based Approach” (CaBA). The principles and methodologies behind ICM sit well within the context of the Water Framework Directive with its aims and objectives for good water quality, sustainable development and public participation in water resource management. In Ireland it is proposed that the ICM approach will underlie the work and philosophy in developing and implementing future River Basin Management Plans.
Water Quality Index for Assessment of Rudrasagar Lake Ecosystem, IndiaIJERA Editor
Water quality of lakes, rivers and reservoirs in developing countries like India is being degraded
because of the contaminated inflows and surrounding influence. There is a serious need for appropriate water
quality monitoring for future planning and management of Lake and other type of water resources. Quality of
water in Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura, India has been investigated in this paper. Water Quality Index (WQI) was
applied in Rudrasagar Lake India using water quality parameters like pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness,
Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Nitrate. Based on the importance of the
parameter for aquatic life the relative weight is assigned to each water quality parameter ranged from 1 to 4.
Tests were performed on site using electronic measuring device as well as on Laboratory with samples of water
collected from different locations of Rudrasagar Lake. It shows that water quality of Rudrasagar Lake falls
within the ‗good water‘ category but marginally. Continuous monitoring of Rudrasagar lake is suggested for
proper management.
Water quality modeling of an agricultural watershed with best management prac...eSAT Journals
Abstract Simulation of Best Management Practices (BMPs) affecting water quality is necessary while modeling the water quality of agricultural watersheds with BMPs in place to mitigate pollution of river. Previous studies explored methods to represent some of the water quality BMPs. However, there are still gaps in the research to represent some other BMPs such as constructed wetlands, wastewater reuse, residue management and nutrient management. This paper focuses on modeling of BMPs affecting water quality. The study area is a 1692 Km2 cultivated watershed in South Texas, USA where water quality is impaired for dissolved oxygen (DO). The water quality constituents analyzed for the study are sediment, nitrogen, phosphorus, water temperature and dissolved oxygen. Apart from identification of methodology to simulate BMPs, this study estimated extent of pollution mitigation by each type of BMP. Binomial method of water quality analysis was used to judge the compliance of river reach for meeting DO criterion. This manuscript will discuss modeling of water quality constituents and the BMPs that affect water quality. In addition, the estimation of dissolved oxygen compliance of the watershed is also discussed. The results from the study indicate that the agricultural BMPs implemented in the watershed and establishment of stringer water quality criteria have in fact improved the DO trends in the tidal section of the river, which did not meet the stipulated DO criterion before. Index Terms: Arroyo, BMP, dissolved oxygen, residue management, nutrient management, water quality
Water quality modeling of an agricultural watershed with best management prac...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Remote Sensing & GIS based drainage morphometryAkshay Wakode
Remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques are increasingly being used for morphometric analysis of drainage basins throughout the world. GIS facilitates the manipulation and analysis of spatial information obtained using remote sensing. Integrating GIS and RS provides an efficient mechanism not only to upgrade and monitor morphometric parameters but also to permit spatial analysis of other associated thematic database. As compared to the conventional morphometric studies, remote sensing provides extant ground reality inputs for assessing changes in drainage patterns, density soil characteristics and land-use/land form changes in real life. Morphometry by and large, affects the hydrological processes rather indirectly through their dependency on several other factors such as soil, geology, vegetation cover and climate (Schmidt et al. 2000). The interrelationship between morphometric parameters varies from basin to basin under diverse topography and climatic condition. Understanding these relationship would enable the identification of the dominant parameters acting on a particular basin. An extensive and detailed analysis accounting for the various morphometric parameters under linear, areal and relief aspects of measurements was performed. The test site is located along the foothills of the Western Ghats, near the city of Pune and comprises of three large scale basins. The three rivers viz. Ghod, Bhima and Mula-Mutha, which are amongst the largest in the state, broadly consist of 23 sub-basins of Ghod, 22 of Bhima and 11 of Mula-Mutha.
A Study On Stream Bed Hydraulic Conductivity Of Beas River In Indiadbpublications
Hydraulic conductivity is one of the principal and most important soil hydraulic characteristics and is used in all equations for groundwater (subsurface water) flow. The vertical hydraulic conductivity of streambed plays an important role in river water and groundwater interaction. Determination of the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the entire riverbed has significant importance for the study of groundwater recharge and is a necessary parameter in numerical modeling of stream-aquifer interactions. In the present study, primary objective was to determine the variation of streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity along Beas River. To carry out this objective, three locations along the river (A, B and C) and four transects at each location was selected. Data was collected for two seasons i.e. winter (November-January) and summer (March-May) of 2015-2016. The spatial and temporal variation of streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity of Beas riverbed using field standpipe permeameter test and laboratory constant head permeameter test were carried out in this study. The results indicated that there was a wide variation of Kv values obtained from lab test and field test. The values from laboratory test were smaller than those of field test in all locations. Across the river, values of Kv increased from river bank to the middle of the river at all locations. Along the river, the streambed Kv values decreased from location-A to location-B. At location-C, the Kv values were found to be higher than that at location-B. The streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity values obtained in summer season were larger than those obtained during winter season. The statistical distribution of streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity along the Beas River was studied using normality tests. It was also observed from the normality tests that Kv values were not normally distributed at location A and location B, but were normally distributed at location C.
Hydrochemical studies for sustainable water resources of semi arid climatic ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Markkinointi vuonna 2017: tee edes nämä Julia Saarter
W3 Group Finland Oy:lla 5.1.2017 pitämäni asiakastilaisuus, jossa asiakkailla hyvin erilaiset lähtötasotiedot markkinoinnista ja hyvin erilainen tekemisen taso yrityksessään.
Seasonal Variational Impact of the Physical Parameters On Mohand Rao River F...IJMER
The paper depicts the seasonal variational impact on water quality of Doon Valley . Study was
proposed to analyze the various water sample of Mohand-Rao river flowing in the Mohand Anticline in
the lower parts of Shiwalik hills in Doon Valley for physico-chemical characteristics of water quality
parameters such as pH; Temperature; Conductivity; Hardness; Alkalinity; Total Solids; Total Dissolved
Solids; Total Suspended Solids..To analyze the physical, chemical, and toxicological parameters of
Streams and rivers.
Weekly and Monthly Groundwater Recharge Estimation in A Rural Piedmont Enviro...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— La Colacha basin (Córdoba province, Argentina) is a typical piedmont rural area where the unconfined aquifer is used for agricultural activities. The objective of this work is to show the estimation of the recharge (R) rate in the unconfined aquifer, using the water table fluctuation method (WTF). Furthermore, considerations in relation to monthly and weekly recharge rhythms and to the aquifer discharge (D) were performed. The aquifer shows a typical behavior of groundwater recharge areas with an important and quick answer of water table to the arrival of precipitations (P). After that, a recession curve is observed, representing the groundwater discharge to the local base level (the main stream of the basin). The monthly estimation resulted in an annual average R value of 14.3 % of total P. Although the major amounts of recharge occur in full summer, according to the major total amounts of P, the correlation between monthly R and P was low (r2 < 0.2) as a result of the high quantities of rainfall water that are converted into runoff. The regression coefficient is higher (r2 = 0.6) for the end of summer and autumn when rainfalls diminish and have low intensities. This situation provides less water to the aquifer, but the recharge process is more efficient. The ratio R/D for the 3 year series was positive, which means that the aquifer recharge was dominant. In the weekly recharge analysis, the annual average R is slightly lower than in the monthly one, that is, 12.4 % of the total P. Thus, it may be concluded that, in this case, the change from monthly to a weekly time step, did not much improve the final value. However, the information obtained with the weekly estimation is much more useful to interpret the aquifer detailed behavior.
This presentation was given as part of the EPA-funded Catchment Science and Management Course focusing on Integrated Catchment Management, held in June 2015. This course was delivered by RPS Consultants. If you have any queries or comments, or wish to use the material in this presentation, please contact catchments@epa.ie
It is increasingly being recognised internationally that integrated catchment management (ICM) is a useful organising framework for tackling the ongoing challenge of balancing sustainable use and development of our natural resource, against achieving environmental goals. The basic principles of ICM (Williams, 2012) are to:
• Take a holistic and integrated approach to the management of land, biodiversity, water and community resources at the water catchment scale;
• Involve communities in planning and managing their landscapes; and
• Find a balance between resource use and resource conservation
ICM is now well established in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. In Europe the ICM approach has been proposed as being required to achieve effective water and catchment management, and is the approach being promoted by DEFRA for the UK, where it is called the “Catchment Based Approach” (CaBA). The principles and methodologies behind ICM sit well within the context of the Water Framework Directive with its aims and objectives for good water quality, sustainable development and public participation in water resource management. In Ireland it is proposed that the ICM approach will underlie the work and philosophy in developing and implementing future River Basin Management Plans.
Water Quality Index for Assessment of Rudrasagar Lake Ecosystem, IndiaIJERA Editor
Water quality of lakes, rivers and reservoirs in developing countries like India is being degraded
because of the contaminated inflows and surrounding influence. There is a serious need for appropriate water
quality monitoring for future planning and management of Lake and other type of water resources. Quality of
water in Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura, India has been investigated in this paper. Water Quality Index (WQI) was
applied in Rudrasagar Lake India using water quality parameters like pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness,
Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Nitrate. Based on the importance of the
parameter for aquatic life the relative weight is assigned to each water quality parameter ranged from 1 to 4.
Tests were performed on site using electronic measuring device as well as on Laboratory with samples of water
collected from different locations of Rudrasagar Lake. It shows that water quality of Rudrasagar Lake falls
within the ‗good water‘ category but marginally. Continuous monitoring of Rudrasagar lake is suggested for
proper management.
Water quality modeling of an agricultural watershed with best management prac...eSAT Journals
Abstract Simulation of Best Management Practices (BMPs) affecting water quality is necessary while modeling the water quality of agricultural watersheds with BMPs in place to mitigate pollution of river. Previous studies explored methods to represent some of the water quality BMPs. However, there are still gaps in the research to represent some other BMPs such as constructed wetlands, wastewater reuse, residue management and nutrient management. This paper focuses on modeling of BMPs affecting water quality. The study area is a 1692 Km2 cultivated watershed in South Texas, USA where water quality is impaired for dissolved oxygen (DO). The water quality constituents analyzed for the study are sediment, nitrogen, phosphorus, water temperature and dissolved oxygen. Apart from identification of methodology to simulate BMPs, this study estimated extent of pollution mitigation by each type of BMP. Binomial method of water quality analysis was used to judge the compliance of river reach for meeting DO criterion. This manuscript will discuss modeling of water quality constituents and the BMPs that affect water quality. In addition, the estimation of dissolved oxygen compliance of the watershed is also discussed. The results from the study indicate that the agricultural BMPs implemented in the watershed and establishment of stringer water quality criteria have in fact improved the DO trends in the tidal section of the river, which did not meet the stipulated DO criterion before. Index Terms: Arroyo, BMP, dissolved oxygen, residue management, nutrient management, water quality
Water quality modeling of an agricultural watershed with best management prac...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Remote Sensing & GIS based drainage morphometryAkshay Wakode
Remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques are increasingly being used for morphometric analysis of drainage basins throughout the world. GIS facilitates the manipulation and analysis of spatial information obtained using remote sensing. Integrating GIS and RS provides an efficient mechanism not only to upgrade and monitor morphometric parameters but also to permit spatial analysis of other associated thematic database. As compared to the conventional morphometric studies, remote sensing provides extant ground reality inputs for assessing changes in drainage patterns, density soil characteristics and land-use/land form changes in real life. Morphometry by and large, affects the hydrological processes rather indirectly through their dependency on several other factors such as soil, geology, vegetation cover and climate (Schmidt et al. 2000). The interrelationship between morphometric parameters varies from basin to basin under diverse topography and climatic condition. Understanding these relationship would enable the identification of the dominant parameters acting on a particular basin. An extensive and detailed analysis accounting for the various morphometric parameters under linear, areal and relief aspects of measurements was performed. The test site is located along the foothills of the Western Ghats, near the city of Pune and comprises of three large scale basins. The three rivers viz. Ghod, Bhima and Mula-Mutha, which are amongst the largest in the state, broadly consist of 23 sub-basins of Ghod, 22 of Bhima and 11 of Mula-Mutha.
A Study On Stream Bed Hydraulic Conductivity Of Beas River In Indiadbpublications
Hydraulic conductivity is one of the principal and most important soil hydraulic characteristics and is used in all equations for groundwater (subsurface water) flow. The vertical hydraulic conductivity of streambed plays an important role in river water and groundwater interaction. Determination of the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the entire riverbed has significant importance for the study of groundwater recharge and is a necessary parameter in numerical modeling of stream-aquifer interactions. In the present study, primary objective was to determine the variation of streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity along Beas River. To carry out this objective, three locations along the river (A, B and C) and four transects at each location was selected. Data was collected for two seasons i.e. winter (November-January) and summer (March-May) of 2015-2016. The spatial and temporal variation of streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity of Beas riverbed using field standpipe permeameter test and laboratory constant head permeameter test were carried out in this study. The results indicated that there was a wide variation of Kv values obtained from lab test and field test. The values from laboratory test were smaller than those of field test in all locations. Across the river, values of Kv increased from river bank to the middle of the river at all locations. Along the river, the streambed Kv values decreased from location-A to location-B. At location-C, the Kv values were found to be higher than that at location-B. The streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity values obtained in summer season were larger than those obtained during winter season. The statistical distribution of streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity along the Beas River was studied using normality tests. It was also observed from the normality tests that Kv values were not normally distributed at location A and location B, but were normally distributed at location C.
Hydrochemical studies for sustainable water resources of semi arid climatic ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Markkinointi vuonna 2017: tee edes nämä Julia Saarter
W3 Group Finland Oy:lla 5.1.2017 pitämäni asiakastilaisuus, jossa asiakkailla hyvin erilaiset lähtötasotiedot markkinoinnista ja hyvin erilainen tekemisen taso yrityksessään.
A study was conducted at a sawah site in Ghana to examine the relationship between landscape
position and some selected soil properties with the aim of generating adequate data for modeling
landscape relationships and to aid both researchers and farmers in taking critical management
decisions. Soil properties namely total porosity, moisture content, infiltration rates, hydraulic
conductivity, sand content, silt content, clay content, gravel concentration, bulk density, soil pH, total
nitrogen, soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity were collected and analysed. Data were
collected at the foot slopes, middle slopes and at the upper slopes from four major landuses (maize, oil
palm, natural vegetation and plantain) in the study area. Simple statistical parameters such as mean
and standard deviation were used to analyse the data. Moisture content, total porosity, soil pH, organic
matter and carbon and total nitrogen increased downslope whilst sand content, clay content, bulk
density occurred at upper slopes decreased downslope. Management practices appeared to have
influenced infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity and silt content.
Inland valleys are being used under the Sawah technology for rice production to reduce rice imports to
Ghana. Sawah technology is assumed to benefit from geological fertilization. However, there is no
quantitative information on runoff and sediment flows in the agricultural watershed of Ghana. This
study was carried out at Biemso in the southern part of the country. The aim was to estimate runoff and
sediment transport using the water erosion prediction project (WEPP) model (version 2006.500), from
hillslope to the valley bottom where rice is cultivated using the Sawah technology. A digital elevation
model (DEM) was created from ground survey and used to select the various plots (hillslopes) and to
select slope input parameters. Four plots (hillslopes) were selected for the model simulation. Data on
local daily values of rainfall and on minimum and maximum temperatures were used to set a CLIGEN
model station file to determine climate input parameters for the model. Rainfall characteristics (erosivity
and distribution) were analysed. Soil erodibility was also determined. Soil and crop management input
parameters required by the model were identified and or estimated from field measurements and
secondary sources. The model was run for two management scenarios: Fallow and continuous maize
systems. The results of the simulation showed that 2.9 to 3.9 and 6.8 to 10.2 t/ha/year of sediments were
eroded from upper catchment to valley bottom under fallow system and maize, respectively. The range
of values for runoff produced under fallow was 17.4 to 40 mm whereas that under maize system is 158.7
to 233.62 mm. The study has shown that land use system in the study area has a great influence on
geological fertilization. In addition, the valley bottom where rice is produced under the Sawah system is
enriched with organic matter from upslope.
In the agroecological zone of the Biemso basin in the Ashanti Region of Ghana, soil erodibility
and rainfall erosivity patterns were estimated. The study aimed at investigating the temporal
variability of rainfall erosivity using the Fournier Index Method and assessing the soil
erodibility parameters of a Sawah site using the WEPP model. Four plots representing the
major land uses in the area for maize, oil palm, natural vegetation and plantain cultivation
were selected. Results showed that soil organic matter content ranged from 1.95 to 5.52%;
sand ranged from 14.34 to 31.86 %; silt ranged from 31.63 to 68.77%; clay ranged from 16.04
to 20.08% and very fine sand from 3.38 to 8.84%. The derived interrill erodibility (Ki) values
ranged from 44.26 to 51.70 kg s m-4 under all land uses considered at the study site and soils
in the study area were moderately resistant to erosion by raindrops. The derived rill erodibility
(Kr) values ranged from 0.005 to 0.012 s m-1 under all land uses considered at the study site.
Rill erodibility values were higher at the foot slopes under all land uses except under Oil Palm
land use. Rainfall values exceeded the 20-25 mm threshold value for erosive rains. Erosivity
values determined for the study site revealed a moderate erosion risk in the major rainy season
(April-July); low erosion risk in the minor rainy season (August-October ) and very low erosion
risk in the dry season (November-March). It is recommended that soil and land management
practices that would reduce water erosion during the major rainy season should be implemented
such as bunding, mulching and contour farming.
Fitting Probability Distribution Functions To Discharge Variability Of Kaduna...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Numerical simulation of tidal circulation in the pichavaram mangrove estuary ...eSAT Journals
Abstract A vertically averaged numerical model is developed using the Surface water Modeling System (SMS) for the Pichavaram Mangrove Estuary to study the tidal characteristics which enables the simulation of the whole water circulation within the water body. The Pichavaram mangrove ecosystem is a complex network of creeks, mangroves and mud flats housed between the Vellar and Coleroon rivers, 15 km north of Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. A portion of the Coleroon river drains into the mangroves, and tidal flow is through the Coleroon mouth and a small inflow from an inlet in the north. The reduction of freshwater flow over the years has led to a degradation of the mangroves and changes in sedimentation patterns. The results are calibrated against data collected previously. From the simulated results it is noticed that the tidal flow from the Coleroon mouth dominates the entire system. The maximum flood and ebb tide speed reached 0.777 ms-1 and 0.468 ms-1 during monsoon and post monsoon periods, respectively. The tide showed a pronounced asymmetry in mangroves and a 12% increase in total depth of water with a maximum increase in water level of about 5 cm is noticed between monsoon and post monsoon conditions. The dominance of ebb tide is noticed due to friction in the mangrove forest, which has resulted in slower flood current and greater tidal asymmetry in the waterway. Index Terms: Pichavaram, Mangroves, Circulation, and Numerical model
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Assessment and Analysis of Maximum Precipitation at Bharkawada Village, Palan...RSIS International
Efficient Storm water network is the main tool to prevent the water gatheration and scattering of a city. Selecting the Bharkawada as study area and its problem was identified to be of very less effective drainage system. In this study methods have been adopted to identify the possibilities of completing the research for designing the storm water drainage design. Our main aim is to design a very efficient and rpid drainage system which should drain the water very fastly with less concentration time and less spreading of water with less provision of slope. The present design is based on rainfall data. Past 30 years rainfall data has been taken for study. The system has been designed considering in total of 65% of the impervious area. Estimated rainfall intensity has been calculated as 33.02527 mm/hour with a recurrence interval of 2 years from the detailed analysis of rainfall data of 34 years. Rainfall Intensity is estimated after frequency analysis of the rainfall data. The calculated runoff is 25.056 m3/s, which can be used as a design discharge for network designing. Different methods can be used for runoff estimation. Here, Rational method seems to be best for use in estimation of storm water runoff. The outfalls of system are directed to proposed lakes. Ere at this stage rainfall calculations have been done and in future work complete rainfall and runoff analysis will be carried out for storm water network.
Best Fit and Selection of Probability Distribution Models for Frequency Analy...IJERD Editor
Frequency analysis of extreme low mean annual rainfall events is important to water resource planners at catchment level because mean annual rainfall is an important parameter in determining mean annual runoff. Mean annual runoff is an important input in determining surface water available for water resource infrastructure development. In order to carry out frequency analysis of extreme low mean annual rainfall events, it is necessary to identify the best fit probability distribution models (PDMs) for the frequency analysis. The primary objective of the study was to develop two model identification criteria. The first criterion was developed to identify candidate probability distribution models from which the best fit probability distribution models were identified. The second criterion was applied to select the best fit probability distribution models from the candidate models. The secondary objectives were:
The study determined and analysed morphometric characteristics of the Sumanpa catchment in the Forest-
Savannah Transitional zone of the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Quantitative morphometric parameters were determined
using remote sensing and GIS techniques to assess the requirements for ecological and hydrological conservation,
planning, development and management of the catchment landscape. Results indicated that the total length of stream
segments was highest under the first order streams and decreased as the stream order increased. The catchment has an area
of 38 km2with channel closeness of 0.934 km km-2 indicating permeable sub-soil. The catchment has a relief of 137m and
a total length of stream network of 36.51km out of which 61% was ephemeral, 38.9 % was second and third order streams.
The catchment has 44 % of its area located on slopes between 5-10o with generally good vegetation cover. There are 31
streams linked to a 3rd order trunk stream forming a trellis drainage pattern. The catchment’s morphometric features
suggest a general fragile topographic condition which needs strategic approach for soil and water conservation measures
and urban landuse planning.
Determination of design discharge and environmental flow in micro-hydropower ...Daniel Ngoma
In designing micro hydropower plants capacity, the amount of water flow discharge determination is very essential in estimating the power output for the micro hydropower scheme due to the fact that in recent years there has been an increase in water demand due irrigation activities because of an increase in agriculture activities [1]. From the literature, there are several methods that are used to determine hydro turbine water flow discharge but the most widely used method is the hydrological method which is based on the formulation of flow duration curve or hydrograph for the respective river flow based on site historical and measured hydrological data.
The hydrograph represents the amount of water flow in m3/s that is available for a particular river or stream in percentage from the historical hydrological data which has been computed over a period of more than one year. From the study of Hhaynu River which is a small river in Tanzania, the computed flow results show that, 8% of the time the flow is at 2.3 m3/s while at 50% of the time the river flow was at 1.86 m3/s and at 100% of the time the water flow was at 0.60 m3/s. When determining design discharge for run-of-river schemes, provision have to be considered for environmental flow on which for the Hhaynu River this has been analysed to be 0.2 m3/s (33.3% of river base flow) which resulted to the hydro-turbine development design water flow discharge of 0.4 m3/s from the computed flow duration curve with provision for environmental flow.
The usefulness of developing flow duration curve for rivers is to determine the available water flow in a particular small river and its suitability for micro hydropower development from estimates of the amount of water flow discharge.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
SWaRMA_IRBM_Module2_#5, Role of hydrometeorological monitoring for IRBM in Ne...ICIMOD
This presentation is the part of 12-day (28 January–8 February 2019) training workshop on “Multi-scale Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) from the Hindu Kush Himalayan Perspective” organized by the Strengthening Water Resources Management in Afghanistan (SWaRMA) Initiative of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), and targeted at participants from Afghanistan.
Similar to Estimation of Flow-Duration and Low-Flow Frequency Parameters for the Sumanpa Stream at Mampong-Ashanti in Ghana for the 1985-2009 Period (20)
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
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NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
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HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
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2. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2016) Volume 15, No 1, pp 62-75
The ratio of Q90:Q50 for the period was 7.0%; it dropped from 38.0% in 1990-1999 to 30.0% in the 2000-2009
decades. The mean daily flow for the 1985-2009 (30.1m3
s-1
) has exceedance probability of 26% and the normal
flow conditions were between 2.79 m3
s-1
and 9.9 m3
s-1
for the period.
Keywords: Flow-Duration-Frequency;Exceedance Probability; Weibull Plotting position; Percentile.
1. Introduction
Understanding both surface and groundwater contribution to streamflows, according to [1], is very important in
the planning of catchment water resources management. There are well-established methods for the
understanding of the magnitude and dynamics of groundwater discharge. One of such methods, according to [1],
is the analysis of the streamflow hydrograph. The aim of analyzing streamflow hydrograph is to separate and
interpret the baseflow component, the long-term delayed flow from storage, from quick flow, the short-term
response to a rainfall event. In this regard, a multitude of methods have been developed which can be
conveniently categorised into four basic approaches; graphical baseflow separation, filtering algorithms,
frequency analysis and recession analysis “[1]”.
Daily Flow-Duration hydrographs, according to [2], are appropriately used to depict the daily variability of
stream/river flow for both unregulated and regulated conditions which do not have contrasting week-
day/weekend flow patterns. The Flow-Duration-Frequency Curve (FDFC) is a graph of the stream discharge
plotted against exceedence frequency and is developed by using daily stream/river data collected at the stream’s
gauge station downstream. According to [3], it can be used to detect changes in precipitation or landuse in a
stream catchment, stream water quality management, hydropower feasibility studies, and in-stream low flow
requirement determination. FDFCs, they added, have also been used to evaluate the effects of different climate
scenarios on streamflow.
The pressure on water resources in the forest-savannah transitional zone of Ghana is increasing as supply is
extended to the expanding settlement and forest landuse changing to more intensive agricultural use coupled
with increasing trends in catchment temperature and actual evapotranspiration. With the current population
growth (4.2%) and increasing drought length in the Sumanpa catchment, competition over water resources could
become more profound. Potable water supplies in and around the catchment are already insufficient to meet the
needs of domestic, small scale industrial, agricultural irrigation and the aquatic ecology. To meet future
hydrological challenges in the catchment, improved information-based tools are needed to better characterize
and manage water resources.
Ashanti-Mampong is the administrative capital of the Mampong Municipal area, with a population of 95,945
and annual growth rate of 4.2% “[4]”. The Sumanpa stream catchment which was once a forest zone is now
experiencing a forest-savannah transitional climatic conditions and it is increasingly becoming vulnerable to
water scarcity. As more money is invested into water resource development to meet the ever growing demand
knowledge about groundwater resources, their trends, changes, extremes and recurrent intervals are critical.
The expansion of agricultural land and urban areas over forest has resulted in increased surface runoff from
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3. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2016) Volume 15, No 1, pp 62-75
rainfall events. These expansions have also resulted in reductions in groundwater recharge. Management of
runoffs from even minor storms in the catchment is taking an engineering dimension [5]. Unfortunately the
catchment’s drainage system is not well planned, designed and built as a complete system to adequately manage
runoff from higher rainfall events. For an appropriate design of the drainage system, it is essential to understand
the changes in storm runoff characteristics from the FDFC statistics due to climate change and rapid
uncontrolled catchment development. Even though the Sumanpa stream does not have any interruption of its
direct flow by diversion and water harvesting, flows, especially baseflow, may be modified by increasing
abstraction for socio-economic and irrigation agricultural activities and exploitation of the catchment’s sand,
gravel and surface water resources.
It was, therefore, necessary to separate and analyse the baseflow components which have greater influence on
the stream’s time series flow. Not much study has been carried out on the stream’s baseflow characteristics or
conditions in recent decades. The objectives of this study were to construct, analyse and interpret the Sumanpa
stream’s flow-duration-frequency curves, their statistics in order to understand its low and high flow dynamics.
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Study Area
The stream’s catchment is located within the forest-savannah transitional zone, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana, with
a population of 44,380 at a growth rate of 4.2% per annum [4]. The catchment relief is 137 m with an area of 38
km2
. The main occupation of the people was agriculture. The major crops produced on a medium scale were are
cocoa, oil palm, cassava, yams, maize and vegetables. Dry season agriculture is gaining grounds mainly in the
area of vegetables production [6].
2.2 Hydrology, Climate and Vegetation
The combined effects of climatic and geological conditions on the catchment’s topography have yielded a
drainage pattern characterized by a network of channels and 12 streams. The site experiences double maximum
rainfall pattern with the peak periods in May-June and September-October with dry periods between July-
August and November-March. The climate is typically tropical, with total annual rainfall between 1270mm-
1524mm, giving an annual average of 1300mm. Temperatures range between 25o
C and 32o
C. The potential
evapotranspiration (PET) is estimated at 1450 mm/y. The average humidity during the wet season is typically
high (86%) and falls to about 57% in the dry period [7].
Flow-duration data were used to statistically characterize streamflow. The flow duration curve, which is the
discharge versus percentage of time a particular discharge is equalled or exceeded, was plotted using mean daily
discharges and the Weibull plotting position (Equation 1) as follows:
• Mean daily discharges were sorted out and ranked in a descending order and
• Each discharge was assigned a rank value, m, starting with 1 in a decreasing order to n.
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4. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2016) Volume 15, No 1, pp 62-75
The Weibull plotting position is given as:
1
100
+
=
n
m
P (1)
Where,
P is the exceedence probability, m is the ranking number, in descending order, of all daily mean flows for the
specified period of record and n is the number of daily flows [2].
The area under the flow duration curve according to [2] represents the average daily flow. By this, the ability of
the catchment to sustain flow of a particular magnitude for a particular period of time was assessed.
2.3 Streamflow Statistics for High, Low and Normal Flow Years
Streamflow gauge data were compiled to determine high, low and average or normal annual flow years for the
catchment. The process to determine and assess streamflow included selection of a potential period of study,
determining if the selected period of study satisfactorily represented the long term values and compiling and
processing index streamflow gauge data to compare high, low and normal or average stream flow years in the
catchment. The "high flow year" designation was assigned to years having total annual gauged flows in the
highest 10th percentile. The "low flow year" designation was assigned to years having total annual gauged flows
in the lowest 90th percentile during the study period. The "normal or average year" designation was assigned to
the remaining years during the study period as described by [1].
2.4 Flow-Duration-Frequency Curve Intervals and Zones
Flow duration curve analysis as published by [1] identifies intervals, which can be used as general indicators of
hydrologic conditions (i.e., wet versus dry and severe). Flow duration curve intervals were grouped into broad
categories, or zones which provide additional insight about conditions and patterns associated with the
impairment. A common way, according to the authors, to look at the duration curve is by dividing it into five
zones, as illustrated in Figure 1, representing high flows (0-10%), moist conditions (10-40%), mid - range flows
(40-60%), dry conditions (60-90%), and low flows (90-100%).
This approach places the midpoints of the moist, mid-range, and dry zones at the quartiles (25th
, 50th
, and 75th
percentiles, respectively). The high zone is centered at the 5th percentile, while the low zone is centered at the
95th percentile. Ranges, according to [1], can be adjusted, depending on the local hydrology and the relevant
water quality issues being addressed. Although five zones are commonly used to derive additional information
from FDCs, the number of zones and range of frequency values are decided based on local hydrologic
conditions [1].
65
5. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2016) Volume 15, No 1, pp 62-75
Figure 1: A hypothetical Streamflow-duration frequency curve (FDC) for Sumampa Stream Source: [1]
3. Results and discussions
3.1 SumanpaFlow Frequencies
The FDCs (Figures 2 and 3) are cumulative distribution of Sumanpastreamflows of the periods under study; a
relationship between any given discharge value and the percentage of time that this discharge is equalled or
exceeded. It is normally calculated from available, observed or simulated flow time series. But because the
shape of the curve is determined by rainfall pattern, catchment size, shape and physiographic characteristics,
land-use type, and the state of water resources development, the primary assumption of the simulation approach
is that the effects of all these factors may be built into a FDC priorto the simulation of the actual flow time series
[2].
Figure 2: Actual Streamflow-duration curve (FDC) for the Sumampa Stream (1985-2009)
The FDC for the period, 1985-2009, (Figure 2) is very important because by it, the percentage of time that a
given flow rate of the stream is equalled or exceeded is determined and is useful for water resource management
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
1000.00
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00
Streamflow(m3/s)
Exceedance Probability (%)
66
6. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2016) Volume 15, No 1, pp 62-75
and future engineering works along the stream. The modelled FDC for the period fits the observed data very
well (r2
=0.99). The 95% dependable discharge at the gauge station, which is the basis for electrical power
planning, is 11,439.5m3
d-1
(too low). For 95% of the period, flow exceeded or equalled 0.14 m3
s-1
(12 096.0
m3
d-1
).At the other extreme, i.e. 5% of the time, the flow equalled or exceeded 45.0 m3
s-1
(3 888 000.0 m3
d-1
)
(Table 1).
The part of the period FDC curve below the median flow has a low slope indicating a significant baseflow
reflecting continuous discharge from the groundwater storage to the stream [2]. The stream had a mean daily
discharge of 1,100,843.0 m3
with exceedence probability of 28%, and a return period of 4 years for the period
under study. The stream’s normal flow condition was between 244, 684 m3
d-1
(75th
percentile) and 1,193,983
m3
d-1
(25th
percentile). A study of the daily flow duration hydrograph typically indicates a high flashiness of the
stream (Figure 3) such that during dry periods, when daily average flows are below the 25th
percentile flow
mark, a rainfall event will lift the flow into the normal-flow zone, after which they may quickly return to below
the 25th
percentile flow mark after direct runoff when the rainfall event ceases.
Figure 3: Changes in SumanpaDaily Flows for 1990-1999 Compared to 2000-2009
The steep slope at the high flow zone of the period FDC indicates that high streamflows are highly variable and
for the size of the catchment (38 km2
), reflecting high intensity, short duration rainfalls and flashy response to
rainfall as a result of rapid changes associated with urbanization (Figure 4). The changes in the stream’s flow are
not just apparent in the annual flow data; there are also significant changes in the intra-annual flows.
3.2 Changes in the Stream’s Decadal High , Normal and low flows
Comparing the flow duration curves for the 1990-1999 and 2000-2009 decades (Fig. 3), the stream dried more
frequently in the 2000-2009 decade despite the increasing rainfall trends. Prior to the year 2000, 50% of the
days had a discharge greater than 715,331.1m3
d-1
. In comparison, since the year 2000 a daily flow of
715,331.1m3
d-1
was only exceeded by 42% of the time, a situation attributable to decreasing groundwater
recharge and increasing length of the dry season. The slope of the curve at the upper end indicates that flood
events could be a result of moderate intense and short duration rains and decreasing catchment surface
permeability. The steep slope at the lower end of the FDC indicates insignificant natural storage capacity of the
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00
Streamflow(m3/s)
Excedance Probability (%)
2000-2009 1990-1999
67
7. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2016) Volume 15, No 1, pp 62-75
catchment, [8]. The managers of the catchment’s water resources must introduce intervention early enough to
improve the stream’s low flows.
Figure 4: Daily Mean Discharge from the Gauging Station at the Water Works Road’s Culvert
The Sumanpa stream is beginning to register significant effects from abstractions in the dry seasons, inimical
landuse modifications and regional climate conditions. The almost flat slope between the 25th
and 75th
percentiles of the FDC (Figure 2) indicates a baseflow dominated perennial stream with insignificant regulatory
influence caused by artificial storages and diversions. There is little variation in the stream’s flow regime
between the 25th
and 75th
percentiles. This portion of the curve reflects a time series with low flow variability,
typical of flow from a permeable catchment, with insignificant anthropogenic influences and a naturalised flow
series downstream [2]. For more than 80% of the time, the daily flow varies between 169,291.5 m3
d-1
and
1,410,086 m3
d-1
but low flows, here, do not substantially change.
The Sumanpa stream has a median (50% exceedance) flow of 484, 852.0 m3
d-1
(5.6 m3
s-1
) with a return period
of 2 years. This means that the median flow, the mathematical “middle” of all measured flow values for the
period, is greater than or equal to 484, 852.0 m3
d-1
, expected to occur five out of every 10 years. It also means
that one-half of all measurements were higher, and one-half of all measurements were lower than 484,852.0
m3
d-1
(5.6 m3
s-1
). The stream has a 5% exceedence flow of 3,888,106.0 m3
d-1
(45.0 m3
s-1
).
At 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 90% probabilities, the flow equalled or exceeded were lower in 2000-2009
with a minimum decrease of 14.5% under Q10 (Table 1). The ratio of Q90:Q50 which indicates the percentage of
groundwater contributed to streamflow was 7.0 % during the study period, and dropped from 38.0% in 1990-
1999 to 30.0% in 2000-2009 decade. A drop in groundwater contribution to the stream is an indication of
decreasing annual recharge, increasing evapotranspiration and to some extent increasing abstraction. The new
aquifer contribution is too low to sustain high flows and support socio-economic and ecological activities. The
catchment may suffer serious water crisis during prolonged dry seasons which may affect dry season agriculture
and its poverty alleviation programmes.
3.3 Impact of Climate Change and Extremes on the Sumanpa Flow
The climate scenarios of the catchment for the study period according to [9] indicated a wetting trend in mean
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
DailyStreamflow
(m3)x105
Time (d)
68
8. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2016) Volume 15, No 1, pp 62-75
annual rainfalls and rising ambient temperatures which imply an increasing trend in moisture carrying capacity
of the atmosphere. Most computer models simulate an increase in extreme daily rainfall as a broad global trend.
Observations suggest climate change is altering streamflows in ways that may negatively influence water supply
for inhabitants of the Sumanpa catchment as many climate models, according to [10], suggest that these changes
will worsen as the climate warms, accentuating the natural variability inherent in streamflows.
The consequences of reduced streamflows in the 2000-2009 decade and changes in the timing of peak
streamflows will impact water consumption, agricultural production and economic growth among other vital
services. Increases in temperature and variations in precipitation patterns have driven the observed changes in
the Sumanpastreamflows during the 1980-2009 period according to [9]. [9]also revealed a decline in the
number of rainy days and increase in the frequency and extent of droughts in the catchment. Given the
importance of rainfall and evaporation in driving the catchment’s hydrological cycle, the changes in these
primary processes (rainfall and ETa) may haveconsiderable effects on the rest of the system’s components
(recharge variables); such as changes in the volume and timing of runoff and hence the slope of the high and
lowflow parts of the FDF curve [11].
3.4 Impact of Urbanization and Deforestation on the Sumanpa Low Flows
Anthropogenic changes to the landscape of the Sumanpacatchment may alter baseflow timing, quantity,
sustainability and hence the shape of the Lowflow-Duration-Frequency Curve (LFDFC) at the various flow
zones. There is a weir, on the stretch of the stream within the Agricultural Research Station used for
experimental irrigation. Apart from direct manipulations, such as water withdrawals from the stream by people
living along its banks and subsurface storage, increasing human activities are influencing baseflows timing and
quantities by indirect mechanisms associated with changes in Landuse and Land Cover (LULC). The conversion
of native vegetation to agro-vegetative covers and artificial surfaces can drastically alter ETa[12]. Landuse
change alters surface permeability characteristics, through soil compaction associated with landuse and addition
of impervious surface to the urbanized zones of the catchment. This negative relationship between catchment
forest cover and baseflow is attributed to greater interception and water use by mature trees compared with other
land cover types [13].
Reference [14] has interpreted that relationship as a suggestion that the catchment management approaches
could include deforestation to increase water yield for public uses. However, the gain in streamflow expected to
come from deforestation is minimized or nullified by the rapid expansion of impermeable surfaces in the
catchment and the current positive trend in ETa. There is a sound theoretical basis and growing empirical
evidence that long-term forest conversion reduces baseflows, and specifically low flows, because the intensive
soil compaction and increases in impervious surface that accompany landuses decrease infiltration rates and
subsurface storage recharge [15].
At 90 % normal and low flow probabilities the flows equalled or exceeded were lower during the 2000-2009
decade indicating a decrease in interflow and groundwater contribution.At the 95 % probability the flow
equalled or exceeded increased from 0.47 m3
d-1
in the 1990-1999 decade to 1.48 m3
d-1
in the 2000-2009 decade
69
9. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2016) Volume 15, No 1, pp 62-75
indicating a more sustained baseflow, 215% increase, attributable to the positive rainfall trend coupled with
increasing deforestation and savanization in the catchment [5].
Urbanization in the catchment has generally increased the size and frequency of floods in the stream. Logging,
firewood harvesting, agricultural activities and bushfires together degraded 35.22% of the forest, increased the
urban area by 110.46%, increased arable land by 139.20% and increased the area of secondary forest by
104.09% between 1980 and 2009. As a result and coupled with the increase in annual and decadal ETa, the
annual mean flow within the period dropped by 11.25% and the mean decadal major seasonal flow by 36.32%
in the 2000-2009 decade.The annual maximum, major season, minor season, dry season and mean decadal
streamflow decreased by 8.84%, 36.32%, 3.0%, 14.83% and 3.0% respectively in the 2000-2009 decade. The
mean decadal catchment aquifer recharge dropped by 14.05% from 1990-1999 to 2000-2009 [5].
Figure 5: Variation in Inter-Annual Rainfall Over three Decades
Table 1: Period and Decadal Stream Flow (m³/s) and Exceedance Probabilities (%)
Decade Exceedance probabilities (%)
Q95 Q90 Q75 Q50 Q25 Q10 Q5 Q90:Q50
1985-2009 0.14 0.41 2.79 5.53 9.90 30.45 45.00 7.0 %
1990-1999 0.47 3.16 4.29 8.28 18.12 36.55 60.74 38.0 %
2000-2009 1.48 1.96 3.52 6.61 14.63 31.25 45.39 30.0 %
Change (%) 214.89 -38.07 -17.98 -20 -19.29 -14.49 -25
The High-flow frequency curve (blue colour) (Figure9) shows the proportion of years when a given high-flow
rate is exceeded which is needed in the design of hydraulic structures (culverts) on the stream. This depicts the
recurrence interval (in years) that the maximum stream discharge (Figure9) falls above a given rate. The slope
of the high-flow region of the maximum discharge graph indicates the stream exhibits low variability in its
maximum flows (Figure9). A reconnaissance survey carried out at the beginning of the study revealed a high
P = 8.6541t + 1129.5
R² = 0.1053
0
500
1000
1500
2000
AnnualRainfall,P,(mm)
Time (Year)
ANNUAL ANN MEAN MEAN (2000-2009)
MEAN(1990-1999) (1980-1989) Linear (ANNUAL )
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10. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2016) Volume 15, No 1, pp 62-75
level of urban erosion (Figures 6 and 7) and the presence, to a large extent, of an impermeable layer in the soil
profile in large section of the catchment (Figure 7). The median maximum stream discharge is 77, 841.46 m3
d-1
and will be equalled or exceeded in 5 out of 10 years or 50 out of 100 years.
Figure 6: Eroded catchment’s top soil exposing impermeable layer in the top soil
Figure 7: Literization at the Mampong market
Figure 8: Gulley Erosion in the Urban-Subcatchment
The mean-flow frequency curve (MFFC) (red colour) (Figure9) shows low variability at its high flow region and
that means flows are basically from both surface and groundwater contributions and that abstraction has
minimal impact on the stream’s normal flow conditions. The Low-flow Frequency Curve (LFFC) (green colour)
(Figure9) shows the proportion of years when a given low-flow rate is exceeded. This depicts the recurrence
interval (in years) that the stream discharge falls below a given rate and represents its baseflow conditions.
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11. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2016) Volume 15, No 1, pp 62-75
Figure 9: Maximum, mean and minimum annual flow probability curve for SumanpaStream (1985-2009)
HFDC –High-Flow-Duration Frequency Curve
MFDC- Mean-Flow-Duration Frequency Curve
LFDFC-Low-Flow-Duration Frequency Curve
Low-Flow-Duration Frequency Curve (LFDFC)
The slope of the LFFC, in both the high and normal flow regions of the curve, indicate relatively low variability
in the stream’s low-flows during the period. Since the stream has no diversions and storage facilities, it could be
inferred that the variability is as a result of increasing abstraction for economic, domestic and agricultural uses
with vegetable farming increasing along the banks of the stream and its tributaries accounting for the greater
effect. Also the water imported into the catchment, from the Kyiremfa Stream, for domestic and small scale
industrial uses could contribute to the variations. [5]intimated that, the period (1980-2009) mean monthly
temperature has gone up and ranges between 27o
C and 28.5o
C during the periods of low flows (dry season). The
sharp slope at the low region is an indication that low streamflows are exclusively from the aquifer [2] which is
highly affected by increasing dry season farming in the catchment. The 50% dependable flow is 3,546.91m3
d-1
and this will be equalled or exceeded in 5 out of 10 years. The stream recorded 6 years (24% of the time) of high
flow volumes; only 3 years (12% of the time) of low flow volumes and 16 years (64% of the time) of normal
flow volumes. The normal flow was between 764.36 m3
d-1
and 1,745.97m3
d-1
.
3.5 Impact of Climate Change and Extremes on the SumanpaBaseflow Conditions
Increase in the catchment’s ambient temperature [5] associated with an enhanced greenhouse effect (global),
will result in increasing atmospheric water content, due to increases in surface evaporation and the water vapour
capacity of the atmosphere [11]. This will lead to an increase in precipitable water in the atmosphere and hence
increased annual rainfall and the baseflow conditions. Given the importance of rainfall and evaporation in
driving the catchment’s hydrological cycle, the changes in these primary processes (rainfall and ETa) may
haveconsiderable effects on the system’s components; such as changes in the volume and timing of runoff and
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
Dailystreamdischarge
(mᶟ)
x104
Exceedance probability (%)
HFDC (mᶟ) MFDC (mᶟ) LFFC(mᶟ)
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12. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2016) Volume 15, No 1, pp 62-75
hence the slope of the high and lowflow parts of the FDF curve [11].
The trends and variability in climate variables in the study area as published by [5] have the potential to impose
additional pressure on the catchment water availability, accessibility and demand. Increase in temperature
regimes has contributed to increase in ETa and consequently the rate of water depletion in the catchment.
Reduced wet season rainfall, increased temperature and ETa contribute to significant changes in the shape of the
stream’s flow-duration-frequency curves in the major season. [16]predicted that the extreme event frequencies
and magnitudes will increase even with a small increase in temperature as has been observed in the Sumanpa
catchment and will become greater at higher temperatures if the trend is not reversed. The impacts of such
events may be large under the local scenario and could strongly affect agricultural development. Increased
extremes can cause critical hydrological design values or natural thresholds to be exceeded, beyond which the
impacts’ magnitudes increase rapidly [16].
Coupled with increased rates of ETa, the potential yield and productivity of crops, especially vegetables, in the
catchment will fall in the long-term [17]. In response to the catchment warming, the hydrological cycle is
expected to accelerate as rising ambient temperatures increase the rate of transpiration and evaporation from the
vegetation and water bodies which will affect the nature of the FDF curve. The catchment is generally becoming
warmer and drier and both rainfall and temperatures have been predicted to increase in a more variable manner,
with a consequent higher incidence of drought which will affect the slopes of the high and lowflow parts of the
FDF curve. This is consistent with [16] climate change report. Since runoff patterns are governed by landuse as
well as uncertain changes in rainfall amounts and trends, the catchment runoff is predicted to be more variable
with the fast expansion of the impermeable surface areas, conversions of forests and waterlogged lands into
agricultural uses.
The climate scenarios for the Mampong-Ashanti Municipality as published by [5] indicate a wetting trend in
annual rainfalls over recent decades. Rising ambient temperatures on the other hand imply that the atmosphere
will have an increasing trend in moisture carrying capacity, and most computer models therefore simulate an
increase in extreme daily rainfall as a broad global trend. Current observations suggest that climate change is
altering streamflows in ways that negatively influence water supply for inhabitants of the catchment as many
climate models suggest that these changes will worsen as the climate warms, accentuating the natural variability
inherent in river flows [10]. The consequences of reduced streamflows in the 2000-2009 decade and changes in
the timing of peak streamflows will impact the nature of the FDF curve, water consumption, agricultural
production and economic growth among other vital services. Increases in temperature and variations in
precipitation patterns are driving the following observed changes in the Sumanpastreamflows:
• Mean annual streamflows decreased by approximately 12.3% in the 2000-2009 decade,
• As a result of increased mean temperatures, evaporation in streams, ponds, wetlands and the Ghana Water
Company Limited’s reservoir is expected to increase “[18]”,
• Declines in the number of rainfall days will reduce annual streamflows and pose danger to germination and
seedling establishment,
• Increases in the frequency and extent of droughts will also reduce streamflows and irrigation crop
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13. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS) (2016) Volume 15, No 1, pp 62-75
production and will make the vegetation more vulnerable to bushfires.
• Higher temperatures and longer growing seasons will increase domestic and irrigation uses.
4. Conclusions
The Sumanpa Stream’s flow-duration-frequency curve was constructed from its daily flow data generated from
its rating curve developed at the gauge station using its daily stage data. The statistical analysis indicated that for
95% of the time, the streamflow equalled or exceeded 0.14 m3
s-1
and for the 5% it equalled or exceeded 45 m3
s-1
and 5.53 m3
/s for the 50% flow. The mean daily flow for the 1985-2009 period was 30.1m3
s-1
with exceedance
probability of 26% and the normal flow conditions were between 2.79 m3
s-1
and 9.90 m3
s-1
.The streamflow
statistics in this study included annual flow-duration quantiles for the 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, and 95th percent
exceedances. These statistics are of critical interest to the catchment agencies involved in activities such as
water-quality regulation, biological habitat assessment, and water-supply planning and management. Low-flow
statistics are benchmarks in setting wastewater-treatment plant effluent limits and allowable pollutant loads to
meet water-quality standards. A lot more gauging of streams in the catchment is required for future analysis of
this desirable parameter.
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