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This content introduces the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), its example, earth observation orbit types, coordinate systems, GNSS time system, converting height (ellipsoidal, geoid, orthometric heights) and various GNSS applications.
The purpose of choosing this topic is to aware you about sentinel satellites that leads to new discoveries and ultimately changes the arena of Remote Sensing.
This document help you to prepare Triangulation Network (TIN), Hillshade Map, Slope map, interpolation and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in a area and how to interpret them.
Remote sensing satellites have two platforms: the main platform (MPL) and payload platform (PPL). The MPL contains subsystems for power, attitude control, telemetry/tracking/command, and communication. The PPL contains imaging sensors and star sensors. Satellites use solar panels and batteries for power and thrusters or reaction wheels for attitude and orbit control. Commands from the ground control satellite functions like camera operation and orbit correction.
Surface Representations using GIS AND Topographical MappingNAXA-Developers
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This content introduces the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), its example, earth observation orbit types, coordinate systems, GNSS time system, converting height (ellipsoidal, geoid, orthometric heights) and various GNSS applications.
The purpose of choosing this topic is to aware you about sentinel satellites that leads to new discoveries and ultimately changes the arena of Remote Sensing.
This document help you to prepare Triangulation Network (TIN), Hillshade Map, Slope map, interpolation and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in a area and how to interpret them.
Remote sensing satellites have two platforms: the main platform (MPL) and payload platform (PPL). The MPL contains subsystems for power, attitude control, telemetry/tracking/command, and communication. The PPL contains imaging sensors and star sensors. Satellites use solar panels and batteries for power and thrusters or reaction wheels for attitude and orbit control. Commands from the ground control satellite functions like camera operation and orbit correction.
Surface Representations using GIS AND Topographical MappingNAXA-Developers
This document provides an overview of topographical mapping using GIS. It discusses different surface representations in ArcGIS including TIN, raster, and terrain surfaces. It compares these surfaces and describes how to analyze slopes, aspects, hillshades, and curvatures. The document outlines how to create topographical maps through contouring and defines characteristics of contours. It concludes with an assignment on preparing a topo map.
Gis Geographical Information System FundamentalsUroosa Samman
Gis, Geographical Information System Fundamentals. This presentation includes a complete detail of GIS and GIS Softwares. It will help students of GIS and Environmental Science.
The GPS system uses a constellation of 31 satellites operated by the U.S. Department of Defense to provide location and timing information worldwide. Each satellite continuously transmits radio signals containing unique identifying codes, precise orbital data, and timing information. GPS receivers triangulate their position by measuring the travel time of signals from at least three satellites, determining distance through speed of light calculations. A fourth satellite measurement is needed to correct for differences between satellite and receiver clocks. The system provides navigation to both military and civilian users globally, any time, and in all weather conditions.
The SPOT satellite system includes several satellites (SPOT 1-5) operated by France and Belgium to observe and monitor Earth. Key specifications of the SPOT satellites include their launch dates between 1986-2002 using Ariane rockets, orbital parameters, onboard instruments including high-resolution visible and infrared cameras, recording and transmission capabilities, and inclusion of vegetation monitoring instruments on some satellites. The SPOT satellites provide high-resolution optical imagery of Earth to study resources, climate, human activities and natural phenomena.
The document provides an introduction to the Global Positioning System (GPS). It discusses that GPS uses orbiting satellites that transmit position and time data to handheld receivers, which can then calculate location details like latitude, longitude, altitude and velocity. The system was developed by the US Department of Defense, with the first satellites launched in 1978. It became fully operational in 1995 and available for civilian use in 2000. The document outlines the various components that make up GPS including the space, user and ground control segments.
The document discusses vector data models in GIS. Vector data models represent geographic features using points, lines, and polygons. The key vector data models are the spaghetti model, which encodes features as strings of coordinates, and the TIN (triangulated irregular network) model, which creates a network of triangles connecting points. Vector models allow for discrete boundaries but complex algorithms, while raster models divide space into a grid but are simpler.
Coordinate system Geographical coordinate systemNaresh Kumar
UTm Universe transvers mercator, Geographic coordinate system
geoid, planar projection, cylindrical and conical projection, longitudinal, latitude, UTM zones 60 zones
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The document discusses topographic maps and their numbering systems in India. It provides details on:
1) Topographic maps represent relief and also show features like transportation and settlements. They contain information like names, scales, and features.
2) In India, the Survey of India prepares topographic maps. Maps are part of two series - the India and Adjacent Country Series and the International Map of the World Series.
3) The India and Adjacent Country Series covers India in grids numbered from 40-92 that are divided into degree, quadrant, and special sheets at various scales with contour intervals.
Landsat was designed in the 1960s by NASA and the US to observe Earth's land areas from space. Seven Landsat satellites have been launched since 1972, each carrying improved sensors to gather data on land use and changes over time. Landsat provides multispectral imagery at periodic intervals to support applications like agriculture, geology and environmental monitoring.
This document provides an overview of geographic information system (GIS) analysis functions. It discusses several types of analysis that GIS is used for, including selection and measurement, overlay analysis, neighbourhood operations, and connectivity analysis. Overlay analysis allows for spatially interrelating multiple data layers and is one of the most important GIS functions. Neighbourhood operations consider characteristics of surrounding areas, such as through buffering or interpolation. Overall, the document outlines the key spatial analysis techniques that GIS provides for examining geographic data patterns and relationships.
This document provides an outline and overview of the topics covered in a course on remote sensing and its applications in soil resource mapping. The outline includes definitions of remote sensing, the history and development of the technology, principles of electromagnetic radiation and its interactions with targets, spectral signatures, resolutions, satellite orbits, and applications of remote sensing. Examples are given of different remote sensing systems like the human eye. A definition of remote sensing is provided. The history section describes early developments dating back to the 1600s and important events in the 1900s. The document gives an overview of active and passive remote sensing as well as elements involved like the energy source, radiation, recording, transmission and more. Remote sensing principles, websites and literature are also listed.
Brilliant Lecture delivered to me in Alagappa Engineering college Workshop.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite
based radio navigation system provided by the
United States Department of Defence. It gives
unequaled accuracy and flexibility in positioning
for navigation, surveying and GIS data collection.
Spatial resolution refers to the size of the smallest detectable feature in an image. Sensors on platforms farther from their targets can image larger areas but with less detail, while closer platforms provide higher resolution images over smaller areas. Spatial resolution depends on the sensor's instantaneous field of view and pixel size, which determines the area on the ground represented by each pixel. Images with larger pixels or that can only detect larger features are considered low resolution, while high resolution images can detect smaller objects.
This document discusses GIS topology, which establishes rules for how geographic features share geometry and spatial relationships. Topology ensures data quality, enhances analysis, and manages coincident geometry. It has three components: connectivity between nodes and arcs, area definition using polygon boundaries, and contiguity to determine adjacent features. Topological rules prevent errors like overlaps, gaps, dangles and ensure proper containment of points and boundaries.
This document discusses the key functions of a geographic information system (GIS). It explains that a GIS allows users to capture, store, query, analyze, display and output geographic data. It describes the vector and raster data models used to store spatial data. The document also outlines the three main views of a GIS - the geovisualization view which includes maps, the geodata view which is the spatial database, and the geoprocessing view which involves tools to transform and derive new information from existing datasets. Finally, it discusses some key concepts for GIS maps including layers, features, attributes, and scale.
Real Time Seismic Monitoring System for Earthquake Using GPS TechnologyIOSR Journals
GPS technology is used to precisely monitor earthquakes in real-time by measuring the movement of tectonic plates. GPS receivers stationed near active fault lines record precise movements within 5mm by tracking signals from GPS satellites. This data is analyzed using special software to calculate location, magnitude, and other details about earthquakes with pinpoint accuracy. The Real-Time Earthquake Analysis for Disaster Mitigation Network uses GPS satellites and ground-based receivers to automatically calculate earthquake characteristics within minutes to aid early warning and disaster response efforts. Precise GPS monitoring provides critical information to minimize damage and loss of life from earthquakes.
Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) is a digital representation of a surface as non-overlapping triangles computed from irregularly spaced 3D points, where each point has x, y, and z coordinates. TINs are useful for representing continuous surfaces in GIS as they can accurately model terrain with significant slopes and variations while using fewer triangles in flat areas. TINs allow for easy derivation and analysis of surface properties like slope, aspect, area, and volume from mass point data, contours, and breaklines.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of three segments - the control segment, space segment, and user segment. The control segment monitors the satellites and ground stations. The space segment is made up of 24 satellites that orbit the Earth. The user segment includes all GPS receivers on Earth. GPS uses trilateration to determine the precise position of receivers by calculating distances to multiple satellites. Sources of error include clock errors, atmospheric delays, and multipath interference. Error correction techniques like differential GPS improve accuracy. GPS has many applications including navigation, mapping, and timing systems. Its accuracy and uses are continuing to improve in the future.
A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, analyzing and managing data and associated attributes which are spatially referenced to Earth. GIS integrates common database operations with tools for visualizing and analyzing geographic data. Key components of a GIS include hardware, software, data, people and methods. GIS draws upon techniques from fields such as cartography, remote sensing, photogrammetry, surveying and statistics. Spatial data in GIS can be represented using vector or raster data models. Vector models represent geographic features as points, lines and polygons while raster models divide space into a grid of cells. GIS performs functions such as inputting data, map making, data manipulation, file management, querying
This chapter discusses key geographical skills like map reading, interpreting data representations, and conducting fieldwork investigations. It covers topics such as reading grid references, compass directions, scales, measuring distances, interpreting reliefs and landforms on maps, and analyzing photographs and satellite images. Various types of graphs like line graphs, bar graphs, pie charts, and climographs are introduced to represent geographical data. The three phases of fieldwork - pre-fieldwork, during fieldwork, and post-fieldwork - are also outlined.
Gives details about maps, projections,their uses and also about data presentation. Made for students for 11th and 12th standard. Also helpful for competitive examinations. This file is made from NCERT books of class 11th and 12th books titled "Practical work in Geography"
The SPOT satellite system includes several satellites (SPOT 1-5) operated by France and Belgium to observe and monitor Earth. Key specifications of the SPOT satellites include their launch dates between 1986-2002 using Ariane rockets, orbital parameters, onboard instruments including high-resolution visible and infrared cameras, recording and transmission capabilities, and inclusion of vegetation monitoring instruments on some satellites. The SPOT satellites provide high-resolution optical imagery of Earth to study resources, climate, human activities and natural phenomena.
The document provides an introduction to the Global Positioning System (GPS). It discusses that GPS uses orbiting satellites that transmit position and time data to handheld receivers, which can then calculate location details like latitude, longitude, altitude and velocity. The system was developed by the US Department of Defense, with the first satellites launched in 1978. It became fully operational in 1995 and available for civilian use in 2000. The document outlines the various components that make up GPS including the space, user and ground control segments.
The document discusses vector data models in GIS. Vector data models represent geographic features using points, lines, and polygons. The key vector data models are the spaghetti model, which encodes features as strings of coordinates, and the TIN (triangulated irregular network) model, which creates a network of triangles connecting points. Vector models allow for discrete boundaries but complex algorithms, while raster models divide space into a grid but are simpler.
Coordinate system Geographical coordinate systemNaresh Kumar
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The document discusses topographic maps and their numbering systems in India. It provides details on:
1) Topographic maps represent relief and also show features like transportation and settlements. They contain information like names, scales, and features.
2) In India, the Survey of India prepares topographic maps. Maps are part of two series - the India and Adjacent Country Series and the International Map of the World Series.
3) The India and Adjacent Country Series covers India in grids numbered from 40-92 that are divided into degree, quadrant, and special sheets at various scales with contour intervals.
Landsat was designed in the 1960s by NASA and the US to observe Earth's land areas from space. Seven Landsat satellites have been launched since 1972, each carrying improved sensors to gather data on land use and changes over time. Landsat provides multispectral imagery at periodic intervals to support applications like agriculture, geology and environmental monitoring.
This document provides an overview of geographic information system (GIS) analysis functions. It discusses several types of analysis that GIS is used for, including selection and measurement, overlay analysis, neighbourhood operations, and connectivity analysis. Overlay analysis allows for spatially interrelating multiple data layers and is one of the most important GIS functions. Neighbourhood operations consider characteristics of surrounding areas, such as through buffering or interpolation. Overall, the document outlines the key spatial analysis techniques that GIS provides for examining geographic data patterns and relationships.
This document provides an outline and overview of the topics covered in a course on remote sensing and its applications in soil resource mapping. The outline includes definitions of remote sensing, the history and development of the technology, principles of electromagnetic radiation and its interactions with targets, spectral signatures, resolutions, satellite orbits, and applications of remote sensing. Examples are given of different remote sensing systems like the human eye. A definition of remote sensing is provided. The history section describes early developments dating back to the 1600s and important events in the 1900s. The document gives an overview of active and passive remote sensing as well as elements involved like the energy source, radiation, recording, transmission and more. Remote sensing principles, websites and literature are also listed.
Brilliant Lecture delivered to me in Alagappa Engineering college Workshop.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite
based radio navigation system provided by the
United States Department of Defence. It gives
unequaled accuracy and flexibility in positioning
for navigation, surveying and GIS data collection.
Spatial resolution refers to the size of the smallest detectable feature in an image. Sensors on platforms farther from their targets can image larger areas but with less detail, while closer platforms provide higher resolution images over smaller areas. Spatial resolution depends on the sensor's instantaneous field of view and pixel size, which determines the area on the ground represented by each pixel. Images with larger pixels or that can only detect larger features are considered low resolution, while high resolution images can detect smaller objects.
This document discusses GIS topology, which establishes rules for how geographic features share geometry and spatial relationships. Topology ensures data quality, enhances analysis, and manages coincident geometry. It has three components: connectivity between nodes and arcs, area definition using polygon boundaries, and contiguity to determine adjacent features. Topological rules prevent errors like overlaps, gaps, dangles and ensure proper containment of points and boundaries.
This document discusses the key functions of a geographic information system (GIS). It explains that a GIS allows users to capture, store, query, analyze, display and output geographic data. It describes the vector and raster data models used to store spatial data. The document also outlines the three main views of a GIS - the geovisualization view which includes maps, the geodata view which is the spatial database, and the geoprocessing view which involves tools to transform and derive new information from existing datasets. Finally, it discusses some key concepts for GIS maps including layers, features, attributes, and scale.
Real Time Seismic Monitoring System for Earthquake Using GPS TechnologyIOSR Journals
GPS technology is used to precisely monitor earthquakes in real-time by measuring the movement of tectonic plates. GPS receivers stationed near active fault lines record precise movements within 5mm by tracking signals from GPS satellites. This data is analyzed using special software to calculate location, magnitude, and other details about earthquakes with pinpoint accuracy. The Real-Time Earthquake Analysis for Disaster Mitigation Network uses GPS satellites and ground-based receivers to automatically calculate earthquake characteristics within minutes to aid early warning and disaster response efforts. Precise GPS monitoring provides critical information to minimize damage and loss of life from earthquakes.
Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) is a digital representation of a surface as non-overlapping triangles computed from irregularly spaced 3D points, where each point has x, y, and z coordinates. TINs are useful for representing continuous surfaces in GIS as they can accurately model terrain with significant slopes and variations while using fewer triangles in flat areas. TINs allow for easy derivation and analysis of surface properties like slope, aspect, area, and volume from mass point data, contours, and breaklines.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of three segments - the control segment, space segment, and user segment. The control segment monitors the satellites and ground stations. The space segment is made up of 24 satellites that orbit the Earth. The user segment includes all GPS receivers on Earth. GPS uses trilateration to determine the precise position of receivers by calculating distances to multiple satellites. Sources of error include clock errors, atmospheric delays, and multipath interference. Error correction techniques like differential GPS improve accuracy. GPS has many applications including navigation, mapping, and timing systems. Its accuracy and uses are continuing to improve in the future.
A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, analyzing and managing data and associated attributes which are spatially referenced to Earth. GIS integrates common database operations with tools for visualizing and analyzing geographic data. Key components of a GIS include hardware, software, data, people and methods. GIS draws upon techniques from fields such as cartography, remote sensing, photogrammetry, surveying and statistics. Spatial data in GIS can be represented using vector or raster data models. Vector models represent geographic features as points, lines and polygons while raster models divide space into a grid of cells. GIS performs functions such as inputting data, map making, data manipulation, file management, querying
This chapter discusses key geographical skills like map reading, interpreting data representations, and conducting fieldwork investigations. It covers topics such as reading grid references, compass directions, scales, measuring distances, interpreting reliefs and landforms on maps, and analyzing photographs and satellite images. Various types of graphs like line graphs, bar graphs, pie charts, and climographs are introduced to represent geographical data. The three phases of fieldwork - pre-fieldwork, during fieldwork, and post-fieldwork - are also outlined.
Gives details about maps, projections,their uses and also about data presentation. Made for students for 11th and 12th standard. Also helpful for competitive examinations. This file is made from NCERT books of class 11th and 12th books titled "Practical work in Geography"
Geography is the study of the world's environments and human-environment interactions. It has two components: physical geography, which examines the natural world, and human geography, which studies human cultures and activities. Maps are an important tool for geographers, as they can display large amounts of information visually. Different types of maps include political, physical, and thematic maps. Geographers use tools like GIS, aerial photography, and GPS to collect and analyze geographic data and create maps.
A topographical map shows both natural and man-made features using contour lines and colors to represent elevation, terrain, and land use. Contour lines connect points of equal height and indicate the steepness of slopes. Common topographical map symbols and features include contour intervals, spot heights, settlements, drainage patterns, vegetation, infrastructure like roads and railroads, and land use patterns related to occupations. Topographical maps are scaled and use a grid system of eastings and northings to precisely locate points.
The document provides an overview of geographic information systems (GIS). It discusses how GIS is used in multiple disciplines like agriculture, natural resource management, and urban planning. It also covers key GIS concepts like location-allocation analysis, which involves finding optimal locations to serve demand while minimizing costs. Additionally, the document defines common map elements such as point, line, and area features and the typical components of maps like titles, legends, scales, grids, and compass roses.
This document provides an overview of geography and geographic concepts. It discusses the definition of geography as the study of the world's environment and human interaction within it. It also outlines key geographic tools like maps and atlases and concepts like the five themes of geography, map projections, grid systems and reading coordinates. The goal is to help readers understand geography and how to make, read and use maps.
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This document provides an overview of map reading and concepts. It defines what a map is, discusses different map types (topographic and thematic), scale (linear, statement, representative fraction), and methods of map enlargement and reduction. It also covers graphic representation and interpretation of geographic data on maps, including marginal information like titles, scales, legends and borders. The key points are that maps are representations of the earth's surface, there are different types for various purposes, and scale, enlargement/reduction and legends are important for understanding what is depicted on maps.
LAND USE LANDCOVER FEATURES IN AND AROUND SURYAPET TOWN FOR URBAN PLANNINGKam Raju
The land use/land cover pattern of the region is an outcome of natural and socio-economic factors and their utilization by man in space and time; land becoming a scare resource due to immense pressure on agriculture and demographic.
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Exploring our geographic world by tessie calimag bb.Tessie Calimag
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This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in geodesy, topography, cartography and mapmaking. It defines geodesy as the science concerned with measuring the shape and dimensions of the Earth. Topography is defined as the detailed study of the Earth's surface geometry and methods of representing terrain features on maps. It also explains different map projections, coordinate systems and classifications of maps by scale, content and purpose.
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Numbering System of Indian SOI Topographical Sheets.pdf
1. Numbering System of Indian SOI Topographical Sheets
PG Diploma in RS & GIS
Semester: II
PAPER: Computer Cartography (GIS: 08)
Dr. SHYAMA PRASAD MUKHERJEE UNIVERSITY, RANCHI
3. POINTS OF DISCUSSION
3
✓ Different type of Maps
✓ Who Prepares Maps
✓ Who uses these Maps
✓ Information available on Topo sheets
✓ Scales of Maps
✓ Grid system, Numbering of sheets
✓ How to locate sheet for a particular area
✓ How to know features of the area
✓ From Where to procure
4. MAPS
4
• Maps is visual representation of data
• Maps are indispensable tools in study of geography.
• Various type of Maps are used for different purposes
• Depending on requirement maps are drawn on small or large scale
• Surface of earth is made up of large number of features such as mountains, plains, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.
• These features are represented by specific symbols, signs and colours
8. TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS
8
• Maps which represent a symbolic or conventional picture of the physical and cultural
landscape of small area on very large scale are known as Topographical maps or topo
sheets.
• These maps are based on actual survey of the area.
• The scale of the maps is large enough to show the physical and cultural features in detail.
• These features are represented by specific symbols, signs and colours
• Topo sheets are available on scale of 1:250000 and 1:50000 & 1:25000
10. TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS
10
‘Topographic sheet' contain information about an area like roads, railways, settlements, canals, rivers, electric poles,
contours/levels and important land marks etc. According to their usage, they are available at different scales (e.g.
1:250000, 1: 50000 and 1:25000 etc, where the former is a small scale as compared to the latter). They are made on a
suitable projection for that area and contain lat-long information at the corners. Thus any point on it can be identified
with its corresponding lat-long, depending upon the scale (i.e. if the scale is large, more accurate lat-long).
11. WHO PREPARE TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS
11
‘Survey of India, The National Survey and Mapping Organization of the country under the Department of Science &
Technology, is the OLDEST SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT OF THE GOVT. OF INDIA. It was set up in 1767
In its assigned role as the nation's Principal Mapping Agency, Survey of India bears a special responsibility to ensure that
the country's domain is explored and mapped suitably, provide base maps for expeditious and integrated development
and ensure that all resources contribute with their full measure to the progress, prosperity and security of our country now
and for generations to come.
12. INFORMATION ON TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS
12
• Name of State and District
• Location in terms of latitude and Longitude
• Scale
• Magnetic declination
• Conventional signs
• Date of issue and revision of toposheet.
• Type of landforms such as general slope, hills, valleys etc.
• Drainage – Important rivers and tributaries , drainage pattern
• Vegetation – Type of forest and type of trees and their distribution.
13. 13
INFORMATION ON TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS
• Forest location and area covered
• Wild life sanctuaries and area covered
• Land Use cultivated land, waste land and other uses
• Means of irrigation – Canal, wells and tanks etc
• Communication – Railway, roadways, Bridges, cart track, Telephone lines,
Transmission lines, airport, seaport etc.
• Settlement – Urban centers, their sizes, rural settlement their pattern
14. 14
USES OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
• A student of geography studies physical and cultural landscape of area.
• A traveler or a tourist tries to find out locations and plans his tour
accordingly.
• A planner/ engineer studies natural and cultural resources before planning
for development project.
• A military general may require it to chalk out his strategy of defense or
aggression.
18. MILLION SHEET MAP
✓ For the purpose of an interaction series (within 40 N to 400 N latitude and 440 E to 1240 E )
at the scale oaf 1:1,000,000 is considered as a base map and this map is called million sheet
map.
✓ The million sheet map which scale being 1:10,00,000 ( 1cm to 10 km) or1:M each covering
40 of longitude and latitude .
✓ The numbering of sheets in India is based on the number system of maps of india and these
series bears the numbers like 1,2,3,4 …upto 136 consisting of the segments that cover only
land area.
✓ these 136 such sheets cover India and adjacent countries and these numbers are known as
index number of the area.
✓ For example , sheet number 73 is consider for Jharkhand area.
33. TOPO SHEET GRID
✓ For the purpose of an interaction series (within 40 N to 400 N latitude and 440 E to 1240 E ) at
the scale oaf 1:1,000,000 is considered as a base map and this map is called million sheet
map. The million sheet map which scale being 1:10,00,000 ( 1cm to 10 km) or1:M each
covering 40 of longitude and latitude . The numbering of sheets in India is based on the number
system of maps of india and these series bears the numbers like 1,2,3,4 …upto 136 consisting
of the segments that cover only land area. these 136 such sheets cover India and adjacent
countries and these numbers are known as index number of the area.
✓ For example , sheet number 79 is consider for further discussion. Its extension is from 240 N to
280 N and from 900 E to 940 E.
✓ The million sheet has been sub divided into 16 sections(4 row and 4 column), each of 10 latitude
x 10 longitude and each part is numbered with block capital letter of English alphabet A to P.
the sections start from North West directions, run column wise and end in South East direction.
34. ✓ As the extension of each section is 10 latitude and 10 longitude the scale of this sheet is 1 inch
to 4 miles or 1: 250,000. The numbering of one o the sheet is 79 N and its extension is from
260 N to 270 N and from 93 Degree E to 94 Degree E.
✓ The 10 x10 sheets are further sub divided into four parts which is known as half inch sheet ,
each of 30/ latitude and 30/ longitude and the scale is 1 inch to 2 miles or 1: 125,000 .
these are identified with the help of cardinal direction NE, NW, SE, and SW. let us take the
figure number 3. It is extended between 260 30/ N to 270 N and from 930 30/ E to 940 E .
✓ The 10 x10 sheets can also divided into 16 equal part or sections, numbering from 1 to 16 in
a column and each of 15/ latitude and 15/ longitude. Each part will have a scale 1inch to a
mile or 1:63360 or 1:50,000.
35. ✓ This is also known as 30/ x 30/ (Scale 1:100,000) one inch map and this is the most common
type of map produced by Survey of India . the extension of the sheet is 79 N/14 and is from
240 30/ N to 250 N and 930 15/ E to 940 E.
✓ The 1 inch sheet (15/ x 15/) can be divided into 4 sheets. Each of 7 (1/2)/ and are
numbered as NE, NW, SE, and SW. the scale of this sheet is 1:25,000 or 1 inch to ½ mile. This
sheets are not very much common in use.
36. SOME FACTS
36
• Circumference of Earth is 40000Kms app.
• Circumference is divided in to 360degree by imaginary lines
• When we move North –South or East West distance
travelled at Equator is :
• Distance Per Degree = 111 Km
• Distance per Minute = 1.85 Km
• Distance per Second = 30.83 Meter
44. 44
WHERE TO PROCUREMENT TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
• Topographic maps or topo sheets can be procured from Survey of India office Hathi Badkala Estate Dehradun.
Contact No 0135-2747051-56
• Topographic maps are also available at Regional offices of Survey of India located in different states.
• There are two categories of toposheets
a. Restricted topo sheets : Covering border area or other sensitive area can be procured with the approval from
respective ministry.
b. Unrestricted topo sheets : These sheets can be procured directly from available source.
c. Topo sheets are available at nominal cost of Rs. 35 to 75 only.
45. 45
AVAILABILTY OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS IN NTPC
✓ NPG Group under Engineering Services is custodian of Topo sheets available in engineering and cater to
requirement of all the engineering groups.
✓ We are having 3460 topo sheets .
✓ These sheets are issued on temporary basis as books are issued in library.
46. 46
CONCLUSION
We have learnt that the topographical map are large scale maps prepared to show minute
details of the ground. i.e. location (longitude and latitude of any location), spot height,
bench marks, vegetation, land use, form of settlement, drainage patterns, transport network
and communication network.
48. 48
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Q: What is difference between normal geographic map & Topographical (Toposheet) map?
A:Topographical maps or topo sheets represent symbolic or conventional picture of the physical
and cultural landscape of small area on very large scale where as normal geographic map is
on small scale and sufficient features are not indicated.
49. 49
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Q:Who prepares topographical maps?
A: Survey of India, The National Survey and Mapping Organization of the country under the
Department of Science & Technology, is assigned role as the nation's Principal Mapping Agency,
Survey of India bears a special responsibility to ensure that the country's domain is explored and
mapped suitably,
50. 50
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Q:How to know the toposheet number of a location?
A:Index map has been divided into horizontal & vertical lines (latitude & Longitude) Each segment
of 4Deg x 4Deg is assigned a number, 1,2,3 etc. This is further divided in to 1Deg x 1Deg and
assigned alphabet A to P. There is further subdivision of 15’ x 15’, These subdivision are numbered
1 to 16. If we know location in latitude & longitude term toposheet number can be located very
easily otherwise we have to locate some important town near to the location indicated on Index
map.
51. 51
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Q:Can we know the altitude of a particular location on toposheet?
A:Contours are drawn on map, we can know approximate altitude of location
from contour lines.
52. 52
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Q: What is difference between restricted map and unrestricted map?
A:Restricted topo sheets are Covering border area or other sensitive area and can be procured
with the approval from respective ministry whereas unrestricted topo sheets can be procured
directly from available source.
53. 53
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Q: From where the topo sheets can be procured?
A: These can be purchased from Survey of India Hathi Badkala Estate Dehradun Or from any
regional office of Survey of India.