STRAND 3 NATURAL AND HISTORIC BUILT ENVIRONMENT.pptx

1. STRAND 3.0 :NATURAL
AND HISTORIC BUILT
ENVIRONMENT

2. SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of the Sub Strand, the learner should be able to:
a) Interpret maps using
b) Marginal information,
c) Calculate areas of places on a map using scales,
d) Describe the different methods of representing physical features on
topographical maps,
e) Apply critical thinking skills in map reading and interpretation,
f) Appreciate the use of marginal information to interpret maps.

3. SUB – STRAND 3.1 : MAP READING AND
INTERPRETATION
•A map is a representation on a plain surface of a part or the
whole of the earth’s surface, drawn to scale.
Maps are indispensable tools in Social Studies.
Marginal information
Marginal information is given in the map margins.
They help to enhance (strengthen) the practical use of a map.
They assist in making it easier for the user to clearly
understand the objects represented on the map
How can
critical
thinking be
used in map
interpretation?

4. MARGINAL INFORMATION CONSISTS OF
A. TITLE
It gives a brief summary of a map content or purpose. A map title also
helps in locating the area represented in the map.
There are two types of title.
1. Broad (general) title.
2. Specific title.
Example : The general title is ‘East Africa’ while the specific title is
‘Kericho’.

5. B.DATA
•It provides the map history and time span
during which the information was
collected.
•The map data is given together with the
map edition, sheet number, series and the
publisher.

6. C. DIRECTION
•This is normally shown on a map by means of
the geographical grid.
•These are parallel (latitudes lines) which run
north and south of the equator
•and the meridian (lines of longitudes) the
extends from east to west from the prime
meridian.

7. D. LEGEND
•It is also called key.
•This is composed of the symbols,
colours and shading used to represent
features in a map.

8. E. SYMBOLS
•These are used to give a visual impression.
•They show the invisible features, boundaries and
contours.
•Symbols should be uniform throughout the map.
•They should be legible, precise and
comprehensive to eliminate guesswork.

9. F. SCALES
•Maps are smaller than the portion of the
Earth’s surface they represent.
•They give the relationship between
length measured on the map and the
corresponding distance on the ground.

10. MAP SCALES.
Types of scale

11. LINEAR SCALE
• It makes use of a line marked off in graduated (equal - interval)
distance.

12. STATEMENT SCALE.
•It is also called the word or verbal scale. It states in
words the ratio of the map scale length to the
distance on the Earth’s surface such as one
centimeter to twenty kilometer.

13. REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION
•It compares map distance with general
distance by proportional numbers
expressed as a fraction or a ratio called
representative fraction.

14. USES OF SCALES.
• It controls space on the map for detail distribution.
• It expresses relationship between objects on the map
and their real size, hence it allows measurements to be
done.
• It controls how symbols are related to one another to
avoid overcrowding or emptiness on the map.

15. ESTIMATION AND MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCE.
• To measure the distance between features in a map, four methods
are used.
Namely ;
I. A ruler
ii. The edge of a sheet of paper
iii. A pair of divider

16. MEASUREMENT OF A STRAIGHT LINES
ON MAPS.
•The method can be used by either use of
a ruler or a pair if compass

17. MEASUREMENT OF CURVED LINES.
•This is common when we are measuring the lengthy of a
river, road and railway line etc.
•The method can be used by a piece of string, the edge of
a piece of paper and a pair of divider.

18. CALCULATION OF AREAS OF
REGULAR AND IRREGULAR SHAPES.
•Natural features will appear to be
irregular while human made features
will have sharp corners and regular
shapes

19. CALCULATION OF AREAS OF REGULAR SHAPES
•Area of a triangle = ½ (b x h) where b= triangle
base and h = perpendicular triangle height.

20. RECTANGLE
ii. Area of a rectangle L x W,
where= L = length and W = width.

21. AREA OF SQUARE
A= L x L = L where L = side length

22. AREA OF IRREGULAR SHAPES
•Use of approximation
•Geometrical conversion .by means of :
•Square and triangles method.
•Strip method
•Graph and tracing paper method.

23. TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS
• Topographical map can portray details such as a river and its
tributaries, swamps, forests, small markets and even a bridge across
a river.
• They are of medium scale and emphasize only one theme called
thematic maps.
• Examples are soil maps, population maps, route maps, tourist maps
and climate maps.
• Thematic maps have a scale ranging from 1:25000 to 1 : 250000.

24. GUIDE FOR USING A TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP
•Features in a topographical map are represented by the
use of colours

25. As follows:-
• Black – for man – made features.
• Blue – for bodies of water
• Green – for forests, plantations or grasslands.
• Brown – for relief features.

26. SUGGESTED LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of the Sub Strand, the learner should be able to:
1. Examine the factors influencing weather and climate in Africa,
2. Illustrate the distribution and characteristics of major climatic
regions of Africa,
3. Explore positive ways of managing stress during disasters caused by
climate change,
4. Apply problem solving skills in addressing effects of climate change
on the environment,
5. Recognise the effects of weather and climate on human activities.

27. SUB – STRAND 3.2 : WEATHER AND
CLIMATE
WEATHER
The daily change in occurrence of temperature,
rains, clouds, humidity, wind and sun t a particular
place and time.
•It is the condition of the atmosphere of a place over
a short period of time.

28. THE WEATHER CAN BE
DESCRIBED AS :-
•i. Cloudy
•ii. Rain
•iii. Calm
•iv. Windy
•v. Hot
•vi. Cold
•vii. Cool
•viii. Warm
•ix. Sunny

29. The average weather condition of a
place recorded for a long period of
time approximately 30 years.
CLIMATE

30. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE WEATHER
i. Temperature.
•It refers to the degree of heat or coldness of a
substance.
ii. Precipitation
•It is the process in which the Earth’s surface
receive moisture.

31. iii. Atmospheric pressure
iv. Humidity
v. Wind
vi. Air masses
vii. Clod cover
viii. Air masses

32. FACTORS INFLUENCING CLIMATE
1. Deforestation
ii. Industrialization
iii. Damming rivers
iv. Pollution
v. Natural disaster

33. DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
CLIMATE REGIONS OF AFRICA

34. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HUMAN
ACTIVITIES.
i. Reduced agricultural output.
ii. Migration
iii. Rise in cost of living.
iv. Change in type of economic activities and lifestyle.
v. Change in type of crops grown in an area.
vi. Strain on health activities.
vii. Adverse effect on tourism.

35. SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of the Sub Strand, the learner should be able to:
1. explain factors influencing vegetation distribution in Africa,
2. describe the characteristics of major vegetation regions of Africa
on the map,
3. locate the major vegetation regions of Africa,
4. apply methods of conserving vegetation in the community,
5. explore personality interest on conservation of vegetation for
career choice,
6. appreciate vegetation conservation within the environment.

36. SUB- STRAND 3.3: VEGETATION IN AFRICA
Climate, soil, the ability of soil to
hold water, and the slope, or angle,
of the land all determine what types
of plants will grow in a particular
region.
Why should
we care for
vegetation in
our
environment?

37. TYPES OF VEGETATIONS
i. Tropical rain forest.
ii. Savannah (Tropical grasslands).
iii. Desert and semi-desert vegetation.
iv. Mediterranean vegetation.
v. Temperate grassland.
vi. Mountain vegetation

39. KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL
RAINFORESTS
•Very wet with over 2,000 mm of rainfall per year.
•Very warm with an average daily temperature of 28°C. The
temperature never drops below 20°C and rarely exceeds
35°C.
•The atmosphere is hot and humid .
•The climate is consistent all year round. There are no
seasons.

40. SAVANNAH VEGETATION
Type that grows under hot, seasonally dry
climatic conditions and is characterized by an
open tree canopy (i.e., scattered trees) above a
continuous tall grass understory (the vegetation
layer between the forest canopy and the
ground).

41. COOLAND WARM DESERTS AND SEMI-
DESERTS
It dominated by xeromorphic growth forms,
including succulent (e.g., cacti, euphorbias)
and small-leaved shrubs and trees, desert
grasses and other xeromorphic growth forms,
with an irregular horizontal canopy spacing
that is often open to very sparse (1%) cover.

42. MEDITERRANEAN VEGETATION
Biome of any dense scrubland
composed of broadleaved evergreen
shrubs, bushes, and small trees usually
less than 2.5 metres (about 8 feet) tall
and growing in regions lying between
30° and 40° north and south latitudes.

43. TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS
•They have cold winters and warm summers
with some rain. The grasses die back to their
roots annually and the soil and the sod protect
the roots and the new buds from the cold of
winter or dry conditions. A few trees may be
found in this biome along the streams, but not
many due to the lack of rainfall.

44. MOUNTAIN VEGETATION
•The vegetation at the top of high mountains is
called heath and moorland. This consists of
short grass that is adapted to the cold conditions
at the top. – Very high mountains like Mt.
Kenya and Kilimanjaro have no vegetation at
the top because they are covered with snow and
ice.

45. IMPORTANCE OF VEGETATION
1. Source of timbers
2. Sources of herbal medicines
3. Trees and forest are used to mark boundaries
4. Sources of food for animals
5. Sources of fruits

46. 6. Sources of raw material for making
papers
7. Trees prevent soil erosion
8. Forests influence climate
9. Forest are home for wildlife
10. Sources of charcoal and firewood

47. SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of the Sub Strand, the learner should be able to:
1. locate selected historical sites and monuments in Africa,
2. examine the importance of historical sites and
monuments for the preservation of cultural heritage,
3. explore ways of conserving historical sites and
monuments in Africa,
4. apply strategies of overcoming challenges to creative
thinking in conserving cultural heritage,
5. value conservation of historical sites and monuments in
the locality in promoting cultural heritage.

48. SUB – STRAND 3.4 : HISTORICAL SITES AND
MONUMENTS IN AFRICA
•The Fort Jesus, built by the Portuguese in 1593-
1596 to the designs of Giovanni Battista Cairati to
protect the port of Mombasa, is one of the most
outstanding and well preserved examples of 16th
Portuguese military fortification and a landmark
in the history of this type of construction.
Why should
we conserve
historical
sites and
monuments?

49. •The Great Mosque of Kilwa Kisiwani is the
oldest standing mosque on the East African
coast and, with its sixteen domed and vaulted
bays, has a unique plan. Its true great dome
dating from the 13th was the largest dome in
East Africa until the 19th century.

50. •Great Zimbabwe is a medieval city in the
south-eastern hills of the modern country of
Zimbabwe, near Lake Mutirikwi and the town
of Masvingo. It is thought to have been the
capital of a great kingdom during the Late Iron
Age, about which little is known.

51. •Timbuktu - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
•Its three great mosques, Djingareyber, Sankore
and Sidi Yahia, recall Timbuktu's golden age.
Although continuously restored, these
monuments are today under threat from
desertification.

52. •Unesco declared Robben Island in the Western Cape
a World Heritage Site in 1999. Robben Island is
located in Table Bay, some 6km west of
Bloubergstrand, and stands some 30m above sea
level. Robben Island has been used as prison and a
place where people were isolated, banished and
exiled to for nearly 400 years.

53. Map of Africa showing Fort Jesus,
Kilwa, Great Zimbabwe, Timbuktu and
Robben island.

54. ASSESSMENT
1. Explain the factors influencing weather and climate in Africa.
2. Explain factors influencing Vegetation distribution in Africa.
3. Explain the importance of historical sites and monuments for the preservation
of cultural heritage.
4. What is the positive ways of managing stress during disasters caused by climate
change.
5. Explain who to interpret maps using marginal information.
6. Describe the different methods of representing physical features on topographic
maps.
7. Illustrate the distribution and characteristics of climatic regions of Africa.
8. Locate selected historical sites and monuments in Africa.