I provided background information and research on child nutrition, and I related it to child development theories and application to research, teaching, and working with children. This research paper encompasses human growth and development by sharing how a child's ecological system impacts their wellbeing, such as food programs, school, or family.
I provided background information and research on child nutrition, and I related it to child development theories and application to research, teaching, and working with children. This research paper encompasses human growth and development by sharing how a child's ecological system impacts their wellbeing, such as food programs, school, or family.
Nutritional Status of School Age Children in Private Elementary Schools: Basi...IJAEMSJORNAL
Department of Education (DepEd) organizes nutritional programs to improve the health status of children in public schools. Likewise, the researcher believes that health awareness must be raised in private schools as well. This study aimed to affect the community to be aware and more knowledgeable about nutrition. Specifically, this study focused on the nutritional status of school age children in private elementary schools in Santa Rosa, Nueva Ecija. It sought to determine the profile of the learners, anthropometrics, clinical data and the knowledge of the learners as to dietary and the significant relationship between the profile of the learners and the nutritional status of the school aged children. With all the data gathered a meal management program was proposed. The study employed the quantitative description design. The study manifests that majority of the respondents were not yet aware of what they eat. In addition, age, greatly affects the respondent’s anthropometrics as to height. More so, age, number of siblings and family income, greatly affect the respondents’ anthropometrics as to weight. The researcher adopted the Nutritional Guidelines for Filipino program that was developed by the DOST- FNRI.
Association Between Bio-fortification and Child Nutrition Among Smallholder H...Premier Publishers
We explored the empirical relationship between bio-fortification and child nutrition in Uganda. The research expanded the traditional approach used to address child nutrition by including in the model a categorical dependent variable for a household growing bio-fortified crop varieties. We used three waves of panel data from the Feed. The Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, collected from 6 districts in Uganda. We performed univariate analysis and also estimated a panel logistic regression model to study the association between child stunting and production of bio-fortified crop varieties among smallholder farmers in Uganda. The results confirmed a very strong association between production of bio-fortified crop varieties and child stunting among children aged 0-59 months of age. The strength of the relationship, however was insensitive to the number of bio-fortified crop varieties grown by a particular household. Other important covariates of child stunting were male gender, 24-59 months age bracket, child birth weight, dietary diversity, education of caregiver, antenatal care, household size, access to improved water and household livestock score. These results can be used to vindicate current government policy of promoting production of bio-fortified crop varieties and underscore the need for intensified efforts to promote bio-fortification as a complementary means of addressing long-term child malnutrition in Uganda.
Gloria Folson and Futoshi Yamauchi
Side Event: How Japan’s know-how can help address food and nutrition challenges in the developing world
Tokyo Nutrition for Growth (N4G) Summit 2021
NOV 30, 2021
Nobuko Murayama
Side Event: How Japan’s know-how can help address food and nutrition challenges in the developing world
Tokyo Nutrition for Growth (N4G) Summit 2021
NOV 30, 2021
Nutritional status of Girls through Anthropometric and Dietary Assessmentiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Next steps in obesity Prevention: Altering early life systems to support he...Jesse Budlong
There is an urgent need for effective, sustainable child obesity prevention strategies. Progress toward this goal requires strengthening current approaches to add a component that addresses pregnancy onward. Altering early-life systems that promote intergenerational transmission of obesity holds promise for interrupting the continuing cycle of the obesity epidemic. A 2011 Institute of
Medicine (IOM) report emphasizes the need for interventions early in life to prevent obesity. A 2010 IOM report called for addressing gaps in existing obesity research evidence by using a systems perspective, simultaneously addressing interacting obesity promoting factors in multiple sectors and at multiple societal levels. A review of evidence from basic science, prevention, and systems
research supports an approach that (1) begins at the earliest stages of development, and (2) uses a systems framework to simultaneously implement health behavior and environmental changes in communities.
Nutritional Knowledge and Practices of Pre-School Teachers in Homa Bay Countypaperpublications3
Abstract: The main objective of this study was to investigate nutrition relationship between pre-school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practice in Homa Bay County. The study investigated the following aspects of nutrition knowledge; balanced diet, source of nutrients, food preparation, food storage and preservation. The specific objectives were: to assess the nutritional knowledge and practices between pre-school teachers; Jerome Brunner’ (1978) theories on knowledge representation guided the study; his three modes on nutritional knowledge to the teachers and learners basically on cognitive development. The three models are enactive, iconic and symbolic. The study adopted a descriptive design to investigate the relationship between pre-school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practices. Questionnaire, interview schedule and observation checklists were used as instruments of data collection. Data analysis was done qualitatively and quantitatively methods. Findings showed that nutritional knowledge and practices among preschool teachers is very low in Homa Bay County. Most of the respondents knew about only three food groups type, a significant number of them were unable to categorise different food types in their respective groups. Proper nutrition was found to be positively correlated with preschool children academic performance. The study also established that the relationship between pre- school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practices was not significant. The study recommends that strategies need to be put in place to improve nutritional knowledge and practices of preschool teachers in Homa Bay County and country at large, this will be through cooperation of Ministry of Education, Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development and other policy makers in the education sector.
Prevalence of Undernutrition among Baalwadi Going Children between 2 5 Years ...ijtsrd
Children are the backbone of any country. Under nutrition is the underlying cause of more than half of all deaths in children aged less than five years worldwide. This study was designed majorly to study the prevalence of undernutrition in children. The objectives of the study were to assess the prevalence of undernutrition stunting, underweight and wasting in children between 2 5 years of age and to analyse major determinants influencing undernutrition. 102 children aged between 2 5 years of age were selected from two different baalwadis of Mumbai through purposive, random sampling. Socio demographic data was collected using a self designed, structured questionnaire from mothers. Anthropometric measurements like weight, height, MUAC were done to determine nutritional status. Anthropometric data revealed that out of total children screened n=102 , 34 children were well nourished and 66 children were undernourished where 27 children were underweight, 24 were wasted 16 were stunted. 55 children had low MUAC. The factors that were found to be significantly associated with child undernutrition were age p=0.046 , gender p=0.000 , maternal education p=0.007 , employment status of mother p=0.001 and number of meals taken by the child daily p=0.000 . The prevalence of undernutrition among children of Baalwadi was high considering the sample size was small. Shraddha Shripal Parmar | Dr Rupali Sengupta ""Prevalence of Undernutrition among Baalwadi Going Children between 2-5 Years of Age in Western Mumbai"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23133.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/child-care-and-development/23133/prevalence-of-undernutrition-among-baalwadi-going-children-between-2-5-years-of-age-in-western-mumbai/shraddha-shripal-parmar
This upbeat, energetic presentation highlights the basic to complex state of social media, digital marketing and content strategies in marketing today. Dennis Schiraldi talks about the early days of marketing a medical practice via digital marketing at a time that most of the world questioned the validity of marketing healthcare on Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and the web. Dennis is the founder of www.doyolive.com a digital marketing and UX design conference being held in Youngstown, Ohio on August 4, 2016.
Nutritional Status of School Age Children in Private Elementary Schools: Basi...IJAEMSJORNAL
Department of Education (DepEd) organizes nutritional programs to improve the health status of children in public schools. Likewise, the researcher believes that health awareness must be raised in private schools as well. This study aimed to affect the community to be aware and more knowledgeable about nutrition. Specifically, this study focused on the nutritional status of school age children in private elementary schools in Santa Rosa, Nueva Ecija. It sought to determine the profile of the learners, anthropometrics, clinical data and the knowledge of the learners as to dietary and the significant relationship between the profile of the learners and the nutritional status of the school aged children. With all the data gathered a meal management program was proposed. The study employed the quantitative description design. The study manifests that majority of the respondents were not yet aware of what they eat. In addition, age, greatly affects the respondent’s anthropometrics as to height. More so, age, number of siblings and family income, greatly affect the respondents’ anthropometrics as to weight. The researcher adopted the Nutritional Guidelines for Filipino program that was developed by the DOST- FNRI.
Association Between Bio-fortification and Child Nutrition Among Smallholder H...Premier Publishers
We explored the empirical relationship between bio-fortification and child nutrition in Uganda. The research expanded the traditional approach used to address child nutrition by including in the model a categorical dependent variable for a household growing bio-fortified crop varieties. We used three waves of panel data from the Feed. The Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, collected from 6 districts in Uganda. We performed univariate analysis and also estimated a panel logistic regression model to study the association between child stunting and production of bio-fortified crop varieties among smallholder farmers in Uganda. The results confirmed a very strong association between production of bio-fortified crop varieties and child stunting among children aged 0-59 months of age. The strength of the relationship, however was insensitive to the number of bio-fortified crop varieties grown by a particular household. Other important covariates of child stunting were male gender, 24-59 months age bracket, child birth weight, dietary diversity, education of caregiver, antenatal care, household size, access to improved water and household livestock score. These results can be used to vindicate current government policy of promoting production of bio-fortified crop varieties and underscore the need for intensified efforts to promote bio-fortification as a complementary means of addressing long-term child malnutrition in Uganda.
Gloria Folson and Futoshi Yamauchi
Side Event: How Japan’s know-how can help address food and nutrition challenges in the developing world
Tokyo Nutrition for Growth (N4G) Summit 2021
NOV 30, 2021
Nobuko Murayama
Side Event: How Japan’s know-how can help address food and nutrition challenges in the developing world
Tokyo Nutrition for Growth (N4G) Summit 2021
NOV 30, 2021
Nutritional status of Girls through Anthropometric and Dietary Assessmentiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Next steps in obesity Prevention: Altering early life systems to support he...Jesse Budlong
There is an urgent need for effective, sustainable child obesity prevention strategies. Progress toward this goal requires strengthening current approaches to add a component that addresses pregnancy onward. Altering early-life systems that promote intergenerational transmission of obesity holds promise for interrupting the continuing cycle of the obesity epidemic. A 2011 Institute of
Medicine (IOM) report emphasizes the need for interventions early in life to prevent obesity. A 2010 IOM report called for addressing gaps in existing obesity research evidence by using a systems perspective, simultaneously addressing interacting obesity promoting factors in multiple sectors and at multiple societal levels. A review of evidence from basic science, prevention, and systems
research supports an approach that (1) begins at the earliest stages of development, and (2) uses a systems framework to simultaneously implement health behavior and environmental changes in communities.
Nutritional Knowledge and Practices of Pre-School Teachers in Homa Bay Countypaperpublications3
Abstract: The main objective of this study was to investigate nutrition relationship between pre-school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practice in Homa Bay County. The study investigated the following aspects of nutrition knowledge; balanced diet, source of nutrients, food preparation, food storage and preservation. The specific objectives were: to assess the nutritional knowledge and practices between pre-school teachers; Jerome Brunner’ (1978) theories on knowledge representation guided the study; his three modes on nutritional knowledge to the teachers and learners basically on cognitive development. The three models are enactive, iconic and symbolic. The study adopted a descriptive design to investigate the relationship between pre-school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practices. Questionnaire, interview schedule and observation checklists were used as instruments of data collection. Data analysis was done qualitatively and quantitatively methods. Findings showed that nutritional knowledge and practices among preschool teachers is very low in Homa Bay County. Most of the respondents knew about only three food groups type, a significant number of them were unable to categorise different food types in their respective groups. Proper nutrition was found to be positively correlated with preschool children academic performance. The study also established that the relationship between pre- school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practices was not significant. The study recommends that strategies need to be put in place to improve nutritional knowledge and practices of preschool teachers in Homa Bay County and country at large, this will be through cooperation of Ministry of Education, Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development and other policy makers in the education sector.
Prevalence of Undernutrition among Baalwadi Going Children between 2 5 Years ...ijtsrd
Children are the backbone of any country. Under nutrition is the underlying cause of more than half of all deaths in children aged less than five years worldwide. This study was designed majorly to study the prevalence of undernutrition in children. The objectives of the study were to assess the prevalence of undernutrition stunting, underweight and wasting in children between 2 5 years of age and to analyse major determinants influencing undernutrition. 102 children aged between 2 5 years of age were selected from two different baalwadis of Mumbai through purposive, random sampling. Socio demographic data was collected using a self designed, structured questionnaire from mothers. Anthropometric measurements like weight, height, MUAC were done to determine nutritional status. Anthropometric data revealed that out of total children screened n=102 , 34 children were well nourished and 66 children were undernourished where 27 children were underweight, 24 were wasted 16 were stunted. 55 children had low MUAC. The factors that were found to be significantly associated with child undernutrition were age p=0.046 , gender p=0.000 , maternal education p=0.007 , employment status of mother p=0.001 and number of meals taken by the child daily p=0.000 . The prevalence of undernutrition among children of Baalwadi was high considering the sample size was small. Shraddha Shripal Parmar | Dr Rupali Sengupta ""Prevalence of Undernutrition among Baalwadi Going Children between 2-5 Years of Age in Western Mumbai"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23133.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/child-care-and-development/23133/prevalence-of-undernutrition-among-baalwadi-going-children-between-2-5-years-of-age-in-western-mumbai/shraddha-shripal-parmar
This upbeat, energetic presentation highlights the basic to complex state of social media, digital marketing and content strategies in marketing today. Dennis Schiraldi talks about the early days of marketing a medical practice via digital marketing at a time that most of the world questioned the validity of marketing healthcare on Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and the web. Dennis is the founder of www.doyolive.com a digital marketing and UX design conference being held in Youngstown, Ohio on August 4, 2016.
20 Statistics for Your Back to School Digital Marketing StrategyBrickfish
The back to school market is estimated at $72.5 billion. Are you ready to get your piece of the market? This infographic shows our team's research in 20 statistics all about back to school digital marketing strategy including real-time marketing, social media, email marketing, smartphone and mobile shopping, ecommerce, and other digital strategy tactics for back to school and back to college retail and digital marketing strategies and promotions.
See the original infographic here: http://bit.ly/STShEf
Topics covered in MyLivPro's Digital Marketing tutorial:
What is Digital Marketing?
Framework of Digital Marketing
Digital Marketing Strategy
Market Research
Content Marketing Strategy
User Experience Design
Web Development and Design
Writing for Digital
Customer Relationship Management
Search Engine Optimization
Search Advertising
Online Advertising
Affiliate Marketing
Video Marketing
Social Media Channels
Social Media Strategy
Email Marketing
Mobile Marketing
Data Analytics
Conversion Optimization
You can also watch our video tutorial on youtube.
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3oqg3jYaT0eP6v_JJvudSA
10 Digital Marketing Trends covering different tools to help digital marketers in 2015. Presented by Dave Chaffey at the Smart Insights Digital Impact conference.
AbstractComment by Tim Cameron Will you be adding the title page.docxbartholomeocoombs
Abstract Comment by Tim Cameron: Will you be adding the title page before this? Comment by Tim Cameron:
Introduction
Children require different types of diets as they grow up. Every stage of development requires a specific type of diet to enhances growth and general well-being. This is why the federal government has set up rules and regulations and governs to school lunches in the United States. The government introduces updated National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs (NSLP) in 2012 to cut down sugar, sodium and fat intake in the schools. The program included introduction of fruits, whole grains and vegetables every day. Statistics shows that nearly one third of children and adolescents in the country are obese and overweight. Poor nutrition in school lunches also increases chances of developing chronic diseases such as kidney stones, heart diseases and diabetes (Schuna, 2017). Healthy nutrition among children and adolescents enhances memory development, social skills and fine motor skills. Nutritionally sound diets in children and preadolescents plays very important roles in preparing them to (for) a healthier future. It is therefore the responsibility of the government to ensure school lunches are free of excess sugar, salt and fats.
There a strong relationship between nutrition and brain development. High intake of poor diet during the earlier years in children leads to anxiety and depression in later years. It also increases emotional and behavioral problems. However, healthy diets such as vegetables, whole grains and fruits prevent children’s risk to for depression in later years. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA, 2018), whole grains contains vitamins B, fiber and minerals that helps kids in school to concentrate in class. The government through the USDA started offering whole-grain rich food in school lunches after the enactment of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act in 2012. The problem now is that these rules have been relaxed and children and adolescents are back consuming sugary foods. Also most schools do not adhere to NLSP program expectations.
You need a Population Concerns section
Methods This should be Nutrition Relation Topics – what areas of your research are related to nutrition?
Next should be Nutrition Interventions – what studies were conducted?
The research methodology used in this nutrition research paper involved systematic reviews of various sources involving children, preadolescents and nutrition. Most of these studies were obtained from government agency databases such as United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), NHANES and other nutrition databases. The research studies reviewed were majorly conducted through Cross-sectional surveys, surveillance surveys and experimental designs. Data were obtained through admission of questionnaires and interviews. Statistical tools such as regression analysis were used in analyzing the data.
Research Findings This should be Nutrition.
Eating habits and nutritional status among adolescent school girls: an experi...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Eating habits and nutritional status among adolescent school girls: an experi...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of Mothers Working and Non Working Status on the Nutritional Status of...YogeshIJTSRD
Health and nutritional status are two crucial and interlinked aspects of human development, which in to interact with demographic variables Malnutrition a condition that occurs due to intake of inadequate amount of nutrients leading to insufficient nourishment continues to be a problem of considerable magnitude in most of the developing countries in the world. Preschool children are one of the most nutritionally vulnerable segments of the population. Nutrition during the first 5 years has not only an impact on growth and morbidity during childhood, but also acts as a determinant of nutritional status in adolescent and adult life. Global comparative data indicate that contrary to common perception, prevalence of under nutrition is highest in South Asian children. India has the highest occurrence of childhood malnutrition in the world. Malnutrition is responsible for 55 percent of all deaths of children younger than 5 years of age globally. Malnutrition makes a child susceptible to infections and delayed recovery, thus increasing mortality and morbidity. It is therefore logical to direct attention to the quality of life of the survivors Bose and Das, 2010 . Joyeeta Bhattacharyya "Effect of Mothers Working and Non-Working Status on the Nutritional Status of Pre School Children" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41167.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhome-science/food-and-nutrition/41167/effect-of-mothers-working-and-nonworking-status-on-the-nutritional-status-of-pre-school-children/joyeeta-bhattacharyya
Health Consciousness of School Going Adolescents*AI Publications
The study was conducted among the school going adolescents in Kerala to assess their socio-personal profile, food consumption pattern and to understand their health consciousness and health status through health indicators like Body Mass Index (BMI). The study revealed that 15.6 per cent of the respondents had symptoms suggestive of some nutritional problems. Regarding BMI, above two-third of the students were included in the underweight category, 1.7 per cent were having overweight and a small percentage were even obese.
Prevalence of malnutrition among under five children of RukaminiNagar, BelgaumSawan Kumar
synopsis of prevalence of malnutrition among under five years children in Rukmini Nagar, Belgaum
Reaserche:- Mr. Sawan Kumar Yadav
Guide:- Dr. Mubashir Angolkar,
Coordinator and Assistant Professor
Department of Public Health,
J.N. Medical college, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
Impression of mid day meal scheme on enrolment & daily attendance of scho...Tapasya123
For achieving the goal of education, the enrolment of children and their
daily presence in schools is essential. Mid-Day Meal Scheme is an effort to
achieve and facilitate the goal. The purpose of present study is to assess the
impression of Mid-Day Meal Scheme on enrolment and daily attendance of
children studying in class I to VIII class and to suggest some measures the
sample size is of 250 children and 11 headmasters. The study tries to prove
that the selected scheme plays an important role in improving enrolment
and daily attendance of children. Results revealed that this scheme proves a
major means in improving enrolment and attendance comparatively. More
efforts could be made to increase enrolment and attendance of students by
increasing variety and quality of Mid-Day Meal and by incorporating
interesting method of teaching.
Impression of Mid Day Meal Scheme on Enrollement & Daily Attendence of School...professionalpanorama
For achieving the goal of education, the enrolment of children and their
daily presence in schools is essential. Mid-Day Meal Scheme is an effort to
achieve and facilitate the goal. The purpose of present study is to assess the
impression of Mid-Day Meal Scheme on enrolment and daily attendance of
children studying in class I to VIII class and to suggest some measures the
sample size is of 250 children and 11 headmasters. The study tries to prove
that the selected scheme plays an important role in improving enrolment
and daily attendance of children. Results revealed that this scheme proves a
major means in improving enrolment and attendance comparatively. More
efforts could be made to increase enrolment and attendance of students by
increasing variety and quality of Mid-Day Meal and by incorporating
interesting method of teaching.
The school age period is nutritionally
significant because this is the prime time to build up body
stores of nutrients in preparation for rapid growth of
adolescence.1 Malnutrition remains the world’s most
serious health problem and the single biggest contributor to
child mortality, nearly one third of the children in the
developing world are either underweight or stunted and
more than 30% of the developing world’s population suffer
from micronutrient deficiencies. However the data available
from urban slums of Hyderabad in this age group is very
sparse and hence an attempt has been made to study the
same.
An assessment of adolescent eating habits in public schools of chak shahzad, ...Zubia Qureshi
Abstract: Eating patterns influence the nutritional status, health, learning process and academic performance of the school children. This study was conducted to explore the food availability at school canteens and food intake by adolescents in break period. A cross sectional study was conducted on 290 adolescents (145 were girls and 145 boys) of 6th, 7th and 8th grade from public schools of Chak Shahzad, Islamabad. Pre-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Chi square / fisher exact test was done by using SPSS to check the association. The mean age of adolescents was 12.6 ± 1.33 years. They were reported normal, underweight, overweight and obese as 176 (60.7%), 79 (27.2%), 27 (9.3%) and 9 (2.8%) respectively. Nutritional status was significantly related with gender, age and grade of adolescents with p-value <0.05. Response showed that 199 (68.6%) adolescents prefer canteen food during break time, and 66 (22.8%) give preference to homemade lunch. Few of them 25 (8.6%) take fruits in school break time. About (24.8%) took drink with lunch which were juices 30 (10.3%), milk/milk shake 14 (5.9%), carbonated drinks 6 (2.1%), and tea/coffee 13 (4.5%). Consumption of carbohydrates, protein, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products was found as 64 (22.1%), 26 (0.9%), 32 (11%), 4 (1.4%) and 1 (0.3%) respectively in adolescents who brought their lunch from home. Around 49% of students were not satisfied with food provided on their school canteens. Availability of food items on school canteens and overall eating pattern of adolescents is not satisfactory. There is a need of school canteen guidelines/policy and nutritional education to canteen staff and pupils.
Keywords: School Canteen, Pakistan, Eating Habits, Adolescents
Similar to Number of meals consumed by the pre school age going children (20)
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
Number of meals consumed by the pre school age going children
1. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol 3, No.9, 2012
Number of Meals Consumed by the Pre-School Age Going Children
and Its Relationship to the Status of Pre-School Attendance in
Kenya
Catherine Gakii Murungi
School of Education Department of Early Childhood Studies, Kenyatta University. E-mail:
Catherine_gakii@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
This survey research studied the number of meals that children consume in a day and their school attendance. The
study is a correlation study employing a survey method with a sample of 390 children whose parents participated in
the study. The main objective of the study was to establish the number of meals that pre-school age going children in
Kenya consume in a day. The study is conducted in five Kenyan divisions. The researcher utilized a questionnaire to
parents of pre-school age going children with children attending and children not attending pre-school education.
The t-test (two tailed) for testing equality of means for independent samples was used to test H01. This study
concludes that A t-test (two tailed) for independent samples found a significant relationship between the number of
meals consumed in a day and attendance in pre-school.
Introduction
Children’s nutritional status is affected by poor feeding habits as well as diseases (Piwoz &Preble, 2000). Poor
feeding and diseases leads to undernourishment as well as in adequate provision of children’s needs (Latham, 1988;
Applied Nutrition Program, 2000). This affects children’s growth and development. When the body does not get
adequate supply of food; it becomes weak and cannot develop or function properly (WHO, 2002). Children, who are
undernourished lack energy and strength to play, learn and are likely not to attend pre-school. These children require
taking more meals in a day so as to cater for their energy and strength needs. The number of meals children take per
day influences the nutritional status (ACC/SCN, 1998). This necessitated the need to establish the number of meals
the pre-school age going children consume in a day.
Adequate supply of foods is important as it makes a child healthy, makes a child grow, prevents diseases and
provides energy (ACC/SCN, 1998; Abidoye & Eze, 2000). In addition when children do not take adequate number
of meals recovery from infections takes longer WHO (2002). Study by Gakuru and Koech (1995) indicated that
foods and nutrition supply for pre-school children may not be adequately met even when there is adequate food
supply. To meet adequate supply of nutrients, FSAU (2003) rightly states that children require more than three
balanced meals per day. Similarly Fanta (2001) recommends that pre-school children should be fed with a variety of
foods distributed to at least 5 – 6 meals a day. Further to this Mwema (2006) found that taking less than five meals
per day leads to an increased number of stunted children. In line with this view is that taking less than five meals in
a day leads to inadequate energy and protein intake which contribute to stunting (Applied Nutrition Program, 2000;
Jukes, 2005) and that poor complementary feeding practices lead to increased stunting (Meme, 1996 and Zoakah et
al; 2000). The emphasis here is on the number of meals and their distribution per day. The reason for distributing
meals is to ensure adequate supply of nutrients throughout the day. This made it crucial to find out the number of
meals consumed by pre-school children in a day as well as establish its relationship with attendance in pre-school,
given that reduced number of meals per day relates to children’s attendance in pre-school.
According to the World Bank report (1993) on better health for Africa, 32% of the children in Kenya have stunted
growth while 5% of them were wasted. The demographic health survey in Kenya (KDHS, 2003) also documents that
34% of the children were moderately stunted and 15% were severely stunted as demonstrated by low weight for age
(W/A). In considering weight for height (W/H), 6% of the children below five years were wasted and 2% were
severely wasted (KDHS, 2003). The millennium development goals report (2005) also revealed that there was a
prevalence of underweight children less than 5 years of age. By 2003, 20% of the children below five years were
underweight while the prevalence of children who were wasted declined from 6.6% in 2000 to 6% in 2003. We
cannot ignore the fact that inadequate food intake (poor diet) leads to underweight, which denies a child ability to
become active in the environment including the ability to attend pre-school.
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2. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol 3, No.9, 2012
Children’s nutritional status strongly influences their development and the general quality of life they experience.
Unfortunately, a majority of children in the world and many children in Kenya do not receive proper nutrition
(Silkind 1990). This means that they do not get enough proteins for building body cells, enough vitamins and
minerals for structural development, or enough carbohydrates for energy (Silkind 1990). Many reports and studies
investigated the relationship between foods, nutrition and a child’s development. However, no available study at
least in Kenyan context has investigated the relationship between the numbers of meals consumed in a day and
attendance in pre-school, hence the need for this study.
Objectives of the Study
The specific objective of this study was to establish the number of meals consumed by the pre-school age going
children and the relationship between the number of meals children consume in a day and attendance in pre-school.
Research Question and Hypothesis
The study specifically answered the following basic question, what is the relationship between the number of meals
consumed and attendance in pre-school? It also specifically tested the following hypothesis: Ho1. There is no
relationship between the number of meals consumed and children’s attendance in pre-school education.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research Design
This study was a correlation study employing a survey method. The survey method was found suitable for the
present study since it does not require manipulation of variables.
Variables
The independent variable was; the number of meals consumed in a day and the dependent variable was children’s
attendance in the pre-school education.
Description and Characterization of Variables
Independent Variable
The independent variable food was measured through the meal patterns and nutritional status of pre-school age
children. Pre-school age children are supposed to be fed with a variety of foods distributed to at least 5-6 meals a day
(Fanta, 2001). For the purpose of this study if children were served with at least three main meals in a day, and
snacks in between, then that indicated adequate food intake and less than three balanced meals per day indicated
inadequate food intake. The number of meals consumed per day was compared for children attending pre-school and
those not attending, and then the results were correlated to establish the relationship between number of meals
consumed in a day and children’s attendance in pre-school education.
Dependent Variable
The dependent variable school attendance was measured by collecting views from parents on their children’s pre-
school attendance.
Location of Study
The study was conducted in five Kenyan divisions.
Target Population and sample size
The target population for the study was 78,201 pre-school age going children aged between 4-5 years. From this
target population of 78,201 a sample of 390 pre-school age going children that were attending pre-school and
children not attending pre-school education were selected.
Research Instruments
The study utilized the questionnaire for parents in data collection. The questionnaire was administered to parents
with children attending pre-school and parents with children not attending the pre-school education at the time of
study.
Data Analysis
A t-test (two tailed) was used to test Ho1, The t-test (two tailed) was found suitable to test the relationship between
variables in Ho1 since looking at the difference between variables is also the same thing as looking at how variables
relate to each other. In using t-test (two tailed) to test the relationship between variables it means that, if two
variables are significantly different then, they are related (Obure, 2002).
77
3. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol 3, No.9, 2012
Results
Information on Meal Pattern
This study found that majority of pre-school age going children 323 (83%) in Kenya do take breakfast, with only 67
(17%) children not taking this important meal. With regard to 10 o’clock snack, the trend changes with 258 (66%)
not taking this meal. This figure includes children attending pre-schools where this meal is prepared on a daily basis.
The reason attributed to children not taking the 10 o’clock snack by the parents with children attending pre-school
was that the school porridge program was expensive for the pre- school parents to afford. Only 132 (34%) children
of the pre-school age going took this meal.
Most children took lunch 348 (89%) with only 42 (11%) of the children in the whole division not taking lunch. Very
few children took the four o’clock snack in the division, only 80 (21%) of children in the division took this meal, the
remaining 310 (79%) did not take the meal during the time of study. A large percentage of children 85% (330) took
the evening meal.
After taking the evening meal, a smaller number of children took a snack before going to bed, only 41 (11%) while
349 children (59%) did not take any snack after the evening meal. Although a very small number of children took
this snack, it was interesting to note that no child took this snack in one of the locations (Ntankira location). The
researcher found that consumption of the three main meals which were breakfast, lunch and supper was higher than
consumption of the snacks in all the five locations as indicated in table; 1, 2 and 3.
Table 1: Number of Meals Children Consumed per Each Location in Kenya
Meal consumed Location
Location Location two Location Location Location Total
one (Municipality) three four five
(Ntankira) (Nthimbiri) (Ntima) (Igoki)
Breakfast 62 62 69 64 66 323
Snack 1 17 34 27 26 28 132
Lunch 67 66 70 72 73 348
Snack 2 9 21 19 7 24 80
Supper 68 58 69 66 69 330
Snack 3 0 12 17 4 8 41
Total 223 253 271 239 268
Table 2: Number of Main Meals Consumed in a Day in the five Kenyan Divisions
Location less than three three main frequency percentage totals
main meals meals totals
freq.
freq.
% %
Location five 20 25.6 58 74.4 78 100
(Igoki)
Location two 34 43.6 44 56.4 78 100
(Municipality)
Location one 31 39.8 47 60.3 78 100
(Ntankira)
Location three 17 21.8 61 78.2 78 100
(Nthimbiri)
Location four 27 34.6 51 65.4 78 100
(Ntima)
78
4. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol 3, No.9, 2012
Table 3: Number of all the Meals Consumed in a Day and Children’s Attendance in Pre-school education in
Kenya
Number of meals Not attending pre-school Attending pre-school Total
consumed in a day
Breakfast
Freq. 142 181 323
% 72.8 92.8 82.8
Lunch
Freq. 161 187 348
% 82.5 95.8 89.2
supper
Freq. 152 178 330
% 77.9 91.2 84.6
Snack 1
Freq. 18 114 132
% 9.2 58.5 33.8
Snack 2
Freq. 6 74 80
% 3.1 37.9 20.5
Snack 3
Freq. 2 39 41
% 1.0 20 10.5
Table 3 shows the number of main meals and snacks consumed by children attending and children not attending pre-
school in the five Kenyan divisions.
Meals Consumed in a Day and Attendance in Pre-school
The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the number of meals consumed and attendance
in pre-school. The hypothesis stated was: H01. There is no significant relationship between the numbers of meals
consumed in a day and attendance in pre-school. This hypothesis was tested using t-test (two tailed) and the results
are in table 4 and 5.
Table 4: Meals Consumed and Attendance in Kenyan Pre-schools (N=195)
Children’s attendance
in pre-school Mean Std. Deviation
Number of meals Attending 3.96 1.150
consumed
2.47 0.755
Not attending
Table 4.shows the mean scores of the number of meals consumed in a day for children’s attending pre-school was
3.96 and for children not attending pre-school was 2.47.
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5. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol 3, No.9, 2012
Table 5: Independent Samples Test for Number of Meals Consumed and
Attendance in Pre-school in the five Kenyan divisions
A t-test (Two-tailed) for Equality of Means
t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference
Number of meals
15.197 388 0.000 1.497
consumed
Table 5: shows the mean difference was 1.497 and the significance level was 0.000 (2-tailed).
The t-test (two tailed) was used to determine the relationship between the independent variable food which was
measured by the number of meals consumed in a day and the dependent variable attendance in pre-school education.
The results show that there is a significant difference in the number of meals consumed between children attending
pre-school (have a mean of 3.96) and children not attending pre-school (2.47). This implies that there is a significant
relationship between the number of meals consumed in a day and attendance in pre-school. The results in table 5 also
shows that the mean difference in the number of meals for children attending pre-school and children not attending
pre-school was 1.497, with 0.000 level of significance (2- tailed). The results reveal that the difference between the
two means is significant at 0.05. The null hypothesis was therefore rejected. The hypothesis was rejected, because
the more the number of meals children consumed in a day, the higher the number of pre-school age going children
who attended pre-school as assessed by the questionnaire utilized in this study. This shows that the numbers of meals
consumed are related to attendance in pre-school among the pre-school age going children (p = 0.000 < 0.05). This
study fills the gap left by the studies that investigated the relationship between foods, nutrition, brain development,
learning ability and child development but did not investigate the relationship between food and attendance in pre-
school education. The relationship between the number of meals consumed and attendance in pre-school can be
explained by the fact that with at least three meals and snacks in between, there is less likelihood of weight loss.
The relationship between the number of meals consumed and attendance in pre-school can be attributed to the fact
that the more the number of meals consumed, the more the likelihood of adequate supply of energy (FAU 2005).
This finding is also closely related to that of Mwema (2006) that the number of meals consumed in a day is related to
stunting. Stunting has been found in this study to have a positive relationship with attendance in pre-school. The
relationship between the number of meals consumed in a day and attendance in the pre-school could be because of
several reasons:
First, the children attending pre-school take more than three meals per day which the children not attending pre-
school were not taking. This is supported by FSAU, (2003) who stated that to meet adequate supply of nutrients;
children require more than three nutritionally balanced meals in a day. Similarly Fanta, (2001) recommends that
children should be fed with a variety of meals distributed to at-least 5-6 meals a day so as to ensure adequate supply
of nutrients throughout the day, children who take less meals lack adequate supply of nutrients hence may not attend
pre-school.
Second, inadequate food intake has been associated with poor health and low nutritional status. Findings by
ACC/SCN (1998) indicated that the number of meals taken per day will influence the nutritional status of children,
which in turn, might hinder attendance in pre-school. The same study shows that when inadequate intake of food is
prolonged, it gives rise to protein energy malnutrition (PEM). Wasting in children reflects acute malnutrition, but
with at least three main meals and snacks in between, there are less likelihood of wasting and underweight in
children WHO (2002).
Third, when the body does not get adequate supply of food, it becomes weak and cannot develop or function
80
6. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol 3, No.9, 2012
properly (WHO, 2002). A hungry child may be weak and may be less motivated to go to school which may lead to
children not attending pre-school. Fourth, hunger is a drive activated by the hypothalamus gland in the fore brain; it
results in dizziness, weakness and light headiness. Hunger pangs are felt in the stomach. Stomach demands for food
by growling. This makes food important to the child since after all the processes indicated above only food will give
them energy, keep them warm as well as build and repair their bodies.
REFFERENCES
Abidoye, R.O., and Eze. D.I. (2000).Comparative School Performance Through Better Health and Nutrition in
Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria. Nutrition Research, 20(5): 609-620. Retrieved February 19, 2008, from
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ACC/SCN (1998). Ending Malnutrition by 2020. An agenda for change in the millennium. Pages (10-15). Geneva:
ACC/SCN.
Applied Nutrition Program (2000). Food and Nutrition Security Survey in Maragua and Gikingo Locations of
Tharaka District Eastern Province, Kenya. Applied Nutrition Program, Department of Food Science Technology and
Nutrition, UoN. Pp 17-45
FANTA (2001). Improving the Nutritional Impacts Agriculture Interventions: Strategy and policy brief. Food and
Nutrition Technical Assistance Project. Washington D.C.: Academy for Educational Development. Retrieved April
15, 2006, from http://www.fantaproject.org/down loads/ pdfs/uganda_HIVAIDS_guide.pdf
FSAU (2003). Nutritional Guide to Data Collection, Analysis Interpretation and Use. Nairobi: FSAU Pages 9 – 29.
Gakuru, O.N., Koech, B. & Nduati R.C. (1995). The Experiences of Young Children: A Contextualized Case Study
of Early Childhood Care and Education in Kenya-Nairobi KIE/NACECE.
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Bulletin, 26(2S): S193-S201.Retrieved February 3, 2009,http://www.nabuur.com/files/attach/2008/10/task/ School
%20 Feeding% 20Programs.doc
Kenya Demographic and Health survey (2003). The Kenya Demographic and Health Survey. Nairobi: Government
Printer.
Latham, M. C. (1988). Human Nutrition in Tropical Africa, FAO; Rome. Retrieved November 23, 2008.
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a Feeding Program in Nyambene District, Kenya. Nairobi: Unpublished MSc Thesis, University of Nairobi.
Mwema, J. M. (2006). Household Food Security and Nutritional status of under fives in Kieni West Division , Nyeri
District. Nairobi:Unpublished MSc Thesis, Kenyatta University
Obure, M. J. (2002). Hand Book on Data Analysis Using SPSS. Nairobi: M & O Data Experts Training and
consultants.
Piwoz, G. and Preble E. (2000). HIV/AIDS and Infant Feeding Risks and Realities in Africa. Academy for
Educational Development. Pages (56-61).
Republic of Kenya, Millenium Development Goals (2005). A Government of Kenya Status Report on the
Millennium Development Goals. Nairobi: Government Printer.
Republic of Kenya, Ministry of Education, (2006). National Early Childhood Development Policy Framework.
Nairobi, Kenya.
Silkind, N.J (1990). Child development, (6th ed). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc.
WHO (2002). Food and Nutrition needs in Emergencies. Geneva
Zoakah, A. I., Idoko, M. O., Okoronkwo, M. O., and Adeleko, O.A (2000). Prevalence of Malnutrition Using Z-
scores and Absolute Values in Chi < 5 in Utan Village, Tos, Platteau, Nig. East Africa Medical Journal, 77 (3): 123-
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