Health and nutritional status are two crucial and interlinked aspects of human development, which in to interact with demographic variables Malnutrition a condition that occurs due to intake of inadequate amount of nutrients leading to insufficient nourishment continues to be a problem of considerable magnitude in most of the developing countries in the world. Preschool children are one of the most nutritionally vulnerable segments of the population. Nutrition during the first 5 years has not only an impact on growth and morbidity during childhood, but also acts as a determinant of nutritional status in adolescent and adult life. Global comparative data indicate that contrary to common perception, prevalence of under nutrition is highest in South Asian children. India has the highest occurrence of childhood malnutrition in the world. Malnutrition is responsible for 55 percent of all deaths of children younger than 5 years of age globally. Malnutrition makes a child susceptible to infections and delayed recovery, thus increasing mortality and morbidity. It is therefore logical to direct attention to the quality of life of the survivors Bose and Das, 2010 . Joyeeta Bhattacharyya "Effect of Mothers Working and Non-Working Status on the Nutritional Status of Pre School Children" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41167.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhome-science/food-and-nutrition/41167/effect-of-mothers-working-and-nonworking-status-on-the-nutritional-status-of-pre-school-children/joyeeta-bhattacharyya
Nutritional Status of School Age Children in Private Elementary Schools: Basi...IJAEMSJORNAL
Department of Education (DepEd) organizes nutritional programs to improve the health status of children in public schools. Likewise, the researcher believes that health awareness must be raised in private schools as well. This study aimed to affect the community to be aware and more knowledgeable about nutrition. Specifically, this study focused on the nutritional status of school age children in private elementary schools in Santa Rosa, Nueva Ecija. It sought to determine the profile of the learners, anthropometrics, clinical data and the knowledge of the learners as to dietary and the significant relationship between the profile of the learners and the nutritional status of the school aged children. With all the data gathered a meal management program was proposed. The study employed the quantitative description design. The study manifests that majority of the respondents were not yet aware of what they eat. In addition, age, greatly affects the respondent’s anthropometrics as to height. More so, age, number of siblings and family income, greatly affect the respondents’ anthropometrics as to weight. The researcher adopted the Nutritional Guidelines for Filipino program that was developed by the DOST- FNRI.
Next steps in obesity Prevention: Altering early life systems to support he...Jesse Budlong
There is an urgent need for effective, sustainable child obesity prevention strategies. Progress toward this goal requires strengthening current approaches to add a component that addresses pregnancy onward. Altering early-life systems that promote intergenerational transmission of obesity holds promise for interrupting the continuing cycle of the obesity epidemic. A 2011 Institute of
Medicine (IOM) report emphasizes the need for interventions early in life to prevent obesity. A 2010 IOM report called for addressing gaps in existing obesity research evidence by using a systems perspective, simultaneously addressing interacting obesity promoting factors in multiple sectors and at multiple societal levels. A review of evidence from basic science, prevention, and systems
research supports an approach that (1) begins at the earliest stages of development, and (2) uses a systems framework to simultaneously implement health behavior and environmental changes in communities.
Aene project a medium city public students obesity studyCIRINEU COSTA
Identifying undernutrition and obesity on students and propose public policies of health are urgent issues. This paper presents a study with weight and stature from students collected by physical education teachers (PEF) in schools of a city near São Paulo. The PEF collected the data and they were inserted in a program especially developed for each school Department (AENE Project). The datas were analyzed by software and evaluation done based on a World Health Organization (WHO_2007) table, that develops health programs worldwide. The results evaluations were used to raise the students and family, teachers and responsibles for treatment search (when required).
Measuring Poverty through Child Malnutrition A Study With Special Referance T...iosrjce
Malnutrition is identified by a weight for height indicator within a given population, or by a
measurement of a child's mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). If dietary deficiencies are persistent, children
will stop growing and become stunted (low height for one's age). This is referred to as chronic malnutrition. If
they experience weight loss or 'wasting' (low weight for one's height), they are described as suffering from acute
malnutrition. India's ICDS scheme The Integrated Child Development Scheme is perhaps the largest of all food
and supplementation programmes in the world and was set up as an institutional response to the problem of
malnutrition in India. Initiated in 1975, the ICDS was mandated with improving the health and nutrition status
of children up to the age of six by providing supplementary food and by coordinating with state health
departments to ensure delivery of required health inputs. Under the ICDS, cooked food is provided to children
through anganwadi (community) centre’s. One centre is provided for a population of 1000 (700 in the case of
tribal areas). Fifty million children aged six and below are covered under this Rs.45 billion outreach
programme. There has been much research on the benefit of micronutrient replacement and the promotion of
breastfeeding as ways to prevent malnutrition and its complications in children. The study found the income
level is lesser than national average. Even though there is a minimum availability of nutritious food to
children’s, majority of them are found to be malnourished.
Nutritional Status of School Age Children in Private Elementary Schools: Basi...IJAEMSJORNAL
Department of Education (DepEd) organizes nutritional programs to improve the health status of children in public schools. Likewise, the researcher believes that health awareness must be raised in private schools as well. This study aimed to affect the community to be aware and more knowledgeable about nutrition. Specifically, this study focused on the nutritional status of school age children in private elementary schools in Santa Rosa, Nueva Ecija. It sought to determine the profile of the learners, anthropometrics, clinical data and the knowledge of the learners as to dietary and the significant relationship between the profile of the learners and the nutritional status of the school aged children. With all the data gathered a meal management program was proposed. The study employed the quantitative description design. The study manifests that majority of the respondents were not yet aware of what they eat. In addition, age, greatly affects the respondent’s anthropometrics as to height. More so, age, number of siblings and family income, greatly affect the respondents’ anthropometrics as to weight. The researcher adopted the Nutritional Guidelines for Filipino program that was developed by the DOST- FNRI.
Next steps in obesity Prevention: Altering early life systems to support he...Jesse Budlong
There is an urgent need for effective, sustainable child obesity prevention strategies. Progress toward this goal requires strengthening current approaches to add a component that addresses pregnancy onward. Altering early-life systems that promote intergenerational transmission of obesity holds promise for interrupting the continuing cycle of the obesity epidemic. A 2011 Institute of
Medicine (IOM) report emphasizes the need for interventions early in life to prevent obesity. A 2010 IOM report called for addressing gaps in existing obesity research evidence by using a systems perspective, simultaneously addressing interacting obesity promoting factors in multiple sectors and at multiple societal levels. A review of evidence from basic science, prevention, and systems
research supports an approach that (1) begins at the earliest stages of development, and (2) uses a systems framework to simultaneously implement health behavior and environmental changes in communities.
Aene project a medium city public students obesity studyCIRINEU COSTA
Identifying undernutrition and obesity on students and propose public policies of health are urgent issues. This paper presents a study with weight and stature from students collected by physical education teachers (PEF) in schools of a city near São Paulo. The PEF collected the data and they were inserted in a program especially developed for each school Department (AENE Project). The datas were analyzed by software and evaluation done based on a World Health Organization (WHO_2007) table, that develops health programs worldwide. The results evaluations were used to raise the students and family, teachers and responsibles for treatment search (when required).
Measuring Poverty through Child Malnutrition A Study With Special Referance T...iosrjce
Malnutrition is identified by a weight for height indicator within a given population, or by a
measurement of a child's mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). If dietary deficiencies are persistent, children
will stop growing and become stunted (low height for one's age). This is referred to as chronic malnutrition. If
they experience weight loss or 'wasting' (low weight for one's height), they are described as suffering from acute
malnutrition. India's ICDS scheme The Integrated Child Development Scheme is perhaps the largest of all food
and supplementation programmes in the world and was set up as an institutional response to the problem of
malnutrition in India. Initiated in 1975, the ICDS was mandated with improving the health and nutrition status
of children up to the age of six by providing supplementary food and by coordinating with state health
departments to ensure delivery of required health inputs. Under the ICDS, cooked food is provided to children
through anganwadi (community) centre’s. One centre is provided for a population of 1000 (700 in the case of
tribal areas). Fifty million children aged six and below are covered under this Rs.45 billion outreach
programme. There has been much research on the benefit of micronutrient replacement and the promotion of
breastfeeding as ways to prevent malnutrition and its complications in children. The study found the income
level is lesser than national average. Even though there is a minimum availability of nutritious food to
children’s, majority of them are found to be malnourished.
Child-health practitioners in Iowa must find better ways to address family, neighborhood and economic factors that shape children' health and well being, according to CFPC executive director Charles Bruner and Debra Waldron, director and chief medical officer of the Child Health Specialty Clinics at the University of Iowa. They presented at the Iowa Governor's Conference on Public Health in Ames on April 5.
State of Maternal and Children's Health and Nutrition During Pandemic and Cal...KABAYAN Partylist
We are looking forward to sharing with you the highlights of the recent stakeholder consultation of KABAYAN Partylist and Development Academy of the Philippines on the State of Maternal and Children’s Health and Nutrition During the Pandemic held last December 03, 2020.
The presentations made during the event are summarized in the attached report entitled “Second Stakeholder Consultation on the State of Maternal & Children’s Health and Nutrition During Pandemic and Calamities” which brings together the reports, excerpts, and key findings given by Cong. Ron P. Salo, Cong. Stella Quimbo, Department of Health Usec. Rosario Vergeire, Philippine Center for Population and Development Former Executive Director Dr. Jondi Flavier, DAP Family Medicine Consultant Dr. Jewehl Salo, and representatives from the Department of Social Welfare and Development during the event.
Nutritional Knowledge and Practices of Pre-School Teachers in Homa Bay Countypaperpublications3
Abstract: The main objective of this study was to investigate nutrition relationship between pre-school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practice in Homa Bay County. The study investigated the following aspects of nutrition knowledge; balanced diet, source of nutrients, food preparation, food storage and preservation. The specific objectives were: to assess the nutritional knowledge and practices between pre-school teachers; Jerome Brunner’ (1978) theories on knowledge representation guided the study; his three modes on nutritional knowledge to the teachers and learners basically on cognitive development. The three models are enactive, iconic and symbolic. The study adopted a descriptive design to investigate the relationship between pre-school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practices. Questionnaire, interview schedule and observation checklists were used as instruments of data collection. Data analysis was done qualitatively and quantitatively methods. Findings showed that nutritional knowledge and practices among preschool teachers is very low in Homa Bay County. Most of the respondents knew about only three food groups type, a significant number of them were unable to categorise different food types in their respective groups. Proper nutrition was found to be positively correlated with preschool children academic performance. The study also established that the relationship between pre- school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practices was not significant. The study recommends that strategies need to be put in place to improve nutritional knowledge and practices of preschool teachers in Homa Bay County and country at large, this will be through cooperation of Ministry of Education, Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development and other policy makers in the education sector.
Pugos Nutrition for Protection of Malnutrition among Children IIJSRJournal
Malnutrition in early childhood is linked to deficits in the cognitive development of children. Stunting in children delays school enrolment and is found to be associated with grade repetition and a higher dropout in primary school children. Children who suffered from early malnutrition were also found to have greater behavioural problems. Deficiency of micronutrients such as iron, iodine and zinc is associated with a lower attention span, poor memory, mental retardation and poor school achievement.
Continuous low nutritional intake combined with poor access to healthcare is likely to impact on children’s psychological development in terms of attentiveness, emotional expression, motivation, learning ability and school performance. Nutrition is interconnected with the environment, psychological health, health and education. Considering these issues separately results in an incomplete understanding of poverty and a reduced ability to ameliorate problems.
Malnutrition must be considered alongside other factors in childhood development. Psychosocial stimulation received by the children seems to make a significant contribution in alleviating the effects of malnutrition. Several studies show that nutritional supplementation when combined with stimulation has substantial benefits for cognitive development.
Children who experience under nutrition are also likely to grow up in an under-stimulated social and psychological environment and it is the complex interaction between these factors that causes cognitive deficits. Since it is difficult to unravel the complexity of the mechanisms and sift out the effect of psycho-social stimulation, it is difficult to establish the existence of a causal relationship between under-nutrition alone and cognitive development of children. The present Article Reviews the role of Malnutrition among children in India & its impact on their cognitive development.
Factors Associated with Growth in the First 1,000 Days CHECKLEYCORE Group
CORE Group GHPC15
October 8, 2015
Concurrent Session: Factors Associated with Growth in the First 1,000 Days: Translating Evidence into Programs for Stunting, Wasting, and the Double Burden of Malnutrition
Background: Childhood stunting is the most widely prevalent among under-five children in Ethiopia. Despite the
individual-level factors of childhood stunting are well documented, community-level factors have not been given
much attention in the country. This study aimed to identify individual- and community-level factors associated with
stunting among under-five children in Ethiopia.
Methods: Cross-sectional data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey was used. A total of 8855
under-five children and 640 community clusters were included in the current analysis. A multilevel logistic
regression model was used at 5% level of significance to determine the individual- and community-level factors
associated with childhood stunting.
Child-health practitioners in Iowa must find better ways to address family, neighborhood and economic factors that shape children' health and well being, according to CFPC executive director Charles Bruner and Debra Waldron, director and chief medical officer of the Child Health Specialty Clinics at the University of Iowa. They presented at the Iowa Governor's Conference on Public Health in Ames on April 5.
State of Maternal and Children's Health and Nutrition During Pandemic and Cal...KABAYAN Partylist
We are looking forward to sharing with you the highlights of the recent stakeholder consultation of KABAYAN Partylist and Development Academy of the Philippines on the State of Maternal and Children’s Health and Nutrition During the Pandemic held last December 03, 2020.
The presentations made during the event are summarized in the attached report entitled “Second Stakeholder Consultation on the State of Maternal & Children’s Health and Nutrition During Pandemic and Calamities” which brings together the reports, excerpts, and key findings given by Cong. Ron P. Salo, Cong. Stella Quimbo, Department of Health Usec. Rosario Vergeire, Philippine Center for Population and Development Former Executive Director Dr. Jondi Flavier, DAP Family Medicine Consultant Dr. Jewehl Salo, and representatives from the Department of Social Welfare and Development during the event.
Nutritional Knowledge and Practices of Pre-School Teachers in Homa Bay Countypaperpublications3
Abstract: The main objective of this study was to investigate nutrition relationship between pre-school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practice in Homa Bay County. The study investigated the following aspects of nutrition knowledge; balanced diet, source of nutrients, food preparation, food storage and preservation. The specific objectives were: to assess the nutritional knowledge and practices between pre-school teachers; Jerome Brunner’ (1978) theories on knowledge representation guided the study; his three modes on nutritional knowledge to the teachers and learners basically on cognitive development. The three models are enactive, iconic and symbolic. The study adopted a descriptive design to investigate the relationship between pre-school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practices. Questionnaire, interview schedule and observation checklists were used as instruments of data collection. Data analysis was done qualitatively and quantitatively methods. Findings showed that nutritional knowledge and practices among preschool teachers is very low in Homa Bay County. Most of the respondents knew about only three food groups type, a significant number of them were unable to categorise different food types in their respective groups. Proper nutrition was found to be positively correlated with preschool children academic performance. The study also established that the relationship between pre- school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practices was not significant. The study recommends that strategies need to be put in place to improve nutritional knowledge and practices of preschool teachers in Homa Bay County and country at large, this will be through cooperation of Ministry of Education, Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development and other policy makers in the education sector.
Pugos Nutrition for Protection of Malnutrition among Children IIJSRJournal
Malnutrition in early childhood is linked to deficits in the cognitive development of children. Stunting in children delays school enrolment and is found to be associated with grade repetition and a higher dropout in primary school children. Children who suffered from early malnutrition were also found to have greater behavioural problems. Deficiency of micronutrients such as iron, iodine and zinc is associated with a lower attention span, poor memory, mental retardation and poor school achievement.
Continuous low nutritional intake combined with poor access to healthcare is likely to impact on children’s psychological development in terms of attentiveness, emotional expression, motivation, learning ability and school performance. Nutrition is interconnected with the environment, psychological health, health and education. Considering these issues separately results in an incomplete understanding of poverty and a reduced ability to ameliorate problems.
Malnutrition must be considered alongside other factors in childhood development. Psychosocial stimulation received by the children seems to make a significant contribution in alleviating the effects of malnutrition. Several studies show that nutritional supplementation when combined with stimulation has substantial benefits for cognitive development.
Children who experience under nutrition are also likely to grow up in an under-stimulated social and psychological environment and it is the complex interaction between these factors that causes cognitive deficits. Since it is difficult to unravel the complexity of the mechanisms and sift out the effect of psycho-social stimulation, it is difficult to establish the existence of a causal relationship between under-nutrition alone and cognitive development of children. The present Article Reviews the role of Malnutrition among children in India & its impact on their cognitive development.
Factors Associated with Growth in the First 1,000 Days CHECKLEYCORE Group
CORE Group GHPC15
October 8, 2015
Concurrent Session: Factors Associated with Growth in the First 1,000 Days: Translating Evidence into Programs for Stunting, Wasting, and the Double Burden of Malnutrition
Background: Childhood stunting is the most widely prevalent among under-five children in Ethiopia. Despite the
individual-level factors of childhood stunting are well documented, community-level factors have not been given
much attention in the country. This study aimed to identify individual- and community-level factors associated with
stunting among under-five children in Ethiopia.
Methods: Cross-sectional data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey was used. A total of 8855
under-five children and 640 community clusters were included in the current analysis. A multilevel logistic
regression model was used at 5% level of significance to determine the individual- and community-level factors
associated with childhood stunting.
Food insecurity refers to the lack of nutritious foods to maintain good health. It is a serious health problem that is related to other social difficulties such as poverty. Children from food insecure households have less consistent access to food. This may lead to behavioral problems and poor grades in school. Ensuring food security for young children should be a national priority because it greatly affects their current and future health. This paper provides a brief introduction to food insecurity in children. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Sarhan M. Musa | Osama M. Musa ""Food Insecurity among Children"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd24056.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/food-engineering/24056/food-insecurity-among-children/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Influence of Mothers’ Participation in Intra-Household Decision Making on Nut...Hudu Zakaria
The purpose of this paper is to investigate effects of mothers’ participation in intra-household decision making on the nutritional status of their children. The paper relied solely on analysis of data for Northern Region of Ghana, collected as part of United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Feed the Future population baseline survey conducted in 2012. Multiple Linear Regression Model was used in examining mothers’ participation in intra-household decision making on children’s weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height which were used as proxies for children’s nutritional status. Results of the analysis revealed that, the Region is still far from achieving the MDG 1 target of attaining 1.8% malnutrition prevalence rate, as stunting, underweight and wasting prevalence rates among children in the region were found to be 27%, 25% and 13% respectively. The analysis also found mothers’ participation in intra-household decision making, ownership and control of household resources as significant in influencing positively children’s nutritional status. Increasing participation and power of women in intra-household decision making process are imperative in improving children nutritional status and reducing malnutrition prevalence among children under five years. It is therefore recommended that programmes and projects aimed at promoting sustainable nutritional wellbeing among children should consider empowering mothers of children so as to promote their status and barging power in intra-household decision making process.
A Study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice KAP on Anemia and Socio Economic ...YogeshIJTSRD
Anemia is a critical public health problem in India that affects women and children throughout the lifecycle. The Govt. of India took an effort by launching the programme called “12 by 12 initiatives- addressing the problem of anemia in adolescents. Under Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Adolescent Girls SABALA programme initiated in 2011, adolescent girls are being received weekly supplementation of iron folic acid tablets and biannual de worming tablets. Age at menarche, family type, mother’s educational status, personal hygiene and sanitation facilities and the gain score of knowledge, attitude and practice. There is a significant difference between the family income and the gain score of the knowledge, attitude and practice of anemia at the 0.05 level of significance. Thus, it is concluded that the demographic variables would have influence over the knowledge, attitude, and practice on anemia. Dr. Sandhya Rani Mohanty "A Study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) on Anemia and Socio Economic Characteristics of Rural Adolescent Girls in Odisha" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45033.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/food-and-nutrition/45033/a-study-on-knowledge-attitude-and-practice-kap-on-anemia-and-socio-economic-characteristics-of-rural-adolescent-girls-in-odisha/dr-sandhya-rani-mohanty
Prevalence of Undernutrition among Baalwadi Going Children between 2 5 Years ...ijtsrd
Children are the backbone of any country. Under nutrition is the underlying cause of more than half of all deaths in children aged less than five years worldwide. This study was designed majorly to study the prevalence of undernutrition in children. The objectives of the study were to assess the prevalence of undernutrition stunting, underweight and wasting in children between 2 5 years of age and to analyse major determinants influencing undernutrition. 102 children aged between 2 5 years of age were selected from two different baalwadis of Mumbai through purposive, random sampling. Socio demographic data was collected using a self designed, structured questionnaire from mothers. Anthropometric measurements like weight, height, MUAC were done to determine nutritional status. Anthropometric data revealed that out of total children screened n=102 , 34 children were well nourished and 66 children were undernourished where 27 children were underweight, 24 were wasted 16 were stunted. 55 children had low MUAC. The factors that were found to be significantly associated with child undernutrition were age p=0.046 , gender p=0.000 , maternal education p=0.007 , employment status of mother p=0.001 and number of meals taken by the child daily p=0.000 . The prevalence of undernutrition among children of Baalwadi was high considering the sample size was small. Shraddha Shripal Parmar | Dr Rupali Sengupta ""Prevalence of Undernutrition among Baalwadi Going Children between 2-5 Years of Age in Western Mumbai"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23133.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/child-care-and-development/23133/prevalence-of-undernutrition-among-baalwadi-going-children-between-2-5-years-of-age-in-western-mumbai/shraddha-shripal-parmar
2Quote Log Health and WealthStudents NameInst.docxrobert345678
2
Quote Log Health and Wealth
Student's Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
Instructors Name
Social Issue: Health & Wealth
Topic:
Health & Wealth
Thesis:
The stressors of finance can have adverse effects because they can affect the development of children, create an unsafe psychological state and contribute to poor physical health.
Reasons:
1. It has been shown that a family's socioeconomic standing has a substantial bearing on the educational, vocational, and social opportunities that are made accessible to the children of that family. These factors, in turn, influence the children's long-term physical and mental health.
2. Children from families with lower earnings are less likely to be insured or have access to medications and treatments that may assist in managing chronic health conditions. This is particularly true for individuals who reside in households where there is only one parent present.
3. Children who are worse on the socioeconomic ladder are more prone to deal in a destructive way, such as by smoking or drinking excessively when they grow up, which may inflict significant harm to one's health if done to an extreme.
Entry #1
Source:
Sapolsky, R.M. (2018). The health-wealth gap.
Scientific American, 319(5), pp. 62- 67.
http://ezproxy.umgc.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=edb&AN=132271091&site=eds-live&scope=site
Quote:
"One of the consequences of the growing poor is worsening health, and the reasons are not as obvious as you might think. Yes, lower socioeconomic status (SES) means less access to health care and living in more disease-prone neighbourhoods. And, yes, as the SES ladder's lower rungs have become more populated, the number of people with medical problems has climbed. This is not merely an issue of poor health for the poor and some version of better health for everyone else. Starting with Jeff Bezos at the top, every step down the ladder is associated with worse health.” (Sapolsky, 2018, p. 62-67).
Paraphrase:
The welfare of children will deteriorate as a consequence of people falling into poverty. Children from families with lower socioeconomic positions have a lower chance of accessing medical treatment and tend to reside in locations with a higher incidence of disease (Sapolsky, 2018).
Explanation of quote selection and connection:
Children who are not perfect and battling to live in a healthy environment are likely to get ill and have difficulty affording medical treatment due to their low socioeconomic position. This is because their living conditions are not ideal. Children who come from families with a low socioeconomic status, which is often the result of financial disparity, are more likely to have physical and mental health issues.
Entry #2
Source:
Purnell, J. Q. (2015). Financial health is public health. In L. Choi, D. Erickson, K. Griffin, A. Levere, & E. Seidman (Eds.),
What it’s Worth: Strengthening the financial futures .
CAUSE AND RISK FACTORS OF CHILHOOD OBESITY14CAUSE AND RIMaximaSheffield592
CAUSE AND RISK FACTORS OF CHILHOOD OBESITY
1
4
CAUSE AND RISK FACTORS OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY
Cause and Risk Factors of Childhood Obesity
Lesly M. Ponce Gonzales
Mountain View College
ENGL 1302 - TR -11:00
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a global public health concern and its increasing over the years and it is defined as an increase in body fat and this is related to an abnormal weight gain for their age and height. The obese child is more predisposed to being an obese adult and tends to increase his probability of early mortality. Causes or risk factors are closely related to genetic inheritance, lifestyle, and environmental factors, such as school diet, socioeconomic problems, and technology. It can also cause diseases such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, sleep disorders, among others. The causes and risk factors of childhood obesity because it helps to understand the increasing growth of obese children and adults in the world. Knowing the causes or risk factors allows specialists to find or propose solutions for its prevention.
Cause and Risk Factors of Childhood Obesity
Did you know that overweight and obesity in children and adolescents is one of the faster-growing epidemics in the world, that it is not only related to excessive consumption of calories? Although childhood obesity is caused by eating more energy than it is burning, and it is associated with a dietary factor and sedentary lifestyle, exists others less known causes associated with genetic, psychological, family, sociocultural, socioeconomic and environmental factors that develop and increase the risk of the childhood obesity.
As a global health concern, World Health Organization (WHO), classifies if a child is overweight or obese using body mass index (BMI) “systematic reviews have shown that the BMI (…) provides the best simple means of defining obesity in children and adolescents” (Really). BMI is a simple indicator of the relationship between weight and height that it is used to identify obesity in children and adults. It is calculating by dividing children’s weight in kilos by the square of their height in meters BMI = (kg) / Height² (m²). For instance, the WHO uses the BMI-for-age chart for boys for screening for overweight or obesity in the child. As it has shown in figure 1 and 2 respectively, the line labeled 0 on the growth chart is the median or the average. A child whose BMI-for-age is above line 3 is obese, above 2 is overweight and above 1shows the possible risk of overweight. Obesity is interpreted “as an excess of body fat” (Sahoo) because it is understood that the excess of weight is due to the growth of fat cells or the born of the new ones. According to the researchers the prevalence of pediatric obesity in the world has increased at an alarmed rate s from “2% to 6.7% in 2010” (Al-Agha), turning it as the most serious public health challenge of this time.
Fig. 1. Child Growth Standards BMI-for-age BOYS 2 to 5 years old
Fig. 2. Ch ...
[[INOSR ES 11(2)134-147 Evaluation of the Infant Mortality rate at Ishaka Adv...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the Infant Mortality rate at Ishaka Adventist Hospital Bushenyi District
Mugaaga Paul
Department of Clinical Medicine Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________ABSTRACT
Infant mortality is defined as the death of an infant before his or her first birthday, mainly caused by dehydration, diseases, congenital malformations and infections. The main objective of this study was to establish the determinants of infant mortality in Ishaka Adventist Hospital (IAH) in the months of April- July 2017, in Ishaka municipality in Bushenyi district. A descriptive cross sectional study design was used to determine the determinants of infant mortality in the study area. Majority of respondent (98%) were female and among them, 25.5% reported to have lost at least an infant and most of these respondents (70%) were married while 5% were widowed and among these, 40% reported to have lost an infant. Religiously, majority of the respondents (80%) were Christians, while 13% were Muslim and 7% constituted other religions including paganism, which showed the greatest infant mortality rate (71.4%). Most of the respondents (65%) attained primary level of education while 5% did not go to school at all, and the highest infant mortality rate (40%) was reported among these. The respondents who reported to have had preterm births appeared to have a higher infant mortality rate (65%) than those who did not report preterm births. A higher infant mortality rate (32.2%) was realized among respondents who reported their infants to have had such co-morbidities than those who didn’t report any co-morbidities like malaria and also a higher infant mortality rate (50%) was realized among infants who had not exclusively breastfed. Majority of respondents (80%) did not have children with birth defects while only 20% had children with birth defect, and a higher infant mortality rate of 70% was realized among these. Demographically, infant mortality rate is high among teenagers, the unemployed, the widowed, the pagans, and the uneducated. Direct determinants of infant mortality rate included preterm birth, birth defects, comorbidities and failure to breastfeed exclusively. Proximate determinants associated with infant mortality rate included teenage pregnancies, source of water, means of delivery and irregular immunization. Exclusive breast feeding for 6 months, mass immunization campaign up to grass root, intensive health education on health seeking behaviors and highlighting on dangers associated with risky behaviors and high quality monitoring and evaluation for quick action particularly for emergencies. There is also need for intersectional collaboration and initiation of income generating activities to boost their standards of living.
Keywords: Infant mortality, Breastfeeding, Morbidity, Determinants, Respondents.
1Running head OBESITY IN MIDWESTERN CHILDREN.docxherminaprocter
1
Running head: OBESITY IN MIDWESTERN CHILDREN
Obesity in Midwestern Adolescents
NR222: Health and Wellness
January 2019
Obesity in Midwestern Adolescents
It is no secret that obesity in America is at an alarming level and although we see its prevalence in adults, we often fail to discuss its rising rates within adolescents. Children are now facing the possibility of higher mortality rates, when in reality, children should be living longer than their parents. With obesity striking Midwestern communities, this paper aims to focus on understanding why children in these communities are at a higher risk and what actions are needed to help them overcome this harmful life style. This is incredibly important in order to restore and maintain health. Children who are obese have a higher comorbidity for chronic diseases that typically only affect adults such as, type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia as well as psychological disorders. This stresses the importance that adolescents should be happy and healthy, not a statistic.
Target Population: Midwestern Adolescents
To be considered as this paper’s target population an individual must meet two criteria: the person must reside in the American Midwest and be an adolescent. The State of Obesity (2016-17) ranks all fifty states against one another in obesity. Although the rankings are not confined to adolescents, it highlights where midwestern states stand in relation to the rest of the United States. The lower the number next to the state, higher portion of the population is obese : 6. Ohio (18.6%), 10. Iowa (17.7%), 11. Indiana (17.5%), 12. Michigan (17.3%), 17. Illinois (16.2%), 23. Nebraska (15.5%), 31. Wisconsin (14.3%), 34. South Dakota (13.6%), 38. Kansas (13.0%), 40. Missouri (12.7%), 42. North Dakota (12.5%) and 48. Minnesota (10.4%).These statistics provide an overview of midwestern obesity, let us now turn to risk factors contributing to adolescent specific obesity. The goal of Healthy People 2020 is to increase life expectancy and quality of life. According to their website, 1 in 6 children and adolescents are obese. That number is concerning because many adolescents do not understand the consequences of their actions and how it can be detrimental later on in their adult years. Healthy People 2020 initiatives are aimed in helping adolescents in 1. achieving and maintaining a healthy weight, 2. Reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke, 3. Reduce the risk of certain forms of cancer, 4. Strengthen muscles, bones and joints and 5. Improve mood and energy level (Healthy People 2020, n.d.).According to Stanford Children’s Health (n.d.),one of the biggest contributors to adolescent obesity is excessive food intake which results in a surplus of caloric intake. A diet that is high in sugar and fat, as well as processed, will result in weight gain. As busy parents tend to their kids and their extracurriculars, eating on the go often results in poor food and bev.
Addressing child health disparities: We made the case, we need a movement!renataschiavo
This presentations reviews recent studies and experiences on child health disparities, and provides insights and recommendations to advance child health equity. It was presented at the 2015 Health Equity Capacity Institute of the CDC Division of Community Health, Office of Health Equity.
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Similar to Effect of Mothers Working and Non Working Status on the Nutritional Status of Pre School Children (20)
Cosmetics are defined as “items with mild action on the human body for the purpose of cleaning, beautifying, adding to the attractiveness, altering the appearance, or keeping or promoting the skin or hair in good condition- while functional cosmetics, even if falling under the cosmetic definition, are designated as “items fulfilling specific actions like skin whitening, minimizing the appearance of lines in the face and body, protecting from the sun and sun tanning-. Ahiya Noor | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Cosmetic Science: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45135.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45135/cosmetic-science-an-overview/ahiya-noor
Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis ProceraYogeshIJTSRD
Plants growing in arid regions have elicited increased attention, because the hostile environment, in which these plants survive, forces them to develop chemical protective systems through adaptation which is rarely found in vegetation of other ecosystems. Furthermore, many of the plants grow in areas, where the dependence on traditional, plant based medicines over industrially produced pharmaceuticals persists to this day. The two plants, Calotopris Procera giant milkweed, also named C. Persica and Calotropis gigantea crown ower , have been used widely in traditional medicine in North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Asia. This has led to extensive research on the chemical constituents of the plants. Both plants are known to be sources of cardenolides, and newer research has yielded a number of interesting cancer active constituents. In addition, extracts of both plants have remarkable nematocidal, molluscidal and insecticidal activities. In many regions, the wood of Calotropis plants has been used as a building material and as a source of fuel. In addition, certain parts of the plants have been used as feed for livestock. In other regions, Calotropis plants are seen as invasive species that threaten local plant life and that due to their toxicity also pose a threat to grazing eld animals. Jaffar Khan | Pankaj Chasta | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis Procera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45145.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45145/standardization-and-formulations-of-calotropis-procera/jaffar-khan
Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of ParalysisYogeshIJTSRD
Paralysis is a complete loss of motor power in any muscle group. When paralysis affects all four extremities, it is called quadriplegia when it affects only the lower extremities, paraplegia and when it affects the extremities on one side of the body, hemiplegic. For this reason, the term paralysis is generally reserved for more focal, less stereotyped weakness, for instance, affecting all the muscles innervated by a peripheral nerve. Many different anatomical lesions and etiologies can cause paralysis and determine its treatment. Bikash Debsingha | Dr. Gourav Kr. Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Paralysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45108.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/45108/review-of-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-paralysis/bikash-debsingha
Comparative Analysis of Forced Draft Cooling Tower Using Two Design Methods A...YogeshIJTSRD
Cooling towers make use of evaporation whereby some of the water is evaporated into a moving air stream and subsequently discharged into the atmosphere which results in cooling of the remainder water. The current research reviews various studies conducted on cooling tower using experimental and numerical techniques. Different design configuration and operating conditions on cooling towers are evaluated by various researchers. Significant findings from researches have shown new and improved design of cooling tower with much better performance as compared to conventional design. Neetish Kumar Sao | Dr. Surendra K. Dwivedi "Comparative Analysis of Forced Draft Cooling Tower Using Two Design Methods: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45100.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/45100/comparative-analysis-of-forced-draft-cooling-tower-using-two-design-methods-a-review/neetish-kumar-sao
Criminology Educators Triumphs and StrugglesYogeshIJTSRD
This research study is geared on determining the triumphs and struggles of criminology educators. Included on the aim is to know their experiences and story being considered as teacher by accident. A qualitative research design was applied in this study. Researchers conducted a personal interview with the respondents with the aid of a guide questions which all points to main issue of this study. The findings of the study revealed that out of seven respondents, four are on the age bracket of 21 to 25 years old, two respondents are on the age bracket of 26 to 30 years old and a single respondent is on the age bracket of 36 to 40 years. Most of the respondents find enthusiasm in teaching and are aware that there is a need for them to proceed in post graduate studies for them to have a considerable salary. As to financial stability, only 1out of 7 considers herself as financially stable. The rest are saying that as of the moment, they are not yet financially stable basing on the rate of their salary. Qualification matters a lot in the field of academe because this was being shared by one of the respondents who considers herself as financially stable. Also, all of the respondents do not consider teaching as their first career of choice but most of them does not have any plan of shifting to another career. Girlie N. Cañete | Harry Santiago P. Achas | Pamela N. Cañete "Criminology Educators: Triumphs and Struggles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45082.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/45082/criminology-educators-triumphs-and-struggles/girlie-n-cañete
A Review Herbal Drugs Used in Skin DisorderYogeshIJTSRD
The human bodys skin is an organ that allows it to interact with the environment while also shielding it from harmful external influences. People of all ages suffer from skin diseases all over the world. Its vital to keep your skin in good form for a healthy physique. Plants have been employed in some form or another since the beginning of time. This research has highlighted some prevalent skin disease issues, as well as the herbals utilized in disease therapy and the various formulations accessible in the pharmaceutical industry. Some medicinal plants have been shown to be quite effective in removing or reducing skin infection disorders. Chandramita Borah | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "A Review: Herbal Drugs Used in Skin Disorder" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45118.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45118/a-review-herbal-drugs-used-in-skin-disorder/chandramita-borah
Automatic Query Expansion Using Word Embedding Based on Fuzzy Graph Connectiv...YogeshIJTSRD
The aim of information retrieval systems is to retrieve relevant information according to the query provided. The queries are often vague and uncertain. Thus, to improve the system, we propose an Automatic Query Expansion technique, to expand the query by adding new terms to the user s initial query so as to minimize query mismatch and thereby improving retrieval performance. Most of the existing techniques for expanding queries do not take into account the degree of semantic relationship among words. In this paper, the query is expanded by exploring terms which are semantically similar to the initial query terms as well as considering the degree of relationship, that is, “fuzzy membership- between them. The terms which seemed most relevant are used in expanded query and improve the information retrieval process. The experiments conducted on the queries set show that the proposed Automatic query expansion approach gave a higher precision, recall, and F measure then non fuzzy edge weights. Tarun Goyal | Ms. Shalini Bhadola | Ms. Kirti Bhatia "Automatic Query Expansion Using Word Embedding Based on Fuzzy Graph Connectivity Measures" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45074.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/45074/automatic-query-expansion-using-word-embedding-based-on-fuzzy-graph-connectivity-measures/tarun-goyal
A New Proposal for Smartphone Based Drowsiness Detection and Warning System f...YogeshIJTSRD
This paper proposes a Smartphone based system for the detection of drowsiness in automotive drivers. The proposed system uses three stage drowsiness detection technique. The first stage uses the percentage of eyelid closure PERCLOS which is obtained by capturing images with the front camera of the Smartphone with a modified eye state classification method. The system uses near infrared lighting for illuminating the face of the driver during night driving. The second step uses the voiced to the unvoiced ratio VUR obtained from the speech data from the microphone, in the event PERCLOS crosses the threshold. The VUR is also compared with a threshold and if it is a value greater than that of the threshold, it moves on to the next verification stage. In the final verification stage, touch response is required within the stipulated time to declare whether the driver is drowsy or not and subsequently sound an alarm. To awake the driver, a vibrating mechanism is done and also the live GPS location is also sent to an emergency contact. We have studied eight other reference papers for the literature review. The system has three advantages over existing drowsiness detection systems. First, the three stage verification process makes the system more reliable. The second advantage is its implementation on an Android smart phone, which is readily available to most drivers or cab owners as compared to other general purpose embedded platforms. The third advantage is the use of SMS service to inform the control room as well as the passenger regarding the loss of attention of the driver. Abishek K Biju | Godwin Jolly | Asif Mohammed C A | Dr. Paul P Mathai | Derek Joseph "A New Proposal for Smartphone-Based Drowsiness Detection and Warning System for Automotive Drivers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45083.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/45083/a-new-proposal-for-smartphonebased-drowsiness-detection-and-warning-system-for-automotive-drivers/abishek-k-biju
Data Security by AES Advanced Encryption StandardYogeshIJTSRD
Now a days with the rapid development of multimedia technologies, research on safety and security are becoming more important. Multimedia data are generated and transmitted through the communication channels and the wireless media. The efficiencies of encryption based on different existing algorithms are not up to the satisfactory limit. Hence researchers are trying to modify the existing algorithm or even develop new algorithms that help to increase security with a little encryption time. Here in this paper, we have furnished a new technology to modify the AES algorithm which gives more security with a little encryption time and which can be used to encrypt using 128 bit key. Theoretical analysis on the proposed algorithm with the existing reveals the novelty of our work. Here we have proposed a technique to randomize the key and hidden the key data into an encrypted digital image using the basics concept of cryptography and also using the concept of digital watermarking, the concept of key hide has also been encrypted. We have also proposed a new technique to reposition the pixels to break the correlation between them. So, the proposed scheme offers a more secure and cost effective mechanism for encryption. Next on the AES criteria list good performance. Widespread market adoption will require reasonably good performance on a variety of platforms, ranging from easy tocrack smart cards to the largest servers. Good algorithm performance includes speed for the encryption and decryption process as well as the key schedule. Prateek Goyal | Ms. Shalini Bhadola | Ms. Kirti Bhatia "Data Security by AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45073.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/45073/data-security-by-aes-advanced-encryption-standard/prateek-goyal
Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus NiruriYogeshIJTSRD
Theorigin of Phyllanthus niruri is tropical America from there it spread as a weed to other tropic and sub tropics. It is a tropical annual herb shrub which grows as weed in moist humid waste land. Phyllanthus niruri is among more than 500 Phyllanthus species that are widely spread in temperate and tropical climates region Lizuka et al., 2007. It grows 30 40 cm in height, has small leaves and yellow flowers the stem has green capsule, and blooms with flowers with 5 white sepals and apical acute anther.38g of Mueller Hinton Agar was dissolved in 1000ml distilled water in a conical flask, the mouth of the conical flask was plugged with cotton woo wrapped in aluminium foil. This was sterilized in an autoclave at 121oC for 15mns. The media was removed and allowed to cool to 45oC, later poured into a sterilized plastic petri plates which were appropriately labeled. The present study revealed the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of phyllanthus niruri. The antimicrobial activity of phyllanthus niruri shows great significant against pathogens which are responsible for common infections of skin, respiratory, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. The phytochemical screening of oxalate, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and steroids were all found to be active within the plant. This bioactive phytochemicals present in P. niruri can be useful for further researches on the plant P. nururi since the phytochemicals have shown preclinical efficacies for treating human diseases’ which include hepatitis and HIV AIDS. This work has compiled the chemical constituents present and can be useful for further researches Dr. Mohammed Musa Lawan | Yusuf Sale Baba "Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus Niruri" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44948.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/44948/antimicrobial-and-phytochemical-screening-of-phyllantus-niruri/dr-mohammed-musa-lawan
There is a need for temperature drop in a buried pipeline based on the media and process. Need of some methodology and design requirement for a set of conditions by reducing pipeline surface temperature and the temperature drops to atmospheric temperature at a particular distance of pipeline. Based on the conduction principle, desire reduction up to atmospheric temperature can be possible. Let us understand by below methods and design of Heat sink for buried pipe line. Natvarbhai Prabhudas Gajjar "Heat Sink for Underground Pipe Line" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45117.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45117/heat-sink-for-underground-pipe-line/natvarbhai-prabhudas-gajjar
Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber Optic Cable CoreYogeshIJTSRD
Fiber optic cables have single core and multiple core options, but single and multiple core fiber cable -˜s core design need to be updated. Newly proposed design gives facilities to multiple usage than traditional design of cable core. Cable core design needs improvement by using present technology for decreasing material and cost and by improving efficiency of cable. Research need to be carried out in this direction. What do you think Natvarbhai Prabhudas Gajjar "Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber-Optic Cable Core" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45116.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45116/newly-proposed-multi-channel-fiberoptic-cable-core/natvarbhai-prabhudas-gajjar
Security Sector Reform toward Professionalism of Military and PoliceYogeshIJTSRD
The need to understand and at the same time give prescriptions for the direction of security reform in Third world countries after the end of World War II has prompted the emergence of a big project called the study of security reform SSR . Within this framework emerge various theories and strategies for security reform, with various variations, including ideological variations that underlie these theories. The reform of the structural aspect is a reform of the institutional and structure of an institution, the instrumental reform includes the reform of the system, laws and regulations, while the reform of the cultural aspect is a reform of the habits or organizational culture in institutions in general and in particular the Timor Leste’s security institutions, both military and police. Arquimino Ramos "Security Sector Reform toward Professionalism of Military and Police" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45061.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/45061/security-sector-reform-toward-professionalism-of-military-and-police/arquimino-ramos
Stress An Undetachable Condition of LifeYogeshIJTSRD
Stressful life events affects human body, which may lead to cardiovascular diseases and effect metabolism and immune system. Recent studies showed increase in stress levels in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the stress levels in MBBS students. The objectives of the study are a To determine the current stress level, b To assess relation between stress level and lifestyle of college students. The present study was carried out in Ahmedabad City of Gujarat State. A total of 400 medical students were included in the study, which were selected using multi stage sampling aged between 18 years to 25 years. Students were questioned regarding their socioeconomic and life style parameters. The results showed that physical activity such as walking, exercise, yoga, meditation etc. were associated to stress levels. College students showed high stress levels with more satisfaction were mostly smokers. Their major reason for eating junk food and smoking was, increase in stress. Conclusion Majority of students suffered from moderate stress levels. Despite of having stress they were happy and satisfied with life with less no internet addiction. Spirituality and stress scales had a positive correlation as most of the students were averagely highly spiritual. Discriminant function can be used to determine the stress level of a person using age, BMI, internet addiction, spirituality, happiness scale and life satisfaction scale of that person. Jayshree N. Tolani | Dr. Nitinkumar D. Shah "Stress: An Undetachable Condition of Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45054.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45054/stress-an-undetachable-condition-of-life/jayshree-n-tolani
Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians Lipid Profile and Antioxid...YogeshIJTSRD
The study sought to determine the extent to which the usage of social media in the marketing of agricultural products in South West Nigeria can enhance farmers turnover. It employed the survey research design to collect data with the help of a structured questionnaire to elicit information from respondents selected from six 6 south western states. Research data were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results showed that the use of social media WhatsApp and Facebook in marketing of agricultural products significantly enhances farmers turnover. The managerial implication is that use of Whatsapp and Facebook in the marketing of agricultural products for the enhancement of farmers’ turnover was found to have significant influence on the enhancement in farmers’ turnover from agricultural products. Policy makers in government should provide the enabling environment for the telecommunication companies to enhance their reach by installing their facilities across the length and breadth of the country so that the network coverage will be strong at all times so that the benefits of social media usage will not be constrained. Egejuru, Leonard O | Akubugwo, Emmanuel I | Ugorji, Beatrice N "Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians: Lipid Profile and Antioxidants Vitamins (A and C)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45021.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/45021/comparative-studies-of-diabetes-in-adult-nigerians-lipid-profile-and-antioxidants-vitamins-a-and-c/egejuru-leonard-o
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...YogeshIJTSRD
The severity and mortality of COVID 19 cases has been associated with the Three category such as vaccination status, severity of disease and outcome. Objective presently study was aimed to assess the severity and mortality among covid 19 patients. Methods Using simple lottery random method 100 samples were selected. From these 100 patients, 50 patients were randomly assigned to case group and 50 patients in control group after informed consents of relative obtained. Patients in the case group who being died after got COVID 19 whereas 50 patients in the control group participated who were survive after got infected from COVID 19 patients. Result It has three categories such as a Vaccination status For the vaccination status we have seen 59 patients were not vaccinated and 41 patients was vaccinated out of 100. b Incidence There were 41 patients were vaccinated whereas 59 patients were not vaccinated. c Severity In the case of mortality we selected 50 patients who were died from the Corona and I got to know that out of 50 patients there were 12 24 patients were vaccinated whereas 38 76 patients were non vaccinated. Although for the 50 control survival group total 29 58 patients were vaccinated and 21 42 patients was not vaccinated all graph start. Conclusion we have find out that those people who got vaccinated were less infected and mortality rate very low. Prof. (Dr) Binod Kumar Singh | Dr. Saroj Kumar | Ms. Anuradha Sharma "To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid-19 Patients after Having Vaccinated: A Retrospective Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45065.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45065/to-assess-the-severity-and-mortality-among-covid19-patients-after-having-vaccinated-a-retrospective-study/prof-dr-binod-kumar-singh
Novel Drug Delivery System An OverviewYogeshIJTSRD
In present scenario evolution of an existing drug molecule from a old form to a novel delivery system can significantly improve its performance in terms of patient compliance, safety and efficacy. In the form of a control drug delivery system an existing drug molecule can get a new life. An appropriately designed Novel Drug Delivery System can be a major advance for solving the problems related towards the release of the drug at specific site with specific rate. The porpuse for delivering drugs to patients efficiently and with fewer side effects has prompted pharmaceutical companies to engage in the development of new drug delivery system. This article covers the basic information regarding Novel Drug Delivery Systems and also advantages, factor etc. Chiranjit Barman | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Novel Drug Delivery System: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45068.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/novel-drug-delivery-sys/45068/novel-drug-delivery-system-an-overview/chiranjit-barman
With the growth of technology their grows threat to our data which is just secured by passwords so to make it more secure biometrics came into existence. As biometric systems are adopted and accepted for security purpose for various information and security systems. Hence it is immune to attacks. This paper deals with the security of biometric details of individuals. In this paper we will be discussing about biometrics and its types and the threats and security issues which is not talked about usually. The different technologies evolved and had contributed to biometrics in long run and their effects. Sushmita Raulo | Saurabh Gawade "Security Issues Related to Biometrics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44951.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/44951/security-issues-related-to-biometrics/sushmita-raulo
Comparative Analysis of Different Numerical Methods for the Solution of Initi...YogeshIJTSRD
A mathematical equation which involves a function and its derivatives is called a differential equation. We consider a real life situation, from this form a mathematical model, solve that model using some mathematical concepts and take interpretation of solution. It is a well known and popular concept in mathematics because of its massive application in real world problems. Differential equations are one of the most important mathematical tools used in modeling problems in Physics, Biology, Economics, Chemistry, Engineering and medical Sciences. Differential equation can describe many situations viz exponential growth and de cay, the population growth of species, the change in investment return over time. We can solve differential equations using classical as well as numerical methods, In this paper we compare numerical methods of solving initial valued first order ordinary differential equations namely Euler method, Improved Euler method, Runge Kutta method and their accuracy level. We use here Scilab Software to obtain direct solution for these methods. Vibahvari Tukaram Dhokrat "Comparative Analysis of Different Numerical Methods for the Solution of Initial Value Problems in First Order Ordinary Differential Equations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45066.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/applied-mathematics/45066/comparative-analysis-of-different-numerical-methods-for-the-solution-of-initial-value-problems-in-first-order-ordinary-differential-equations/vibahvari-tukaram-dhokrat
Evaluation of Different Paving Mixes Using Optimum Stabilizing ContentYogeshIJTSRD
Bituminous mixes are most commonly used all over the world in flexible pavement construction. It consists of asphalt or bitumen used as a binder and mineral aggregate which are mixed together, laid down in layers and then compacted. Under normal circumstances, conventional bituminous pavements if designed and executed properly perform quite satisfactorily but the performance of bituminous mixes is very poor under various situations. Today’s asphaltic concrete pavements are expected to perform better as they are experiencing increased volume of traffic, increased loads and increased variations in daily or seasonal temperature over what has been experienced in the past. In addition, the performance of bituminous pavements is found to be very poor in moisture induced situations. Considering this a lot of work has been done on use of additives in bituminous mixtures and as well as on modification of bitumen. Research has indicated that the addition of polymers to asphalt binders helps to increase the interfacial cohesiveness of the bond between the aggregate and the binder which can enhance many properties of the asphalt pavements to help meet these increased demands. However, the additive that is to be used for modification of mix or binder should satisfy both the strength requirements as well as economical aspects. Naveen Kumar | Ms. Shivani "Evaluation of Different Paving Mixes Using Optimum Stabilizing Content" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45089.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/45089/evaluation-of-different-paving-mixes-using-optimum-stabilizing-content/naveen-kumar
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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estimated 53 percent of all under 5 year old deaths
(Ramirez, 2012).
The benefits of mother's education for children's health
outcomes and nutritional status commonly accrue through
higher socioeconomic status, whichinturnoperatesthrough
a set of "proximate determinants" of health that directly
influence child's health outcomes and nutritional status.The
proximate determinants include fertility factor,
environmental hazards, feeding practices, injury and
utilization of health services. Studies using household-level
data have found mother's education to be positively
associated with a number of measures of infant and child
health and nutritional status. Results pointing to the
importance of socioeconomic status indicators such as
mother's education to children's nutritional status are
consistent with findings that poor growth status among
Asian children as measured by low birth weight, low height
for age, and low weight for height is greatly associated with
nutritional and health determinants rather than genetic
factor (Miller and Rodgers, 2009).
In many developing countries, poor women have multiple
roles, and often their time constraints are so severe that
their participation in income-generating activities results in
reduced childcare time, which in turn affects child health.
Previous studies have tended to investigate how child care
support influence nutrition of children with working
mother's based on comparison with non-working mothers.
However, non-working mothers are not a homogeneous
group, and therefore needed to distinguish between those
who need not work and those who wish to but cannot work
due to a lack of substitute caregivers (Nakahara et al. 2006).
Protein energy malnutrition, which is manifested as
decrease in weight for age or height for age or weight for
height, is the most widely prevalent form of malnutrition
among under-five children. Nutritional status of children is
an indicator of nutritional profile of the community. Studies
conducted worldwide showed that 150 million (26.6
percent) children are underweight, while 182 million (32.5
percent) are stunted all over the world. More thanhalfofthe
world' undernourished people live in India. Fifty-four
children are underweight, 52 percent are stunted, while 17
which are responsible for the higher prevalence of
malnutrition in south Asian countries 7 percent are wasted.
Factors including India comprise low birth weight,maternal
health problems, and delay in introduction of
complementary feeds, faulty child care and other poor
environmental conditions whichareagainmoreprevalentin
slums. These factors are in turn influenced percent by
various factors like age at marriage, child bearing, child
spacing, family size patterns, level of education, economic
status, customs and beliefs, role of women in society etc.
Mental and social development of the child is dependent on
the mother and if the mother dies, the child's growth and
development are affected. The mother is also the first
teacher of the child, and that is why the mother and childare
treated as one unit (Ahluwalia et al. 2007).
Previous studies have maternal healthbehaviorisassociated
with specific disease in children. Maternal smoking with
respiratory illness and maternal physical activity and eating
habit with obesity. Child health is predicted by the
socioeconomic status of the household and family, such as
income and parents education level.Moreoverpoorhousing
condition, family context, such as poor parenting, and low
interest in the child increase the risk morbidity and
mortality among the children. Besides preventing diseases
and illness, promoting health andwell-beingisrecognized as
an indispensible aspect in recenthealthpolicies.The present
study examined the relationship between good and poor
health in preschool childrenincludinghealthandbehaviorof
children and mothers, as well as socioeconomic and
environmental characteristic of household in an urban area
(Watanabe, 2006).
The association between mother's part-time employment
and mother's well being. parenting, and family functioning
was also examined. Concurrent comparisons were made
between families where mothers were employed part-time
and those where mothers were not employed and those
where mothers were employed full time. Using multivariate
analysis of covariance with extensive control, resultindicate
that mother's employed part time had fewer depressive
symptoms during the infancyandpreschool yearsandbetter
self-reported health usually than non employed mothers.
Across the time span studied. mother's working part time
tends to report less conflict between work and family than
those are working fulltime. Duringtheirchildren'spreschool
years, mothers employed part time exhibited moresensitive
parenting than did other mothers. Mother's employed part
time reported doing a higher proportion of child care and
house work than mother's employed full time (Buehler and
Brien, 2011).
JUSTIFICATION:
When mothers are employed, they cannot get enough time
for preparing healthy nutritious meals for their children.
They depend mainly on junk food and ready to eat food. The
children also like to eat such foods influenced by the
television advertisements. Preschool children are usually
considered one of the groups at greatest nutritional risk.
Malnutrition affects the rate of morbidity and mortality
among the young and poses a threat to their physical and
mental development. Preschool children account for a
disproportionately large share of the deaths in most
developing countries. Nutritional deprivation is either
directly or indirectly associated with most of those deaths.
The very young are less able to cope physiologically with
nutritional deficiencies than older children and adults. In
addition, children who suffer a loss of growth due to early
nutritional deprivation have only a limited capacity to
overcome the resulting stunting For these reasons, there is
particular interest in the determination of the nutrition and
health status of preschool children in developing countries.
(Garcia and Benjamin, 1991)
OBJECTIVES:
To assess the anthropometric measurement of
preschool children whose mothersareworkingandnot-
working.
To find out nutrient intake of preschool children whose
mothers are working and not-working.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Arya and Devi (1991) studied that the impact of maternal
literacy status nutritional status of pre-school children in
Parbhani was studied. Results revealed that the children of
literate mothers had better anthropometric measurements
than children of illiterate mothers. Nutrient deficiency signs
especially of protein energy malnutrition I were more
predominant among the children of illiterate mothers. Food
consumption pattern was better in children with literate
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mothers as compared to children of illiterate mothers. The
consumption of milk and milk products, fruits, sugar and
jaggery was significantly greater in children with literate
mothers.
Macewen and Barling (1991) found that approximately
two third of the mothers with dependent children are
employed outside the home, concern remains that maternal
employment exerts negative effect on mothers work and
home lives. Most concern and empirical attention has been
devoted to the question of whether children of employed
mothers suffer ill effects. Because an employed mother is at
home less than a non employed mother. Ithasbeenassumed
that employed mother deprives her childofenergyandtime,
needed to establish and maintain a healthy parent child
relationship.
Basu and Basu (1991) found that women's employment in
spite of other benefits, probably has one crucial adverse
consequence: a higher level of child mortality rate isfound
among women, who do not work. They examine various
intermediate mechanisms for this relationshipandconclude
that a shortage of time is one of the major reasons for this
negative relation between maternal employment and child
survival. There is one aspect which is positively affected by
female employment, the disadvantage to girls in survival
which is characteristic of South Asia seems to be smaller
among working mothers. This is in contrast to the effect of
maternal education which may often have no clear relation
to the sex ratio of childhood mortality even though absolute
levels of child mortality are lower for educated mothers.
Govindasamy and Ramesh (1997) examined that the
relationship between maternal schoolingandfactorsknown
to reduce risk of maternal and child mortality, namely
health-care practices, for selected northern and southern
states in India. It is hypothesized that the practices of
educated women are quite different from those of
uneducated women with regard to pregnancy, childbirth,
immunization, and management of childhood diseases such
as diarrhoea and acute respiratoryinfection(ARI).However,
there exists a number of potentially confounding factors,
including various aspects of socioeconomic status, that are
associated with maternal education, so that itisnecessaryto
statistically control for these other factors. The findings
indicate that a higher level of maternal education results in
improved child survival because health services that
effectively prevent fatal childhood diseases are used to a
greater extent by mothers with more education than by
those with little or no education. These effects of maternal
education persist when the other socioeconomic factors are
statistically controlled.
UNICEF (1997) carried out extensive surveys in rural and
urban areas of India and reported that the diets are
predominantly cereal based and thus deficient in several
nutrients. Deficiencies of nutrients therefore occur
frequently and to a greater degree among children.
Kishore and Parashuram (1998) found that,motherswho
are employed have a 10 percent higher infant mortality rate
and a 36 percent higher child mortality rate than mothers
who are not employed. Male child mortality increases more
than female child mortality if mothers work. A further
finding is that employment of mothers in urban areas has
more detrimental effects on infant and child survival than
employment of mothers in rural areas. Thesefindingsdonot
imply that mother's employment should be discouraged.
Instead, they indicate the need for viable child-care
alternatives for women who work and for a renegotiation of
gender roles and gender relations.
Connelly and Kimmel (2000) reported that there is a
marginal effect upon child care when mothers areemployed
or not. Both the two groups indicate higher child care cost,
which increases the probability of the mothers being
employed.
Engle (2000) noticed that day care in the urban areas of
developing countries, particularly for children under three,
is usually woefully inadequate in coverage and quality. The
most common day-care centers are run by governments or
private voluntary organizations. These centers are likely to
be attended only by children over three and have extremely
limited coverage because of the large investment needed in
buildings and equipment, Yet childcare is clearly necessary.
United Nations data from 23 countries in Africa, Asia, and
Latin America show that a majority of working women with
children under five work away from home.
George and Daga (2000) revealed that 51.6 percent under
five children were under weight, 46 percent were stunted,
and 11 percent were wasted. Per capita income increase
birth order, family size, house hold size, literacy level of the
mother. Women with high school education were twice as
likely to have well nourished children compared to illiterate
and primary educated mothers.
Retherford and Mishra(2000)estimatedthelevelsofchild
malnutrition and examined the effectsofmother'seducation
and other demographic and socioeconomic factors on the
nutritional status of children. Resultsindicatethatmorethan
half of all children under age four are malnourished.
Children whose mothers have little or no education tend to
have a lower nutritional status than do children of more-
educated women, even after controlling for a number of
other potentially confounding demographic and
socioeconomic variables. Thisfindingsuggeststhatwomen's
education and literacy programs could play an important
role in improving children's nutritional status.
Hallman et al. (2002) found that mothers work behavior
may depend on the availability of daycare. Mothers were
employed in a variety of occupation and used different
formal and informal childcare arrangement. Maternal
education is an important determinant of use of formal
daycare. It was investigate whether a mother's statuswithin
her household influence her entry into thelaborforceor not.
The study explored the impact of child care prices on a
mother's earning, conditional on her decision to work.
Mian et al. (2002) determined the nutritional status of
under five school aged children living in urban Islamabad
Measurement of height and body weight revealed a high
prevalence of malnutrition among these children. The
prevalence of underweight was 29,5 percent, wasting 13
percent, and stunting 35 percent. Severe malnutrition was
present in 15.4 percent children.
Patricia (2002) noticedthe impactofmother'semployment
upon children as being overweight or obese. They observed
that mothers employment and children getting tendency of
being overweight increased dramatically within past few
decades. This condition had been observed when mother's
are more educated and have a good income level.
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Tamer (2003) studied the impact of work of mother on
child health which was assessed by comparing 200 working
educated mothers and their 408 children with 200 non
working mothers and their 440 children. Children's health
status was determined by anthropometry, immunization
status and morbidity pattern. Significantly more children
were malnourished in the study group.Malnutritionshowed
a significant co-relation with mother's lengthofservice,type
of substitute child care and type of mother's profession.
Significant numbers of children in study group were
reported to have psychological problem as perceived by the
mothers. Working of the mothers produced a significant
nutritional and psychological impact on the children.
Kitsara and Kounenou (2004) concluded that parentchild
relationship plays a crucial role in chronic disease and
especially in the course of childhood diabetes type 1. The
study explores the characteristicsofparent-childinteraction
among Greek families in which one child suffers from
diabetes. It has been observed that family environment has
an effect upon child's mental and physical state.
Haider et al. (2005) found that malnourished children are
much more likely to die as a result of a common childhood
disease than those who are adequately nourished.
Malnutrition lowers the body's ability to resist infection by
inactivating the functioning of the main immune-response
mechanism. This leads to longer, more severe and more
frequent episodes of illness. Of the nearly12millionchildren
under 5 who dic each year in developing countries mainly
from preventable causes, the deaths of over 6 million, or $5
percent, are either directly or indirectly attributable to
malnutrition. Some 2.2 million children die from diarrhoeal
dehydration as a result of persistent diarrhoea that is often
aggravated by malnutrition. Accordingtothenational figures
of Pakistan given by the State of world's children UNICEF
2004, adult literacy rate in females is only 28 percent and
mother's literacy status must be much lower thanthisactual
figure. Prevalence of stunting and wasting is 32.50 percent
and 16.5 percent respectively in rural areas of Pakistan
which is higher in comparison to the urban areas. This
difference may be attributed to limitedaccessandutilization
of health services. Only 35percent of rural areas have access
to health whereas 90percent of urban areas have these
facilities.
Waldfogel (2007) concluded that dramatic increase in
maternal employment had taken place. As a resultfamilylife
has changed significantly. Forty years ago two thirds of
American children had stay at home parents, but now only
one third have stay at home parents. As 46 percent live with
two working parents and 20 percent live with a single
working parent.
Gupta et al. (2008) concludedthatmother'stransitioningto
work after welfare reform often requires child care for
unhealthy children. The majority ofchildcarewascarriedby
the family members. Most of the mothers have concern
about their child car estrangements. Mother's of unhealthy
children had trouble arranging care and look for emergency
child care. They received child care subsidies at lower rates.
Improved access to quality child care and child care
subsidies, especially for mothers with unhealthy children
might reduce barriers to mother's work and increase
achievements of welfare reforms employment goals.
Hubbard (2008) found that, Childhood obesity rates have
increased dramatically in United States since the late 1970s.
During the same period the nation has witnessed anupward
trend in women's labor force participation. The effect of
mother's employment and child care decisions on several
alternatives measures of children's body mass status in the
first, third, and fifth grades using Early Childhood
Longitudinal Survey Kindergarten Cohort. He found that
maternal employment fulltime increase the risk of being
obese by 3.7 percent and of being overweight by0.5percent.
Lears (2008) concluded that, employment status is not a
significant predictor of the quality of home environment
among single mothers of young children when family size
and welfare use are controlled. Among single working
mothers several job conditions were related to the quality of
the home environment. Single who were employed part and
in low wage jobs had significantly poorer home
environment.
Bose and Mandal (2009) studied a cross sectional
observational study of 894 children,20 Integrated Child
Development Services (ICDS) Scheme Centers to determine
their nutritional status using mid-upper arm circumference
(MUAC) in Bali Gram Hooghly District of West Bengal, India.
The study area of remote villages located approximately
hundred km from Kolkata. information on age and ethnicity
(all were of Bengali Hindu ethnicity) of the children were
collected from their parents following face to face interview
and verified from official records. The measurement (in
centimeters) was taken by the following the standard
technique. Nutritional status was determined following the
World Health Organization age and sex-specific cut-off
points. Results revealed that mean MUAC among boys was
higher than girls at all ages except five years. The age-
combined rates of overall (moderate + severe) under
nutrition were similar in both sexes. This result implied that
both the sexes were experiencing similar nutritional stress.
Under nutrition were also similar in both sexes. In general,
there was an increasing trend in the rates of overall under
nutrition from 3 to 5 years in both sexes. In conclusion, the
study clearly indicated that the nutritional status of these
pre-school children was serious with very high rates of
under nutrition in both sexes. Thus, it seems that there is
scope for much improvement in the form enhanced
supplementary nutrition than what is currently being
offered by the ICDS scheme in Hooghly District of West
Bengal. Therefore, it is imperative that the ICDS authorities
urgently consider the enhancement of the supplementary
being currently given to them.
Chandran (2009) found that mother's education could
bring about a noteworthy reduction in the incident of
underweight in preschool children.Mother'seducationhasa
milder influence on the wasting than on stunting preschool
children. 14 percent of preschool children's mothers with at
most primary education are moderately wasted. This the
importance and necessity of female education in improving
child's status and hence the future generation.
Hill et al. (2009) found that maternal employment affects
the child health Employment may increase family income,
which can be spent on better quality food products and
higher standard both which areexpectedtoproducepositive
health outcomes. But it is observed that, children whose
mothers are employedhaveincreasedtorespiratory, ear and
gastrointestinal infections.
Hope (2009) found that children of working mothers tend
to have a less healthy lifestyle than those whose mothers
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stay at home. They snack on more junk food, spend more
time in front of the TV and do less exercise. Those whose
mothers work part-time follow slightly healthier regime,
while the children of stay-at-home mums have the most
nutritious diets and enjoy more curtise. However,
researchers insist the results do not pl that mothers should
not work. But they say there is a definite link between paid
pment and a lifestyle that leaves children more at risk from
obesity and de They suggest a lack of time is the biggest
factor keeping the healthiest lifestyles of reach of many
working families.
Institute of Child Health (2009)foundthatchildrenwhose
mothers work, are less than those with stay-at-home mums.
Working mothers are more likely to drive der children to
school and the youngsters are more likely towatchTV,drink
fizzy pop and eat too few portions of fruit and vegetables. A
total of 30 percent of the mothers had st worked since the
birth of their child but the rest ware employed, typically
working 21 en per week. The mothers were questioned
about the hours they worked and their n's diet, exercise and
activity levels when the youngsters were 5. This included
much sweets and crisps, sugary drinks, fruit and vegetables
the child ate and drank, her they took part in organized
exercise, and how they got to school. Theresearchthatmany
children had habits that could lead to them becoming
overweight 37 percent of children mostly ate crisps or
sweets between meals and 41 percent mostly sweetened
drinks, while a total of 61 percentwatchedtelevisionorused
the computer for at least 2 hours a day. When the
researchers took away factors that might ce theresults,such
as socio-economic background, they found a definite link
been a mother working and the health of her child.
Azad et al. (2011) found that the majority of boys were
overweight and there was a clear at indication of obesity
found among the girls. The dietary and activity pattern
showed hvoritism of fast food and other junk food with T.V.
watching, computer and video sa major leisure time
activities.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study entitled "Effect of mothers working and
non-working status on the nutritional status of pre-school
children."
The study was conducted by using the following
methodology -
Location of study- North 24 Pargana District of West Bengal
was selected as the study area purposively. Because it was
Kolkata's suburbs area and maximum women were working
there.
Selection of municipal areas - There were 27 municipal
area in North 24 Pargana District of West Bengal. Two
municipal areas were selected randomlyandoneschool was
selected randomly from each municipal area.
Sample selection -
Sample size 150 children.
Selected School
Ramakrishna Sarada Mission Siksha Mandir Kids zee
(75 children) (75 children)
Method of enquiry and data collection-Pre-tested and pre-structured interview schedule was usedforthecollectionofdata
from the respondents. The schedule was included the aspects which lead to the fulfillment of the objectives of the study.
The interview schedule had following information:
General profile
Dietary intake (24 hrs. dietary recall method)
Anthropometric assessment
Clinical assessment
General profile:
This covered the aspects including respondents name, age, sex, type of family and occupation of parents. All these were
important for knowing the respondents socio economic status.
Dietary intake:
The food consumption frequency was recordedintermsofcereals,pulses,milk andmilk products,greenleatyvegetables,other
vegetables, fruits, poultry, fat and oil and sugar and jaggery. Information related to dietary pattern, food habit,foodintakeand
food frequency was also recorded. The food intake was recorded by 24 hours dietary recall method and nutrient intake in
terms of energy, protein, fat, iron and - carotene was calculated. Calculation of nutrient intake was done with the help of food
consumption tables given by Gopalan et al. (2007) and compared with the recommended dietary allowances given by ICMR
(2007).
Anthropometric assessment:
Anthropometric assessment was concerned with the measurement of variations of physical dimensions followed-
Height:
Height in centimeter of the subject was recorded with the help of a measuring tape by sticking the subject to the wall. The
subject was made to stand erect, looking straight, buttocks, shoulders and head should touchthewall,heel together, toesapart
and hands should be hanging loosely by the sides. Height was recorded in the centimeter (ICMR, 1996).
Weight:
The weighing scale with maximum capacity of 120 kg and the minimum division of 0.5 kg was used to weight all the subjects.
The respondents were made to stand erect on the weighing scale, with minimum cloths, without foot ware, without leaning
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against or holding anything and the weight was recorded in kilograms (kg). Three consecutive reading was taken for all
subjects and the mean value was recorded. The scale was adjusted to zero after each measurement (ICMR, 2007).
Chest circumference:
Chest circunference was measured with the help of a inch tape in centimeter (ICMR,1994)
Mid upper arm circumference:
Mid upper arm circumference was measured with the help of a measuring tape in centimeter (ICMR, 1994)
Clinical assessment:
The hair, eyes, nails, lips, gun, teeth, skin and general appearance of each subject was nained, in order to find out if any signs
and symptoms of nutritional deficiency are prent (Park, 2002)
Statistical analysis:
The data was statistically analyzed by using Standard Error, Paired t test and other propriate techniques (Bhardwaj, 2006).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The result of the present study ‘’ Effect of mother working and non working status on the nutritional status of preschool
children” are discussed in this chapter.
Age (In Years)
Group I
(Non-Working mothers) N=75
Group II
(Working mothers) N=75 Total
N=150
%
Boys % Girls % Boys % Girls %
3 Yrs 12 16 15 20 10 13.33 14 18.66 51 34
4 Yrs 16 21.33 10 13.33 16 21.33 12 16 54 36
5 Yrs 4 5.33 8 24 13 17.33 10 13.33 45 30
Types of family
Joint 9 12 12 16 4 5.33 8 10.66 33 22
Nuclear 23 30.66 31 41.33 35 46.66 28 37.33 117 78
Family income in Rs. Per month
<Rs. 10000 6 8 5 6.66 4 5.33 5 6.66 20 13.33
Rs. 10000-20000 14 18.66 23 30.66 20 26.66 13 17.33 70 46.66
>Rs 20000 12 16 15 20 15 20 18 24 60 40
Table 4.1 shows the following-
Age: The pooled data showed the maximum number of the respondents were of 4 yrs. of 36percent followed by 3 yrs of ageie.
34 percent and the rest were of 5 yrs of it. 30percent.
Types of family: The majority of respondents were from nuclear family le. 78 percent. seilar result was reported by Rita
(1998) and Srivastav (1991), in their studies carried at in different parts of Udham Sing Nagar district Uttranchal, and only 22
percent respondents were from joint family.
Family income: 40 percent families had the income level of above Rs. 20,000, 46.66 percent of the families had the income
level of between 10,000 to 20,000 and rest of the families ie. 13.33 percent had the income level of below Rs. 10,000.
Fig: -4.2-Distribution of selected preschool children according to the total family income
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Fig-4.3-Distribution of selected preschool children according to the total family income
Fig 4.3 shows that maximum number of respondent's mothers were graduate ie. 50 per followed by 30 percent respondent's
mothers Master's degree and 12.66 percent respondent's mothers had Ph.D. degree, 7.33 percent respondent's motherswere
intermediate pass. On comparison between group-1 and group-2,itwasfoundthatmaximumnumbersofmothers werehigher
educated in group-2 compare to group-1. In the year 2009, Chandran observed that mother's education could bring about a
noteworthy reduction in the incidence of underweight in preschool children.
Fig-4.4-Distribution of selected preschool children according to game preference
Fig 4.4 shows that the majority of respondents preferred indoor games (71.33%) and rest of the respondents preferred
outdoor games (28.66%). On comparing working and non-working mother's children, showed that maximum number of
respondents from group-2 prefers indoor games compared to group-1.Similar findings are also reported by Azadet.al.(2011)
at Jammu and Kashmir that T.V. watching, computer and video games are major leisure time activity of children.
Fig 4.5-Distribution of selected preschool children according to fast food preference
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Fig 4.6 Distribution of selected preschool children according to the type of food preference
Fig 4.5 & 4.6- Shows that maximum number of respondents preferred ready to eat foods (44 followed by 32.66% respondents
who preferred homemade meals and percent respondentspreferredfastorjunk food. Oncomparing workingandnon-working
mothers' children it was found that maximum numbers of non-working mothers cent), preferred homemademealscompared
to the children of working on other hand maximum number of working mothers children preferred ready to eat
Group -1 (Non-working mother’s children)
Table-4.7 Average daily nutrient intake of preschool children:
Age Group Particulers
Calories
(kcal.)
CHO
(g)
Prot.
(g)
Fat
(g)
β – carotene
(µg)
Vit. B-1 (µg) Calcium (mg)
3 yrs. Avg. Intake 1246.81 200.9 39.4 31 1515 0.55 266.6
(N = 27)
S.E. ± 0.4 ±0.34 ±0.93 ±0.70 ±12.3 ±0.38 ±5.74
RDA 2007 1240 186 22 25 1600 0.6 400
Difference +6.81 +14.9 +17.4 +6 -85 -0.05 -133.34
t-cal 16.66 42.25 18.09 8.34 6.80 0.13 15.15
t-table 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01
Reasult S S S S S NS S
Age Group Particulers
Calories
(kcal.)
CHO
(g)
Prot.
(g)
Fat
(g)
β – carotene
(µg)
Vit. B-1 (µg) Calcium (mg)
4 & 5 yrs. Avg. Intake 1728.95 311.83 48.66 31.29 1527 0.76 327.5
(N = 48)
S.E ±0.44 ±0.52 ±0.69 ±0.41 ±6.33 ±0.23 ±6.16
RDA 2007 1690 253.5 30 25 1600 0.9 400
Difference +38.95 +58.33 +18.66 +6.29 -73 -0.14 -72.5
t-cal 88.66 109.68 26.56 15 5.22 0.73 1.28
t-table 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01
Result S S S S S NS NS
S = Significant / NS = Non – Significant
Group-2 (Working mother’s children)
Age Group Particulers
Calories
(kcal.)
CHO
(g)
Prot.
(g)
Fat
(g)
β – carotene
(µg)
Vit. B-1 (µg) Calcium (mg)
3 yrs. Avg. Intake 1270.58 208.58 36.4 33.5 1542 0.5 268.33
(N = 27)
S.E. ± 5.3 ±0.27 ±0.82 ±0.88 ±7.43 ±0.34 ±4.7
RDA 2007 1240 186 22 25 1600 0.6 400
Difference +30.58 +22.58 +14.4 +8.5 -58 -0.1 -131.67
t-cal 2.14 50.64 27.83 9.38 2.75 0.28 5.74
t-table 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01
Reasult S S S S S NS S
Age Group Particulers
Calories
(kcal.)
CHO
(g)
Prot.
(g)
Fat
(g)
β – carotene
(µg)
Vit. B-1 (µg) Calcium (mg)
4 & 5 yrs. Avg. Intake 1730.33 306.45 45.56 35.68 1504 0.8 318.82
(N = 48)
S.E ±0.23 ±0.31 ±0.77 ±0.59 ±6.03 ±0.23 ±4.91
RDA 2007 1690 253.5 30 25 1600 0.9 400
Difference +40.33 +52.95 +15.56 +10.68 -96 -0.1 -81.18
t-cal 167.41 172.63 19.98 17.69 16.94 0.41 16.53
t-table 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01
Result S S S S S NS NS
S = Significant / NS = Non – Significant
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Table 4.7-Shows the mean nutrient intake of respondents aged 3 years and 4-5 years. It was found that calculated value of t is
greater than the table value of t at 5 percent probability level. There was highly significant difference in protein and fat intake
RDA (2007). The mean nutrient intakes (carbohydrate, protein, fat, B-carotene, thiamine and calcium) were compared with
ICMR RDA (2007) and it was found that regarding a significant differenceinthiamineconsumptioninall agegroups.Regarding
macro nutrient consumption non-working mothers' children were in better position. On there is a non-comparing 3 years
children of working and non-working mothers regarding calcium and intake it was found thatworkingmotherswere inbetter
position, but regarding 4 and 5 years, non-working mothers children were in better position. In the year of 2011 -carotene
Ganguli et. al explored dietary patterns in a urban Bengali population of women in West Bengal, 'red meat and high-fat dairy'
pattern was more popular there, which is characterizedbyhigherintakesofredmeat, fish,high-fatdairyproducts,wholegrain,
high-energy drinks and condiments. On comparisonbetweenworkingandnon-workingmotherschildrenthenitwasobserved
that, working mothers children consumed more calories compare to non-working mothers children because they consumed
more junk foods.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The present study entitled "Effect of mother's working and
non-working status the nutritional status of pre-school
children" was conducted in 24 Parganas (1) District of West
Bengal. The study was undertaken with the following
objectives
To assess the nutritional status of preschool children
whose mothers are working to find out the effect of
mothers working and non-working.
To find out the effect of mothers working and status on
preschool children’s nutritional status.
A total of 150 pre-school children between the ages of 3 to 5
years were selected by random sample selection method.
Among them 75 children belonged to working mothers and
rest of the 75 children of non-working mothers.
Pooled data showed that maximum number of the
respondents were of 4 yrs of age je percent, followed by
respondents are of 3 yrs of age se. 34 percent and the rest
were 5 yrs of age ie. 30 percent.
The majority numbers of respondents were from nuclear
family ie 78 percent, and only 22 percent respondents were
from joint family.
40 percent families had an income level of above Rs. 20,000,
the income level of 46.66 percent families was between Rs.
10,000 to 20,000 and rest of the families (13.33 percen)had
the income level of below Rs. 10,000.
Maximum of respondents mothers were graduate (50
percent), followed by 30 percent respondents' mothers had
Masters degree and 16 percent respondents' mothers had
Ph.D. degree, 7.33 percent respondents mothers were
intermediate pass.
Majority of the respondents preferred indoor games (71.33
percent) and rest of the pondents preferred outdoor games
(28.66 percent).
Miximum number of respondents preferred fast food (68
percent) and rest of the pondents didnotpreferfastfood(32
percent),
Maximum number of respondents prefferred ready to eat
foods (44 percent), followed by 32.66 percent respondents
preferred homemade meals and 23.33 percent respondents
ferred fast or junk food.
Maximum number of respondents consumed junk food as a
snacks, ie. 63.33 percent followed by 26.66 percent
respondents consumed junk food as an additional meal, and
10 percent respondents consumed junk food as a meal.
The man nutrient intake ofrespondentsaged3yearsand 4-5
years when calculated, it was found that calculatedvalueoft
is greater than the table value of t at 5 percent probability
level. There was highly significant difference in protein and
fat intake regarding RDA (2007), The mean nutrient intakes
(carbohydrate, protein, fat, β-carotene, thiamine and
calcium) were compared with ICMR RDA (2007) and it was
found that, there is a non significant difference in thiamine
consumption in all groups Regarding and was found that
working mothers' children were in better position. On
comparing 3 years children of working and non-working
mothers regarding calcium and β-carotene intake it was
found that working mothers were in better position, but
regarding and 5 years, non-working mothers children were
in better position.
It was found that ICMR standard values were greater than
the observed man height of school children. When t-test
applied it was found that the calculated value ofwasterthan
the table value of 1 at 5 percent probability level. Therefore
it was conclude at the mean height of preschool children was
significantly lower than the ICMR standard (1996).
It was also found that the ICMR standardvaluesweregreater
than the observed mean sight of preschool children.Whent-
test applied it was found that the calculated value of was
greater than the table value of t at 5 percent probability
level, It was found that en height of preschool children was
significantly lower than the ICMR standard (2007)
The mean chest circumference and mid upper arm
circumference measurements of working and non working
mothers children were comparable
Conclusion:
On the basis of the findings it is conclude that the nutritional
status of preschool children whosemothersare working and
not-working both the groups are consuming excess calories
regarding to RDA giving by ICMR (2007). Although the
mothers who are not working their children are consuming
less calories compare to working mother's children. The
effect of mothers working and non-working condition on
preschool children's nutritional statuswasthattheweightof
children of both group were greater than the ICMR
standard (2007), and there was a significant difference
between the weight of working and not working mothers
children. Working mothers children had grater weight
compare to not working mothers children.
Recommendations:
The calorie consumption was already greater than the
RDA, ICMR 2007, so the mothers should pay attention
upon the child's diet.
Plenty of salad and other green leafy vegetable should
be included in the children's diet.
Mothers should prepare some healthy and nutritious
dishes like upma, sandwiches for the snacking of the
children.
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