Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system and communicate with each other via electrical and chemical signals. They have dendrites that receive information, a cell body that contains genetic material, and an axon that sends information to other neurons. Neurons transmit signals through electrical impulses and the release of neurotransmitters across small gaps between neurons called synapses. Experiences and stimuli shape the development of neural pathways and connections in the brain throughout childhood and adolescence as the brain undergoes pruning and myelination.
Seen Through a Screen - parent talk on Teenage Brains and LivesNicola Morgan
Nicola Morgan, The Teenage Brain Woman, will share deep and wide-ranging insights into what makes teenagers tick. She will select the most important and mind-opening research about adolescent brain development and show how modern pressures, especially from screens and social media, can affect how teenagers think, feel and behave - and what we can do to support them towards strong independence. Nicola has written books on many aspects of teenage wellbeing, including brain development, stress, learning, body image, the reading brain, peer pressure, sleep, exams and the science of life online.
Stress Well for Schools: 2.3.1 FLOURISHNicola Morgan
This is the Powerpoint from Nicola Morgan's Stress Well for Schools course, Ppt 2.3.1 - FLOURISH. For details of the whole course, see here: https://www.nicolamorgan.com/product/stress-well-for-schools/
Seen Through a Screen - parent talk on Teenage Brains and LivesNicola Morgan
Nicola Morgan, The Teenage Brain Woman, will share deep and wide-ranging insights into what makes teenagers tick. She will select the most important and mind-opening research about adolescent brain development and show how modern pressures, especially from screens and social media, can affect how teenagers think, feel and behave - and what we can do to support them towards strong independence. Nicola has written books on many aspects of teenage wellbeing, including brain development, stress, learning, body image, the reading brain, peer pressure, sleep, exams and the science of life online.
Stress Well for Schools: 2.3.1 FLOURISHNicola Morgan
This is the Powerpoint from Nicola Morgan's Stress Well for Schools course, Ppt 2.3.1 - FLOURISH. For details of the whole course, see here: https://www.nicolamorgan.com/product/stress-well-for-schools/
The effects of trauma on the brain are like a brain injury. Neurofeedback teaches the brain to heal itself -- to function optimally. When one has a healthier brain, one feels better, works better, sleeps better, pays attention better, etc.
Neurofeedback for Peak Performance, Meditation, TherapyJonathan Banks
Neuro feedback is the most powerful form of brain training available. Is neurofeedback effective and what are the benefits you can expect to experience?
The effects of trauma on the brain are like a brain injury. Neurofeedback teaches the brain to heal itself -- to function optimally. When one has a healthier brain, one feels better, works better, sleeps better, pays attention better, etc.
Neurofeedback for Peak Performance, Meditation, TherapyJonathan Banks
Neuro feedback is the most powerful form of brain training available. Is neurofeedback effective and what are the benefits you can expect to experience?
ReadySetPresent (Decision Making PowerPoint Presentation Content): 100+ PowerPoint presentation content slides. Successful and effective strategic decision making is a guarantee to increase productivity in every workplace. Decision Making PowerPoint Presentation Content slides include topics such as: the 6 C’s of decision making, inherent personal and system traps, 10+ slides on decision trees, 10+ slides on decision making methods and tips, 4 slides on the GOR approach to decision making, 8 slides on common pitfalls in decision making, 4 slides on effective strategies in making decisions, 35+ slides on the 8 major decision making traps and how to effectively minimize each, 7 slides on different decision making perspectives, 25 slides on the 3 different types of analysis (grid analysis – paired comparison analysis, and cost/benefit analysis), 4 slides on utilizing planning and overarching questions, 4 modes of decision making and 6 factors in decision making and more!
Infancy Physical Development Chapter 4 and 5Infan.docxjaggernaoma
Infancy: Physical Development
Chapter 4 and 5
Infant development progresses rapidly. Infants usually come into this world equipped to begin the journey of life!
1
Principles of Development
Cephalocaudal
Proximodistal
Cephalocaudal – refers to development as progressing from head to toe. Consider muscle development babies begin by being able to lift their head and then it progresses to ultimate control of muscles which would be walking.
Proximodistal refers to center out. Again consider the last area one gains control is the fingers.
2
Skeletal Growth
Skeletal Age
Epiphyses
Fontanels
The best estimate of a child’s physical maturity is skeletal age, which is a measure of development of the bones of the body.
Epiphyses are growth centers, that appear at the ends of the long end of the bones of the body. Cartilage cells continue to be produces at the growth plates of these epiphyses, which increase in number throughout childhood and then as growth continues, get thinner and disappear.
Skull growth is especially rapid between birth and 2 years of age due to large increases in brain size. At birth the bones of the skull are separated by gaps called fontanels. These gaps help during the birth process and also allow for brain development. There are 6 of these – the largest is the anterior gap. It will gradually shrink and fill in during the second year. The other fontanels are smaller and close more quickly. As the skull bones come in contact with one another, they form sutures or seams, these permit the skull to expand easily as the brain grows. The sutures will disappear when skull growth is complete, during the teen years.
3
Brain Development
Synaptic Pruning
Myelination
Cerebral Cortex
Prefrontal cortex
Hemispheres
Lateralization
Brain plasticity
At birth the brain is nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure.
Human brain has 100 to 200 billion neurons or nerve cells that store and transmit information. Between nuerons are tiny gaps or synapses, where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch. Neurons send messages to one another by releasing chemicals call neurotransmitters which cross the synapse. During infancy and toddlerhood, neural fibers and synapses increase dramatically. Because developing neurons require space for connective structures, as synapses form surrounding neurons will die. As neurons form connections, stimulation becomes vital for their survival. Neurons that are stimulated by input from the surrounding environment continue to establish new synapses, forming increasingly elaborate systems of communication that support more complex abilities. Neurons that are seldom stimulated soon lose their synapses, through synaptic pruning, which returns neurons not needed at the moment to an uncommitted state so they can support future development.
About half of the brain is made up of glial cells which are responsible for myelination, the coating of.
5Physical Development
Novastock/Photolibrary/Getty Images
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you should be able to:
ሁ Describe changes in body and brain structure from birth through adolescence.
ሁ Detail the process of nerve function and how neurons transmit signals.
ሁ Provide behavioral examples that demonstrate how the brain is organized.
ሁ Outline major milestones in motor development.
ሁ Clarify important issues related to toilet training.
ሁ Identify warning signs of various physical disabilities that may first appear in early childhood.
ሁ Describe physical changes that take place during puberty, including historical and cultural trends,
and the differential impact on males and females.
Section 5.1General Patterns of Growth
Prologue
Among infants and young children, tremendous changes occur in every domain of develop-
ment. However, none are more apparent than the physical changes. When new parents talk
about their baby’s growth, the first thing that usually comes to mind is height, weight, and
motor activity. Imaging devices now allow us to track coinciding changes in brain tissue. We
can conclusively differentiate between a male brain and a female brain—even at birth. Though
we are far from making predictions about physical development based on brain scans, we can
predict some effects of deprivation. For instance, malnutrition can have far-reaching conse-
quences, extending into physical, cognitive, and even psychosocial domains.
Quite unlike other animal species, human infants are virtually helpless at birth. Babies can
eat only if a nipple is provided; they cannot move objects out of the way or closer; and for the
most part they cannot manipulate the physical structure of the environment. Initially they
do not even have the muscle strength needed to hold up their heads. It is only with adult
assistance that infants can survive and eventually optimize growth. Technology and scien-
tific advancement have allowed us to better understand how we transition from completely
dependent beings into adolescents who are perfectly capable of walking away from their par-
ents. This module focuses on those physical developments.
5.1 General Patterns of Growth
Though parents do not often notice, the heads of infants are disproportionately large com-
pared to the rest of their bodies. On their way to adult proportions, the torso and limbs grow
faster than the head. This pattern of growth is an example of directionality, one of the gen-
eral principles of human growth. In this case, the direction is
cephalocaudal, literally meaning “head to tail.” At birth not
only is the head more developed physically than the rest of
the body, but also vision and hearing precede growth of the
limbs. That is, babies begin to focus their eyes on what they
hear well before they begin walking or perform coordinated
hand movements.
Physical growth also occurs in a proximodistal pattern—
from the inside out. In the prenat ...
How our brain functions when we are aged? In the fast changing world, many a times we heard people saying i am 60 years old and i cannot learn new skills. Is there any truth in the statement. Who is the best consultant for 'downsizing' if we do not use our resouces-It is brain by process.
Assignment Details
Open Date
Apr 2, 2018 12:05 AM
Graded?
Yes
Points Possible
100.0
Resubmissions Allowed?
No
Attachments checked for originality?
Yes
Top of Form
Assignment Instructions
In a five paragraph essay (600 minimum words) using your favorite theorist, apply that theory to brain development as it was discussed in our readings. You may also include the impact of culture, early physical growth, and similar factors that impact the overall development of the child.
See attached rubric for grading details.
Supporting Materials
·
308 Assignment 3. Rubric.doc
(50 KB)
Bottom of Form
The Physical Development of the Young Child
Take a moment and think about a newborn infant--at birth, human infants are, essentially, completely vulnerable and helpless. Unlike many animals, they cannot walk, consume solid food, or manage even the most basic tasks for their own survival. This is the price we pay for our brains--we are born far less developed than many creatures. Over the course of a very short time, around two years, that helpless newborn learns to walk and talk, to manipulate objects, to engage and participate in the world around her.
This transition from a helpless newborn to a toddler or preschooler requires massive amounts of
learning
, fueled by rapid brain growth, sensorimotor development, and physical growth. The infant, from birth, uses his ability to perceive to learn and develop an understanding of the world around him.
TOPICS COVERED WILL INCLUDE:
Brain development during infancy and toddlerhood at the larger level of the cerebral cortex.
Learning through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, habituation and recovery, and imitation.
Dynamic Systems theory of motor development, highlighting cultural variations in motor development.
Gibsons’ Differentiation Theory of perceptual development.
The Development of the Brain
Brain development in the first two years of life is fascinating and awe-inspiring. Most of the physical growth of the brain occurs during the first two years of life. Neuroscience has shed light on the development of
neurons
and the
cerebral cortex
in particular. At birth, infants have approximately one hundred billion neurons. Relatively few neurons will be produced after birth. The newborn’s neurons are connected only tentatively. In the first years, essential connections between neurons form. Combined with understanding sensitive periods and the role of the environment, we have a much clearer picture of what is happening in the infant and toddler brain today than ever before.
Note the lobes of the brain
Development of Neurons
Neurons firing in the brain
Neurons are nerve cells in the brain that store and transmit information. In total, the human brain has between 100 to 200 billion of these neurons.
‹
1/4
›
· Neurons send messages from one to another through tiny gaps, called
synapses
. These messages travel on chemicals called neur ...
Neurological development a journey from a single cell to human beingDr. Amjad Ali Arain
A project to promote conceptual learning for all;
Dr. Amjad ali arain; University of Sind; Faculty of Education; Pakistan
Neurological Development A journey from a single cell to human being
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
3 ; some can be up to 3 feet long (motor-sensory axons extending down the spinal cord). 4 This phenomenon is generated through the flow of positively charged ions across the neuronal membrane
Momentarily stops the impulse
Neurotransmitters stored in the axon’s terminals are released into the synaptic gap by Neuron #1 and received by Neuron #2 Although the process is complex, the end result is they “turn Neuron #2 on or off” - telling it to ‘transmit’ or ‘don’t transmit’ the message 2 Activity with electric cords and bodies…
You tube 1. 3D animation of a neuron and an action potential. Ion channels in the soma open and allow an increase in the intracellular voltage. Once 1the voltage reaches a threshold, an action potential is generated, which travels the length of the axon and passes into the terminals. The voltage in the terminals stimulate the release of neurotransmitters which cross the synapse, opening ion channels in dendrites of the post-synaptic neuron and increasing the voltage of the second neuron. By Stephen Hicks, 2006. www.metope.org 2 cartoon explaining action potential and ions You tube 2 discovery channel start 1:09 Have them sculpt a neuron with materials
Until recently it was believed that we will not grow more…now new neurons have been found in areas of the brain such as the hippocampus (an area of the brain associated with learning and memory it is the connections more than the number of neurons, that count read: you hold your newborn so his sky-blue eye are just inches from the brightly patterned wallpaper. ZZZZZT: a neuron form his retina makes an electrical connection with the one in his brain’s visual cortex You gently touch his palm with a clothespin: he grasps it, drops it, and you return it to him with soft words and a smile. CRACKLE: neurons from his hand strengthen their connection to those in his sensory-motor cortex. He cries in the night: you feed him, holding his gaze because nature has seen to it that the distance from a parent's crooked elbow to his eyes exactly matches the distance at which a baby focuses. ZAP: neurons in the brain’s amygdala send pulses of electricity through the circuits that control emotion. You hold him on your lap and talk…and neurons from his ears start hardwiring connections to the auditory cortex And you thought you were just playing with your kid” from Your Child’s Brain , Newsweek You tube .44sec Growth of axons in the brain You tube This time lapse video shows development of a normal neuron (left) and a mutated neuron that does not express the Ena/VASP proteins. Cultured for two days, the normal one extends an axon and many dendrites, while the mutated neuron fails to make such extensions.
Demonstrate with example page 9: What wires a child’s brain is repeated experiences in which she is actively engaged. The brain becomes “hard wired” to respond along established pathways. Skills are developed and refined, habit patterns are formed.
1 Axons sprout new terminals, dendrites grow new spines, and the neuron grows additional dendrites - all in preparation to process and remember more information , more efficiently. 2. Example con’d page 11
Baby grabs the ball, she’s making the connection that the action she just did got her what she wanted. Do brain gym of cross crawl and leg stretch
Demonstrate pruning with people up and those not connected to sit…they have been pruned…notice remaining neurons are less cluttered and more organized. Pruning is as important as branching…like pruning a tree, it removes weaker, less used synapses which might decrease the effectiveness of the brain By tow the toddler can recognize and name the object as a ball and say simple sentences like “ball go”…imagine the thoughsands of additional neural pathways that would be involved in this new skill!
The brain changes it’s architecture day by day, possibly even minute by minute, reshaping itself continually to cope with experience. Synapses in the brain create pathways that build functional architecture that lets us become who we are and will be ….most plastic in the first 3 years becomes less plastic with age although healthy brain continues to grow throughout life A baby’s brain Is a work in progress 3. Genes (nature) are the blueprint and experience (nurture) are the carpenter’s the create a unique human being…..genes are on/off switch and environment are the fine tune buttons What do you do to keep your brain healthy? Share with a neighbor. What more could you do?
New connections in an infant’s brain are forming at the rate of 3 billion a second This chart shows the rates of glucose consumption by various regions of the cerebral cortex, as a function of age. Note the rapid increase between birth and age three to a level that far exceeds that of adults and the gentle downward slope from around age 10. The brain has decreased synapses but increased in power It is thought that we start out with twice s many synapses to help assure that the brain will have a maximum capability to develop accordin to the environment it is born into. This gives the young brain exceptional flexibility and resilience
2. If not those parts of the brain may never completely develop their potential 3. Children need the re However new connections can be formed at ANY time!….study of convent in Minnesota. Of the 150 retired nuns in this convent, 25 are older than 90. They do not seem to suffer from dementia as early or as severely as the general population. Found that those nuns who stay active, who constantly challenge their minds live longer and stay alert. Critical periods represent a narrow window of time during which a specific part of the body is most vulnerable to the absence of stimulation or to environmental influences. Vision is a good example: Unless an infant sees light during the first 6 months, the nerves leading from the eye to the visual cortex of the brain that processes those signals will degenerate and die. Prenatal development, the period before a baby is born, also includes critical periods. Remember the drug thalidomide and its effects on prenatal development? Women who took the drug between the 38th and 46th days of pregnancy gave birth to infants with deformed arms, or no arms, Women who took the drug between the 40th and 46th days of pregnancy gave birth to infants with deformed legs or no legs. Women who took the drug after the 50th day of pregnancy gave birth to babies with no birth defects or problems. Sensitive periods are the broad windows of opportunity for certain types of learning. Sensitive periods represent a less precise and often longer period of time when skills, such as acquiring a second language, are influenced. But, if the opportunity for learning does not arise, these potential new skills are not lost forever. Individuals learn new languages at many different times in their lives. The skills acquired during sensitive periods are those that some people are better at than others. They include the social, emotional and mental characteristics that make us interesting people. Individuals who work with children need to be aware of the sensitive period concept so that they can provide learning opportunities that benefit children in many ways. The early brain research highlights birth through age 3 as a sensitive period for development and learning in all areas.
Watch 10 things every child needs and brain map it. Have participants brainstorm what enriches and environment by age group. How do caregivers help with that? What is the provider role?
brain nerve cells, or neurons, are initially produced in the center of the developing brain. To function normally, neurons must migrate to the brain's cortex, or outer layer, and other structures. How do neurons know where to migrate? During the early 1970s, researchers examining the developing brains of monkeys discovered that neurons often clung to long fibers of cells called glia. Neurons use these glial fibers, which radiate from the brain's inner to outer surfaces, as a highway to carry them through the brain to their destination. Some neurons also use the axons of other nerves to migrate from one brain area to another. You tube 1: Granule cell migrate along radial glial invitro Your tube 2: Neuronal precursors born in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the neonatal and adult rodent brain migrate 3--8 mm from the walls of the lateral ventricle into the olfactory bulb. This tangentially oriented migration occurs without the guidance of radial glia or axonal processes. The cells move closely associated, forming elongated aggregates called chains, which are ensheathed by astrocytes. We have developed a culture system in which postnatal mouse SVZ neuronal precursors assemble into chains with ultrastructural and immunocytochemical characteristics equivalent to those in vivo but without the astrocytic sheath. Time-lapse videomicrography revealed that individual cells migrate along the chains very rapidly (~122 µm/hr) in both directions. Periods of cell body translocation were interspersed with stationary periods. This saltatory behavior was similar to radial glia--guided migration but ~4 times faster. Neuronal precursors isolated from embryonic cortical ventricular zone or cerebellar external granule layer did not form chains under these conditions, suggesting that chain migration is characteristic of SVZ precursors. This study directly demonstrates that SVZ neuronal precursors migrate along each other without the assistance of astrocytes or other cell types.
Myelin coats the neurons axons much like the insulated coating protects the electrical wires of a cord. Insulation is important for electrical wiring or it would short out. With an unisulated or non-myelinated cell, the electrical impulse does not short out, but ravels down the axon much more slowly and inefficiently. The nodes of Ranvier, located between the myelinated sections of the axon, are areas of low electrical resistance where almost all of the axon’s sodium channels are concentrated. These nodes are where action potentials can regenerate after the ion currents associated with them have propagated passively down the insulating myelin sheath between one node and the next. Schwann cells produce the fatty insulin called myelin that surrounds some nerve fibers. unmyelinated neurons do not possess an active neuregulin gene and that myelinated neurons do. they inserted the neuregulin gene into the unmyelinated axons. Instead of just sitting on the axons, the Schwann cells now produced thick myelin sheaths around them. So it appears that the gene instructs the Schwann cells to build the myelin wrap. Shaken Baby Syndrome - in newborns, only the most primitive systems, such as those needed for sucking, have been coated with myelin. Their brain is mushy. Therefore shaking an infant whips this mushy brain around in the skull and provides stretching forces that can rip apart areas of the brain. This leads to “Shaken baby Syndrome” which can kill or leave a child deaf, blind and/or mentally retarded.
It’s growth corresponds to the ability to use increasingly higher-level mental abilities. The process of myelination in human brains is not completed at least until most of us are in our 20’s and 30’s or even longer The system is overall remarkably responsive to stimulation from the environment, the schedule of myelination appears to put some boundaries around “appropriate” forms of learning at any given age” Jane Healy