The document summarizes infant development in the first two years. It discusses rapid physical growth, brain development, and the maturation of senses and motor skills. The brain grows dramatically as neurons form connections, and experiences shape brain structure. Caregivers must provide basic experiences for normal development while recognizing individual differences based on experiences. Public health measures have greatly reduced infant mortality rates through immunizations, nutrition programs, and other interventions.
This document provides an overview of infant and toddler development in the first two years. It discusses rapid physical growth and brain development during this period. The brain grows from 25% to 75% of adult size by age 2. Brain structures like neurons, axons, dendrites and synapses develop quickly through growth and pruning processes shaped by experiences. All senses are functional at birth and develop further as motor skills emerge, allowing infants to progressively interact with and learn from their environment. Caregivers play an important role in providing stimulation and experiences that support healthy development.
The document discusses physical, cognitive, and motor development in infants and toddlers over the first two years of life. It covers rapid growth and changes in body size, brain development including neuron and synapse formation, sleep patterns, sensory and motor development including reflexes and motor skills, and the role of nutrition and public health measures in child development.
The document discusses brain development in infants and toddlers. It explains that the brain grows rapidly in the first two years, nearly doubling in size, as neurons and connections proliferate. Experience shapes this development, with certain basic experiences being necessary for normal growth and variable experiences accounting for individual differences in brain structure.
The document discusses brain development in infants and toddlers. It notes that the brain grows rapidly in the first two years, reaching 75% of the adult size by age 2. During this time there is significant growth of neurons and connections between areas of the brain. Experience shapes this development, with certain basic experiences being necessary for normal growth and additional experiences allowing for variability between individuals. Caregivers play an important role by providing nurturing experiences that foster healthy brain development.
Chapters 4 and 5 life span development.pptxwindleh
1. The document discusses physical, cognitive, and language development in infancy based on Piaget's stages of cognitive development. It covers topics like brain growth, motor milestones, perception, and caregiver influences on development.
2. Key aspects of cognitive development in infancy include the sensorimotor stage where object permanence emerges, as well as the beginnings of symbolic thought and mental representations.
3. Language development starts with prelinguistic communication through babbling and sounds before words are acquired.
This chapter discusses physical, motor, and brain development in infants. It covers principles of growth, development of the nervous system and brain, environmental influences on development, sleep patterns, motor skills development, nutrition, and more. Key topics include rapid physical growth in the first two years, cephalocaudal and other growth principles, synaptic pruning, development of reflexes and motor skills, and the importance of nutrition for development.
The document discusses infant brain development from birth through early childhood. It notes that neurons develop rapidly before birth and connections between neurons multiply greatly in the first few months of life. Early experiences physically determine how the brain is wired, as connections are strengthened through repetition and pruned if not used. The brain is most plastic and able to learn during the first three years. Deprivation can negatively impact brain development, while sensory stimulation, secure attachments, and adequate sleep support healthy development.
The document discusses brain development in infants and young children. It notes that the brain develops rapidly in the first few years of life, with neurons forming connections and synapses proliferating. Early experiences play a crucial role in shaping brain development as connections are reinforced or pruned. The environment influences how the brain forms, with chronic stress or extreme deprivation potentially harming development. Proper stimulation and nurturing experiences are important for healthy brain growth.
This document provides an overview of infant and toddler development in the first two years. It discusses rapid physical growth and brain development during this period. The brain grows from 25% to 75% of adult size by age 2. Brain structures like neurons, axons, dendrites and synapses develop quickly through growth and pruning processes shaped by experiences. All senses are functional at birth and develop further as motor skills emerge, allowing infants to progressively interact with and learn from their environment. Caregivers play an important role in providing stimulation and experiences that support healthy development.
The document discusses physical, cognitive, and motor development in infants and toddlers over the first two years of life. It covers rapid growth and changes in body size, brain development including neuron and synapse formation, sleep patterns, sensory and motor development including reflexes and motor skills, and the role of nutrition and public health measures in child development.
The document discusses brain development in infants and toddlers. It explains that the brain grows rapidly in the first two years, nearly doubling in size, as neurons and connections proliferate. Experience shapes this development, with certain basic experiences being necessary for normal growth and variable experiences accounting for individual differences in brain structure.
The document discusses brain development in infants and toddlers. It notes that the brain grows rapidly in the first two years, reaching 75% of the adult size by age 2. During this time there is significant growth of neurons and connections between areas of the brain. Experience shapes this development, with certain basic experiences being necessary for normal growth and additional experiences allowing for variability between individuals. Caregivers play an important role by providing nurturing experiences that foster healthy brain development.
Chapters 4 and 5 life span development.pptxwindleh
1. The document discusses physical, cognitive, and language development in infancy based on Piaget's stages of cognitive development. It covers topics like brain growth, motor milestones, perception, and caregiver influences on development.
2. Key aspects of cognitive development in infancy include the sensorimotor stage where object permanence emerges, as well as the beginnings of symbolic thought and mental representations.
3. Language development starts with prelinguistic communication through babbling and sounds before words are acquired.
This chapter discusses physical, motor, and brain development in infants. It covers principles of growth, development of the nervous system and brain, environmental influences on development, sleep patterns, motor skills development, nutrition, and more. Key topics include rapid physical growth in the first two years, cephalocaudal and other growth principles, synaptic pruning, development of reflexes and motor skills, and the importance of nutrition for development.
The document discusses infant brain development from birth through early childhood. It notes that neurons develop rapidly before birth and connections between neurons multiply greatly in the first few months of life. Early experiences physically determine how the brain is wired, as connections are strengthened through repetition and pruned if not used. The brain is most plastic and able to learn during the first three years. Deprivation can negatively impact brain development, while sensory stimulation, secure attachments, and adequate sleep support healthy development.
The document discusses brain development in infants and young children. It notes that the brain develops rapidly in the first few years of life, with neurons forming connections and synapses proliferating. Early experiences play a crucial role in shaping brain development as connections are reinforced or pruned. The environment influences how the brain forms, with chronic stress or extreme deprivation potentially harming development. Proper stimulation and nurturing experiences are important for healthy brain growth.
The document provides an overview of the brain and its functions. It discusses:
1) The basic anatomy and cells of the brain, including neurons, glial cells, grey and white matter.
2) The six main functions of the brain: thinking and cognition, emotion and feeling, signaling, perception and sensing, physical functions, and behavior.
3) How different areas of the brain are specialized for different tasks like language processing, attention, and regulating emotions.
4) How neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine influence brain functions like mood and signaling responses to threats.
This presentation provides a brief overview of early brain development with links made to early years practice. Questions are included to help practitioners reflect on their role in helping to positively influence early brain development.
This document summarizes key aspects of neuropsychological development from infancy through adolescence, including major developmental milestones, disorders, and treatment approaches. It discusses phases of brain development, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, myelination and executive function development through the teen years. Common childhood neurodevelopmental disorders like learning disabilities, ADHD, autism, and Tourette's syndrome are described. Treatment approaches for these disorders focus on behavioral, educational, social skills, and medical interventions.
The document discusses the development of the brain from prenatal stages through early adulthood. It describes how the brain is composed of the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. During development, neurons migrate to different areas of the brain and make connections through myelination. Brain development continues through childhood and adolescence as different lobes and areas mature at varying rates. Gender differences also exist in the timing of brain maturation.
The document discusses brain development in children and the interaction between genes and environment. It notes that the brain develops rapidly in the first two years of life and that both genes and environment influence this development. Genes determine the basic structure of the brain, but the environment determines which neural connections and cells survive based on use. Early experiences and stimulation can affect the brain by strengthening certain connections.
Judgement Call: Maturity, Emotions, and the Teenage BrainTeenSafe
Teens are known to be impulsive, but did you know that their bad decision-making skills are biological? The parts of the brain that govern judgement, rational thought, and emotions is not fully developed until a person's mid-twenties. That means teens aren't physically capable of making the best decisions for themselves. Read on to learn more about how brain development affects our kids behavior!
The document discusses the difference between the brain and mind. The brain coordinates movements, thoughts and feelings, while the mind refers to a person's understanding and thought processes.
It also discusses the concept of negativity bias, where the brain is wired to pay more attention to negative experiences due to the fight or flight response activating more intensely for negative events. Therapies aim to make the brain more responsive to positive experiences.
Additionally, it discusses neuroplasticity, the brain's ability to change its structure and function through experiences and directed thoughts, indicating the adult brain can grow new neurons well into adulthood.
The document discusses the importance of early brain and child development from pregnancy to age 2. During this critical period, a child's experiences and environment can profoundly impact brain growth and development. Key aspects of development include the formation of neural connections, which grow rapidly from birth to age 3 when 80% are formed. Proper nutrition with DHA, lutein and vitamin E during this period can further support brain development.
The document summarizes brain development from conception through adulthood. It notes that brain development begins at conception and continues throughout life, and may be affected by sensory experiences. Early childhood sees rapid changes in brain size and structure as the brain prepares to learn. Neglect and abuse can impact the development of areas like the frontal lobe. During adolescence, the brain undergoes pruning and continued myelination, while the amygdala develops emotional processing before the frontal lobe. Both genetics and the environment influence how genes express themselves in the developing brain.
The adolescent brain is best described as a work in progress. Our brains are about 90-95% of their maximum size by the time we are 6 years old, but they are definitely not finished changing! Massive changes continue to occur over the next 15-20 years, as connections within the brain are strengthened and refined. Adolescent brain development can be divided into three processes: proliferation, pruning and myelination.
The brain undergoes significant development and changes throughout life. In early childhood, the brain rapidly forms new connections, with trillions of synapses forming by age 3. During childhood, synaptic pruning occurs, removing unused connections. Experience and environment influence which connections are strengthened and retained. Early childhood experiences are particularly important for brain development. Brain plasticity allows the brain to adapt and recover from injury through mechanisms like remapping of functions. Early intervention programs provide therapeutic support and aim to maximize development for children with disabilities or delays.
Chapter 05: Development & Plasticity of the BrainAlex Holub
The document summarizes several aspects of brain development including:
1) The brain begins forming in the embryo around 2 weeks as the neural tube, which later develops into the hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain.
2) Neuron development involves proliferation, migration, differentiation, myelination and synaptogenesis.
3) Experience and activity influence brain development and plasticity through processes like synapse formation and strengthening.
4) The developing brain is vulnerable to various insults but can recover through mechanisms like collateral sprouting and reorganization.
1) The brain continues developing through adolescence and early adulthood, with significant changes occurring in brain structure and function during this period.
2) Puberty triggers a cascade of hormonal changes that influence brain development in both direct and indirect ways. Areas of the brain involved in self-regulation and risk-taking, such as the prefrontal cortex, are among the last to fully mature.
3) Adolescents tend to engage in more risk-taking behaviors than children or adults, which may be explained by an imbalance between the earlier maturation of the brain's reward system versus the later maturation of self-control regions.
This document provides a summary of key information about brain development in young children. It discusses the importance of meeting children's basic needs for safety, love, and modeling in order to support healthy development of the brain. Specific recommendations are provided to support development in four key areas: nutrition, movement/senses, seeing/remembering/imagining, and listening/talking. Meeting children's needs and providing stimulating experiences is essential for building strong brain connections early in life.
This document discusses brain development from infancy through adolescence. It notes that connections in the brain are strengthened through use and pruned away if not used. The brain grows rapidly in the first few years of life as connections are formed and then pruned away. Environmental influences shape brain development, with the earliest years seeing the most change as experiences bombard the developing brain. Brain growth continues through childhood and adolescence as different areas mature at different rates.
Une 9 psy250 9.20 session early child physical (no video) Susan Hansen
This document summarizes physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development from ages 2 to 6. It discusses how:
1) Physically, children's bodies become more proportional to adults, with growth in weight, height, and motor skills. Their brains also grow substantially and areas related to language, reasoning, and social skills develop.
2) Cognitively, children improve in skills like sorting, planning, and analyzing as brain areas like the prefrontal cortex mature. Their thinking also speeds up through the process of myelination.
3) Socioemotionally, children's emotions become more nuanced as the limbic system develops, though routines and rituals remain important. Risks to development include malnutrition,
The document summarizes key developmental milestones and theories in brain development and childhood. It provides the age or concept for each developmental topic in a Jeopardy-style game with questions and answers. Developmental topics included brain structures, attachment styles, motor skills, cognitive stages, theorists like Freud, Piaget and Erikson, and periods in neuronal growth.
My Little Genius offers brain development programme for children, cognitive development in children, brain development in early childhood, child development school, child cognitive development, brain development in children, mental development for children, etc.
This document summarizes physical development in infants, including growth patterns, brain development, sleep patterns, and reflexes. It notes that infants grow rapidly in the first two years, with their head growing proportionally larger at birth and slowing over time. Brain growth involves proliferation of neurons early on and later pruning and myelination. Infant sleep involves cycling between active and quiet sleep, and cultural practices around sleep vary. Reflexes are innate responses that facilitate development but fade as voluntary control increases.
Chapters 4 and 5 life span development.pptxwindleh
1. The document discusses physical, cognitive, and language development in infancy based on Piaget's stages of development. It covers topics like motor milestones, brain growth, perception, and caregiver influences.
2. Key aspects of cognitive development include object permanence emerging around 8 months and symbolic thought by 2 years of age according to Piaget's sensorimotor stage theory.
3. Language development begins prenatally and progresses from babbling to first words by age 1.
The document provides an overview of the brain and its functions. It discusses:
1) The basic anatomy and cells of the brain, including neurons, glial cells, grey and white matter.
2) The six main functions of the brain: thinking and cognition, emotion and feeling, signaling, perception and sensing, physical functions, and behavior.
3) How different areas of the brain are specialized for different tasks like language processing, attention, and regulating emotions.
4) How neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine influence brain functions like mood and signaling responses to threats.
This presentation provides a brief overview of early brain development with links made to early years practice. Questions are included to help practitioners reflect on their role in helping to positively influence early brain development.
This document summarizes key aspects of neuropsychological development from infancy through adolescence, including major developmental milestones, disorders, and treatment approaches. It discusses phases of brain development, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, myelination and executive function development through the teen years. Common childhood neurodevelopmental disorders like learning disabilities, ADHD, autism, and Tourette's syndrome are described. Treatment approaches for these disorders focus on behavioral, educational, social skills, and medical interventions.
The document discusses the development of the brain from prenatal stages through early adulthood. It describes how the brain is composed of the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. During development, neurons migrate to different areas of the brain and make connections through myelination. Brain development continues through childhood and adolescence as different lobes and areas mature at varying rates. Gender differences also exist in the timing of brain maturation.
The document discusses brain development in children and the interaction between genes and environment. It notes that the brain develops rapidly in the first two years of life and that both genes and environment influence this development. Genes determine the basic structure of the brain, but the environment determines which neural connections and cells survive based on use. Early experiences and stimulation can affect the brain by strengthening certain connections.
Judgement Call: Maturity, Emotions, and the Teenage BrainTeenSafe
Teens are known to be impulsive, but did you know that their bad decision-making skills are biological? The parts of the brain that govern judgement, rational thought, and emotions is not fully developed until a person's mid-twenties. That means teens aren't physically capable of making the best decisions for themselves. Read on to learn more about how brain development affects our kids behavior!
The document discusses the difference between the brain and mind. The brain coordinates movements, thoughts and feelings, while the mind refers to a person's understanding and thought processes.
It also discusses the concept of negativity bias, where the brain is wired to pay more attention to negative experiences due to the fight or flight response activating more intensely for negative events. Therapies aim to make the brain more responsive to positive experiences.
Additionally, it discusses neuroplasticity, the brain's ability to change its structure and function through experiences and directed thoughts, indicating the adult brain can grow new neurons well into adulthood.
The document discusses the importance of early brain and child development from pregnancy to age 2. During this critical period, a child's experiences and environment can profoundly impact brain growth and development. Key aspects of development include the formation of neural connections, which grow rapidly from birth to age 3 when 80% are formed. Proper nutrition with DHA, lutein and vitamin E during this period can further support brain development.
The document summarizes brain development from conception through adulthood. It notes that brain development begins at conception and continues throughout life, and may be affected by sensory experiences. Early childhood sees rapid changes in brain size and structure as the brain prepares to learn. Neglect and abuse can impact the development of areas like the frontal lobe. During adolescence, the brain undergoes pruning and continued myelination, while the amygdala develops emotional processing before the frontal lobe. Both genetics and the environment influence how genes express themselves in the developing brain.
The adolescent brain is best described as a work in progress. Our brains are about 90-95% of their maximum size by the time we are 6 years old, but they are definitely not finished changing! Massive changes continue to occur over the next 15-20 years, as connections within the brain are strengthened and refined. Adolescent brain development can be divided into three processes: proliferation, pruning and myelination.
The brain undergoes significant development and changes throughout life. In early childhood, the brain rapidly forms new connections, with trillions of synapses forming by age 3. During childhood, synaptic pruning occurs, removing unused connections. Experience and environment influence which connections are strengthened and retained. Early childhood experiences are particularly important for brain development. Brain plasticity allows the brain to adapt and recover from injury through mechanisms like remapping of functions. Early intervention programs provide therapeutic support and aim to maximize development for children with disabilities or delays.
Chapter 05: Development & Plasticity of the BrainAlex Holub
The document summarizes several aspects of brain development including:
1) The brain begins forming in the embryo around 2 weeks as the neural tube, which later develops into the hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain.
2) Neuron development involves proliferation, migration, differentiation, myelination and synaptogenesis.
3) Experience and activity influence brain development and plasticity through processes like synapse formation and strengthening.
4) The developing brain is vulnerable to various insults but can recover through mechanisms like collateral sprouting and reorganization.
1) The brain continues developing through adolescence and early adulthood, with significant changes occurring in brain structure and function during this period.
2) Puberty triggers a cascade of hormonal changes that influence brain development in both direct and indirect ways. Areas of the brain involved in self-regulation and risk-taking, such as the prefrontal cortex, are among the last to fully mature.
3) Adolescents tend to engage in more risk-taking behaviors than children or adults, which may be explained by an imbalance between the earlier maturation of the brain's reward system versus the later maturation of self-control regions.
This document provides a summary of key information about brain development in young children. It discusses the importance of meeting children's basic needs for safety, love, and modeling in order to support healthy development of the brain. Specific recommendations are provided to support development in four key areas: nutrition, movement/senses, seeing/remembering/imagining, and listening/talking. Meeting children's needs and providing stimulating experiences is essential for building strong brain connections early in life.
This document discusses brain development from infancy through adolescence. It notes that connections in the brain are strengthened through use and pruned away if not used. The brain grows rapidly in the first few years of life as connections are formed and then pruned away. Environmental influences shape brain development, with the earliest years seeing the most change as experiences bombard the developing brain. Brain growth continues through childhood and adolescence as different areas mature at different rates.
Une 9 psy250 9.20 session early child physical (no video) Susan Hansen
This document summarizes physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development from ages 2 to 6. It discusses how:
1) Physically, children's bodies become more proportional to adults, with growth in weight, height, and motor skills. Their brains also grow substantially and areas related to language, reasoning, and social skills develop.
2) Cognitively, children improve in skills like sorting, planning, and analyzing as brain areas like the prefrontal cortex mature. Their thinking also speeds up through the process of myelination.
3) Socioemotionally, children's emotions become more nuanced as the limbic system develops, though routines and rituals remain important. Risks to development include malnutrition,
The document summarizes key developmental milestones and theories in brain development and childhood. It provides the age or concept for each developmental topic in a Jeopardy-style game with questions and answers. Developmental topics included brain structures, attachment styles, motor skills, cognitive stages, theorists like Freud, Piaget and Erikson, and periods in neuronal growth.
My Little Genius offers brain development programme for children, cognitive development in children, brain development in early childhood, child development school, child cognitive development, brain development in children, mental development for children, etc.
This document summarizes physical development in infants, including growth patterns, brain development, sleep patterns, and reflexes. It notes that infants grow rapidly in the first two years, with their head growing proportionally larger at birth and slowing over time. Brain growth involves proliferation of neurons early on and later pruning and myelination. Infant sleep involves cycling between active and quiet sleep, and cultural practices around sleep vary. Reflexes are innate responses that facilitate development but fade as voluntary control increases.
Chapters 4 and 5 life span development.pptxwindleh
1. The document discusses physical, cognitive, and language development in infancy based on Piaget's stages of development. It covers topics like motor milestones, brain growth, perception, and caregiver influences.
2. Key aspects of cognitive development include object permanence emerging around 8 months and symbolic thought by 2 years of age according to Piaget's sensorimotor stage theory.
3. Language development begins prenatally and progresses from babbling to first words by age 1.
The brain displays remarkable plasticity throughout life, especially during early childhood. Early experiences shape the formation of neural connections, known as synaptogenesis, which peaks between birth and age 3 as the brain rapidly develops trillions of synapses. During this critical period, enriched environments lead to greater neural connectivity, while insufficient stimulation results in pruning of underused synapses. Later in childhood and through adulthood, plasticity enables the brain to learn, form new memories, and rewire itself in response to injury.
Infancy Physical Development Chapter 4 and 5Infan.docxjaggernaoma
Infancy: Physical Development
Chapter 4 and 5
Infant development progresses rapidly. Infants usually come into this world equipped to begin the journey of life!
1
Principles of Development
Cephalocaudal
Proximodistal
Cephalocaudal – refers to development as progressing from head to toe. Consider muscle development babies begin by being able to lift their head and then it progresses to ultimate control of muscles which would be walking.
Proximodistal refers to center out. Again consider the last area one gains control is the fingers.
2
Skeletal Growth
Skeletal Age
Epiphyses
Fontanels
The best estimate of a child’s physical maturity is skeletal age, which is a measure of development of the bones of the body.
Epiphyses are growth centers, that appear at the ends of the long end of the bones of the body. Cartilage cells continue to be produces at the growth plates of these epiphyses, which increase in number throughout childhood and then as growth continues, get thinner and disappear.
Skull growth is especially rapid between birth and 2 years of age due to large increases in brain size. At birth the bones of the skull are separated by gaps called fontanels. These gaps help during the birth process and also allow for brain development. There are 6 of these – the largest is the anterior gap. It will gradually shrink and fill in during the second year. The other fontanels are smaller and close more quickly. As the skull bones come in contact with one another, they form sutures or seams, these permit the skull to expand easily as the brain grows. The sutures will disappear when skull growth is complete, during the teen years.
3
Brain Development
Synaptic Pruning
Myelination
Cerebral Cortex
Prefrontal cortex
Hemispheres
Lateralization
Brain plasticity
At birth the brain is nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure.
Human brain has 100 to 200 billion neurons or nerve cells that store and transmit information. Between nuerons are tiny gaps or synapses, where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch. Neurons send messages to one another by releasing chemicals call neurotransmitters which cross the synapse. During infancy and toddlerhood, neural fibers and synapses increase dramatically. Because developing neurons require space for connective structures, as synapses form surrounding neurons will die. As neurons form connections, stimulation becomes vital for their survival. Neurons that are stimulated by input from the surrounding environment continue to establish new synapses, forming increasingly elaborate systems of communication that support more complex abilities. Neurons that are seldom stimulated soon lose their synapses, through synaptic pruning, which returns neurons not needed at the moment to an uncommitted state so they can support future development.
About half of the brain is made up of glial cells which are responsible for myelination, the coating of.
The document discusses several topics in developmental psychology related to infancy, including:
- Motor development in infants, including the appearance and disappearance of reflexes between birth and 2 years.
- Brain development in the first 2 years, including growth of neurons and connections followed by synaptic pruning.
- Sleep patterns in infants, which are initially irregular and in short spurts compared to adults' consolidated nighttime sleep.
- Nutrition's role in fueling motor development and the impacts of malnutrition on physical and cognitive development.
Assignment Details
Open Date
Apr 2, 2018 12:05 AM
Graded?
Yes
Points Possible
100.0
Resubmissions Allowed?
No
Attachments checked for originality?
Yes
Top of Form
Assignment Instructions
In a five paragraph essay (600 minimum words) using your favorite theorist, apply that theory to brain development as it was discussed in our readings. You may also include the impact of culture, early physical growth, and similar factors that impact the overall development of the child.
See attached rubric for grading details.
Supporting Materials
·
308 Assignment 3. Rubric.doc
(50 KB)
Bottom of Form
The Physical Development of the Young Child
Take a moment and think about a newborn infant--at birth, human infants are, essentially, completely vulnerable and helpless. Unlike many animals, they cannot walk, consume solid food, or manage even the most basic tasks for their own survival. This is the price we pay for our brains--we are born far less developed than many creatures. Over the course of a very short time, around two years, that helpless newborn learns to walk and talk, to manipulate objects, to engage and participate in the world around her.
This transition from a helpless newborn to a toddler or preschooler requires massive amounts of
learning
, fueled by rapid brain growth, sensorimotor development, and physical growth. The infant, from birth, uses his ability to perceive to learn and develop an understanding of the world around him.
TOPICS COVERED WILL INCLUDE:
Brain development during infancy and toddlerhood at the larger level of the cerebral cortex.
Learning through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, habituation and recovery, and imitation.
Dynamic Systems theory of motor development, highlighting cultural variations in motor development.
Gibsons’ Differentiation Theory of perceptual development.
The Development of the Brain
Brain development in the first two years of life is fascinating and awe-inspiring. Most of the physical growth of the brain occurs during the first two years of life. Neuroscience has shed light on the development of
neurons
and the
cerebral cortex
in particular. At birth, infants have approximately one hundred billion neurons. Relatively few neurons will be produced after birth. The newborn’s neurons are connected only tentatively. In the first years, essential connections between neurons form. Combined with understanding sensitive periods and the role of the environment, we have a much clearer picture of what is happening in the infant and toddler brain today than ever before.
Note the lobes of the brain
Development of Neurons
Neurons firing in the brain
Neurons are nerve cells in the brain that store and transmit information. In total, the human brain has between 100 to 200 billion of these neurons.
‹
1/4
›
· Neurons send messages from one to another through tiny gaps, called
synapses
. These messages travel on chemicals called neur ...
The document discusses how brain-based learning has replaced behavioral psychology due to new technologies like MRI, EEG, and PET scans. It explains that learning forms connections in the brain through concrete experiences rather than just reading. It also outlines how the brain develops through overproduction and pruning of synapses during critical periods, and how risky behavior during adolescence can both help and hinder frontal cortex development.
Pediatric neurologic nurs 3340 fall 2017Shepard Joy
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the neurologic system in children and alterations that can occur. It describes the key parts of the brain involved in thinking. Differences between the pediatric and adult nervous systems are outlined, including a more rapid brain development in children. Guidelines for assessing the neurologic system in infants and children are provided, including developmental milestones, tests of coordination and balance. Diagnostic tools like CT, MRI and EEG are mentioned. Common conditions that can cause alterations in neurologic function are described such as seizures, increased intracranial pressure, and traumatic brain injury. Nursing care considerations are highlighted.
1- What do you see as the most important things that parents cansandibabcock
1- What do you see as the most important things that parents can do to help their children at this point in their lives?
2- Next, classify those things from question one into operant or classical conditioning, habituation and recovery, or
imitation. Then describe how those activities support the child’s development?
READING
The Physical Development of the Young Child
Take a moment and think about a newborn infant--at birth, human infants are, essentially, completely vulnerable and helpless. Unlike many animals, they cannot walk, consume solid food, or manage even the most basic tasks for their own survival. This is the price we pay for our brains--we are born far less developed than many creatures. Over the course of a very short time, around two years, that helpless newborn learns to walk and talk, to manipulate objects, to engage and participate in the world around her.
This transition from a helpless newborn to a toddler or preschooler requires massive amounts of
learning
, fueled by rapid brain growth, sensorimotor development, and physical growth. The infant, from birth, uses his ability to perceive to learn and develop an understanding of the world around him.
TOPICS COVERED WILL INCLUDE:
Brain development during infancy and toddlerhood at the larger level of the cerebral cortex.
Learning through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, habituation and recovery, and imitation.
Dynamic Systems theory of motor development, highlighting cultural variations in motor development.
Gibsons’ Differentiation Theory of perceptual development.
The Development of the Brain
Brain development in the first two years of life is fascinating and awe-inspiring. Most of the physical growth of the brain occurs during the first two years of life. Neuroscience has shed light on the development of
neurons
and the
cerebral cortex
in particular. At birth, infants have approximately one hundred billion neurons. Relatively few neurons will be produced after birth. The newborn’s neurons are connected only tentatively. In the first years, essential connections between neurons form. Combined with understanding sensitive periods and the role of the environment, we have a much clearer picture of what is happening in the infant and toddler brain today than ever before.
Development of Neurons
Neurons are nerve cells in the brain that store and transmit information. In total, the human brain has between 100 to 200 billion of these neurons.
‹
1/4
›
Neurons send messages from one to another through tiny gaps, called
synapses
. These messages travel on chemicals called neurotransmitters.
Development of the Cerebral Cortex
The cerebral cortex is the portion of the brain we think of when we hear the word brain. The other parts of the brain are the cerebellum and the brain stem. These parts of the brain are responsible for a number of physical functions, but not for though ...
Experiences build brain architecture in childkanti choudhary
The document discusses how a child's early experiences shape the development of their brain architecture. It notes that brain architecture provides the foundation for future learning, behavior, and health. The brain develops from the bottom up, with simpler circuits forming first followed by more complex ones. Early experiences and interactions between children and caregivers are especially important for building strong neural connections. Toxic stress can weaken this architecture and impair development if stress responses remain activated for long periods without support. However, nurturing relationships act as a buffer against toxic stress.
This chapter discusses physical, motor, and brain development in infants. It covers principles of growth, development of the nervous system and brain, environmental influences on development, sleep patterns, motor skills development, nutrition, and more. Key topics include rapid physical growth in the first two years, cephalocaudal and other growth principles, synaptic pruning, development of reflexes and motor skills, and factors that can influence development.
The document discusses how the aging process affects humans from infancy to elderly. It describes how vision, hearing, touch, movement, sleep, and brain plasticity develop in infants and change with aging. Key areas of development in infants include rapid brain growth and neural connectivity, while key changes for the elderly are loss of senses, mobility, sleep quality, and neural pruning. However, the brain maintains plasticity throughout life by adapting to changes.
This document outlines the physical development of infants and toddlers from birth to age 2. It discusses major aspects of development including brain growth, motor skills, sensory perception, and growth in height and weight. Key points covered are:
- An infant's brain triples in weight during the first year and reaches 75% of adult size by age 2. Enriched environments positively impact brain development.
- Reflexes emerge at birth and gradually disappear as gross and fine motor skills develop and infants learn to roll, sit, stand, and walk.
- Vision matures to adult levels by age 1. Newborns can distinguish patterns and prefer faces. They also demonstrate early sensory abilities like hearing, smell, taste, touch,
Brain development quiballo annalyn-ppt (1)suntzu18
3 parts of the brain and their functions. It is about human development on how it affects the teaching and learning process. It also speaks of some theories on how the brain works.
Western Michigan University Developmental Psychology Discussion Post.docxwrite22
The document discusses key topics in infant development covered in a developmental psychology course, including motor development, brain growth, sleep patterns, and nutrition. It provides details on important milestones like the disappearance of reflexes between birth and age two. Cultural and environmental factors that can influence domains like motor skills and sleep are also addressed. Synaptic pruning in the first two years helps establish stronger neural connections by reducing unnecessary neurons. While brain development is genetically programmed, the environment can impact it through plasticity during sensitive periods.
What is different about the teenage brain? Brain development happens over time and generally occurs back to front. This means that the frontal lobe, and pre-frontal cortex, which control executive functions, and are critical to decision making, are some of the last areas of the brain to fully develop.
Other parts of the brain, including those involved with thrill-seeking behavior, reward mechanisms, and intense emotion, come online earlier in the process.
Just as a toddler is able to walk before he or she has the judgment to stay away from dangerous situations (such as the top of a flight of stairs), teenagers can also find themselves in precarious situations for which they are not adequately prepared, from a brain development point of view.
This partly explains some of the risk-taking behavior and poor decision making that is often associated with teens.
To highlight the importance of Early Brain & Child Development (EBCD).
To recognize some valuable nutritive materials for the development of children’s brains.
The document discusses the biological basis of behavior and the human brain. It covers several key points:
1. Heredity and evolution influence human physical and mental characteristics. The brain is programmed for language and social skills at birth.
2. The brain consists of three main layers - the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. The hindbrain includes the medulla, cerebellum, and pons and controls vital functions like breathing.
3. The limbic system, which includes the amygdala and hippocampus, is responsible for emotions and forming memories. The amygdala handles emotional responses while the hippocampus aids memory formation.
The document summarizes various topics related to child development between the ages of 1-6 years old, including body changes, brain development, injuries, abuse, and maltreatment. During this period, children experience significant growth and skill development. Their bodies become leaner and more proportional. Their brains continue developing structures that allow for improved thinking and motor skills. Risks include accidental injuries, which are a leading cause of death, as well as various forms of maltreatment that can negatively impact long-term health and development.
The document summarizes various topics related to child development between the ages of 1-6 years old, including body changes, brain development, injuries, abuse, and maltreatment. During this period, children experience significant growth and skill development. Their bodies become leaner and more proportional. Their brains continue developing structures that allow for improved thinking and coordination. Young children remain vulnerable to injuries, abuse, and maltreatment, which can negatively impact their health and development. Prevention efforts aim to protect children's well-being and healthy development during these critical early years.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
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Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Psych 41 powerpoint chap 5
1. Prepared by Madeleine Lacefield Tattoon, M.A. 1 Part II Chapter Five The First Two Years: Infant and Toddlers Body Changes Brain Development Senses and Motor Skills Public Health Measures
2. 2 “Adults don’t change much in a year or two. Their hair might grow longer, grayer, or thinner; they might be a little fatter; or they might learn something new. But if you saw friends you hadn’t seem for two years, you’d recognize them immediately.”
3. 3 “By contrast, if you cared for newborn 24 hours a day for a month, went away for two years, and then came back,you might not recognized him or her, because the baby would have quadrupled in weight, grown taller by more than a foot, and sprouted a new head of hair. Behavior would have changed, too. Not much crying, but some laughter and fear—including of you.”
4. 4 “A year or two is not much compared with the 75 or so years of the average life span. However, in two years newborns reach half their adult height, talk in sentences, and express almost every emotion—not just joy and fear but also love, jealousy, and shame.”
6. 6 Body Changes In infancy growth is fast neglect can be severe gain needs to be monitored health check-up need to include height, weight and head circumference
7. 7 Body Size rapid growth infants typically double their birth weight by the 4th month and triple by the 1st birthday physical growth slows in the 2nd year by 24 months weight is about 30 lbs, height about 32”-36” these numbers are “norms”
8. 8 Body Size “norms” an average or standard for a particular population “particular population” a representative sample of North American infants “percentiles” a number that is midway between 0 and 100, with ½ the children above it and ½ below it
9. 9 Body Size Weight increase in the early months is fat, providing insulation for warmth and nourishment Nourishment keeps the brain growing, if teething or illness interfere with eating When nutrition is temporarily inadequate, the body stops growing but not the brain this is known as a phenomenon called “head-sparing”
10. 10 Sleep Infants sleep about 17 hours or more a day Regular and ample sleep correlates with normal brain maturation, learning, emotional regulation, and psychological adjustment in school and within the family
11. 11 Sleep Over the first month the amount of time spent in each type or stage of sleep changes Newborns dream a lot, or at least they have a high proportion of “REM sleep” REM sleep rapid eye movement sleep is a stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behind closed lids, dreaming, and rapid brain waves
12. 12 Sleep Sleep Patterns can be… affected by birth order first born typically receive more attention diet parents might respond to predawn cries with food, and/or play (babies learn to wake up night after night) child-rearing practices “Where should infants sleep?” co-sleeping or bed-sharing brain maturation
14. 14 Brain Development the newborn’s skull is disproportionately large large enough to hold the brain, which at birth is 25% of the adult brain the neonate’s body is typically 5% of the adult weight by age 2 the brain is almost 75% of the adult brain weight the child’s total body weight is only about 20% of its adult weight
15. 15 Connection in the Brain Head circumference provides a rough idea of how the brain is growing, and that is why medical checkups include measurement of the skull. Head typically increases about 35% within the 1st year
16. 16 Basic Brain Structures The brain’s communication system begins with nerve cells, called neurons. Neurons are one of the billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system, especially the brain. Infants have billions of neutrons Located in the brain or in the brain stem the region that controls automatic responses, I.e., heartbeat, breathing, temperature, and arousal 70% of the neurons are in the cortex
17. 17 Basic Brain Structures The cortex is crucial for humans… 80% of the human brain materials in the cortex in other mammals the cortex is proportionally smaller, and non-mammals have no cortex most thinking, feeling, and sensing take place in the cortex, although other parts of the brain join in.
18. 18 Basic Brain Structures Areas of the cortex specialize in particular functions: visual auditory an area dedicated to the sense of touch for each body part regional specialization within the cortex occurs not only for motor skills and senses but also for aspects of cognition
19. 19 Basic Brain Structures Between brain areas, neurons are connected to other neurons by intricate networks of nerve fibers called axons and dendrites a neuron has a single axon and numerous dendrites, which spread out like the branches of a tree axons and neurons meet the dendrites of other neurons at intersections called synapses which are critical communication links within the brain
21. 21 Basic Brain Structures Transient Exuberance and Pruning The fivefold increase in dendrites in the cortex occurs in the 24 months after birth, with about 100 trillion synapses being present at age 2 The expanded growth is followed by pruning in which unused neurons and misconnected dendrites atrophy and die Synapses, dendrites, and even neurons continue to form and die throughout life, though more rapidly in infancy than at any other time
22. 22 Basic Brain Structures Experience Shapes the Brain brain structure and growth depends on genes and experiences experiences produce “postnatal rise and fall” some dendrites wither away because they are underused; no experiences have caused them to send a message to the axons of other neurons. increasing cognitive complexity of childhood is related to a loss of synapses
23. 23 Basic Brain Structures Stress and the Brain example of the role of experience in brain development begins when the brain produces cortisol and other hormones in response to stress, which happen throughout life
24. 24 Basic Brain Structures Necessary and Possible Experiences Scientist William Greenough identified two experience-related aspects of brain development The development of experience-expectant referring to brain functions that require certain basic common experiences, which an infant can be expected to have in order to develop normally The development of experience-dependent referring to brain functions that depend on particular, variable experience and that therefore may or may not develop in a particular infant
25. 25 Basic Brain Structures Necessary and Possible Experiences Basic, common experiences must happen for normal brain maturation to occur, and they almost always do happen The brain is designed to expect them and use them for growth in contrast, dependent experiences might happen. Because of them, one brain differs from another experience varies; language babies hear or how their mothers reacts to frustration all people are similar, but each person is unique, because of early experiences
26. 26 Basic Brain Structures Necessary and Possible Experiences The last part of the brain to mature is the prefrontal cortex The area for anticipation, planning, and impulse control Virtually inactive in early infancy telling an infant to stop crying is pointless shaking a baby to stop crying, “shaken baby syndrome,” is useless Gradually becomes more efficient over the years of childhood and adolescence
27. 27 Basic Brain Structures Implications for Caregivers Early brain growth is rapid and reflects experience… caressing a newborn, talking to a preverbal infant showing affection toward a small person …are essential to develop that person’s full potential
28. 28 Basic Brain Structures Implications for Caregivers Each part of the brain has sequence of… growing connecting pruning Stimulations are meaningless before the brain is ready advisable to follow the baby’s lead infants respond most strongly and positively to their brain’s need Self-righting is the inborn drive to remedy a developmental deficit
29. 29 Basic Brain Structures Implications for Caregivers the human brain is designed to grow and adapt some plasticity is retained throughout life the brain protects itself from overstimulation ex., overstimulated babies cry or sleep babies adjust to understimulation by developing new connections lifelong
30. 30 Basic Brain Structures Implications for Caregivers Neuroscientist once thought that brains were influenced by Genes and prenatal influences By contrast, social scientist by Childhood environment was crucial… Cultures Societies Parents …credited or blamed for child’s emotions and/or actions
31. 31 Basic Brain Structures THINK LIKE A SCIENTIST Plasticity and Orphans
32. 32 Senses and Motor Skills Piaget called the first period of intelligence the Sensorimotor stage cognition develops from the senses and motor skills infant brain development depends on sensory experiences and early movement within hours of birth vital organs are functioning, assessing basic senses and motor responses (Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale; measures 26 items of newborn behavior)
33. 33 Sensation and Perception All the senses function at birth open eyes, sensitive ears, and responsive noses, tongues, and skin Very young babies attend to everything Infants don’t focus on anything in particular To about age one taste in the primary way humans learn about objects
34. 34 Sensation and Perception Sensation is the response of a sensory system… eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose …when it detects a stimulus when the inner ear reverberates with sound The retina and pupil of the eye intercept light
35. 35 Sensation and Perception Perception is the mental processing of sensory information… the brain notices and processes a sensation… when the brain interprets a sensation… Infant’s brains are attuned to experiences that are repeated, striving to make sense of them
36. 36 Senses and Motor Skills Hearing Hearing is acute at birth Certain sounds trigger reflexes Sudden noises startle newborns Rhythmic sounds soothe them and put them to sleep The first days of life infants turn their heads towards sound They soon connect sight and sound with accuracy
37. 37 Senses and Motor Skills Seeing At birth vision is the least mature The infant eyes are sensitive to bright light even though the eyes open in mid-pregnancy Newborns are “legally blind” they can only see objects 4” – 30” away
38. 38 Senses and Motor Skills Seeing At two months infants look more intensely at faces and often smile At three months infants look more closely at the eyes and mouth The ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image is known as binocular vision
39. 39 Senses and Motor Skills Tasting, Smelling and Touching
40. 40 Senses and Motor Skills Tasting, Smelling and Touching At birth the senses of taste, smell and touch function and rapidly adapt to the social world As infants learn their caregiver’s smell and touch (handling) they relax and cuddle Over time infants become responsive to whose touch it is and what it communicates
41. 41 Senses and Motor Skills Early sensation seems to have two goals: Social interaction To respond to familiar caregivers Comfort To be soothed amid the disturbances of infant life
42. 42 Senses and Motor Skills Motor Skill is the learned ability to move some part of the body, from a large leap to a flicker of the eyelid. (motor refers to movement of muscles; the abilities needed to move and control the body)
43. 43 Senses and Motor Skills Reflexes are a responsive movement that seems automatic because it almost always occurs in reaction to a particular stimulus. Newborns have many reflexes, some of which disappear with maturation (a reflex is an involuntary response to a particular stimulus
44. 44 Senses and Motor Skills Reflexes Infants have dozen of reflexes three sets are critical for survival that maintain oxygen supply that maintain constant body temperature that manage feeding
45. 45 Senses and Motor Skills Gross Motor Skills are physical abilities involving large body movements (gross meaning “big”) walking jumping Walking progress from reflexive, to hesitant to adult-supported stepping to a smooth coordinated gait
46. 46 Senses and Motor Skills Gross Motor Skills Three factors combine to allow toddlers to walk muscle strength brain maturation within the motor cortex practices
47. 47 Senses and Motor Skills Fine Motor Skills are physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers (fine in this text means “small”) drawing picking up a coin
48. 48 Senses and Motor Skills Ethnic Variation healthy infants develop skills in the same sequence they vary in the age at which they acquire them (the table on the next slide show some “norms”) Walking, when grouped by ethnicity: Generally African American are ahead of Hispanic Americans Hispanic American are ahead of European American Internationally the earliest walkers are in Uganda The latest walkers are in France
50. 50 Senses and Motor Skills Genes are only a small part of most ethnic differences Cultural patterns of child rearing can affect sensation, perception, and motor skills
51. 51 Public Health Measures 8 billion children were born between 1950 – 2005 2 billion died before age 5 Deaths could be twice this if not for: Child care Preventive care – immunization Clean water Adequate nutrition Medial treatment, etc.
52. 52 Public Health Measures Immunization is a process that stimulates the body’s immune system to defend against attack by a particular contagious disease (immunization acquired either naturally, by having the disease or though vaccination) immunization successes Smallpox Polio Measles problem with immunization parents don’t notice if their children does not get seriously ill minor disease can kill parents are concern about side effects of vaccinations
53. 53 Public Health Measures Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) die unexpectedly in their sleep No apparent cause of death 1990 in the U.S., 5000 babies died of SIDS, 1 in 800
55. 55 Nutrition has been discuss indirectly throughout the chapter Breast is Best Good nutrition starts with mother’s milk Colostrum, a thick, high-calorie fluid secreted by the woman’s breast at the birth of a child. About 3 days later the breast begins to produce milk Breast fed babies are less likely to get sick
56. 56 Nutrition Malnutrition protein-calorie malnutrition is a condition in which a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind the deprivation can result in several illnesses, severe weight loss, and sometimes death to measure a child’s nutritional status, compare weight and height with the "norms"